1.1 INTRODUCTION Due to rapid industrialization, industrial workers are exposed to several types of hazards and accidents. Every year lakhs of workers are injured due to mechanical, chemical, electrical and radiation hazards and it leads to partial or total disablement. So in recent years, greater attention is given to health and safety due to pressure from government, trade unions, labour laws and awareness of employers. The efficiency of workers depends to a great extends on the environment in which the work. Work environment consists of all the factors, which act and react on the body and mind of an employee. The primary aim is to create an environment, which ensures the greatest ease of work and removes all causes of worries. Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it should aim at: a)
The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
b)
The prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their working conditions.
c)
The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health.
d)
The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to physical and mental needs.
e)
The adaptation of work to humans.
Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and participation of both employers and workers in health and safety programmes, and involves the consideration of issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology, education, engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.
1
Occupational health issues are often given less attention than occupational safety issues because the former are generally more difficult to confront. However, when health is addressed, so is safety, because a healthy workplace is by definition also a safe workplace. The converse, though, may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The important point is that issues of both health and safety must be addressed in every workplace. Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend at least eight hours a day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation, in an office, factory, etc. Therefore, work environments should be safe and healthy. Unfortunately some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of workers' health and safety. In fact, some employers do not even know that they have the moral and often legal responsibility to protect workers. Health of the workers: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of diseases. It’s a positive and dynamic concept which means something more than the absence of illness.
Statutory provisions: 2
According to factories Act, 1948, the statutory provisions regarding the health of the workers are stated in the sections 11 to 20. They are Cleanliness (sec 11): Every factory shall be kept clean by daily sweeping or washing the floors and workrooms and by using disinfectants where every necessary. Walls, doors and windows shall be repainted or varnished at least once in every 5 years. Disposal of wastes and effluents (sec 12): The waste materials produced from the manufacturing process must be effectively disposed of wastes. Ventilation and temperature (sec 13): There must be provision for adequate ventilation for the circulation of fresh air. The temperature must be kept at a comfortable level. Hot parts of machines must be separated and insulated. The State Government may make rules for the keeping of thermometers in specified places and the adoption of methods which will keep the temperature low. Removal of Dust and fumes (sec 14): If the manufacturing process used gives off injurious or offensive dust and steps must be taken so that they are not inhaled or accumulated. The exhaust fumes of internal combustion engines must be conducted outside the factory. Artificial humidification (sec 15): The water used for this purpose must be pure. The State Government can frame rules regarding the process of humidification etc. The water used for humidification shall be taken from a public supply or other source of drinking water and must be effectively purified before use.
Overcrowding (sec 16): 3
There must be no overcrowding in a factory. In factories existing before the commencement of the Act there must be at least 9.9 cubic meters of space per worker. For factories built afterwards, there must be at least 4.2 cubic meters of space. The chief inspector of factories can also prescribe the maximum number of workers who can work in each work room. Lighting (sec 17): Factories must be well lighted. Effective measures must be adopted to prevent glare or formation of shadows which might cause eye strain. Drinking water (sec 18): Arrangements must be made to provide a sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water. All supply points of such water must be marked “drinking water”. No such points shall be within 20 ft. (or 7.5 meters) of any latrine, washing place etc. Factories employing more than 250 workers must cool the water during the hot weather. Toilet facilities (sec 19): Every factory must provide sufficient number of latrines and urinals. There must be separate provisions for male and female workers. Latrines and urinals must be kept in a clean and sanitary condition. In factories employing more than 250 workers, they shall be of prescribed sanitary types. Spittoons (sec 20): A sufficient number of spittoons must be provided at convenient places, in a clean and hygienic condition. The State Government may take rules regarding their number, location and maintenance.
Safety of the workers: 4
Safety is a measures or techniques implemented to reduce the risk of injury, loss and danger to persons, property or the environment in any facility or place involving the manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise.
Statutory provisions: According to factories Act, 1948, the statutory provisions regarding the safety of the workers are stated in the sections 21 to 41. They are Fencing of machinery (Sec 21): In every factory, every dangerous part of any machinery, every moving part of a prime mover and every flywheel connected to prime mover the head-race and tail-race of every water wheel and water turbine, and every part of an electric generator, motor or rotary converter, every part of transmission machinery, must be securely fenced by safeguards of substantial construction. Work on or near machinery in motion (Sec 22): 5
It is necessary to examine any part of the machinery while it is motion. The examination and lubrication of the machinery, while in motion, should be carried out only by a speciallytrained adult worker wearing tight-fitting clothing. Employment of young persons on Dangerous machines (Sec 23): A young person should not be allowed to work at dangerous machines unless, has been sufficiently instructed and received sufficient training. Striking gear and devices for cutting off power (Sec 24): In every factory, suitable striking gear or other efficient mechanical appliance has to be provided, maintained and used to move driving belts. Self-acting machines (Sec 25): No travelling part of a self-acting machine in any factory and no material carried thereon shall be allowed to run on its outward or inward traverse within a distance of 18 inches from any fixed structure which is not a part of the machine, if a person is liable to pass over the space over which it runs. Casing of new machinery (Sec 26): All machinery driven by power, every set-screw, bolt or key or any revolving shaft, spindle, wheel or pinion, spur, worm and other toothed or friction-gearing has to be properly encased or guarded in order to prevent danger to the workmen. Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton openers (Sec 27): Women and child workers are prohibited to be employed in any part of a factory for pressing cotton in which a cotton opener is at work.
Hoists, lifts, lifting machines (Sec 28&29): 6
Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting tackles must be of good mechanical construction, sound material and adequate strength and free from defects. They are to be properly maintained and thoroughly examined by a competent person at least once in every 6 months. Revolving machinery (Sec 30): The maximum safe working peripheral speed of every grindstone or abrasive wheel shall be permanently affixed. Safe working peripheral speed of every revolving vessel, cage, basket, flywheel, pulley or disc has also to be ensured. Pressure plant (Sec 31): In any factory operation is carried on at a pressure above the atmospheric pressure, effective arrangements shall be taken to ensure that the safe working pressure is not exceeded. Floors, stairs and means of access (Sec 32): In every factory all floors, steps, stairs, passages and gangways shall be of sound construction and properly kept and maintained. Pits, sumps, openings in floors (Sec 33): Every fixed vessel, sump, tank, pit or opening in the ground or in a floor, which may be a source of danger shall be either securely covered or securely fenced. Excessive weights (Sec 34): No person is to be employed in any factory to lift, carry or move any load so heavy as is likely to cause him injury. Protection of eyes (Sec 35): The state government may require the provision of effective screens or suitable goggles if the risk of injury to the eyes is caused from particles or fragments thrown off in the manufacturing process or from exposure to excessive light. Precautions against dangerous fumes (Sec 36): 7
In any factory, no person shall be allowed to enter any chamber, tank, vat, pipe, flue or other confined space in which dangerous fumes are likely to be present to an extent involving risks to persons. Explosive or inflammable dust, gas (Sec 37): All practicable measures have to be taken to prevent explosion by, effective enclosure of plant and machinery, removal or prevention of the accumulation of dust, gas etc and exclusion or effective enclosure of all possible sources of ignition. Precaution in case of fire (Sec 38): Every factory has to be provided with adequate means of escape in case of fire. Effective and clearly audible means of giving warning in the case of fire have to be provided. A free passage-way giving access to each means of escape in case of fire has to be maintained. Power to require specifications of defective parts or tests of stability (Sec 39): The factory inspector to serve on the manager of a factory to furnish specifications of defective parts or he may order the manager to carry out tests as he may specify and to inform him of the results. Safety of buildings and machinery (Sec 40): Every factory should adopt the measures to ensure the safety of the buildings and machinery. The factory must employ the required safety officers according to the number of workers working in the factory. Power to make rules (Sec 41): The state government has the power to make rules to supplement the provisions relating to safety contained in the act.
Occupational accidents/disease: 8
Work-related accidents or diseases are very costly and can have many serious direct and indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families. For workers some of the direct costs of an injury or illness are: a)
the pain and suffering of the injury or illness;
b)
the loss of income;
c)
the possible loss of a job;
d)
Health-care costs.
It has been estimated that the indirect costs of an accident or illness can be four to ten times greater than the direct costs, or even more. An occupational illness or accident can have so many indirect costs to workers that it is often difficult to measure them. One of the most obvious indirect costs is the human suffering caused to workers' families, which cannot be compensated with money. Identifying hazards in the workplace: 9
Use a variety of sources for information about potential or existing hazards in your workplace
Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years, and affect workers in different ways depending on the nature of the hazard, the route of exposure, the dose, etc. Some well-known occupational diseases include: a)
Asbestosis (caused by asbestos, which is common in insulation, automobile brake linings, etc.)
b)
Silicosis (caused by silica, which is common in mining, sandblasting, etc.)
c)
Lead poisoning (caused by lead, which is common in battery plants, paint factories, etc.)
d)
Noise-induced hearing loss (caused by noise, which is common in many workplaces, including airports, and workplaces where noisy machines, such as presses or drills, etc.)
Importance of management commitment on health and safety:
10
A successful health and safety programme requires strong management commitment and worker participation
In order to develop a successful health and safety programme, it is essential that there be strong management commitment and strong worker participation in the effort to create and maintain a safe and healthy workplace. An effective management addresses all work-related hazards, not only those covered by government standards. All levels of management must make health and safety a priority. They must communicate this by going out into the worksite to talk with workers about their concerns and to observe work procedures and equipment. In each workplace, the lines of responsibility from top to bottom need to be clear, and workers should know who is responsible for different health and safety issues.
Importance of training:
11
Effective training is a key component of any health and safety programm e
Workers often experience work-related health problems and do not realize that the problems are related to their work, particularly when an occupational disease, for example, is in the early stages. Besides the other more obvious benefits of training, such as skills development, hazard recognition, etc., a comprehensive training programme in each workplace will help workers to: a)
Recognize early signs/symptoms of any potential occupational diseases before they become permanent conditions.
b)
Assess their work environment.
c)
Insist that management make changes before hazardous conditions can develop.
Health and safety programmes: Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to save the lives of workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety programmes also have positive effects on both worker morale and productivity, which are important benefits. At the same time, effective programmes can save employers a great deal of money. For all of the reasons given below, it is crucial that employers, workers and unions are committed to health and safety. a)
Workplace hazards are controlled - at the source whenever possible.
b)
Records of any exposure are maintained for many years. 12
c)
Both workers and employers are informed about health and safety risks in the workplace.
d)
There is an active and effective health and safety committee that includes both workers and management.
e)
Worker health and safety efforts are ongoing.
1.2 COMPANY PROFILE
Wheels India Limited, Padi. 13
About company: Wheels India is promoted by the TVS Group and was started in the early 60's to manufacture automobile wheels. Today, Wheels India has grown as a leading manufacturer of steel wheels for passenger cars, utility vehicles, trucks, buses, agricultural tractors and construction equipment in India. The company supplies 2/3rd of the domestic market requirement and exports 18% of the turnover to North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and South Africa. The company also has a technical-financial collaboration with Titan Europe. Wheels India designs and manufactures wheels for the specific requirements of the customer. Our activities are driven by the following objectives: •
Maintain leadership in the domestic market and presence in export markets.
•
Ensure customer satisfaction through timely delivery of quality products and services, at competitive prices.
•
Continuously improve & innovative product design, process technology and work environment to offer better products.
•
Bring about involvement of all workers in achieving the above objectives. 1.2.1 Table showing the Plant locations Plants
Annual Capacity
Manpower
Padi, Pune, Rampur, Bawal,Sriperumbudur and Pantnaga r
10 million wheels
1, 760
Location: The company has strategically located plants that give it a logistical advantage and allows flexibility in manufacturing. 14
Organization chart
15
Capabilities: Product Development a) Design and develop wheels for a wide range of applications, backed by four decades of enriching experience from field, 16
internal trials, and ESA (Experimental Stress Analysis) & FEM (Finite Element Method). b) Caters to OEM, after-market and niche segments. c) Continuously enhancing the value of the product, based on feedback from customers and outcome of our in-house facilities listed below: d) Wheels testing lab to evaluate endurance capabilities, by conducting radial fatigue test, bending fatigue test, multiaxis fatigue test and connecting member test. e) CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) lab to do surface & solid modelling, finite element analysis, life prediction, data acquisition & experimental stress analysis. f) Fully equipped chemical, metallurgical and physical lab. Process Design a)
Is in final phase of development of a new process to manufacture tube type truck rim from plates.
b)
Has developed process technology to optimize tubeless truck rim design with lesser material input.
c)
Process technology development, upgradation and optimization to achieve products with tighter specifications to meet growing demands of the newer generation vehicles.
d)
Continuous research on process improvements to minimize cost of production.
Tool Design & Manufacture
a)
Has a qualified and experienced team specialising in tool design for forming / rolling steel.
b)
Fully equipped in-house tool room facility with state-of-the-art machinery and 17
design tools. c)
Computer aided tool modelling & manufacturing software facilities, for manufacturing complicated tool profiles. 1.2.2 Table showing the Products
Wheels India has the ability to design the complete range of steel-wheels to suit customer requirements, incorporating necessary styling and performance characteristics. Product Type Wheels for Heavy Vehicles (Trucks, Buses, Light Commercial Vehicles, Trailers, Tippers etc.) Wheels for Light Vehicles (Passenger Cars, Mini Vans, SUV's & MUV's) Wheels for Agricultural Applications (Tractors, Combines, Farm Equipments etc.)
Wheels for Off-Road Construction Equipments
Wire Wheels (For Contemporary & Classic Cars, MUV's & SUV's)
Air Suspension
18
Wheels India has developed "Air Suspension Systems" which are being marketed under the brand name TVS-WILRIDE.
a)
TVS-WILRIDE is the pioneer in Air Suspension Systems in India.
b)
TVS-WILRIDE has been specially designed for Indian road conditions.
c)
There are approximately 1000 buses on the roads, using TVSWILRIDE Air Suspension Systems.
d)
Our initial technical know-how was aquired from DUNLOP, UK (now acquired by Trelleborg).
e)
TVS-WILRIDE Air Suspension Systems are currently being manufactured by Wheels India Limited, in a technical agreement with TRELLEBORG.
TVS-WILRIDE Air Suspension Systems A superior suspension concept...
a)
Reduces vibration.
b)
Improves ride comfort in any seat vehicle.
c)
Extends a longer life to the body and chassis components.
d)
Reduces fatigue to the driver.
e)
Lowers natural frequency to provide a higher ride comfort.
located in the
19
1.2.3 Table showing the financials of the company Unaudited Financial Results (Provisional) for the quarter ended 30th September, 2009(Rs. In lakhs)
Particulars
Year Ended(Audit ed) 30.09.2008 30.09.2009 30.09.2008 31.03.2009 34920 50074 71665 112802 390 347 798 1391
Quarter Ended 30.09.2009 27507 200
Net Sales/ Income from Operations Other Operating Income Expenditure a) (Increase)/Decrease in stock in trade (1059) and work in progress b) Consumption of raw materials 19703 c) Workers cost 2670 d) Depreciation 894 e) Other Expenditure 3910 f) Total 26118 Profit from Operations before Other 1589 income , Interest and Exceptional Items Other Income Profit before Interest and Exceptional 1589 Items Interest 938 Profit/(Loss) after Interest but before 651 Exceptional Items Exceptional Items Profit/(Loss) from Ordinary Activities 651 before tax Tax Expense *(Net of Minimum Alternate Tax Credit164* entitlement of Rs 47 lakhs) Net Profit/(Loss) from Ordinary 487 Activities after tax Extraordinary Items (Previous year-Net of tax expense Rs.515 lacs) Net Profit/ (Loss) for the period 487 Paid - up Equity share capital 987 (Face Value Rs. 10/-) Reserves (Revaluation Reserves - NIL) Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share4.93*
Half Year Ended
227
(1458)
(150)
1226
24257 2748 998 4883 33113
35659 4941 1741 7363 48246
50881 5393 1901 10230 68255
80689 8969 3378 14720 108982
2197
2175
4208
5211
-
-
-
-
2197
2175
4208
5211
1156
1900
1994
4677
1041
275
2214
534
-
-
-
-
1041
275
2214
534
273
36*
798
312
768
239
1416
222
-
-
768
239
1416
2116
987
987
987
987
1894
18272 7.78* 20
2.42*
14.35*
2.25
before Extraordinary Items(Rs.) Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share after Extraordinary Items(Rs.)4.93* *(not annualised) Public shareholding -No of Shares 1411196 -Percentage of 14.30 shareholding Promoters and Promoter Group Shareholding a)Pledged/ Encumbered Number of Shares NIL Percentage of Shares promoter group NA Percentage of Shares to total share NA capital b)Non Encumbered Number of Shares 8458248 Percentage of Shares promoter group 100.00 Percentage of Shares to total share 85.70 capital
7.78*
2.42*
14.35*
21.43
1411196
1411196
1411196
1411196
14.30
14.30
14.30
14.30
-
-
-
NIL NA
-
-
-
NA
-
-
-
8458248 100.00
-
-
-
85.70
1.The above results were reviewed by the Audit Committee and approved by the Board of Directors in their meeting held on 29.10.2009 2. In pursuance of the option exercised by the company under the Notification of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs dated 31st March, 2009 relating to the adjustment of exchange differences on long term foreign currency monetary items, the profit for the quarter under review is higher by Rs. 337.31 lakhs and for the half year ended sep, 09 the profit is lower by Rs 248.44 lakhs. Hence the figures for the quarter and half year are not comparable with the corresponding quarter and half year of the previous year 3. The Company operates in only one segment viz. Automotive Components. 4. Previous year's figures have been regrouped wherever necessary to conform to this year's classification. 5. Statutory auditors of the Company have carried out a limited review of the above financial results. 6.Investors'Complaints:Pending as at the beginning and end of the quarter - NIL Received and disposed off during the quarter - NIL Chennai 30th October,2009
SRIVATS RAM Managing Director
21
Export Customers
1.2.4 Table showing the Customer list for Wheels Domestic Customer
CATERPILLAR - Various Plants
Caterpillar India Private Limited
KOMATSU - Various Plants
Komatsu India Private India Limited
VOLVO
JCB India Limited
JCB
Barath Earth Movers Limited
TCM
Telecon
Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Ltd.
Hindustan Motors
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Ingersoll Rand
Hyundai Heavy Industries
L&T
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
ESCORTS
DOOSAN INFRACORE
TIL
Case New Holland
PL Haulwel Trailers
BELL Equipment
INDITAL
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 22
A. Primary objective: To ascertain the health and safety measures adopted in Wheels India ltd. B. Secondary objective: 1) To study the awareness of the workers about health and safety in the work place.
2) To find the occurrence of accidents happened at the work place. 3) To identify the role of management in implementing health and safety. 4) To find out the satisfaction level of the respondents towards health and safety measures. 5) To give suggestions to improve the health and safety in the organization.
1.4 NEED FOR THE STUDY 23
Health and Safety measures are inevitable to any organization where workers are involved. It’s an organization’s responsibility to provide to its workers beyond the payment of wages for their services. The worker’s health and safety on and off the job within the organization is a vital concern of the employer. The working environment in a factory adversely affects the worker’s health and safety because of the excessive heat or cold, noise, odors, fumes, dust and lack of sanitation and pure air etc., which leads to accident or injury or disablement or loss of life to the workers. Providing a health and safer environment is a pre-requisite for any productive effort. These must be held in check by providing regular health check-up, protective devices and compensatory benefits to the workers. This research deals with the study on the health and safety measures provided to the workers at Wheels India ltd, Padi, chennai.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 24
This study would give an overview of the health and safety measures existing at Wheels India ltd, Padi, chennai.
Since health and safety are two important elements essential for
improving the productivity of an organization, a study on the existing health and safety measures would help the organization to perform better. This study would throw light on the perception of the workers regarding health and safety. Wheels India ltd can identify the areas where it can be improved, so as to improve the performance of the workers. This study would also help to analyze the satisfaction level of the workers towards health and safety measures and suggest provisions to improve health and safety.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 25
1) The study is applicable only to Wheels India ltd, Padi, chennai. Therefore the results
cannot be generalized for the whole industry. 2) Due to time constraints the sample size had to be confined to 135. 3) The respondents have replied to the queries recalling from their memory. Therefore recall
bias and personal bias are possible. 4) Since the data was collected using a schedule, the interviewer unable to understand and
record the responses correctly. 5) The respondents were unable or unwilling to give response.
1.7 CHAPTER SCHEME 26
Chapter 1 deals with introduction which gives brief description of the study. It also deals with company profile, objectives, need, scope, importance and limitations of the study. Chapter 2 deals with review of literature. Literature review is a discussion of the literature in a given study, argued, and established about area of study. It is a concise overview of the topic, and it is usually chronologically or thematically. A literature review is written in essay format. Chapter 3 deals with research methodology. It also deals with the Research design, sampling design, nature of data, Method of data collection, and the tools applied in the study. Chapter 4 deals with the Analysis and interpretation of the study. Chapter 5 deals with the findings, suggestions, and conclusion of the study. Findings from each analysis have been listed separately. Suitable suggestions were given by the researcher. Conclusion gives the result of the study for which the study was conducted.
27
1) Johannson B; Rask K; Stenberg M (2010)1, this study was to carry out a broad survey
and analysis of relevant research articles about piece rate wages and their effects on health and safety. A total of 75 research articles were examined extensively and 31 of these were found relevant and had sufficient quality to serve the purpose of this study. The findings of these relevant articles are summarized and analysed in the survey. More recent research shows a clear interest for health, musculoskeletal injuries, physical workload, pains and occupational injuries. The fact that 27 of the 31 studied articles found negative effects of piece rates on different aspects of health and safety does not prove causality, but together they give very strong support that in most situations piece rates have negative effects on health and safety. 2) Tompa, Emile PhD; Dolinschi, Roman MA; de Oliveira (2009)2, we reviewed the
occupational health and safety intervention literature to synthesize evidence on financial merits of such interventions. A literature search included journal databases, existing systematic reviews, and studies identified by content experts. We found strong evidence that ergonomic and other musculoskeletal injury prevention intervention in manufacturing and warehousing are worth undertaking in terms of their financial merits. The economic evaluation of interventions in this literature warrants further expansion. The review also provided insights into how the methodological quality of economic evaluations in this literature could be improved. 3) Conor CO Reynolds; M Anne Harris; Peter A Cripton; Meghan Winters (2009)3,
Bicycling has the potential to improve fitness. Understanding ways of making bicycling safer is important to improving population health. We reviewed studies of the impact of transportation infrastructure on bicyclist safety. To assess safety, studies examining the following outcomes were included: injuries; injury severity; and crashes. Results to date suggest that sidewalks and multi-use trails pose the highest risk, major roads are more hazardous than minor roads, and the presence of bicycle facilities (e.g. on-road bike routes, on-road marked bike lanes, and off-road bike paths) was associated with the lowest risk. Street lighting, paved surfaces, and low-angled grades are additional factors that appear to improve cyclist safety. 28
4) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant (2009)4, the
objectives of this study was to identify family and job characteristics associated with long work hours. The sample was composed of all salaried workers aged 16–64 years (3950 men and 3153 women) interviewed in the 2006 Catalonian Health Survey. Factors associated with long working hours differed by gender. In men, working 51–60 h a week was consistently associated with poor mental health status, self-reported hypertension, job dissatisfaction, smoking, shortage of sleep. Among women it was only related to smoking and to shortage of sleep. The association of overtime with different health indicators among men and women could be explained by their role as the family breadwinner.
5) Dee W. Edington; Alyssa B. Schultz (2008)5, The aim was to present the literature
which provides evidence of the association between health risks and the workplace economic measures of time away from work, reduced productivity at work, health care costs and pharmaceutical costs. A search of PubMed was conducted and high quality studies were selected and combined with studies known to the authors. A strong body of evidence exists which shows that health risks of workers are associated with health care costs and pharmaceutical costs. A growing body of literature also confirms that health risks are associated with the productivity measures. The paper shows that measures of success will continue to be important as the field of worksite health management moves forward.
6) David E. Cantor (2008)6, The purpose of this paper was to review the literature and call
for additional research into the human, operational, and regulatory issues that contribute to workplace safety in the supply chain. This paper identifies several potential research opportunities that can increase awareness of the importance of improving a firm's workplace safety practices. This paper identifies 108 articles which informs, how the logistics and transportation safety has evolved. The paper identifies 14 future research opportunities within the workplace safety in the supply chain, that have been identified can have a positive effect on practitioners confronted with safety issues.
29
7) Lucia Artazcoz; Imma Cortes; Vincenta Escriba-aguir; Lorena Cascant (2007)7, To
provide a framework for epidemiological research on work and health that combines classic occupational epidemiology and the consideration of work in a structural perspective focused on gender inequalities in health. Gaps and limitations in classic occupational epidemiology, when considered from a gender perspective, are described. Classic occupational epidemiology has paid less attention to women’s problems than men’s. Research into work related gender inequalities in health has rarely considered either social class or the impact of family demands on men’s health. The analysis of work and health from a gender perspective should take into account the complex interactions between gender, family roles, employment status and social class.
8) Shouji Nagashima; Yasushi Suwazono; Yasushi Okubo; Mirei Uetani (2007)8, The
aim was to clarify the influence of working hours on both mental and physical symptoms of fatigue and use the data obtained to determine permissible working hours. The survey of dayshift male workers, using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index (CFSI). A total of 715 workers participated. In the group working 260–279 h/month, the odds ratios for SDS and ‘irritability’ and ‘chronic tiredness’ of the CFSI were increased. In the group working 280 h/month, the odds ratios on CFSI for ‘general fatigue’, ‘physical disorders’, ‘anxiety’ and ‘chronic tiredness’ were likewise increased. The research clarified that working hours should be <260 h/month in order to minimize fatigue symptoms in male day workers.
9) L Ala-Mursula; J Vahtera; A Kouvonen; A Vaananen; A Linna (2006)9, The
associations of working hours (paid, domestic, commuting, and total) with sickness, absence, and to examine whether these associations vary according to the level of employee control over daily working hours. The study among 25,703 full-time public sector workers in 10 towns in Finland. Long domestic and total working hours were associated with higher rates of medically certified sickness absences among both genders. Low control over daily working hours predicted medically certified sickness absences for both the women and men. 30
In combinations, high control over working hours reduced the adverse associations of long domestic and total working hours with medically certified absences. Employee control over daily working hours may protect health and help workers successfully combine a full-time job with the demands of domestic work.
10)
A Baker; K Heiler; S A Ferguson (2002)10, The occupational health and safety
implications associated with compressed and extended work periods have not been fully explored in the mining sector. Absenteeism and incident frequency rate data were collected over a 33 month period that covered three different roster schedules. The only significant change in absenteeism rates was an increase in the maintenance sector in the third data collection period. The current study did not find significant negative effects of a 12-hour pattern, when compared to an 8-hour system. However, when unregulated and excessive overtime was introduced as part of the 12-hour/5-day roster, absenteeism rates were increased in the maintenance sector.
11)
N Nakanishia; H Yoshidaa; K Naganoa; H Kawashimob; K Nakamurac
(2001)11, to evaluate the association of long working hours with the risk of hyper-tension. The work site is in Osaka, Japan. 941 hypertension free Japanese male white collar workers aged 35–54 years were prospectively examined by serial annual health examinations. 424 men developed hypertension above the borderline level. After controlling for potential predictors of hypertension, the relative risk for hypertension above the borderline level, compared with those who worked < 8.0 hours per day was 0.48, for those who worked 10.0–10.9 hours per day was 0.63. These results indicate that long working hours are negatively associated with the risk for hypertension in Japanese male white collar workers.
12)
N. Haworth; C. Tingvall & N. Kowadlo (2000)12, In response to an increasing
awareness of the role of work-related driving in crashes and the related costs, many private and government organisations have developed programs to improve fleet safety. The purpose of this project is to investigate the potential to introduce road safety based initiatives in the corporate environment. From the review, that the fleet safety initiatives which have potential 31
to be effective are, Selecting safer vehicles, Some particular driver training and education programs, Incentives, Company safety programs. It is assumed that the degree of influence is likely to decrease as the type of vehicle moves from the fleet towards the private end of the continuum. 13)
Graves carol gevecker; Matanoski genevieve m; Tardiff robert g (2000)13,
Carbonless copy paper (CCP), introduced in 1954. Its safety to workers who handle large amounts of CCP has been addressed in numerous studies and reports. This review encompasses the world's literature on CCP and provides a weight-of-evidence analysis of the safety of CCP to workers in the United States. Since 1987, has produced neither primary skin irritation nor skin sensitization under normal conditions of manufacture and use. Finally, very few published complaints have come from the manufacturing sector where the closest and most voluminous contact occurs. Based on the weight of the evidence, NIOSH is anticipated to conclude that CCP is not a hazard to workers and has only a small possibility of producing mild and transient skin irritation.
14)
Karen J.M. Niven (2000)14, A literature review was described which aimed to
evaluate economic evaluations of health and safety interventions in healthcare. Problems were identified with valuing benefits in health and safety because they frequently take many years to emerge and are difficult to measure. Understanding of economic techniques within the health and safety professions was limited, resulting in wide-ranging assumptions being made as to the positive economic impact of health and safety interventions. Healthcare managers, health economists, and health and safety professionals have not traditionally worked together and have inherent misunderstandings of each other roles. The review concludes that the aim of future research should be to assist the National Health Service (NHS) to make valid decisions about health and safety investment and risk control methods.
15)
A Spurgeon; J M Harrington; C L Cooper (1997)15, The European Community
Directive on Working Time, which should have been implemented in member states of the European Community by November 1996. This paper reviews the current evidence relating to the potential effects on health and performance of extensions to the normal working day. 32
Research to date has been restricted to a limited range of health outcomes--namely, mental health and cardiovascular disorders. Other potential effects which are normally associated with stress--for example, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and problems associated with depression of the immune system, have received little attention. It is concluded that there is currently sufficient evidence to raise concerns about the risks to health and safety of long working hours. 16)
Simon Chapple and Tracy Mears (1996)16, Most OECD countries rely on a
mixture of market forces, tort liability, compulsory insurance and government regulation to deal with workplace safety and health issues. There are also other non-efficiency reasons for government involvement in workplace safety and health. However, while markets may not be efficient, government intervention can fail to make any improvement and/or not satisfy costbenefit criteria. While the empirical evidence is not clear cut, the balance of the evidence suggests that wages may include some consideration for health and safety risks. Evidence also suggests that workers’ compensation systems increase the frequency and duration of claims for non-fatal injuries, but may decrease the number of fatal injuries.
17)
Peter Hasle and Hans Jorgen Limborg (1995)17, The scientific literature
regarding preventive occupational Health and Safety Activities in Small Enterprises has been reviewed in order to identify effective preventive approaches and to develop a future research strategy. There is a lack of evaluation of intervention studies, both in terms of effect and practical applicability. However, there is sufficiently strong evidence to conclude that workers of small enterprises are subject to higher risks than the larger ones, and that small enterprises have difficulties in controlling risk. The most effective preventive approaches seem to be simple and low cost solutions, disseminated through personal contact. It is important to develop future intervention research strategies, which study the complete intervention system of the small enterprises.
18)
International Council on Nanotechnology, Rice University18, The report,
"Current Knowledge and Practices regarding Environmental Health and Safety in the Nanotechnology Workplace", offers a review and analysis of existing efforts to develop "best 33
practices." This report finds that efforts to catalogue workplace practices have not systematically documented current environment, health and safety practices in a variety of workplace settings and geographies. Moreover, it finds that some existing documents are not publicly available. 19)
Maynard, Andrew D19, Article from newsletter by Andrew Maynard
summarizing the current level of development and government investment in nanotechnology research and development, how nanotechnology presents a potential challenge to conventional approaches to understanding health hazards in the workplace, and how the United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health is working to address current and potential adverse health impacts in the workplace from nanotechnology.
20)
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health20, This article seeks
to address a number of important questions concerning the potential health and workplace safety risks raised by the manufacturing, handling, and distributing of engineered nanoparticles. The article addresses the following questions; (1) the hazards classification of engineered nanoparticles, (2) exposure metrics, (3) the actual exposures workers may have to different engineered nanoparticles in the workplace, (4) the limits of engineering controls and personal protective equipment in protecting workers in regard to engineered nanoparticles, (5) the kind of surveillance programs that should be put in place to protect workers, (6) whether exposure registers should be established, and (7) if engineered nanoparticles should be treated as new substances and evaluated for safety and hazards.
34
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN: A Research design is an arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purchase with economy in procedure. Fundamental to the success of any research project is the sound research design. The research design took for the study was Descriptive Research Design. 3.2 SAMPLING DESIGN: 3.2.1 Population: Workers of Wheels India Ltd, Padi, Chennai. i.e., 1760. 3.2.2 Sampling Method: Stratified Sampling 3.2.3 Sample Frame: From the pilot study, it was observed that a maximum of 7 respondents could be covered per day on average. No. of days available for survey
:
20 days
No. of respondents per day
:
7
No. of respondents for entire period
:
20*7=140 respondents
3.2.4 Sample Size: Zone
: Chennai
Expected samples
:
140
Actual samples collected
:
135
Limitations: (i) Due to time and cost constraints, the study was restricted to chennai only. (ii) The duration available for survey per day was 3 hours only. i.e., 2:00pm to 5:00pm. 35
(iii)Due to refusals and rejections only 135 interview schedule questionnaires could be
Collected. 3.2.5 Pilot Survey: It is a preliminary survey undertaken to test whether a survey questionnaire has been properly designed. The pilot survey was conducted for 7 samples per day.
3.2.6 Sources of Data: 3.2.6.1 Primary Data Collection: These are fresh data which are collected for the first time. The data collection used for this study is Interview schedule questionnaire. 3.2.6.2 Secondary Data Collection: Secondary data consist of information that already exists somewhere and have been collected for specific purpose in the study. The secondary data for this study are newspapers, journals, magazines, internet etc.
3.2.7 Geographical Area: The study area taken for this study was Wheels India Ltd, Padi, Chennai.
3.2.8 Time Dimensions: 1st Jan to 10th Jan
: Internal study of the company.
11th Jan to 31st Jan
: Review of literature and Theoretical perspective.
1th Feb to 28th Feb
: Establishment of Questionnaire and pilot study.
1st Mar to 31th Mar
: Data analysis, data interpretation, application of Statistical tools.
1st Apr to 10th Apr
: Findings, suggestions and conclusion.
11th Apr to 20th Apr
: Report preparation. 36
3.2.9 Data Collection Instruments: This study is conducted by collecting primary data using 135 interview schedule questionnaires, each consist of 26 questions. All the questions are closed ended questions and almost all questions were directive. 3.2.9.1 Closed Ended Question: Dichotomous
: 06
Multiple choices
: 08
Likert Scale
: 08
Ranking Scale
: 01
SUB TOTAL
: 23
Respondent Profile
: 03
TOTAL
: 26
3.2.10 Statistical Tools Used: Chi-square analysis
Correlation Spearman’s rank correlation Anova
37
4.1 PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS: 4.1.1 Table showing the age of the respondents S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Below 25
-
-
B
26 - 30
36
27
C
31 – 35
72
53
D
36 – 40
27
20
E
Above 40
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.1 Figure showing the age of the respondents
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than one-fifth of the respondents are comes under the age limit of 26 – 30 years and nearly three-fifth of the respondents are having the age limit of 31 – 35 years and the remaining one-fifth respondents falls between the age limit of 36 – 40 years. There are no respondents having the age limit, Below 25 and Above 40 in the survey. 38
4.1.2 Table showing the experience (in years) of the respondents S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Below 5
-
-
B
6 - 10
58
43
C
11 – 15
63
47
D
16 – 20
14
10
E
Above 20
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.2 Figure showing the experience (in years) of the respondents
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than two-fifth of the respondents are having the experience of 6 – 10 years and nearly three-fifth of the respondents are having the experience of 11 – 15 years and the remaining some respondents are having experience of 16 – 20 years. There are no respondents having the experience, Below 5 and Above 20 in the survey.
4.1.3 Table showing the awareness of health and safety 39
S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
YES
63
47
B
NO
72
53
135
100
Total
4.1.3 Figure showing the awareness of health and safety
INFERENCE: In the survey, only less than half of the respondents are aware of the health and safety measures but more than half of the respondents respond that they are not aware of the health and safety measures adopted in the company.
4.1.4 Table showing the effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters 40
S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
YES
49
36
B
NO
86
64
135
100
Total
4.1.4 Figure showing the effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters
INFERENCE: In the survey, only one-third of the respondents say that they have effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters but nearly two-third of the respondents says that they have no effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters in the company.
4.1.5 Table showing the medical facility
41
S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
YES
72
53
B
NO
63
47
135
100
Total
4.1.5 Figure showing the medical facility
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than half of the respondents say that the company is providing medical facilities to the workers but less than half of the respondents respond the company is not providing any medical facilities to the workers.
4.1.6 Table showing the health and safety training
S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS 42
PERCENTAGE %
A
YES
72
53
B
NO
63
47
135
100
Total
4.1.6 Figure showing the health and safety training
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than half of the respondents respond that they attended the health and safety training programme conducted in the company but less than half of the respondents says that they are not attended any health and safety training programme conducted in the company.
4.1.7 Table showing the frequency of training offered S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Once in 5 year
32
24
B
Once in 3 year
76
56
43
C
Yearly once
27
20
D
Monthly
-
-
E
Rarely
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.7 Figure showing the frequency of training offered
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than one-fifth of the respondents say that the training is offered once in 5 years and nearly three-fifth of the respondents respond that the training is offered once in 3 years and the remaining one-fifth respondents says that the training is offered yearly once. No respondents say that the training is offered monthly or rarely.
4.1.8 Table showing the drinking water facility S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Always
14
10
B
Sometimes
67
50
C
Often
45
33
44
D
Rarely
9
7
E
Not at all
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.8 Figure showing the drinking water facility
INFERENCE: In the survey, less than one-fifth of the respondents say that always they have proper drinking water and half of the respondents respond that sometimes they have proper drinking water and more than one-fifth respondents says often they have proper drinking water and some of the respondents says rarely they have proper drinking water facility inside the work place.
4.1.9 Table showing the stress towards work S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Always
9
7
B
Sometimes
45
33
C
Often
72
53
D
Rarely
9
7
45
E
Not at all
Total
-
-
135
100
4.1.9 Figure showing the stress toward work
INFERENCE: In the survey, only very few respondents say that always they have stress and nearly two-fifth of the respondents respond that sometimes they have stress and nearly three-fifth of the respondents says often they have stress and very few respondents says rarely they have stress towards work.
4.1.10 Table showing the awareness about first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Strongly agree
113
84
B
Agree
22
16
C
Neutral
-
-
D
Disagree
-
-
E
Strongly disagree
-
-
46
Total
135
100
4.1.10 Figure showing the awareness about first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than four-fifth of the respondents strongly agrees that they are aware about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit but less than one-fifth respondents simply agrees that they are aware about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit. No respondents say that they are not aware about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit.
4.1.11 Table showing the effective disciplinary procedures implementation S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Strongly agree
76
56
B
Agree
59
44
C
Neutral
-
-
D
Disagree
-
-
E
Strongly disagree
-
-
47
Total
135
100
4.1.11 Figure showing the effective disciplinary procedures implementation
INFERENCE: In the survey, nearly three-fifth of the respondents strongly agrees that the company implements effective disciplinary procedures but more than two-fifth respondents simply agrees that the company implements effective disciplinary procedures to maintain health and safety in the organization. No respondents say that the company is not implementing effective disciplinary procedures.
4.1.12 Table showing the working temperature is reasonable to work S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Strongly agree
32
24
B
Agree
103
76
C
Neutral
-
-
D
Disagree
-
-
E
Strongly disagree
-
-
135
100
Total 48
4.1.12 Figure showing the working temperature is reasonable to work
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than one-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that the working temperature is reasonable to work but nearly four-fifth respondents simply agree that the working temperature is reasonable to work. No respondents say that the working temperature is not reasonable to work.
4.1.13 Table showing the enough space to work S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Strongly agree
22
16
B
Agree
81
60
C
Neutral
32
24
D
Disagree
-
-
E
Strongly disagree
-
-
135
100
Total
49
4.1.13 Figure showing the enough space to work
INFERENCE: In the survey, less than one-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that they have enough space to work but three-fifth respondents simply agree that they have enough space to work and more than one-fifth of the respondents say that they have no idea about the overcrowding. No respondents say that they are not having enough space to work.
4.1.14 Table showing the latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Strongly agree
22
16
B
Agree
77
57
C
Neutral
36
27
D
Disagree
-
-
E
Strongly disagree
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.14 Figure showing the latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly 50
INFERENCE: In the survey, less than one-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that the latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly but nearly three-fifth respondents simply agree that the latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly and more than one-fifth of the respondents say that they have no idea about the maintenance of latrines and urinals. No respondents say that the latrines and urinals are not cleaned and maintained properly.
4.1.15 Table showing the environment is safe to work S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Strongly agree
54
40
B
Agree
45
33
C
Neutral
36
27
D
Disagree
-
-
E
Strongly disagree
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.15 Figure showing the environment is safe to work
51
INFERENCE: In the survey, two-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that their environment is safe to work but less than two-fifth respondents simply agree that their environment is safe to work and more than one-fifth of the respondents say that they have no idea about their environment is safe to work. No respondents say that their environment is not safe to work.
4.1.16 Table showing the enough training given to workers before handling the machines S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Strongly agree
63
47
B
Agree
50
37
C
Neutral
22
16
D
Disagree
-
-
E
Strongly disagree
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.16 Figure showing the enough training given to workers before handling the machines
52
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than two-fifth of the respondents strongly agree that enough training is given to the workers but less than two-fifth respondents simply agree that enough training is given to the workers and less than one-fifth of the respondents say that they have no idea about enough the training given to the workers. No respondents say that enough training is not given to the workers before handling machines.
4.1.17 Table showing the health checkup for workers S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Yearly
-
-
B
Half yearly
32
24
C
Quarterly
94
69
D
Monthly
9
7
E
Rarely
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.17 Figure showing the health checkup for workers
53
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than one-fifth of the respondents say that the company provides health check-up half yearly and more than three-fifth of the respondents respond that the company provides health check-up quarterly and less than one-fifth respondents says that the company provides health check-up monthly. No respondents say that the health check-up was provided yearly or rarely.
4.1.18 Table showing the machines maintained properly S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Always
4
3
B
Sometimes
54
40
C
Often
63
47
D
Rarely
14
10
E
Not at all
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.18 Figure showing the machines maintained properly
54
INFERENCE: In the survey, only very few respondents say that always they are maintaining the machines properly and two-fifth of the respondents respond that sometimes they are maintaining the machines properly and more than two-fifth respondents says often they are maintaining the machines properly and less than one-fifth of the respondents says rarely they are maintaining the machines properly.
4.1.19 Table showing the accidents happened S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Always
4
3
B
Sometimes
23
17
C
Often
81
60
D
Rarely
27
20
E
Not at all
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.19 Figure showing the accidents happened
55
INFERENCE: In the survey, only very few respondents say that always the accidents are happened and less than one-fifth of the respondents respond that sometimes the accidents are happened and three-fifth respondents says often the accidents are happened and one-fifth of the respondents says rarely the accidents are happened.
4.1.20 Table showing the ranking accidents by their occurrence S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Fallen from height
4
3
B
Finger injuries
50
37
C
Electric shocks
63
47
D
Fire accidents
18
13
135
100
Total
4.1.20 Figure showing the ranking accidents by their occurrence
56
INFERENCE: In the survey, only very few respondents ranked fallen from height are occurred and less than two-fifth of the respondents ranked finger injuries are occurred but more than two-fifth of the respondents ranked electric shocks are happened and less than one-fifth of the respondents ranked fire accidents are happened.
4.1.21 Table showing the company providing safety requirements
S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
YES
99
73
B
NO
36
27
135
100
Total
4.1.21 Figure showing the company providing safety requirements
57
INFERENCE: In the survey, nearly four-fifth of the respondents say that the company is providing safety requirements for work and more than one-fifth of the respondents only respond that the company is not providing any safety requirements for work.
4.1.22 Table showing the safety committee formed
S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
YES
41
31
B
NO
94
69
135
100
Total
4.1.22 Figure showing the safety committee formed 58
INFERENCE: In the survey, nearly two-fifth of the respondents respond that the safety committee is formed in the company but more than three-fifth of the respondents say that the safety committee is not formed in the company.
4.1.23 Table showing the safety inspections held in the company S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Yearly
27
20
B
Monthly
90
67
C
Weekly
18
13
D
Daily
-
-
E
Rarely
-
-
135
100
Total
59
4.1.23 Figure showing the safety inspections held in the company
INFERENCE: In the survey, one-fifth of the respondents say that the safety inspections are held yearly once and more than three-fifth of the respondents respond that the safety inspections are held monthly once and less than one-fifth respondents says that the safety inspections are held weekly once. No respondents say that the safety inspections are held daily or rarely in the company.
4.1.24 Table showing the satisfactory level of workers towards health and safety measures S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Very much satisfied
-
-
B
Satisfied
117
87
C
Neutral
18
13
D
Dissatisfied
-
-
E
Highly dissatisfied
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.24 Figure showing the satisfactory level of workers towards health and safety measures 60
INFERENCE: In the survey, more than four-fifth of the respondents say that they are simply satisfied with the health and safety measures adopted in the company and less than one-fifth of the respondents say that they have no idea about the satisfaction level from health and safety measures. No respondents are very much satisfied and dissatisfied with the health and safety measures adopted in the company.
4.1.25 Table showing the role of management in implementing health and safety S NO
RANGE
NO. OF RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE %
A
Excellent
-
-
B
Best
54
40
C
Better
67
50
D
Good
14
10
E
Poor
-
-
135
100
Total
4.1.25 Figure showing the role of management in implementing health and safety
61
INFERENCE: In the survey, two-fifth of the respondents say that the role of management in implementing health and safety is best and more than two-fifth of the respondents say that the role of management is better and less than one-fifth of the respondents respond that the role of management in implementing health and safety is good. No respondents say that the role of management in implementing health and safety is excellent or poor. 4.2 CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS: 4.2.1 Analysis between awareness of workers and Health and safety training. Null hypothesis (H0): There is a relationship existing between the awareness of workers and the Health and safety training. Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is no relationship existing between the awareness of workers and the Health and safety training. 4.2.1.1 Table showing the awareness of workers and health and safety training.
Number Of Respondents
Yes
No
Total
63
72
135
72
63
135
62
Total
135
135
270
FORMULA: χ2 =
∑ (Oi -Ei )2 / Ei
Where, O = Observed Frequency E = Expected Frequency = Row Total x Column Total Grand Total i = 1, 2, 3………n
4.2.1.2 Table showing the analysis between awareness of workers and health and safety training. Oi
Ei
(Oi – Ei)
(Oi – Ei)2
(Oi – Ei)2/ Ei
63
67.5
-4.5
20.25
0.3
72
67.5
4.5
20.25
0.3
72
67.5
4.5
20.25
0.3
63
67.5
-4.5
20.25
0.3
Total
1.2
Degree of freedom: = (r - 1) (c -1) = (2-1) (2-1) =1 63
χ2 Table value at 5% Level of significance = 3.841 χ2 Calculated value = 1.2 χ2 CV < χ2 TV So, H0 is accepted, H1 is rejected. INFERENCE: Hence, there is a relationship between the awareness of workers and the Health and safety training.
4.2.2 Analysis between effective disciplinary procedures and safe work environment. Null hypothesis (H0): There is a relationship existing between the effective disciplinary procedures and safe working environment. Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is no relationship existing between the effective disciplinary procedures and safe working environment. 4.2.2.1 Table showing the effective disciplinary procedures and protected working environment. Strongly Number Of Respondents
Total
Strongly
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
76
59
0
0
0
135
54
45
36
0
0
135
130
104
36
0
0
270
Agree
64
Disagree
Total
FORMULA: χ2 =
∑ (Oi -Ei )2 / Ei
Where, O = Observed Frequency E = Expected Frequency = Row Total x Column Total Grand Total i = 1, 2, 3………n
4.2.2.2 Table showing the analysis between effective disciplinary procedures and protected working environment. Oi
Ei
(Oi – Ei)
(Oi – Ei)2
(Oi – Ei)2/ Ei
76
65
11
121
1.861
59
52
7
49
0.942
0
18
-18
324
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54
65
-11
121
1.861
45
52
-7
49
0.942
36
18
18
324
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
41.606
Degree of freedom: 65
= (r - 1) (c -1) = (2-1) (5-1) =4 χ2 Table value at 5% Level of significance = 9.488 χ2 Calculated value = 41.606 χ2 CV > χ2 TV So, H0 is rejected, H1 is accepted. INFERENCE: Hence, there is no relationship existing between the effective disciplinary procedures and safe working environment.
4.3 CORRELATION ANALYSIS: Analysis between the maintenance of machines and the accidents happened. X – Maintenance of machines. Y – Accidents happened. 4.3.1 Table showing the analysis between the maintenance of machines and the accidents happened. X
Y
X2
Y2
XY
4
4
16
16
16
54
23
2916
529
1242
63
81
3969
6561
5103
14
27
196
729
378
0
0
0
0
0
135
135
7097
7835
6739
66
FORMULA: r=
(N ∑xy - ∑x ∑y) √ (N ∑x2 – (∑x) 2) √ (N ∑y2 – (∑y) 2)
=
5(6739) – (135) (135) / √ (5 (7097) – (18225)) √ (5 (7835) – (18225))
=
0.813
INFERENCE: Correlation for the maintenance of machines and the
VALUE
RESULT
accidents happened.
0.813
GOOD
4.4 SPEARMAN’S RANK CORRELATION: Analysis between the health check-up provided and stress towards work. X - Health check-up provided. Y - Stress towards work. 4.4.1 Table showing the analysis between the health check-up provided and stress towards work. X
Y
R1
R2
D = R1 – R2
D2
0
9
4.5
3.5
1
1
32
45
2
2
0
0
94
72
1
1
0
0
9
9
3
3.5
-0.5
0.25
0
0
4.5
5
-0.5
0.25
TOTAL
1.5
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FORMULAE: When the ranks are equal, r = 1 – 6 (∑D2 + 1/12(m3 – m) +……) N (N2 – 1) N = Number of values in a group. m = Number of times a value is repeated.
Therefore, r = 1 – 6 (1.5 + 1/12(23 – 2) + 1/12(23 - 2) 5 (52 – 1) = 1 – 0.125 = 0.875 INFERENCE:
Health check-up provided and stress towards work.
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VALUE 0.875
RESULT GOOD
4.5 ANOVA: Analysis between the health and safety measures provided to the workers. Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference existing between the health and safety measures provided to the workers. Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference existing between the health and safety measures provided to the workers. 4.5.1 Table showing the number of respondents and the workings.
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MEASURES
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
TOTAL
TOTAL
First-Aid
113
22
0
0
0
135
13253
Temperature
32
103
0
0
0
135
11633
Enough space
22
81
32
0
0
135
8069
22
77
36
0
0
135
7709
63
50
22
0
0
135
6953
252
333
90
0
0
Maintaining latrines, urinals Training before handling machines TOTAL
675 TOTAL
18730
26083
2804
0
0
1. Correction factor = (T1) 2 / n = (675) 2 /25 = 18225 2. Sum of the squares of columns: SSC = ∑ (Cj) 2 / R – CF = [(252)2 / 5 + (333)2 / 5 + (90)2 / 5 + (0)2 / 5 + (0)2 / 5] – 18225 = 18274 Degree of freedom = C – 1 =5–1 =4 3. Sum of the squares of total: SST = T2 – CF 70
47617
= 47617 – 18225 = 29392 4. Sum of the squares of residual error: SSE = SST – SSC = 29392 – 18274 = 11118 Degree of freedom = C (R – 1) = 5 (5 – 1) = 5*4 = 20 4.5.2 Table showing the analysis of variance. Sources of variation
Sum of squares
Degree of freedom
Mean sum of squares
Between columns
18274
4
4568.5
Residual error
11118
20
556
Total
29392
24
F calculated value = 4568.5 / 556 = 8.217 Degree of freedom (4, 20) and Level of significance = 5% F table value = 2.87 Fcal < Ftab = H0 is accepted Here, the calculated value is greater than the table value. Hence we reject the null hypothesis (Ho) and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1). INFERENCE: There is a significant difference existing between the health and safety measures provided to the workers. 71
5.1 FINDINGS 5.1.1 Percentage Analysis: 1) 53% of the respondents are having the age limit of 31 – 35 years and 27% of the respondents are comes under the age limit of 26 – 30 years and 20% of the respondents are falls between the age limit of 36 – 40 years. 2) 47% of the respondents are having the experience of 11 – 15 years and 43% of the respondents are having the experience of 6 – 10 years and only 10% of the respondents are having the experience of 16 – 20 years.
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3) 53% of the respondents respond that they are not aware of the health and safety measures and only 47% of the respondents are aware of the health and safety measures. 4) 64% of the respondents say that they have no effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters; only 36% agrees that they have effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters. 5) 53% of the respondents say that the company is providing medical facilities but 47% of
the respondents respond that the company is not providing medical facilities to the workers. 6) 53% of the respondents respond that they attended the health and safety training programme but 47% of the respondents says that they are not attended any health and safety training programme conducted in the company. 7) 56% of the respondents respond that the training is offered once in 3 years and 24% of the respondents respond that the training is offered once in 5 years and 20% of the respondents say that the training is offered yearly once. 8) 50% of the respondents respond that sometimes they have proper drinking water and 33% of the respondents says often they have proper drinking water and 10% of the respondents say that always they have proper drinking water and 7% of the respondents says rarely they have proper drinking water facility inside the work place. 9) 53% of the respondents says often they have stress and 33% of the respondents respond that sometimes they have stress and 7% of the respondents say that always they have stress and only 7% of the respondents says rarely they have stress towards work. 10) 84% of the respondents strongly agree that they are aware about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit and 16% of the respondents simply agree that they are aware about the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit. 11)
56% of the respondents strongly agree that the company implements effective
disciplinary procedures and 44% of the respondents simply agree that the company implements effective disciplinary procedures. 12)
76% of the respondents simply agree that the working temperature is reasonable
to work and 24% of the respondents strongly agree that the working temperature is reasonable to work.
73
13)
60% of the respondents simply agree that they have enough space to work and
24% of the respondents have no idea about the overcrowding and 16% of the respondents strongly agree that they have enough space to work. 14)
57% of the respondents simply agree that the latrines and urinals are cleaned and
maintained properly and 27% of the respondents have no idea about the maintenance of latrines and urinals and 16% of the respondents strongly agree that the latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly. 15)
40% of the respondents strongly agree that their environment is safe to work and
33% of the respondents simply agree that their environment is safe to work and 27% of the respondents say that they have no idea about the safe working environment. 16)
47% of the respondents strongly agree that enough training is given to the
workers and 37% of the respondents simply agree that enough training is given to the workers and 16% of the respondents say that they have no idea about enough the training given to the workers. 17)
69% of the respondents respond that the company provides health check-up
quarterly and 24% of the respondents say that the company provides health check-up half yearly and 7% of the respondents say that the company provides health check-up monthly. 18)
47% of the respondents says often they are maintaining the machines properly and
40% of the respondents respond that sometimes they are maintaining the machines properly and only 10% of the respondents says rarely they are maintaining the machines properly and 3% of the respondents say that always they are maintaining the machines properly. 19)
60% of the respondents say often the accidents are happened and 20% of the
respondents say rarely the accidents are happened and 17% of the respondents respond that sometimes the accidents are happened and only 3% of the respondents say that always the accidents are happened. 20)
47% of the respondents ranked electric shocks are happened and 37% of the
respondents ranked finger injuries are occurred and 13% of the respondents ranked fire accidents are happened and only 3% of the respondents ranked fallen from height are occurred. 74
21)
73% of the respondents say that the company is providing safety requirements for
work but 27% of the respondents respond that the company is not providing any safety requirements for work. 22)
69% of the respondents say that the safety committee is not formed in the
company and only 31% of the respondents respond that the safety committee is formed in the company. 23)
67% of the respondents respond that the safety inspections are held monthly once
and 20% of the respondents say that the safety inspections are held yearly once and 13% of the respondents say that the safety inspections are held weekly once. 24)
87% of the respondents say that they are simply satisfied with the health and
safety measures and 13% of the respondents say that they have no idea about the satisfaction level from health and safety measures. 25)
50% of the respondents say that the role of management is better and 40% of the
respondents say that the role of management is best and 10% of the respondents respond that the role of management in implementing health and safety is good. 5.1.2 Statistical Analysis: 5.1.2.1 Chi - Square Analysis: 1) There is a relationship between the awareness of workers and the Health and safety
training. 2) There is no relationship existing between the effective disciplinary procedures and safe
working environment.
5.1.2.2 Correlation: Since the correlation value is 0.813, there is a high degree of positive relationship that exists between the maintenance of machines and the accidents happened. 5.1.2.3 Spearman’s Rank Correlation: Since the correlation value is 0.875, the relationship that exists between the health checkup provided and stress towards work is good. 75
5.1.2.4 Anova: There is a significant difference existing between the health and safety measures provided to the workers.
5.2 SUGGESTIONS 1) The company has to create the awareness for the workers regarding health and safety. 2) They have to provide effective arrangements to the workers for communicating their
health and safety matters. 3) It is better to provide frequent health and safety training, atleast once in a year. 76
4) The company has to provide enough drinking water facility available at all the time. 5) The management has to take necessary steps to reduce the stress level of the workers. 6) Orientation programmes can be conducted to make the workers to feel that their work
environment is safe to work. 7) The maintenance department has to maintain the machines properly to reduce lead-time. 8) Proper training has to be given to the workers to avoid frequent accidents. 9) Meditation practices can be given to avoid electric shocks, finger injuries etc. due to lack
of concentration. 10)
Safety committee has to be formed to monitor the health and safety issues.
11)
The company has to conduct the regular inspections to ensure higher level of
safety in the workplace. 12)
Cordial relationship has to be maintained between the management and the
workers to implement the health and safety policies and measures in a smooth manner.
5.3 CONCLUSION It is revealed from the study that, the health and safety measures adopted in Wheels India ltd, Padi, Chennai are provided to the workers according to the provisions of the factories act. It reveals that the awareness of the workers about health and safety in the workplace is inadequate. Also repeated accidents like electric shocks, finger injuries are occurred in the workplace. 77
Suitable ideas were suggested to avoid those accidents and to improve the health and safety measures. The role of management in implementing health and safety in the organization is very effective. Most of the workers were satisfied with the health and safety measures adopted in the company. If the company implements effective disciplinary procedures; it will help the company to go with their policies and also to maintain health and safety in the organization.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: 1) Arun monappa (1994), “Industrial relations”, 8th edition. 2) Ajay garg (1995), “Labour laws”, 8 th revised edition. 3) C.B.Mamoria, Satish mamoria, Gankar (2009), “Dynamics of industrial relations”, 19th
edition. 78
4) C.B.Guptha (2000), “Human Resource management". 5) C.R.Kothari (1997), “Research methodology- methods and techniques”, 2nd edition. 6) Joseph M Putti (1980), “The management of securing and maintaining the
workforce”, S Chand & Co Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi. 7) O.R.Krishnaswami, M.Ranganatham, “Methodology of research in social sciences”,
Himalaya publishing house. 8) P.N.Arora, S.Arora, "Statistics for management" Himalaya publishing house. 9) Richard I. Levin, David S. Rubin (2002), “Statistics for Management”, 7th edition. 10)
Sewa singh chauhan (1993), “Labour welfare administration in India”, 1st
edition.
Websites: 1) www.hr.com 2) www.humanresources.about.com 3) www.ilo.com 4) www.britannica.com 5) www.definition-info.com
References: 1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20106469 2) http://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/2009/09000/A_Systematic_Review_of_Occupatio
nal_Health_and.6.aspx 3) http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/47 4) http://jech.bmj.com/content/63/7/521.abstract
79
5) http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=9F2CDBC6B511
1CA6756D2D26B9121610?contentType=Article&contentId=1718276 6) http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?
contentType=Article&contentId=1728145 7) http://jech.bmj.com/content/61/Suppl_2/ii39.abstract 8) http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/6/449 9) http://oem.bmj.com/content/63/9/608.abstract 10)
http://oem.bmj.com/content/60/1/43.abstract
11)
http://jech.bmj.com/content/55/5/316.abstract
12)
http://www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/muarc166.html
13)
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1519328
14)
http://ethics.iit.edu/NanoEthicsBank/popular_search.php?
cmd=search&words=workplace+safety&mode=normal 15)
http://oem.bmj.com/content/54/6/367.abstract
16)
http://www.dol.govt.nz/publication-view.asp?ID=53
17)
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-123/pdfs/2007-123.pdf
18)
http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/ICON/emplibrary/Phase%20I
%20Report_UCSBICON%20Final.pdf 19)
http://www.icohweb.org/newsletter/icoh_newsletter_2004_04.pdf
20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pu bmed/19030766?dopt=Abstract
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 1) Name (Optional)
:
2) Age (a) Below 25 (b) 26-30 (c) 31-35 (d) 36-40 (e) Above 40
80
3) Experience (in years) (a) Below 5 (b) 6-10 (c) 11-15 (d) 16-20 (e) Above 20 4) Are you aware of the health and safety measures adopted in the company? (a) Yes (b) No 5) Do you have effective arrangements for communicating health and safety matters? (a) Yes (b) No 6) Does the company provide medical facility to the workers?
(a) Yes (b) No 7) Have you attended any health and safety training in your company? (a) Yes (b) No 8) How frequent training is offered in the company?
(a) Once in 5 year (b) once in 3 year (c) yearly once (d) Monthly (e) Rarely 9) Do you have proper drinking water facility inside your work place? (a) Always (b) Sometimes (c) Often (d) Rarely (e) Not at all 10) Do you have any stress towards work? (a) Always (b) Sometimes (c) Often (d) Rarely (e) Not at all
81
Q.NO
PARAMETERS
STRONGLY AGREE
AGREE
NEUTRAL
Do you know the first aid activities and contents of the first aid kit?
11)
The company implements effective disciplinary procedure to maintain health and safety? The working temperature is reasonable to work? Do you have enough space to work? The latrines and urinals are cleaned and maintained properly? Do you think that your environment is safe to work? Is enough training given to the workers before handling the machines?
12)
13) 14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
How often the company provide health checkup for workers?
(a) Yearly (b) Half yearly (c) Quarterly (d) Monthly (e) Rarely 19) Are the machines maintained properly? (a) Always (b) Sometimes (c) Often (d) Rarely (e) Not at all 20) How often the accidents happen? (a) Always (b) Sometimes (c) Often (d) Rarely (e) Not at all
21)
Rank the accidents by their occurrence? 82
DISAGREE
STRONGLY DISAGREE
ACCIDENTS
RANKING
Fallen from height Finger injuries Electric shocks Fire accidents 22) Are they providing the safety requirements for work? (a) Yes (b) No 23) Whether safety committee formed in the company? (a) Yes (b) No 24) How often the safety inspections are held in your company? (a) Yearly (b) Monthly (c) Weekly (d) Daily (e) Rarely 25) Satisfactory level of the health and safety measures taken in the company? (a) Very much satisfied (b) Satisfied (c) Neutral (d) Dissatisfied (e) Highly dissatisfied
26) The role of management in implementing health and safety? (a) Excellent (b) Best (c) Better (d) Good (e) poor OPINIONS AND SUGGESTIONS:
83
