NCERT Physical Geography textbook. Class 11th geography ebook.
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Geography
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NCERT Physical Geography textbook. Class 11th geography ebook.Full description
FSOT Foreign service officer test prep preparing you for geography
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World Geography
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Complete Book of Geography...! For all..just freely download and read it...!
these are my own notes for O levels
1.
What is the approximate distance from the surface to the center of the Earth? a. 1,000 miles b. 4,000 miles c. 10,000 miles d. 40,000 miles
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When seismic waves pass across the boundary between two different materials, ___________. a. the waves refract b. the waves reflect c. the waves change in velocity d. all of the above
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Which region in the Earth is about 85% iron? a. A b. B c. C d. D Which region in the Earth molten? a. A b. B c. C d. D In which region of the Earth is conduction the dominant heat transfer mechanism? a. A b. B c. C d. D How long does it take a P-wave to travel through the Earth? a. 1 minute b. 5 minutes c. 5 minutes d. 20 minutes Which of the following statements is false? a. the P-wave shadow zone is larger than the S-wave shadow zone.
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b. Seismic waves follow curved paths through the interior of the Earth c. P waves travel more slowly in the outer core than in the lower mantle d. Liquids do not transmit S waves 8. The S wave shadow zone is caused by t he _________ . a. the crust-mantle boundary b. the outer core c. the lower mantle d. the inner core 9. The S-wave shadow zone extends from _____ to 180 o angular distance from the ear thquake focus on one side and from ______ to 180 o on the other. a. 45 degrees b. 75 degrees c. 105 degrees d. 145 degrees 10. The boundary between the mantle and the core lies at a depth of approximately ________ . a. 300 kilometers b. 1000 kilometres c. 3000 kilometers d. 5000 kilometers 11. Continental crust can be up to ______ kilometers thick. a. 5 b. 35 c. 65 d. 100 12. Which of the following statements about the Moho is false? a. seismic waves speed up as they pass across the Moho heading downward b. the Moho separates denser rocks below from less dense rocks above c. the Moho separates the crust from the mantle d. the Moho marks the top of a partially molten layer 13. The mechanical transfer of heat by vibration of atoms and molecules is called __________ . a. radiation b. conduction c. magnetism d. convection 14. What drives plate tectonics? a. thermal convection b. thermal conduction c. solar energy d. erosion 15. Where is the Earth's magnetic field generated? a. in the crust b. in the mantle c. in the outer core d. in the inner core 16. The Earth's magnetic field reverses itself roughly every ________ . a. 50 years b. 5,000 years c. 500,000 years d. 50 million years 17. Which of the following rock types would be most likely to record the magnetic field at the time the rock formed? a. an alluvial conglomerate b. a basaltic lava flow c. evaporite deposit of halite 2
d. a schist 18. Which one of the following lists most accurately describes oceanic crust? a. basaltic - density of 3.0 g/cm3 b. granitic - density of 3.0 g/cm3 c. quartz arenites - density of 2.6 g/cm3 d. basaltic - density of 2.6 g/cc 19. The Moho separates: a. the outer core from the inner core b. the lithosphere from the asthenosphere c. the asthenosphere from the Mesosphere d. the crust from the mantle 20. Which one of the following term associations is FALSE? a. asthenosphere --- plastic behavior b. lithosphere --- rigid solid c. outer core --- right solid d. continental crust --- rigid solid 21. The lithosphere includes: a. crust and uppermost, rigid mantle
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b. outer core and inner core c. asthenosphere and mesosphere d. outer core and lower mantle A cooling magnetic material _________ its magnetic character at its Curie temperature: a. gains b. looses c. a and both d. neither of these happens What region of the Earth takes up the greatest volume? a. the crust b. the outer core c. the inner core d. the mantle The continental crust consists mainly of _________. a. granitic rocks b. basaltic rocks c. ultramafic rocks d. gabbroic rocks The mantle consists mainly of _________. a. granitic rocks b. basaltic rocks c. ultramafic rocks d. gabbroic rocks The lithosphere is approximately _________ kilometers thick a. 25 b. 100 c. 250 d. 2900 The sharp increase in velocity of S-waves at 400 and 670 kilometers depth in the mantle are probably caused by ___________. a. changes to more compact mineral structures b. changes in the composition of the mantle c. changes in the temperature of the mantle d. changes in the pressure of the mantle What element makes up most of the Earth's core? a. silicon b. oxygen 3
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c. iron d. nickel Which of the following is not a mineral? a. olivine b. limestone c. calcite d. quartz Which geologic concept is described by "the present is the key to the past"? a. biblical prophesy b. uniformitarianism c. Aristotelian logic d. catastrophism What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? a. graphite b. native gold c. diamond d. muscovite Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a ____________. a. granite b. gabbro c. basalt d. rhyolite Which of the following minerals would crystallize early from a cooling silicate magma? a. biotite b. quartz c. olivine d. muscovite which of the following silicate minerals are most resistant to chemical weathering? a. quartz b. olivine c. hornblende d. potassium feldspar Which of the following is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock? a. Limestone b. Chert c. Phosphate rock d. Quartz sandstone What are the two most abundant elements in the earth's crust? a. .iron, magnesium b. nitrogen, oxygen c. silicon, calcium d. oxygen, silicon Which rock type has fossils embedded inside? a. Igneous b. Sedimentary c. Metamorphic d. Boulders Which of the following sedimentary rocks indicate long-distance transportation of the sediments? a. Breccias b. Arkose c. quartz sandstone d. none The most common extrusive igneous rock is ___ a. Basalt b. Granite c. Gneiss 4
d. Gabbro 40. How are metamorphic rocks formed? a. pressure and chemical cementation b. cooling and solidification c. weathering, erosion, and deposition d. heat and pressure 41. What is the molten liquid rock inside of a volcano called? a. Lava b. Magma c. ash d. igneoue 42. Which of the following is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock? a. chert b. phosphate rock c. limestone d. quartz sandston 43. Which of the following forms at the highest grade of regional metamorphism? a. gneiss b. schist c. slate d. phyllite 44. Marble is formed from _ a. metamorphism of limestone b. metamorphism of sandstone c. weathering of limestone d. lithification of sand grains 45. Quartz is a member of ___. a. silicates b. oxides c. sulfides d. carbonates 46. Oxygen accounts for what percent by weight of all matter in earth's crust? a. 12% b. 24% c. 36% d. 47% 47. The angle at which a sedimentary bed is inclined from the horizontal is called the _____. a. anticline b. stike c. Syncline d. dip 48. Which of the following is not a tectonic force responsible for folding or faulting rocks? a. compressive force b. tensional force c. shear force d. all of these are tectonic forces 49. The two sides of a fold are called its ________ . a. anticlines b. synclines c. Limbs d. axial planes 50. What types of faults are associated with shearing forces? a. normal faults b. reverse faults c. strike-slip d. all of these 5
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The structure shown above is a(n) ________. a. anticline b. syncline c. basin d. dome What type of fault is characterized by movement both along strike and along dip? a. oblique-slip b. strike slip c. Reverse d. normal The Red Sea is an example of an _________. a. anticline b. strike-slip fault basin c. rift valley d. horst block mountain Fenster and windows are the landforms produced by .. a. folding b. faulting c. erosion on faults d. none of the above Jura mountain is an example of.. a. Normal relief by folding b. inversion of relief on folded structure c. normal relief on faulting d. inversion of relief on faulted structure
