37,, 7 -!,* *!3,* , @,-3,* ,3!7* 3,*-!3*!. L,* -,9-,* ,3K7 !7-39;7 , , >7-,3=7 +!-!*3, *97,-3,. D*+9K* +-!93-* , +!*33=7 *37!* ; !-3>37,-* , -!, *, * +9 7!7-,- *!3, , +-!*!* >!=>3!* !-,3=7 !-3>37,!* +!- ,3@3,* =73,* 89 +97 >7-,- 3*9-,* ! *+,,37! !* >-,7!* 89 !7!-,7 , ,-3 , -!,. E*,* -,9-,* !-3>37,7 97 ,97! 7 @!97 *+,3!* 89 +97 !77- 93!* ! 89 * -,9 7 97 ,97! 7 , +!-!*3,. < P!-!*3, +!- !!33,3=7: +-!*! 3,7 9, ,* ,3,* * !7@3-7 7 !!3,* 89 *!7 * +!-!*,*. L!* +,89* >-,7!* 89 +-*7,7 ,* -!,* !7 +!-!*3, *97,-3, *!7 7 >7-, 3+! -!!-, ,9789 * -97 7!7-,- *3*,* +!-!*!* !-!!>, !+?,. S3 * !7*3-, , !73@3, 89 3* 7- !* *+,3!* +!-!*!*. D3! , 89 ,-3, 7,7 +9 *,- ,>97!* +!-!* , -!, ,3*7!!* -*! @!97 +!-!*! !* +!-!* * +97 7!7-,- 973!* 7-
*3 ! ,3*,!*. D+737! =! *, , !973,3=7 *!* +!-!* , +!-!*3, * +9 ,*33,- , *3>937 ,7-,: < P!-!*3, !,.( * 37 !! , -,3=7 @!97 !, , 3*, 89 7! * !9+,, +!- ,-3. C!! , *9,!-3, @!97 !* +!-!* 7! 37-!7,!* * @!97 !* +!-!* 37-!7,!* * 3>9, , @!97 !, !* +!-!* , -!, 7!7* , +!-!*3, ,*!9, ! !, *3*, * 3>9, , , *9,!-3, , +!-!*3, 3@, * , +!-!*3, ,*!9,. ∅!,∅3@,∅,*!9,
< P!-!*3, A*!9,.(C!7*3-, , !!* !* *+,3!* +!-!*!* ,89!* 89 * 797-,7 37-!7,!* 7- * ; ,89!* 89 7! ! *7. < P!-!*3, 3@,.( E* , 89 !7*3-, 73,7 , ,89!* *+,3!* +!-!*!* 89 * 797-,7 37-!7,!* 7- *. E*, +!-!*3, * , * 3+!-,7 3! , 89 * , 89 * 933, 7 !* 9!* 37>73-, -*-@!-3!* ; -+-*7, @!97 *+,3!* , -!, 89 +9 *,- !9+,! +!- 93!* !@3*. T,3K7 * , ,, +!-!*3, 3 , 3*, 89 * , -,3=7 @!97 !, !--*+!737 , @!97 +!-!* !7,!* 7- *. E* , 89 * 3 7 , ,;!-, !* +!-!*-!* ; * 7 -,3, , 89 37-*, +,-, ,* *3,3!7* +-=! ; >,* 7 *33!. L, +!-!*3, 3@, * 97, 973=7 9!* ,!-* 3!=>3!*. L!* * 3+!-,7* *!7: ,,! !* >-,7!* +,89 !* >-,7!* 7,3=7 !-3,3=7 33@3,3=7 ,73, ; ,** ,-3, ; *,! 3-,,3=7 ,* 3*,*. Factores ue afectan la porosidad L!* ,!-* 89 ,,7 , +!-!*3, ,* -!,* *!7: < T3+! +,89 < G-,! 7,3=7 ! !7*!3,3=7 < G!-, ; 3*-393=7 >-,7!* < P-*3=7 ,* ,+,* *9+-,;,7* !eo"etr#a $ distribución de %ranos D+737! ,37 +!*3,3!7, 7 9, * !-3>37= , -!, !* >-,7!* 89 , !7!-,7 +-*7,-7 97, -37,, 3*-393=7 7 *9 ,,!. E*, @,-3,3=7 7 ,,! !* >-,7!* * !7! !! *!>337! ; * 97 ,!- 89 ,, , +!-!*3, , -!,. C!! * +9 ,+-3,- 7 , 3>9-, , 3*-393=7 ,,! !* >-,7!* 97, -!, * !!>K7, , +!-!*3, , -!, * ,,. A 3, 89 ,97, , -!>73, 7 ,,! !* >-,7!* , +!-!*3, , -!, 3*379;. L, !-, !* >-,7!* ,3K7 ,, , +!-!*3, , -!,. U7 *3*, !+9*! +!- >-,7!* +-,7 -!7,!* +-*7,- 97, +!-!*3, ,;!- 89 97 *3*, !-,! +!- >-,7!* ,,->,!.
S , , 973!-3, ! ,*33,3=7 !* >-,7!*. D3, ,*33,3=7 +7 , *9 @ , 3*-393=7 ,,! ,-3, 3+! +!*3,3=7 ,-,-*3,* ,9,* ; 9-,3=7 +-!*! *37,-3!. C9,7! !* >-,7!* *!7 * -!7,!* +-!+!-3!7,7 * !!>73, , *3*, ; +!- 7 , +!-!*3, *- ,;!-. Presión de las capas supra$acentes O-! ,!- 89 ,, , +!-!*3, * , !+,,3=7 !-3>37,, +!- , +-*3=7 *!-,->, , 9, * ?-3, +!- +*! ,* ,+,* *9+-,;,7* , -!,. A 3, 89 ,97, , +-!973, , +-*3=7 ?-3, +!- , !97, *37!* ,97, *! >7-, 97, 9-, 89 37 , !-,- !* >-,7!* ; -93- @!97 *+,3!* @,!* +!- ! ,7! * !-3>37, 97, -93=7 7 , +!-!*3,. C9,7! !* 93!* !773!* 7 *+,3! +!-!*! *!7 +-!93!* , +-*3=7 37-7, 3*379; +-! , +-*3=7 -7, +-*3=7 *!-,->, +-,7 !7*,7 !7 *! * -, 97 *8933-3! 89 !-3>37, *9-!* 89 377 , 3*3793- @!97 -9! ; @!97 +!-!*! , -!, ! 89 * -,9 7 97, -93=7 7 , +!-!*3,. L,* ,+,* *9+-,;,7* +97 !+,,- ;,337! ; -93- *+,3! +!-!*!. Procedi"ientos para "edir la porosidad L, +!-!*3, 97, -!, +9 *- -37,, 3,7 K73,* 33=7: < E7 ,!-,!-3! < P-3* +!!*. Deter"inación del &olu"en de los %ranos E7 *!* K!!* * 933,7 9*-,* !7*!3,,* ; * -,7 !* 93!* !7 97 *!@7 89 +!*-3!-7 * @,+!-,. L!* +-373+,* K!!* 933,!* *!7: ( MK!! M- N937>. ( MK!! +!-!*-! S@7*. ( D7*3, +-!3! !* >-,7!*. E K!! M- N937> !7*3* 7 -37,- @!97 !, , 9*-, ; +!*-3!-7 -39-,-, +,-, 337,- @!97 *+,3!* @,!* ; -37,- @!97 !* >-,7!*. E K!! S@7* * 97 3!- @!97 3@! !* >-,7!*. E +!-!*-! !7*, 97, ,-, 9*-, 89 +9 *- ,3*,, , +-*3=7 ,!*K-3, ; 9;! @!97 * !7! !7 +-3*3=7. E 7! * !!, 7 , ,-, * , 97 @,! +,-3, +!- , ,73+9,3=7 -3+37 -9-3! !7 *! * !>-, 89 ,3- *,>, , 9*-, ; * +,73! 7 *3*, ; 3! , , +-*3=7 ,!*K-3,. L, 3-73, 7- @!97 , ,-, ; ,3- -,! * @!97 3@! !* >-,7!*. T!,7! , 7*3, 9,-! 2.65 >-/ !! @,!- +-!3! , 7*3, >-,7! @!97 !* >-,7!* +9 *- -37,! !7 +*! , 9*-, !! * !*-@, 7 , 9,3=7. E* K!! * 933, 7 -,,?!* 89 7! -893-7 >-,7 ,39. Deter"inación del &olu"en poroso efecti&o
T!!* !* K!!* 933,!* +,-, -37,- @!97 +!-!*! 37 @!97 +!-!*! 3@! ; * ,*,7 7 , -,3=7 ! 37-!93=7 93!* 7 *+,3! +!-!*!. A !7379,3=7 * +-*7, 97 -*97 ,>97!* K!!* 9*,!* +,-, -37,- @!97 +!-!*! 3@!. M'todo de in$ección de "ercurio. C!7*3* 7 37;,- -9-3! , ,, +-*3=7 7 !* +!-!* , 9*-,. E @!97 -9-3! 37;,! -+-*7, @!97 +!-!*! 3@! , 9*-,. M'todo del poros#"etro de (elio S9 973!7,37! * ,*,! 7 , L; B!; !7 97 @!97 !7!3! 3! !773! 7 97, , --73, * 7,7 +-*9-3,! ; 9>! +,73! 3*!K-3,7 7 97 @!97 @,! *!7!3!. D*+9K* , +,7*3=7 , +-*3=7 8933-3! -*9,7 *,- ,, +!- , ,>739 @!97 *!7!3! *, +-*3=7 * 3,. U*,7! 3! @,!- ; , L; B!; * ,9, @!97 *!7!3! 9, -+-*7, @!97 +!-!*! , 9*-,. MK!! S,9-,3=7 B,-7* E* K!! !7*3* 7 *,9-,- 97, 9*-, 3+3, ; *, !7 97 93! 7*3, !7!3, ; -37,- @!97 +!-!*! +!- >,7,73, 7 +*! , 9*-,. )>-,7!*>-,7!*>-,7!*>-,7!*2.65 Calidad de la roca en función de la porosidad L, +!-!*3, ,* !-,3!7* @,-, +737! 3+! -!, +!- ?+! +,-, ,* ,-!7,,* *9 +!-!*3, * -! +,-, ,* ,-73*,* @,-, 10 , 15 9,7! *7 37 !+,, ; 9,7! 7! ! *7 *9 +!-!*3, +9 *- ,;!- , '0 37,7 ,* 93,* +97 7- 97, +!-!*3, ,;!- , 40. L, ,3, , -!, ;,337! +9 *- -37,, 7 973=7 , , +!-!*3, !! * !*-@, , !7379,3=7: Medición de la porosidad con re%istros de po)os L, +!-!*3, 97, -!, +9 *- -37,, , -,@K* 33!7* 97! ! 97, !37,3=7 @,-3!* !* *3>937* ->3*-!* +!!*: ( R>3*-! *=73!. ( R>3*-! 7*3,. ( R>3*-! 79-=7. L,* 33!7* *!* ->3*-!* 7! *!! +77 , +!-!*3, *37! 89 ,3K7 +77 , 3!!>, , !-,3=7 !* 93!* +-*7* 7 *+,3! +!-!*! ; 7 ,>97!* ,*!* , >!-, 3! +!-!*!. C9,7! * !7! , 3!!>, , -!, * +97 !7- @,!-* +!-!*3, , +,-3- ,* 33!7* -,3,,* !7 *!* ->3*-!*. S3 , 3!!>, 7! * !7!3, ! * 97, 3!!>, !+?, !-,, +!- !* ! * 37-,* 7 +-!+!-3!7* *!7!3,* * * 33 !7- @,!-* !73,* +!-!*3, , +,-3- *!* ->3*-!*. R>3*-! *=73!
E +-3 *=73! 3 3+! -,7*3! 7 3-!*>97!* 89 ,-, 97, !7, ,*3, !+-*3!7, 7 @3,?,- , -,@K* 97 +3 , !-,3=7 +!- 97 ,37! +,-,! , , +,- +!!. L, @!3, *!73! 7 !-,3!7* *37,-3,* +7 +-373+,7 ,-3, 89 !7*39; , ,-3 , -!, ,-73*, 93, . ; , 3*-393=7 , +!-!*3,. Re%istro de densidad E* 3+! +-3 -*+!7 , , 7*3, -!7* ,-3, 7 , !-,3=7. L, +!-!*3, * !37 , +,-3- !* @,!-* 7*3, !-,3!7* 3+3,* ; *,9-,,* 893!*. P,-, +!- -37,- , +!-!*3, 933,7! 97 +-3 7*3, * 7*,-3! !7!- , 7*3, , ,-3 ; , 7*3, 93! 89 *,9-, , !-,3=7. E*, 7*3, * -,3!7,, !7 , +!-!*3, ,9-! , , *3>937 -,3=7: QQ Re%istro neutrón E* +-3 -*+!7 , , +-*73, !!* 3-=>7!. D3! , 89 , ,73, 3-=>7! +!- 973, @!97 !773! 7 ,>9, ; 7 +-=! * 9; *33,- , -*+9*, * ->3*-! !--*+!7 *3,7 , 97, 3, , +!-!*3,. D3! , 89 * 3+! ->3*-! -*+!7 , , +-*73, !!* 3-=>7! *!* ,3K7 +97 +-!@73- ,89!* !!* !37,!* 893,7 !7 !* 37-,* 89 !7!-,7 , ,-3 , -!,. E +-3 @, >7-,7 97, *,, 7 973,* +!-!*3, ,*,! 7 97, ,-3 ,-, ! ,-73*,*. L!* @,!-* +!-!*3, ,+,-7 +97 *- !* 3-,7 9,893- ->3*-! 79-=7 *3+- *9?!* , 3-,* *9+!*33!7* ; !--3!7*. A>97!* !* !! , 3!!>, !773! ,-3, ; , ,73, ; 3+! 3-!,-9-! +97 *- -!7!3!* ; !-->3!* 933,7! 37!-,3=7 ,33!7, -,, ->3*-!* *=73!* ;/! 7*3,.
*a per"eabilidad D3733=7 E* 97, +-!+3, 89 +-*7, , -!, +,-, +-33- 9?! 93!* , -,@K* , 9,7! * , ,+3, >-,37 +-*3=7 *37 -3!-,- , *-99-, 37-7, ! *+,,- ,* +,-9,*. S , +-*, 7 33,-3* ; * , *3!3, .
A>97!* ?+!* -!, +-, *!7 , ,3, ; , ,-73*, 37-,* 89 , ,-3, ! ,*,! *!7 +-3,7 +-,33,* 3@,* E7 , ->3=7 A *!! 9; ,3. E7 , ->3=7 B 9;7 *397,7 ,3 ; ,>9,
E7 , ->3=7 C *!! 9; ,>9,. S , 7!,- 89 +,-, 97, *,9-,3=7 ,>9, 0.5 , +-,33, 3@, , ,3 * ,;!- 89 , 3@, , ,>9,. R,3=7 L, +-,33, 3@, , 97, ,* ,, * 7!- 89 , +-,33, ,*!9, ; * 973=7 , *,9-,3=7 , ,*. L, *9,!-3, ,* +-,33,* 3@,* *3+- * 7!- 89 , +-,33, ,*!9, 3! , ,* *3>937* -,!7*: < A>97!* ,7,* 89 7!-,7 +-37 9?! 9,7! 3* 97, *!, ,* *!7 !89,!* 9,7! !* ! * ,** * 7 < S 797-,7 +-*7* 7 3! +!-!*! +!- ! 7-! !, ,7,* 89 +-37 9?! * -9 ; , ,+,3, 89 37 , -!, +-33- 9?! 93!* * 7!-. < L, +-*73, 37-,* 7- !* 93!* 89 *,9-,7 3! +!-!*! 3+3,7 , +-*73, 7*3!7* 37-,3,* ; +-*3!7* ,+3,-* +!- ! ,7! * >7-,7 9-,* 89 377 , 3*3793- , @!3, 9?! !* 93!* , -,@K* 3! +!-!*!. Per"eabilidad relati&a +,ro- ,r%- ,r./0 L, +-,33, -,3@, , 97 93! * , -,3=7 , +-,33, 3@, , * 93! , , +-,33, ,*!9,. D3! , 89 , *9,!-3, +-,33,* 3@,* 7! +9 *- ,;!- 89 , +-,33, ,*!9, , *9,!-3, +-,33,* -,3@,* 89 37 !! ,* , +-,33, ,*!9, 7! +9 *- ,;!- 89 1. L, +-,33, -,3@, +7 ,* ,-,-*3,* ,7! 3! +!-!*! !! !* 93!* 89 *,9-,7 3! ,* !! >-,! *,9-,3=7 89 * +-*7. E* 3+! +-,33, * +-*, 7 +!- 37! ! -,3=7 , +-,33, ,*!9, ! 7 !-!* ,*!* * +-*7, 7 973=7 , , *,9-,3=7 ,>7 93! +!- ?+! ,>9, , 3-,* !733!7* !7!3,*. < P-,33, ,*!9,.( L, +-,33, ,*!9, * , ,+,3, 89 37 97, -!, +-33- 9?! 93!* , -,@K* *9* +!-!* 37-!7,!* 9,7! 3! +!-!*! * 797-, !+,7 *,9-,! +!- 97 93!. S ! *3!3, ; *, 373, +!- , ; D,-;. Factores ue afectan la per"eabilidad L!* ,!-* 89 379;7 7 , +!-!*3, 3@, ,3K7 379;7 7 , +-,33, * 3- ,,! , +,89,9-, ; , !-, !* >-,7!* , 3*-393=7 !* 3*!* ,9-! !7 ,,! ; >-,! 333,3=7 7,3=7 ; !7*!3,3=7. P!- !-! ,! , ,73, 3*-393=7 ; ,* ,-3, +-*7 7 , -!, ,99,3=7 37 97 ! !7*3-, *!- , +-,33, , 893!* *+3,7 *3 93! -,3!7, !7 ,* ,-3,*. S !7*3-, 89 97 9?! >,* 7! -,3!7, !7 ,* ,-3,* +! , @ +!- 97 +!! ,>9, 89 +9, *- -!@3,. S37 ,->! ,* +-!+3,* 3*3!893,* ,>9, *,,, ! *,!- 89 9; , -,@K* 97 3! +!-!*! !7-!,7 *,! *3! ,* ,-3,* +!- !7*3>937 7! ,,7 , ,* ,-3,* 9,7! 7-,7 7 !7,! !7 ,*. L, ,>9,* 9* *!7 ,9*, 89 3-, ,-3,* * 377 -*9,7! 97, !*-93=7 +,-3, ! !, ,* ,-9-,* !* +!-!*.
Co"pactación C!! , !+,,3=7 -9 , +!-!*3, *, , *9 @ 3*379; , +-,33,. C!! -*9,! , !+,,3=7 ,* -!,* 377 , 3*3793- *9 +-,33, , 3, 89 * 797-,7 , ,;!- +-!973,. Ta"a1o del poro G7-,7 +,-, 97, ,-7, , +-,33, * +-!+!-3!7, , 9,-,! ,,! 3! +!-! P,-, 97, ,-7, 37 !-7,, ,,! +!-! * +-!+!-3!7, , ,,! >-,7!. P!- *! +,-, 97, ,-7, 37 ,*33,, , +-,33, * +-!+!-3!7, , 9,-,! ,,! 3! +!-!. E7!7* 97, ,-7, 37 ,*33,, !7 97 >-,7! * >-,7 7- ,;!- +-,33, 89 97, ,-7, !7 97 >-,7! +89!. Ordena"iento U7, +!- ,*33,3=7 9 !-7,37! 3*379; ,,! >-,7! -937! *9 +-,33, Ce"entación L, 7,3=7 -9 ,,! +!-! ; !7*977 3*379; , +-,33,. Sedi"entación L, +-,33, +9 *- 3-7 +737! 7 , 3-3=7 !@337! 93! ; !* *37!* 89 !-,7 , -!, ; 3! +!-!*! 7 *3. D3! , , *37,3=7 , -!, *37,-3, ,* +-,33,* !-3!7,* 377 , *- * ,,* 89 ,* +-,33,* @-3,* 9,7! 7! ,; -,9-,* @-3,*. 2idratación de arcillas M9,* ,-73*,* !7*!3,,* !7377 ,-3, ; 37!. D3! , 89 ,* ,-3,* ,*!-7 ,>9, -*, *,* * 3-,,7 ,* +-,33,* 3,* ,-73*,* * @-, -93, ,7-, -*3, , 7-,- 7 !7,! !7 ,>9, , ,33=7 !-9-! *!3! ! !-9-! +!,*3! 7 , ,;!-, !* ,*!* 337,- , 3-,,3=7 ,* ,-3,*. C3lculo de la per"eabilidad P,-, 9! +-,33, +!!* +,-3- , 9,3=7 D,-; , *3>937 !-,: 8 (1.12& APL D!7: 8 T,*, 9?! ,--3* P-,33, ,-;* A -, , *3=7 -,7*@-*, !, 2 )3*!*3, 93! 73+!3** P/L G-,37 P-*3=7 +*3 / '.2.4 D37*3=7 , +-,33, D!7 ,* ,--,* * -3-7 , , 37*3=7 , @,-3, 7 *9 37-3!- 9*,!* ,*, M !7>39 L ; 3+! T !! 37*3!7* 97,7,* ; 7!* 89:
E7!7*: C,-,7 +!!* @- 89 , +-,33, 37 37*3=7 !7>39 9,-,,. 4alide) de la ecuación de Darc$ A9789 , 9,3=7 D,-; , *3! ,+,, +!- , 379*-3, +-!-, !! @3, * !7@737 373- ?!- ,* !733!7* ,?! ,* 9,* * +9 *9+!7- @3,. L, -37,3=7 +-37, , 9,3=7 D,-; !7*3-,: Flu5o en estado estable E7 ,!-,!-3! 3! , ,,! !* 7!* ,* !733!7* 9?! -,7*3!-3! 9-,7 +!!* 379!* *37 ,->! 7 , +-3, 3! , , 7,9-,, !* 93!* ; ,* 37*3!7* ;,337! * +97 !-3>37,- !733!7* 9?! -,7*3!-3! 9-,7 ** ! 379*! ,!*. F9?! ,37,-. L, 9,3=7 D,-; * 37@3, +,-, 7-!* R;7!* ,;!-* 97! 89 -37,7 97 9?! 9-97!. P-! 7 ,+3,3!7* +-3,* >7-,7 9?! * ,37,-. S37 ,->! 7 ,* -,7,* +!! 9,7! ,* @!3,* *!7 @,,* +!- ?+! 7 +-!93=7 >,* +9 !9--3- 9?! 9-97!. L, -!, * 797-, *,9-,, !+,7 +!- 97 *!! 93!. E*! *3>733, 89 , 9,3=7 D,-; 7! ,+3, 7 ->3!7* !7 9;, * 97 93! *37 ,->! 3*7 !33,3!7* +,-, ,-, ,+3, , 9?! 93*3!. E 93! 7! -,3!7, !7 , -!,. E3*7 ,*!* !7 *! 7! * 9+ +!- ?+! 9,7! 97 +!! * *39,! 9-,7 97 -,,?! -,9-,37! 3-93!. L!* 93!* 9*,!* +97 -,3!7,- !7 !* 37-,* , -!, ; -93- , +-,33,. MK!!* +,-, -37,- , +-,33, L, +-,33, * 3, 7 ,!-,!-3! 933,7! ,+!7* 7!* +89,* +3,* !-,,* 7!. S3 , -!, 7! * !!>K7, ,73*3* 7! !+! +-!+!-3!7,- -*9,!* * ,!* 89 *3+ ,73*3* ,+!7* 7!*. L, +-,33, * 97, +-!+3, 3*!-=+3, 3! +!-!*! +!- ! ,7! +9 @,-3,- 7 973=7 , , 3-3=7 , , 9, * 3,. L!* ,73*3* -937,-3!* 7!* >7-,7 933,7 ,+!7* 7!* !,!* +,-,!* , , 3-3=7 9?! !* 93!* 7 ;,337!. L, +-,33, !73, *, !-, * , +-,33, !-3!7, ;,337! V. L, 33=7 , +-,33, 7 ,+!7* !,!* +-+739,-* , , 3-3=7 9?! +-37 , -37,3=7 , +-,33, @-3, ;,337! V@. E3*7 9!* ,!-* 89 7 *- !7*3-,!* !! +!*3* 97* --!- 7 , -37,3=7 , +-,33, 97 ;,337!. E*!* ,!-* *!7: < L, 9*-, 7! +9 7! *- -+-*7,3@, ;,337! 3! , , -!>73, ;,337!. < E 7! -,! +9 7!7-,-* 37!+!.
< L, +-,33, 7! +9 *- ,-,, 9,7! * -,3, !- 3*! ! 9,7! * * 3+3,! ; +-+,-,! +,-, !* ,73*3*. < E +-!*! 9*-! +9 *- ,-,! 3! , 89 *!! *!7 *3!7,,* ,* ?!-* +,-* 7! +,-, ,73*3* L, +-,33, * 3, ,37! +,*,- 97 93! @3*!*3, !7!3, , -,@K* ,+=7 7! , 9, * ,7 3! ,* 37*3!7* A ; L L9>! * -37, , ,*, 9?! 8 ; , ,, +-*3=7 P. R*!@37! , 9,3=7 D,-; +,-, , +-,33,: V 8LAP D9-,7 ,* 33!7* , +-,33, * 7 9+3- ,* *3>937* !733!7*: < F9?! ,37,- @3*!*!. < N! -,3=7 7- 93! ; , -!,. < P-*73, 97, *!, ,* *,9-,7! 100 *+,3! +!-!*!. Per"eabilidad pro"edio D3! , , 3-->9,-3, ,* !-,3!7* D3*37,* +!-3!7* 97 -*-@!-3! +97 7- 3*37,* +-,33,* * +!- *! 89 -*9, 373*+7*, +!- -37,- ,* +-,33,* +-!3,* 3! -*-@!-3! ! !-,3=7. Capas en paralelo P,-, ,* ,+,* 7 +,-,! 7-!* 3*37,* -,,* 9?! @!9K-3! C,9, !7 , -,, 9?! !, *- , *9, ,* -,,* 9?! ,, ,+, ; !7 3-73, +-*3=7 7- ,+, ; ,+, *- 3*! ,,* *,* !733!7* ; +,-, 7 ,+,* 7 +,-,! , +-*3=7 *-: D!7 A3 * -, , ,+, 3 ; 3 * , +-,33, ,, ,+, 3 *3 !,* ,* ,+,* 377 3*! ,7! 7!7*: Capas en serie P,-, ,+,* 7 *-3 !7 !,* ,* ,+,* -37 97 ,9, 3>9, ; 3-73, +-*3=7 !, * 3>9, , , *9, 3-73, +-*3=7 ,, 97, ,* ,+,* ,7! !! -*9,! , *3>937 +-*3=7: D*3,37! >,* ! V377-> V377-> *9-3= 89 ,* 33!7* +-,33, -,3,,* !7 ,3- !! 93! 33=7 9*-,7 -*9,!* 3-7* , !* @,!-* +-,33, !73!* 9,7! 93! 933,! +,-, ,* 33!7* * 97 893!. L, +-,33, 97, 9*-, 7! 3, +!- 9?! ,3- *3+- * ,;!- 89 , +-,33, !73, 9,7! * 9*, 97 893!. V377-> +!*9= 7 ,* , *9* +-37!* ,!-,!-3! 89 , @!3, 893! 7 , *9+-33 !7,! !7 , -!, * -! 37-,* 89 !* >,** +-*7,7 3-, !@33, 7 3, *9+-33 !7,!. E7 !-,* +,,-,* !* >,** * *3,7 7 ,* +,-* , -!,. E* *3,37! -*9, 7 97, @,, ,*, 9?! +,-, >,* , -37,! 3-73, +-*3=7. V377-> ,3K7 7!7-= 89 +,-, 97 -37,! 3! +!-!*! , ,97,- , +-*3=7 +-!3! , +-,33, ,9,, 3*379;. Relación entre porosidad $ per"eabilidad
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
Saturación de a%ua Definición E *+,3! @,3! 97 3! +!-!*! +9 *,- !9+,! +!- 97! ! * 93!* ! 3+!-,7 * !7!- 89 -,3=7 *+,3! +!-!*! * !9+,, +!- ,, 93!. L, *,9-,3=7 97 93! * 37 !! , -,3=7 @!97 89 +!-!*! !9+,! +! 93!. S ! -+-*7, +!- S.
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
;,337! ; ,* *,* 7 , *!93=7 9*,7 97 ,97! @!9K-3! ,>9, !7 -*+! , @!97 -37,! 7 ,!-,!-3! 3! , !* !* +,7*3=7 K-3, ; *!933,. P,-, *3,- , ,73, 3-!,-9-!* +-*7* 7 97 ;,337! * 7*,-3! -37,- , -,3=7 @!97 +!-!*! !9+,! +!- ,, 97! !* 93!* +-*7*. D!7 @!97 +!-!*! !9+,! +!- >,* +-=! ! ,>9, * ! 89 7!37,!* *,9-,3=7. L,* 9,3!7* ,3,* 89 -+-*7,7 , *,9-,3=7 !* 93!* *!7: *a clasificación de la saturación *a saturación de a%ua connata L, *,9-,3=7 ,>9, !77,, SY * , *,9-,3=7 ,>9, 3*7 7 ;,337! , !7! *9-337! , 9, * !7*3-, !! -,77 ,>9, 89 3733,7 9 +!*3,, !7 , !-,3=7 ; 89 3! , , 9-, , +-*3=7 ,+3,- 3*7 7! +9! *- *+,,, +!- !* 3-!,-9-!* 9,7! K*!* 3>-,-!7 , ;,337!. G7-,7 , * 3+! *,9-,3=7 * , !7*3-, 37=@3 *37 ,->! , 37;,- ,>9, 7 97 ;,337! , +-3-, 89 * +-!9 37 !+!*33=7 3-7 , , 37;,, ! 89 373, 89 ,>9, !77,, * *+,,, +!- , 37;,,. P-! *! * ! +!-, !7*3-,- !! 97 ,*! *+3, ;, 89 7,9-,7 *! 7! *9. Saturación cr#tica de una fase L, *,9-,3=7 -3, 97, ,* >7-,7 +-*,, !! S !7 !--*+!7 , , ,* +-=! ,>9, ! >,* !--*+!7 , , 73, *,9-,3=7 -89-3, +,-, 89 97, ,* +9, !@-* 7 ;,337! * 3- !--*+!7 , , 3, *,9-,3=7 , , 9, , +-,33, -,3@, 3, ,* * -!. Factores ue afectan la saturación L!* ,!-* 89 ,,7 , *3=7: < S3=7 < T3+!* 37-,* < S,373, < T3+!* *9-,,7* MK!!* +,-, -37,- , *,9-,3=7 H,; !* K!!* +,-, -37,- , *,9-,3=7 893! 37(*39 7 97, -!, ;,337! +-=!. E K!! 3-! !7*3* 7 3- ,* *,9-,3!7* 93!* 7! 97 !- +=*3!. L, 373-, * 3- ,>97, !-, +-!+3, *3, , -!, 89 +9 *,- -,3!7,! !7 , *,9-,3=7 93!*. P,-, 7!89 373-! * , 9*! ->3*-!* K-3!* ! 33!7* , +-*3=7 ,+3,- +,-, *3,- , *,9-,3=7 ,>9,. L, -37,3=7 , *,9-,3=7 3733, ,>9, * +9 9,- +!- !* 3-7* K!!*: < D3-!* < I73-!* DIRECTOS
U7! !* K!!* 33=7 3-, ,* *,9-,3!7* 93!* * K!! -!-,. E7 * K!! 97, 9*-, 7! * ,37, +,-, @,+!-,- ,>9, ; ,3 89 * !77*, ; * -!> 7 97 +89! -3+37 >-,9,!. E @!97 +-=! ; ,>9, 3@33! +!- @!97 !* +!-!* , 9*-, -+-*7, , *,9-,3=7 +-=! ; ,>9,. L, *,9-,3=7 >,* * !37 373-,7 +!- -893*3! 89 ,* *,9-,3!7* 7 *9,- 97!. Des&enta5as del "'todo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
R R*3*3@3, @-,-, , !-,3=7. F F,!- -*3*3@3, , !-,3=7. F * !73! 9*9,7 , +,-3- 33!7* +!-!*3, 3,7 , *3>937 9,3=7: F,∅ D!7: F,!- 7,3=7 , C!7*,7 L,* *,9-,3!7* !* 9!*. S! SY S> *=! 7!* 37 , +-!+!-3=7 ,, 3+! 93! 7 *+,3! +!-!*!. E!* 7! 7!* 37 =! *7 !* 93!* 3*-393!* 7 , -!,. P,-, -37,- , 3*-393=7 93!* 7!* 89 !7*3-,- ,* 9-,* 37-,3,* ; !* 7=7!* 89 *9->7 9,7! 93!* 373*3* *7 !737,!* 7 +=*3! !* +!-!* 37*3!7* ,+3,-*. L,* 9-,* 37-,3,* 3+!-,7* ; 7=7!* !! , 7*3=7 *9+-33, , 7*3=7 37-,3, 9,33, ,+3,-3, ; , +-*3=7 ,+3,-
Resisti&idad E* >-,! 339, 89 797-,7 !* -!7* 7 *9 *+,,37!. S9 @,!- *-3 !+!-,37! 97 ,-3, -7 , +,*! !--37 K-3,. L, -*3*3@3, 97, -!, 7! +7 *!! *9 3!!>, *37! 89 ,3K7 *9 ,+,3, ,!?,- 7 *9* +!-!* *!93!7* *,37,* 89 ,@!-,7 , !793=7 K-3, , -,@K* 3!7* 7 *!93=7. E @,!- , -*3*3@3, 7 !* ,* ,97, !7 , +-,9-, 37-,* 89 7 ,* -!,* 3*379; !7 ,97! , +-,9-,. E* >-,! 7 89 97, *9*,73, -*3* ! 3+3 9?! !--37 K-3,.
Clasificación de la resisti&idad Resisti&idad espec#fica S 37 !! , -*3*73, R 97 337-! !793@! !7 97, !7>39 973,-3, 1 ; 97, 37*3=7 973,-3, *9 *3=7 -,7*@-*, S. Resisti&idad de las rocas E7 , ,;!- +,- !* ,*!* +!- *9* !+!77* 37-,* ,* -!,* *-3,7 ,3*,7* !! ! *!7 ,* -!,* >7,*. P-! 7 ,* -!,* !+9*,* +-373+,7 +!- *3!79!-* 9;, +-!+!-3=7 7 , !-, * 9; ,?, *-3,7 , +3=7 7!7* *3 --7! * 97 !79!- !-,! * , 89 ,* -!,* 89 ! !7*39;7 *!7
+!-!*,* ; ,* +!*7 *9* +!-!* +,-3, ! !,7 !9+,!* +!- -!3!* +!- ! ,7! * !+!-,7 !! !79!-* 3=73!* -*3*3@3, 9; @,-3,. Resisti&idad del a%ua E ,>9, +9-, * 9; +!! !79!-, 3! , *9 9; -93, 3*!3,3=7. L, -*3*3@3, ,>9, *3,, * +!- ! 89 +9 !7*3-,-* ,3*,7. Resisti&idad de las rocas porosas saturadas L,* -!,* *,9-,,* 9;!* +!-!* *7 7!* -!3!* !7*39;7 97 3! -!>K7! !7 379*3!7* -*3*3@3, 9! 7!- 89 , !* 37-,* *9 ,-3. E ,*! ,;!- 37-K* * ,89 7 89 !* +!-!* * 797-,7 7 !7,! +!-!*3, 3@, ; !-7 97 ,37! 3737--9+3! +,-, , !793=7 !--37 K-3,. P,-, 97, !+-7*3=7 7=7! * !7@737 933,- 97 !! -+-*7,3@! , !793=7 *37! ,7?! ,+3,-* * ,9,! +,-, * +-!+=*3!. C!7*3-,7! 97, 9*-, -!, -!3,7 *,9-,, !7 97 ,37! +!-!*! 37-!7,! !! 97, ,-73*, ; 7 , 89 * ,*9 89 !, , !793=7 K-3, !9-- +!- ,37! -!3! * +9 *-33-: -AL S37!: R*3*3@3, L L!7>39 !79!- A S3=7 , 9*-, --*3*73, E*EME6TOS RESISTI4OS DE *A FORMACI76 ]R*3*3@3, ,,: M,-3 , -!, 3-!,-9-!* ]R*3*3@3, ,?,: A>9, FACTORES 89E AFECTA6 *A RESISTI4IDAD DE *AS ROCAS: L!* ,!-* 89 ,,7 , -*3*3@3, , -!, *!7: ]P!-!*3, ]S,373, ,* *!93!7* ,9!*,* ]P!-7,? *,9-,3=7 ]T+-,9-, ]P-*3=7 P!-!*3, E* !37 7- )!97 P!-!* ; )!97 !,. E7 ,37* *!-!* , +!-!*3, ,* -!,* * !9+,, +!- *!93!7* ,9!*,* 89 ,33,7 , !793=7 3=73,
S,373, ,* *!93!7* ,9!*,* A ,;!- *,373, ,* *!93!7* ,;!- * !773! 3!7* 89 +97 !793- !--37 K-3,. P!-7,? *,9-,3=7 E* +!-7,? )!97 P!-!* !9+,! +!- S!93!7* A9!*,* L, -*3*3@3, 3*379; !7 >-,! *,9-,3=7 T+-,9-, A ,;!- +-,9-, 3*379; , @3*!*3, ,* *!93!7* ,9!*,* ,33,7! , !@33, !* 3!7* ; +!- ! ,7! 3*379; , -*3*3@3,. P-*3=7 P,-, -!,* *37,-3,* , ,;!- P-*3=7 ,97, >-,! !+,,3=7 3*379;7! , +!-!*3, ; ,97,7! +!73,7 , -*3*3@3,.
Capilaridad L, ,+3,-3, * 97, +-!+3, *3, !* 93!* +!- , 89 !* +97 ,@,7,- , -,@K* 97 ,7, 37*9! * 97!* 3-!* ,*, 3-,* ,,! 3! , 89 , 9-, 37-!9,- ! !*3=7 37-!9,- 7- *9* !K9,* * 7!- , , ,*3=7 893! !7 ,-3, 9! 893! *3>9 *937! ,*, 89 , 7*3=7 *9+-33, * 8933-,, +!- +*! 893! 89 7, 9!.
U7 ,+,-,! !7 9*,! +,-, !*-,- , ,+3,-3, * 9! ,+3,-. C9,7! , +,- 37-3!- 97 9! @3-3! * !!, @-3,7 7 97 893! !! ,>9, * !-, 97 73*! =7,@!. L, 7*3=7 *9+-33, *93!7, , !97, 893, ,3, ,--3, ,*, 89 +*! 893! *, *9337 +,-, 89 , 9-, >-,@3,3!7, *!-+!7>, , ,* 9-,* 37-!9,-*. E7 !* ;,337!* +-!-!* *, *39,3=7 * +-*7, , 79! 3! , 89 !* *3*,* +!-!*!* *!7 9!* 3-! 9; +89! 3*-393!* 3-,7 7 3! ; !7 +!- ! >7-, * 797-,7 * 97 93! 373*3 7 ,** 37 3-73,,* ,* !! * ,*! +-=! >,* ; ,>9,.
MO;A7 ;,337! * 3+-*373 7- 7 97, !,* ,* ,-,-*3,* ; +-!+3,* ,* -!,* 89 !7!-,7 ;,337! ; !* 93!* 89 * 797-,7 +-*7* 7 *9 *+,3! +!-!*! ,* !! ,3K7 * 97,7, *93! ,* 37-,3!7* -!,(93! 9, +9 -37,-* 3,7 97 +,--! 7!37,! !?,33, 89 * 37 !! , 773, 97 93! , ,-3-* , 97,
*9+-33 *=3, 7 +-*73, !-!* 93!* 373*3* -,,7! !9+,- , ,;!- -, !7,! +!*3 !7 3! *=3!. L, !?,33, * 97, 973=7 3+! 93! +!- ! >7-, +-=! ; ,>9, ; , *9+-33 *=3, !7 --73, , 3! +!-!*! -!,. E7 ,* , , !?,33, !* 93!* +97 ,*33,-* 7: M!?,7*: S!7 ,89!* 89 377 , ,;!- 773, , ,-3-* , , -!, +!- ! >7-, * ,>9, ;, 89 , ,;!-, ,* -!,* ;,337! *!7 +--73,7 !?,,* +!- ,>9,. N! !?,7*: L!* 89 7! * ,3-7 , , -!, ! ! ,7 +,-3,7. E *93! , !?,33, * , , -,@K* 97 7>9! ^ 7!37,! 7>9! !7,! 9, * 373! !! 7>9! !-,! 7- , *9+-33 ; , 7, ,7>7 , +97! !7,! 7- , >!, 893! !7 , *9+-33. E* 7>9! +7 , 7->, *9+-33, *=3! , 7->, 37-,3, ; , 7*3=7 *9+-33, 893!.
C9,7! ^ 7!- , $0_ 93! * 7! !?,7 ; ,;!- , $0_ 93! * !?,7. U7, 7*3=7 ,*3=7 -! 373, 89 !* 93!* 377 3>9, ,373, +!- , *9+-33. L, !?,33, 37 *=! 97 *3>733,! -,3@!. T=-3,7 !9--3- !?,33, ! 7! !?,33, !+, 9,7! 7>9! !7,! * 0[ ! 1%0[ -*+3@,7. S37 ,->! 97 7>9! -! * !73! *=! 7 +!!* ,*!*. C!7 --73, , , !?,33, !* ;,337!* +97 *- ,*33,!* 7: ;,337!* 3-=3!* ; ;,337!* !=3!*. `,337!* 3-=3!*: (P!*7 97 7>9! !7,! ^ 7!- , $0_ (E ,>9, * , ,* !?,7. (E7 !* ,7,* 9?! * +89!* ;,337! ,- *!! *+,,37! ,>9,. (E +-=! * *+,, +!- !* ,7,* 9?! * >-,7*. (L, ,;!-, !* ;,337!* +-!-!* *!7 3-=3!*.
`,337!* !=3!*: (P-*7,7 97 7>9! !7,! ^ a $0_ (E +-=! * , ,* !?,7. (E7 !* ,7,* 9?! * +89!* ,- *!! *+,,37! +-=! ,>9, * *+,, +!- !* ,7,* * >-,7*. (P!!* ;,337!* *!7 !=3!*.
D3@-*!* ,!-* +97 *- ,,!* +!- , !?,33, !! ! *: (L, !,3,3=7 ; *,9-,3=7 ,>9, 3--93. (L, 3*-393=7 !* 93!* 7 ;,337! * 3- !,3,3=7 +-=! ; ,>9, 7 *+,3! +!-!*!. (E @,!- ; , !,3,3=7 +-=! -*39,. (E ,73*! *+,,37!. E ! 89 97, -!, *, !?, +!- +-=! ! +!- ,>9, 373 7 79-!*!* ,*+!* *+! ;,337! +,-39,-7 7 ,* K73,* 37;3=7 ,>9, ; -9+-,3=7 ?!-,, +-=!. S9+!7- 89 97, !-,3=7 * !?, +!- ,>9, 9,7! 7 -,3, 7! ! * +9 !,*3!7,- ,!* 3--@-*3* 7 ;,337!.
Conclusiones < L, 3*73, *,* +-!+3,* !7!3,* !! +-!*3,* *!7 973=7 +-373+,7 , !733!7* !-3>7 ! !-,3=7 ,* -!,* *37! ,* 3+! *37,-3! ,* 89 *7 * ,*!3,,* , ,,7,37!
93! ; +!- ! ,7! * !7@737 !7!- ,* !733!7* +=*3! ,* 3*,* ; !* +-!*!* +!*-3!-* , ,* 89 +93-, ,- *3! *!3,* ; *! * !>-, , -,@K* !* *93!* *37,-3!* < P,-, !>-,- !7!337! *,* +-!+3,* * +9 ,- +!- !* 3!* 97! , -,@K* !* *93!* ,!-,!-3!* 7 9*-,* -!, +-373+,7 7!* !7! ! +,- ; !-, , -,@K* , 37!-,3=7 -9+-,, !7 !* ->3*-!* >!*3!* +!!*. BIBLIOGRAFIA +://893+9.973.9.+/O-!*WWW/Y+-!!/,,/3++/93!/!?,33,101. +://YYY.*.!/3,/*-@3*/-*!9-*/!33-@3Y/*+,73*0&/,90&/+44b61.+ 37,* ,* ,** ;,337!* I +-!*!- G9*,@! P-,!.