Rangkuman Materi Bhs Inggris SMA XI

Rangkuman Materi Bahasa Inggris XI Semester 1

Reffy Elsa Revanda XI Mia 1

SMAN 2 BANDARLAM!N" 2#1$%2#1& 1|

Daftar Isi Cover

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Daftar Isi

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Narrative Text

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Recount Text

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Report Text

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Descriptive Text

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Spoof

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Askin ! "ivin #pinion$ Suestion$ #%erin 1& Causative 'er(

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Con)itiona* Sentence

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Su(+untive

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-assive 'oice

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Reporte) Speec/

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0uestion Tas

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A)+ective

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ortator xpotition Text

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Ana*itica* xpotition Text

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A)+ective C*ause  Tenses  Tenses

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A.

Narrative Text a. Penge Pengerti rtian an

Narrative Text teks an ana (erfunsi untuk enceritakan kisa/ asa asa *apau *apau )an )an untuk untuk /i(ura /i(uran5 n5 Se/in Se/ina a enu enunak nakan an tenses tenses past past tense5 tense5 Isi Narrat Narratuve uve text text aitu aitu kisa/ kisa/ k/aa* k/aa* )an nata nata atau atau perist peristia ia perist peristia ia an an ena enara/ ra/ ke su suatu atu krisis krisis )i asa asa *apau *apau$$ an an pa)a pa)a ak/irna eneukan suatu pene*esaian5

b. Tujuan Komunikatif Narrative Narr ative Text Text  Tu+uan  Tu+uan 8ounikatif 8ounikatif Narrative Text seperti an )i+e*askan )i atas a)a*a/ untuk untuk en/ en/i(u i(urr pen)en pen)enar ar atau atau pe(ac pe(aca a tentan tentan  su suatu atu kisa/ kisa/ atau atau cerita cerita asa asa *apau *apau an an (erta* (erta*ian ian )enan )enan pena* pena*a aan an nata$ nata$ k/aa* k/aa* atau peristiaperistia pe*ik an enara/ ke suatu krisis$ an pa)a ak/irna eneukan suatu pene*esaian5

c. Generic tructure tructure Narrative Narrative Text Text Setiap +enis teks (a/asa Inris enre: ei*iki struktur teksna sen)iri sen)iri5 Struktur )ari Narrative Text ter)iri )ari tia (aian aitu ; 15 #rie #rient ntat atio ion n -a)a (aian #rientation atau penena*an (erisi tentan penena*an toko/ )a*a cerita serta aktu )an tepat ke+a)ianna5 25 Cop Cop*i *ica cati tion on -a)a (aian Cop*ication (erisi tentan a(aran uncu*na krisis atau asa*a/ an )i a*ai o*e/ toko/ pa)a cerita terse(ut an /arus )ipeca/kan5 35 Reso* eso*ut utio ion n -a)a (aian (aian Reso*ut eso*ution ion (erisi (erisi tentan tentan  (aai (aaian an toko/ toko/ )ari )ari cerita cerita terse(ut eeca/kan asa*a/ an a)a pa)a (aian Cop*ication5
!. "iri Keba#asan Narrative Narrative Text Text

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-a)a Narrative Text$ ter)apat (e(erapa ciriciri antara *ain se(aai (erikut ; •

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>enunakan Action 'er( )a*a (entuk -ast Tense5 >isa*na ; C*i(e)$ Turne)$ enunakan Nouns tertentu se(aai kata anti oran$ /ean )an (en)a tertentu )a*a cerita5 >isa*na ; t/e kin$ t/e ?ueen$ )s(5 >enunakan A)+ectives an e(entuk noun p/rase5 >isa*na ; *on (*ack /air$ to re) app*es$ )s(5 >enunakan Tie Connectives )an Con+unctions untuk enurutkan ke+a)ianke+a)ian5 >isa*na ; t/en$ (efore$ after$ soon$ )s(5 >enunakan A)ver(s )an A)ver(ia* -/rase untuk enun+ukkan *okasi ke+a)ian atau peristia5 >isa*na ; /ere$ in t/e ountain$ /appi* ever after$ )s(5

e. "onto# Narrative Text %&rientation' #nce upon a tie t/ere *ive) a *itt*e ir* nae) Sno @/ite5 S/e *ive) it/ /er Aunt an) nc*e (ecause /er parents ere )ea)5

%"om()ication' #ne )a s/e /ear) /er nc*e an) Aunt ta*kin a(out *eavin Sno @/ite in t/e cast*e (ecause t/e (ot/ ante) to o to Aerica an) t/e )i)nBt /ave enou/ one to take Sno @/ite5 Sno @/ite )i) not ant /er nc*e an) Aunt to )o t/is so s/e )eci)e) it ou*) (e (est if s/e ran aa5 T/e next ornin s/e ran aa fro /oe /en /er Aunt an) nc*e ere /avin (reakfast5 S/e ran aa into t/e oo)s5

%*eso)ution'  T/en s/e sa t/is *itt*e cottae5 S/e knocke) (ut no one ansere) so s/e ent insi)e an) fe** as*eep5 >ean/i*e$ t/e seven )arfs ere coin /oe fro ork5 T/e ent insi)e5 T/ere t/e foun) Sno @/ite s*eepin5 T/en Sno @/ite oke up5 S/e sa t/e )arfs5 T/e )arfs sai)$ /at is our naeE Sno @/ite sai)$ > nae is Sno @/ite5E Doc$ one of t/e )arfs$ sai)$ If ou is/$ ou a *ive /ere it/ us5E Sno @/ite sai)$ #/ cou*) I T/ank ou5E T/en Sno @/ite to*) t/e )arfs t/e /o*e stor an) Fna** Sno @/ite an) t/e 7 )arfs *ive) /appi* ever after5

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*ecount Text a. Pengertian

Recount Text a)a*a/ sa*a/ satu )ari +enis teks (a/asa Inris an enceritakan ke(a*i ke+a)ianke+a)ian atau pena*aanpena*aan )i asa *apau5 Tu+uan )ari Recount Text a)a*a/ untuk e(erikan inforasi atau untuk en/i(ur pe(aca5 Di )a*a Recount Text ti)ak ter)apat kop*ikasi Cop*ication: seperti /a*na )i Narrative Text5

b. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks *ecount  Tu+uan kounikatif Recount Text seperti pen+e*asan )i atas a)a*a/ untuk e*aporkan peristia$ ke+a)ian atau keiatan )enan tu+uan e(eritakan atau en/i(ur tentuna tanpa a)a konGik )i )a*a cerita terse(ut5

c. Generic structure Teks *ecount 15 #rientation #rientation atau penena*an aitu e(erikan inforasi tentan siapa$ )i ana$ )an kapan peristia atau keiatan itu ter+a)i )i asa *apau5 25 vents vents erupakan rekaan peristia an ter+a)i$ an (iasana )isapaikan )a*a urutan krono*ois$ seperti HIn t/e Frst )a$ I 555 5 An) in t/e next )a 555 5 An) In t/e *ast )a 555H 5 Di (aian vents ini  +ua (iasana ter)apat koentar pri(a)i tentan peristia atau ke+a)ian an )iceritakan5 35 Reorientation -a)a (aian Reorientation$ ter)apat penu*anan penena*an an a)a )i #rientation$ penu*anan an eranku rentetan peristia$ ke+a)ian atau keiatan an )iceritakan5

!. "iri Keba#asaan *ecount Text  Ter)apat (e(erapa ciriciri ke(a/asaan an unkin akan teantean teukan ketika e(aca se(ua/ Recount Text5 Ciriciri ke(a/asaan )ari Recount Text terse(ut a)a*a/; •

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>enunakan -ast Tense5 >isa*kan e ent to oo$ I as /app$ etc5 >enunakan Con+unction )an Tie Connectives untuk enurutkan peristia atau ke+a)ian5 >isa*na an)$ (ut$ t/e$ aftar t/at$ etc5

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>enunakan A)ver(s )an A)ver(ia* -/rase untuk enunkapkan tepat$ aktu )an cara5 >isa*kan ester)a$ at  /ouse$ s*o*$ etc5 >enunakan Action 'er(s5 >isa*kan ent$ s*ept$ run$ (rou/t$ etc5

e. "onto# *ecount Text #ur trip to t/e <*ue >ountain

&rientation #n Jri)a e ent to t/e <*ue >ountains5 @e stae) at Davi) an) De**aBs /ouse5 It /as a (i ar)en it/ *ots of co*ourfu* Goers an) a tennis court5

vents #n Satur)a e sa t/e T/ree Sisters an) ent on t/e scenic rai*a5 It as scar5 T/en$ >u an) I ent s/oppin it/ De**a5 @e ent to soe anti?ue s/ops an) I trie) on soe o*) /ats5 #n Sun)a e ent on t/e Scenic Ska an) it rocke)5 @e sa cockatoos /avin a s/oer5

*eorientation In t/e afternoon e ent /oe5 T/at as ver p*easent oent it/  fai* t/at I ever ot5

".*e(ort Text a. Pengertian Report Text eruapakan sa*a/ satu )ari ke 13 +enis teks (a/asa Inris an tero*on KDescription TextK (ukan )escriptive text *o/ a: an funsina ena(arkan sesuatu (aik (en)a$ ak/*uk /i)up atau fenoenafenoena uu5 8e>>an Report Text ini *a/ an e(e)akan )enan Descriptive Text5 Descriptive Text erupakan +enis teks an ena(arkan sesuatu (aik (en)a$ ak/*uk /i)up atau fenoenafenoena k/usus5

b. Tujuan Komunikatif *e(ort Text  Tu+uan kounikatif )ari Report Text a)a*a/ enapaikan inforasi tentan sesuatu$ apa a)ana$ se(aai /asi* penaatan sisteatis atau ana*isis5 Lan )i )eskripsi kan )apat e*iputi e+a*a a*ai$ *inkunan$ (en)a (uatan anusia$ atau e+a*ae+a*a sosia*5 Deskripsi se(ua/ Report /|

 Text )apat (erupa kesipu*an uu$ isa*na$ ikan paus terasuk (inatan aa*ia karena ikan terse(ut e*a/irkan anakna5

c. Generic structure *e(ort Text Da*a Report Text$ ter)apat struktur teks an ter)iri )ari )ua (aian$ aitu; 15 "enera* C*asiFcation -a)a (aian enera* c*asiFcation k*asiFkasi uu: (erisi penena*an fenoenaM (en)a an akan )i(icarakan )enan enertakan pernataan uu an enerankan su(+ek *aporan$ keteranan$ )an k*asiFkasina5 25 Description -a)a (aian Description a(aran: ter)iri )ari a(aran )ari fenoenaM (en)a an )i)iskusikan )ari (aian ke (aianna$ ke(iasaan atau tinka/ *aku untuk (en)a /i)up$ ataupun keunaanna untuk (en)a secara )etai*5

!. "iri Keba#asaan *e(ort Text Da*a se(ua/ Report Text ter)apat *anuae features: seperti (erikut ini; •

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(e(erapa ciriciri

ke(a/asaan

>enunakan enera* nouns$ seperti Repti*es in Coo)o Ins*an)B$ )s(5 >enunakan re*atin ver(s untuk en+e*askan ciri$ isa*na repti*es are sca* ania*s ciri ini (er*aku untuk seua repti*ia:$ )s(5 >enunakan action ver(s )a*a e+e*askan peri*aku$ isa*na *iar)s cannot G$ )s(5 >enunakan present tense untuk enatakan suatu an uu$ isa*na 8oo)o )raons usua** ei/t ore t/an 16& k$ )s(5 >enuanakan isti*a/ teknisM i*ia/$ isa*na ater contains oxen an) /)roen$ )s(5

e. "onto# *e(ort Text  T/e -e*ican Report

Genera) ")asi0cation  T/e /ite pe*ican is one of t/e ost successfu* Fs/eatin (ir)s5

Descri(tion |

 T/e success is *are* )ue to its coan) /untin (e/aviour5 A roup$ per/aps to )oen (ir)s$ i** at/er in a curve) arc soe )istance o%s/ore5 T/e (ir)s t/en (ein to ove forar) toar)s t/e s/ore$ (eatin t/e ater furious* it/ t/eir ins$ )rivin t/e Fs/ (efore t/e5 @/en t/e ater is s/a**o enou/ for t/e (ir)s to reac/ t/e Fs/$ t/e foration (reaks up as eac/ (ir) )ips its (i** into t/e ater to scoop up its ea*5 As t/e (ir) *ifts its /ea)$ t/e ater )rains fro its (i** *eavin t/e Fs/ /ic/ are t/en sa**oe)5 -e*icans are aon t/e o*)est roup of  (ir)s$ Jossi*s of t/is enus /ave (een foun) )atin (ack 4& i**ion ears5

D.

Descri(tive Text a. Pengertian

Descriptive Text erupakan +enis teks an (anak )iunakan )a*a ke/i)upan se/ari/ari )a*a ena(arkan (en)a$ tepat$ anusia$ /ean )an *ain se(aaina5 Descriptive Text a)a*a/ se(ua/ teks (a/asa Inris untuk en(arkan seperti apa (en)a atau a/*uk /i)up an kita )eskripsikan$ (aik secara kenapakan$ (au$ suara$ atau tekstur )ari (en)a atau ak/*uk /i)up terse(ut5

b. Tujuan Komunikatif Descri(tive Text  Tu+an 8ounikatif )ari Descriptive Text a)a*a/ untuk ena(arkan )an enunkapkan ciriciri )ari (en)a$ tepat$ atau a/*uk tertentu secara uu$ tenpa a)ana riset atau penei*itan secara en)a*a )an enu*uru/5

c. Generic tructure Descri(tive Text Di setiap Descriptive Text ter)apat )ua (aian an en+a)i ciri )ari Descriptive Text itu sen)iri5 8e)ua (aian terse(ut a)a*a/; 15 I)entiFcation I)entiFcation a)a*a/ (aian )ari Descriptive Text an (erisi tentan topik atau HapaH an akan )ia(arkan atau )i)eskripsikan5 25 Description Description a)a*a/ (aian terak/ir )ari Descriptive Text an (erisi tentan pe(a/asan atau pena(aran tentan topik atau HapaH an a)a )i I)entiFcation enenai kenapakan Fsik$ kua*itas$ peri*aku uu aupun sifatsifatna5

!. "iri Keba#asan Descri(tive Text •

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Descriptive Text enunakan -resent Tense$ isa*na; o$ eat$ G$ etc5

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Descriptive Text enunakan (er(aaiaca A)+ectives kata sifat: an (ersifat Descri(in ena(arkan:$ Nu(erin >enoerkan:$ )an C*assifin enk*asiFkasikan:$ isa*na; to stron *es$ s/arp /ite fans$ etc5 Descriptive Text enunakan Re*atin 'er(s untuk e(erikan inforasi tentan su(+ek$ isa*na;  u is rea* coo*$ it /as ver t/ick fur$ etc5 Descriptive Text enunakan T/inkin 'er(s kata ker+a (erFkir$ seperti (e*ive$ t/ink$ etc5: )an Jee*in 'er(s kata ker+a perasa$ seperti fee*:untuk enunkapkan pan)anan pri(a)i penu*is tentan su(+ek$ isa*na; po*ice (e*ieve t/e suspect is are)$ I t/ink it is a c*ever ania*$ etc5 Descriptive Text +ua enunakan A)ver(s kata keteranan: untuk e(erikan inforasi ta(a/an enenai peri*aku atau sifat A)+ective: an )i+e*askan$ isa*na; it is extree* /i/$ it runs )eFnite* past$ etc5

e. "onto# Teks Discri(tive > >ot/er

I!enti0cation ver peop*e certain* /ave a ot/er5
Descri(tion > ot/erKs nae is 8/o)i+a/5 S/e as (orn 49 ears ao5 S/e is s/ort$ (ut not too s/ort5 S/e is *itt*e fat5 An) s/e is o*)5 S/e /as ot s/ort /ite strai/t /air5 S/e /as ot (ron skin5 S/e is (eautifu*5 er /an) is so soft$ t/e /an) t/at /ave tau/t e to (e kin) person5 S/e never stops to support e5 S/e a*as te**s e to not ive up so easi*5 S/e a*as ives e soe Fne so*utions /en I /ave soe pro(*es5 T/e iportance of /er is never )enie)5 T/at is / I never re+ect /er i**in5

.(oof  a. Pengertian

3|

Se*ain Narrative Text$ Recount Text$ )an Anec)ote Text$ Spoof Text +ua terasuk ke )a*a o*onan Narration *i/at; =enis Teks
b. Tujuan Komunikatif (oof Text  Tentuna seua +enis teks an tero*on Narration ei*iki tu+uan kounikatif an saa$ (eitu +ua pa)a Spoof Text$ aitu untuk en/i(ur pe(aca atau pen)enar )ari cerita an )i(acakan5

c. truktur Keba#asaan (oof Text  Ter)apat tia +enis struktur ke(a/asaan an )ii*iki o*e/ Spoof Text$ aitu; 15 #rientation Seperti /a*na +enis teks Narration an *ain$ se*a*u )iaa*i )enan orientation5 #rientation a)a*a/ (aian )i ana penu*is eu*ai eperkena*kan cerita5 25 vents Se)ankan pa)a (aian vents aitu (aian )i ana penu*is enceritakan ke+a)ianke+a)ian )a*a cerita terse(ut tetapi ke+a)ian an )iceritakan asi/ ke+a)ian an a+ar5 35 Tist Dan (aian )ari Spoof Text an terak/ir a)a*a/ Tist5 Tist erupakan (aian teks an ana enceritakan ke(a*ikan )ari ke+a)ianke+a)ian a+ar )i (aian vents5 Tist erupakan (aian ak/ir )ari Spoof Text an enceritakan ke+a)ian ak/ir *ucu )an ti)ak )isankasanka se(e*una5

!. "iri Keba#asaan (oof Text  Ter)apat (e(erapa ciri ke(a/asaan Spoof Text an (isa e(e)akan )enan =enis Teks
•

•

>enunakan -ast TenseO as$ ere$ )i)$ etc5 >enunakan kata ker+a aksi action ver(:O )i)$ ent$ a*ke)$ etc5 >enunakan kata keteranan aktu )an kata keteranan tepat5 Diceritakan secara krono*ois5

e. "onto# (oof Text -enuin in t/e -ark

14 |

&rientation #nce a an as a*kin in a park /en /e coe across a penuin5

vent e took /i to a po*icean an) sai)$ HI /ave +ust foun) t/is penuin5 @/at s/ou*) I )oH T/e po*icean rep*ie)$ Htake /i to t/e ooH5  T/e next )a t/e po*icean sa t/e sae an in t/e sae park an) t/e an sti** carrin t/e penuin it/ /i5 T/e po*icean as rat/er suprisee) an) a*ke) up to t/e an an) aske) H/ are ou sti** carrin t/at penuin a(out Di)nKt ou take it to t/e ooH

T5ist HI certain* )i)H rep*ie) t/e an5 HAn) it as a reat i)ea (ecause /e rea** en+oe) it$ so to)a I a takin /i to t/e oviest$ an) t/e next )a IK** take it to t/e (eac/5 ItK** (e so uc/ funH sai) t/e an5 H#/  "o)5 Lou are so stupi)5 I aske) ou to take t/e penuin an) ive it to t/e oo5 I )i)nKt ask to take it to t/e oo an) /a) fun t/ere it/ it5H po*iceen sai)5

6. Asking 7 Giving uggestion8 &(inion8 &9ering a. uggestion *es(on!ing t#e uggestion Asking for uggestion

Giving uggest ion

IBve ot a (a) toot/ac/e5 @/at )o ou suest

I suestM recoen) t/at ou P

@/at )o ou a)vise e to )o

 Lou rea** s/ou*)Mou/t toP

@/at s/ou*) I )o

 LouB) (etter P

11 |

Acce(ting uggestion

 Les$ IB) *ikeM *ove to5

*efusingugges tion

I trie) t/at$ (utP

 T/at soun)s *ike a oo) i)ea5

 T/anks$ (ut t/at onBt orkM /e*p (ecause P

 T/ank ouMT/anks

 T/atBs a oo) i)ea$ (ut P

@/at ou/t I to )o Do ou /ave an suestion for eP

@/ )onBt ou o to t/e )entist

IB** )oMtr t/at5 @/ )i)nBt I t/ink of t/at

o a(out p*ain car)s

No$ IB) rat/er not5 I )onBt fee* *ike it5

b. &(inion Askin #pinion Formal : Have you got any comments on ….. Do you have any idea? Do you have any opinion on …… Would you give me your opinion

•

Informal: What do you think of…….? What do you think about………? What is your opinion? Why do they behave like that? Do you think it’s going? How do you like? How was the trip? How do you think of ina’s idea ? How do you feel about this dicition?

•

•

•

•

•

•

• • • • •

on……….? What is your reaction to …… What is your opinion about……….? What are you feeling about………….? What are your views on……….? Please give me your frank opinion?

• • • • • •

"ivin #pinion

Formal : ! personally believe ….. ! personally consider …. ! personally think "feel …. ! hold the opinion …. #y own view of the matter is …… Well$ personally ……. !f ! had my view$ ! would …..

Informal ! think ! like it. ! don’t think ! care for it. ! think it’s good"nice"terrific…….. ! think that awful" not nice"

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

•

•

terrible………… ! don’t think much of it. ! think that……..

c. &9ering Asking for T#ings >a I /ave one  Is it #85 If IPP Can I /ave a (it  >a I tr it on 

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Giving T#ings -*ease )o so5 -*ease serve ourse*f5 Sure5 ere ou are5 Certain*5

&9ering T#ings @i** ou /ave soe cakes  Do ou ant can)ies  @ou*) ou *ike soe app*es  ere soe (ananas for ou5

G.

*efusing T#ings No nee) to (ot/er$ t/anks5 No$ t/anks  T/ank ou for ou o%er$ (ut I )onBt ant to5

"ausative :erb a. Pengertian "ausative :erb

Causative ver( a)a*a/ kata ker+a an )iunakan untuk enun+ukkan (a/a su(+ect ti)ak (ertanun+aa( *ansun ter/a)ap aksi an ter+a)i e*ainkan seseoran atau sesuatu an *ain an e*akukan aksi terse(ut5

b. 6ungsi !an *umus "ausative :erbs 8a*iat causative ver( ter(ai en+a)i 2 aca$ aitu active )an passive causative5 -a)a ka*iat active causative ver($ aent an ener+akan aksi: )iketa/ui5 causativeSe(a*ikna$ pa)a ka*iat passive causative ver($ aent (iasana ti)ak )ise(utkan5 Qet$ ake$ /ave$ )an et erupakan causative ver( an uu )iunakan5 Junsi )an ruus *et$ ake$ /ave$ )an et se(aai (erikut5

:erb

;et

6ungsi

e(iarkan seseoran e*akukan sesuatu

=ak  eaksa atau sanat enakinkan seseoran untuk e e*akukan sesuatu

1$ |

*umus Active !an Passive "ausative Active< S  *et  aent  action verb bar e in0nitive: P Active< S ake a)e:  aent  action ver( (are inFnitive:

P

>av e

enininkan seseoran ener+akan sesuatu untuk su(+ek

Active< S  /ave /a):  aent  action ver( (are inFnitive:  o(+ect Passive< S  /ave /a):  o(+ect  action ver( '3:

Get

irip )enan have naun )enan struktur ka*iat an (er(e)a

Active< S  et ot:  aent  action ver( toinFnitiv e:  P Passive< S  ot:  o(+ect  action ver( '3:

c. *umus !an "onto# Ka)imat "ausative :erbs
:erbs

"onto# Ka)imat "ausative :erb Qa*a #a! /er frien) take /er resu*t test5

#ave? #a!

Active "ausative :erbs

get?got

 T/e stu)ent #a! t/e teac/er s(eak  s*o*5 S/e got /er parents to bu@ /er a tennis racket5  T/e (o got /is cat to c#ase a ouse5

make? ma!e

1+ |

 T/e oan ma!e /er )au/ter eat u( t/e toatoes5

 T/e anaer makes /er sta% 5ork  /ar)5 > fat/er )ets e c#oose  on future carrier5

)et  T/e s/ep/er) )ets /is s/eep grae in t/e ea)o5 I #a!  /ouse renovate! *ast eek5

#ave? #a! Passive "ausative :erbs

e #a! /is (ook returne! as soon as possi(*e5  Te)) got t/e one save! in t/e (ank5

get?got  Lu*ia got /er (e)roo c)eane!5

>.

"on!itiona) entences a. Pengertian "on!itiona) entence

Con)itiona* sentence a)a*a/ cop*ex sentence ka*iat a+euk: an )i(entuk )ari su(or)inate c*ause an )iaa*i )enan su(or)inate con+unction if (erupa con)ition sarat: )an ain c*ause (erupa resu*tMconse?uence /asi*:5 A)a 4 tipe con)itiona* sentence an (iasa )iunakan$ aitu; tipe 1$ tipe 2$ tipe 3$ )an tipe &5 Con)ition pa)a con)itiona* sentence tipe 1 unkin )ipenu/i$ tipe 2 ti)ak atau /apir ti)ak unkin )ipenu/i$ tipe 3 ti)ak unkin )ipenu/i unrea*:$ se)ankan tipe & se*a*u teru+u) karena erupakan scientiFc factMke(enaran i*ia/5

b. *umus "on!itiona) entence Rumus Umum Secara uu$ ruus ka*iat penan)aian ini a)a*a/ se(aai (erikut5 if B con!ition8 resu)tCconseuence

atau tanpa tan)a (aca koa; resu)tCconseuence B if B con!ition

Rumus Conditional Sentence Berbagai Tipe 1- |

T@(e

*umus "on!itiona) entence

4

if  sim()e (resent$ sip*e present

1

if  sip*e present$ i**  (are inFnitive

2

if  sim()e (ast$ ou*)Mcou*)Mi/t  (are inFnitive

$

if  (ast (erfect$ ou*)Ms/ou*)Mcou*)Mi/t /ave  (ast (artici()e

c. "onto# "on!itiona) entence T@(e

"onto# "on!itiona) entence

4

If e (urn paper$ it (ecoes as/5 =ika kita e(akar kertas$ itu en+a)i a(u5:

1

If I eet /i 8 I i** intro)uce se*f5 =ika saa (erteu )ia$ saa akan eperkena*kan )iri5:

2

If it raine) toorro$ I ou*) s*eep a** )a5 =ika (esok /u+an$ saa akan ti)ur sepan+an /ari5:

$

If ou /a) ree(ere) to invite e$ I ou*) /ave atten)e) our part5 =ika kau inat enun)an saa$ saa akan /a)ir )i pestau5:

!. Negatif if B con!ition Ruus; ifPnot )apat )iantikan )enan un*ess5

Contoh conditional sentence: if…not dan unless: Denan enunakan ruus neatif if$ conto/ con)itiona* sentence seperti )i (aa/ ini5 • •

If t/e stu)ents )o not un)erstan)$ t/e i** raise t/eir /an) to ask5 n*ess t/e stu)ents un)erstan)$ t/e i** raise t/eir /an) to ask5

I. ubjunctive a. Pengertian ubjunctive Su(+unctive a)a*a/ suatu (entuk kata ker+a untuk enunkapkan ke(utu/an$ saran$ /arapan$ atau penan)aian an (er(e)a )enan kenataan5 8ata ker+a ini ter(ai en+a)i present )an past su(+unctive )iana ei*iki aturan penunaan (er(e)a5 1/ |

Su(+unctive erupakan satu )ari tia ver( oo)s a)a pu*a iperative )an in)icative:5 -a)a o)ern n*is/$ (entuk kata ker+a ini /ana ter)apat pa)a (aian )epen)ent c*ause$ (ukan ain c*ause5

b. Aturan Penggunaan ubjunctive "onto# :erb Aturan

Norm a)

ubjuncti ve

rea)s

rea)

oes

o

is

(e

are

(e

a*ke)

a*ke)

ate

ate

as

ere

ere

ere

Present 8ecua*i untuk verb be$ present subjunctive enunakanbare in0nitive kata ker+a (entuk se)er/ana tanpa pena(a/an ?s atau ?es eskipun su(+ek an )iunakan erupakan oran ketia tuna* t/e an$ Ana$ ot/er: aupun(ronoun I$ s/e$ /e$ it:5 Verb be isMare: an )iunakan pa)a present indicativeMnora*$ )iantikan o*e/ (eE5

Past

8ecua*i untuk verb be$ past subjunctive saa seperti past indicativeMnora*5 Verb be (aik was aupunwere en unakan ereE5

c. "on!itiona) Auxi)iar@ :erbs vs ubjunctive 8arena penunaanna an raan kesa*a/an$ su(+unctive +aran )iunakan )i )a*a (a/asa inris5 >o)a* auxi*iar ver(s *e(i/ )isukai untuk )iunakan5 A)apun untuk en/asi*kan akna penan)aian unrea* con)ition kenataan (er(e)a )enan /arapan:$ con)itiona* auxi**iar ver(s cou*)$ s/ou*)$ ou*): )apat )iunakan enantikan su(+unctive5 Conto/na se(aai (erikut5 Conto/ 8a*iat Su(+unctive vs >o)a* Auxi*iar 'er(; • •

1 |

I is/ t/e teac/er ere nice to e5 Su(+unctive: I is/ t/e teac/er cou*) (e nice to e5 Auxi*iar 'er(:

!. 6ungsi !an "onto# Ka)imat Present !an Past ubjunctive Secara uu$ su(+unctive )iunakan pa)a )epen)ent c*ause )i )a*a suatu cop*ex sentence5
resent subjunctive (era)a pa)a dependent clause )iana (aian in!e(en!ent c)ausena enunakan verb; ask$ coan)$ )ean)$ )eterine$ insist$ or)er$ propose$ recoen)$ reret$ re?uest$ re?uire$ suest$ untuk enekspresikan reuirement ke(utu/an: atau suggestion saran:5

resent subjunctive (era)a pa)a dependent  clause )iana (aian independent clausena enunakan adjective an enekspresikan urgenc@Creuirement; crucia*$ )esira(*e$ essentia*$ iportant$ iperative$ necessar$ urent$ vita*

"onto# Ka)imat ubjunctive I recoen) t/at ou take a cookin c*ass5 Saa erekoe)asi kan kau ena(i* ke*as easak5:  T/e )octor sueste) t/at /ite rice berep*ace ) it/ (ron rice5 Dokter enarankan (eras puti/ )ianti )enan (eras era/5: It is )esira(*e t/at t/e be on tie5 Di/arapkan ereka )atan tepat aktu5: It is necessar t/at s/e (re(are f  or t/e next exa5 -er*u untuk )ia epersiapka n u+ian

1 |

se*an+utna5:

ast subjunctive (era)a pa)a dependent  clause )iana independent clause(erupa conditional sentence an kenataanna (er(e)a penan)aian  present unreal events; con!itiona) t@(e 2)enan sim()e (ast$ past unreal events;con!itiona) t@(e $ )enan (ast (erfect:

If I 5ere a i**ionaire$ I ou*) )onate  one to c/arit5 =ika saa i*iuner$ saa akan en)onasikan uan untuk aa*5: I ou*)nBt (e panic if I 5ere ou5 Saa ti)ak akan panik +ika  +a)i kau5: I is/ /e 5ere /ere to repair  coputer5 Saa /arap )ia )isini eper(aiki koputer5:

ast subjunctive enikuti kata 5is#5

ast subjunctive enikuti kata as if  )an as t#oug#5

ver(o) is/es t/at Sara/ 5ere a( *e to contro* /er eotion5 Setiap oran (er/arap Sara/ )apat enontro* eosina5: Ro(i acts as t/ou/ /e 5ere a kin5 Ro(i (er*aku seakanakan )ia ra+a5: Siti eats uc/ as if s/e #a! not eaten for a ont/5 Siti akan

13 |

(anak seakanakan )ia su)a/ ti)ak akan se(u*an5:

 E. Passive :oice a. Pengertian Passive :oice -assive voice a)a*a/ suatu raatica* construction (entuk raatika*: )iana su(+ect ka*iat ti)ak e*akukan aksi$ e*ainkan eneria aksi atau )itin)ak*an+uti receiver of action: o*e/ aent *ain )oer of action: (aik )ise(utkan ataupun ti)ak5 Se(a*ikna$ pa)a konstruksi active$ su(+ect (er/u(unan *ansun )enan ver( )enan (ertin)ak se(aai pe*aku aksi5 8a*iat aktif )apat )itransforasi en+a)i pasif$ naun /ana transitive ver( )iikuti )irect o(+ect: an )apat )i(er*akukan )eikian5

b. *umus Passive :oice umus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

Catatan; Auxi*iar ver( )apat (erupa priar auxi*iar ver( (e is$ are$ a$ as$ ere$ (e$ (een$ (ein:$ ko(inasi antara )ua priar isMare (ein$ asMere (ein$ /asM/ave (een: atau antara priar )an o)a* auxi*iar ver( i** (e$ i** /ave (een:O se)ankan past particip*e an )iunakan (erupa kata ker+a transitive5 Conto/; • •

S/e canBt )rive a car5 active voice$ transitive:5 e a*as coe on tie5 active voice$ intransitive:

-eru(a/an (entuk )ari (ase for ke past tense )an past particip*e secara reu*ar atau irreu*ar5 Conto/; • •

24 |

p*a (ase for: UV p*ae) past particip*e: sin (ase for: UV sun past particip*e:

Conto/ 8a*iat -assive 'oice pa)a Auxi*iar 'er( (e; Kom(onen ubject

be

I

a

t/e re) ve*vet recipe

a** of  s/oes

*are aounts of  eat an) i*k

t/e (ook

t/e (ooks

is

are

are

as

er e

"onto# Ka)imat Passive :oice PP

pai)

use)

I a pai) in )o**ars5 Saa )i(aar )a*a )o**ar5:  T/e re) ve*vet recipe is use) ( an peop*e5 Resep re) ve*vet ts( )iunakan o*e/ (anak oran5:

as/e)

A** of  s/oes are as/e) ever ont/5 Seua sepatu saa )icuci setiap (u*an5:

consu e)

Qare aounts of eat an) i*k are consue) ( an peop*e in t/e countries5 Se+u*a/ (esar )ain )an susu )ikonsusi o*e/ (anak oran )i neara neara ts(5:

e)ite)

 T/e (ook as e)ite) (
e)ite)

 T/e (ooks ere e)ite) (
c. Pengecua)ian (a!a Transitive :erbs  Ti)ak seua transitive ver($ kata ker+a an ei*iki )irect o(+ect$ )apat )ipasifkan5
•

K. 21 |

I /ave a reat ne i)ea5 UV ti)ak )apat )ipasifkan )enan; A reat ne i)ea is /a) ( e5  T/e snack contains aspartae5 UV ti)ak )apat )ipasifkan )enan; Aspartae is containe) ( t/e snack5

*e(orte! (eec#

a. Pengertian *e(orte! (eec# Reporte) speec/ atau in)irect speec/ a)a*a/ suatu cara enunkapkan apa an oran *ain speaker: te*a/ katakan secara *ansun )irectM?uote) speec/: (erupa pernataan$ pertanaan$ atau ucapan *ainna )enan enu(a/ forat pe(icaraan terse(ut se/ina en+a)i *e(i/ +e*as$ a*ai$ )an eFsien (ai pen)enarna5 Qoikana$ seoran penapai (erita ti)ak e*aporkan persis setiap kata an )iucapkan o*e/ seseoran5 Direct speec/ an )iu(a/ en+a)i reporte) speec/ terse(ut )apat (erupa stateent pernataan:$ iperative coan) perinta/:$ invitation un)anan:$ re?uest perintaan:$ esMno ?uestion pertanaan:$ aupun inforation ?uestion pertanaan akan inforasi:5

Contoh: *e(orting

"onto# Ka)imat Direct (eec#

"onto# Ka)imat *e(orte! (eec#

tatement

IB not /unr no5E Saa ti)ak *apar sekaran5:

e sai) t/at /e as not /unr at t/at tie5

Im(erative

Do not touc/  coputerWE =anan sentu/ koputerkuW:

S/e to*) e not to touc/ /er coputer5

 Fes?no uestion

Di) ou eat  cakeE Apaka/ kau akan kueku:

S/e ante) to kno if IB) eaten /er cake5

Information uestion

@/o is t/e innerE Siapa peenanna:

e aske) e /o t/e inner as5

b. "ara =enguba# Direct =enja!i *e(orte! (eec# -a)a )asarna$ )irect speec/ )iu(a/ en+a)i reporte) speec/ )enan en/i*ankan tan)a (aca kutip$ en/i*ankan /uruf kapita* )i)a*a ka*iat$ ena(a/kan t/at optiona*:$ enu(a/ pronoun en+a)i oran ketia:$ eo)iFkasi ver($ enoreksi tie reference aktu an )ise(utkan )a*a pe(icaraan: )anMatau ena(a/kan /et/er atau if 5
Time References -er(an)inan tie references pa)a )irect )an reporte) speec/ a)a*a/ se(aai (erikut5 22 |

Direct (eec#

*e(orte! (eec#

/ere

t/ere

*ast ont/Mear

t/e ont/Mear (efore$ t/e prece)in ont/Mear$ t/e previous ont/Mear

next ont/Mear

a ont/Mear *ater$ t/e fo**oin ont/Mear$ t/e next ont/Mear

no

at t/at tie$ t/en

to)a

t/at )a

toorro

a )a *ater$ t/e fo**oinMnext )a

ester)a

t/e )a (efore$ t/e previous )a

to )asMeeks ao

to )asMeeks (efore$ to )asMeeks ear*ier

Contoh perubahan time reference: "onto# Ka)imat Direct (eec#

"onto# Ka)imat *e(orte! (eec#

@i** I receive t/e packet tomorro5E Akanka/ saa eneria paket ts( (esok:

e aske) if /e ou*) receive t/e packet t#e fo))o5ing !a@5

I /ave to return t/e (ook t5o !a@s ago5E Saa /arus ene(a*ikan (uku ts( )ua /ari *a*u5:

S/e sai) t/at s/e /a) to return t/e (ook t5o !a@s ear)ier5

!enambah"an reported speechwhether atau if  @/et/er atau if )ita(a/kan untuk enapaikan ka*iat esno ?uestion an te*a/ )i)enar se(e*una5 Lesno ?uestion erupakan (entuk pertanaan an e(utu/kan +aa(an es atau no5

Contoh: "onto# Direct (eec#

"onto# Ka)imat *e(orte! (eec#

Keterangan

Do ou /ave a *itt*e tieE Apa kau puna se)ikit aktu:

e aske) e if  I /a) a *itt*e tie5

 =aa(an )ari pertanaan pa)a direct speech; #es$ % do atau &o$ % don't 

2$ |

ave ou /ear) t/e nesE Su)a/ka/ kau en)enar (erita ts(:

S/e ante) to kno5#et#er I /a) /ear) t/e nes5

 =aa(an )ari pertanaan pa)a direct speech; #es$ % have atau &o$ % haven't 

;.uestion Tags a. Pengertian uestion Tags 0uestion ta a)a*a/ pertanaan pen)ek an )ita(a/kan )i ak/ir pernataan )ec*arative sentence: untuk enanakan inforasi atau einta persetu+uan5 Seperti i)io unkapan (a/asa Inris:$ ?uestion ta erupakan (aian an serin )iunakan )a*a percakapan se/ari/ari seoran native speaker5 @a*aupun raar$ pronounciation$ )an intonationna (aik$ seseoran )apat u)a/ )ikena*i (ukan se(aai native speaker +ika ti)ak enunakan ?uestion ta5

b. *umus uestion tag )inking verb HbeCauxi)iar@ verb BC? not B (ronoun

8eteranan; •

•

*inkin ver( (eE aitu; is$ a$ are$ as$ ere$ se)ankan auxi*iar ver( (erupa priar auxi*iar ver( (e$ )o$ /ave: atau o)a* auxi*iar ver( i**$ ou*)$ a$ a$ i/t$ can$ cou*)$ s/a**$ s/ou*): an cocok )enan ver( pa)a (aian pernataan5 -ronoun )isesuaikan )enan su(+ect pa)a (aian pernataan5

c. Pembentukan uestion Tag
2+ |

negative sentence8 (ositive uestion tag A/a) )i)nBt coe *ate$ )i) /e A/a) ti)ak )atan ter*a(at kan:

negative sentence8 (ositive uestion tag A/a) cae *ate$ )i)nBt /e A/a) )atan ter*a(at kan:

 T/e an isnBt stin$ is /e -ria ts( ti)ak pe*it kan:

 T/e an is stin$ isnBt /e -ria ts( pe*it kan:

 Lou /avenBt Fnis/e) our /oeork$ /ave ou 8au (e*u ene*esaikan -Ru kan:

 Lou /ave Fnis/e) our /oeork$ /avenBt ou 8au te*a/ ene*esaikan -Ru kan:

 T/e onBt atten) t/e seinar$ i** t/e >ereka ti)ak akan en/a)iri seinar kan:

 T/e i** atten) t/e seinar$ onBt t/e >ereka akan en/a)iri seinar kan:

!. Intonasi (a!a uestion Tag  Tu+uan )ari penunaan ?uestion ta a)a*a/ untuk enanakan inforasi atau einta persetu+uan5 8etika enunakanna untuk enanakan inforasi$ posisi speaker ti)ak ta/u apaka/ inforasi terse(ut (enar atau sa*a/5 -a)a kon)isi terse(ut$ ?uestion ta )i(eri penekanan )enan intonasi naik risin intonation:5 A)apun ketika ?uestion ta )iunakan untuk einta persetu+uan$ speaker akin (a/a inforasi an )iketa/ui (enar$ naun en/arapkan +aa(an an en)ukun keakinanna5 -a)a situasi itu ?uestion ta )i*afa*kan tanpa penekanan )enan intonasi turun fa**in intonation:5

Contoh (alimat )uestion Tag:  Lou )i)nBt )rink a*co/o*$ )i) ou 8au ti)ak inu a*ko/o* kan: •

•

 =ika speaker ti)ak ta/u apaka/ *aan (icarana inu a*ko/o* )an )ia inin ta/u +aa(anna$ ?uestion ta )i(eri penekanan )enan intonasi naik5  =ika speaker /ana inin ta/u (a/a *aan (icarana ti)ak inu a*ko/o* )an /ana en/arapkan peneasan$ ?uestion ta )iucapkan tanpa penekanan )enan intonasi turun5

e. "onto# Ka)imat uestion Tag

2- |


spoken n*is/

IJm rig#t8 am I not

fora* n*is/

ver@bo !@ )ikes #im8 !onJt t#e@

)iunakan the* se(aai gen!er neuter (ronoun 5

Not#ing is im(ossib )e8 is it

Not/in X no t/in$ se/ina ka*iat en+a)i neatif$ aka +uestion tagna positif5

Nobo!@ came )ate8 !i! t#e@

No(o) X no (o)$ se/ina ka*iat en+a)i neatif$ aka +uestion tagna positif5 Diunakanthe*  se(aai gender neuter pronoun5

 Fou 5i)) never regret it8 5i)) @ou

Never X not ever$ se/ina ka*iat en+a)i neatif5 #*e/ karena itu +uestion tagna positif5

ver@t#ing is nice8 isnJt it ;etJs go no58 s#a)) 5e DonJt s(eak8 5i)) @ou T#isCt#at is #is bag8 isnJt it T#eseCt#ose are @our too)s8 arenJt t#e@

=. ,agaimana =enem(atkan Kata ifat %A!jective' !a)am Ka)imat a. ebe)um Kata ,en!a • • •

2/ |

> ne car is (ein as/e) (  (rot/er5 I ant to (u a roun) ta(*e5  T/e (eautifu* ir* coes to  oYce5

b. ete)a# To be • • •

-at is sart5  Lou are (i5 I a c*ever5

c. ete)a# kata kerja tertentu 8ata sifat (isa )itepatkan sete*a/ kata ker+a tertentu;

8ata ker+a an (er/u(unan )enan panca in)era *ook$ fee*$ soun)$ taste$ se**$ )an seterusna:5 Conto/conto/ ka*iatna; • • •

 Lou *ook reat5  T/e cake tastes a (it seet5 I fee* oo)5

!. ,i)a )ebi# !ari satu8 gunakan rumus &A"&= "unakan sa+a ruus #SASC#> aitu #pinion opini:$ Sie ukuran:$ Ae uur:$ S/ape (entuk:$ Co*or arna:$ #riin asa*:$ )an >ateria* (a/an:5

Contoh-contoh OSASCOM bisa Anda lihat pada tabel di bawah ini. Opinio n

Shap Size

Age

e

Materi Color

origin

al

Indonesia clever

small

new

square

white

n

metal

nice

big

young

round

black

ritish

plastic

green

American

wood

circula smart

tall

old

eberapa contoh kalimatnya!

2 |

r

•

•

•

Sa/rini /as a *on (*ack /air5 *on terasuk sie$ (*ack terasuk co*or: Ro Sukro (ou/t an unusua* roun) oo)en rin ester)a5 unusua* terasuk opinion$ roun) terasuk s/ape$ oo)en terasuk ateria*: I ant to visit a *ove* *itt*e o*) vi**ae5 *ove* terasuk opini$ *itt*e terasuk sie$ o*) terasuk ae:

N. >ortator@ x(osition Text a. Pengertian Seperti /a*na Ana*tica* xposition$ ortator xposition a)a*a/ +enis teks (a/asa Inris an tero*on ke )a*a ke*as Aruentation5 ortator xposition a)a*a/ se(ua/ +enis teks (a/asa Inris an ana en/a)irkan usa/a penu*is eenaru/i pe(aca untuk e*akukan sesuatu atau (ertin)ak )a*a /a* tertentu5 Da*a ortator xposition$ penu*is encantukan (e(erapa pen)apat enenai /a* tertentu untuk eperkuat i)e pokok )ari teks terse(ut5
b. Tujuan Komunikatif >ortator@ x(osition Text
c. truktur Keba#asaan >ortator@ x(osition Text A)a tia (aian )ari struktur atau po*a ka*iat )a*a ortator xposition  Text$ aitu; 15 T/esis  T/esis (erisi tentan penena*an i)e pokok penu*is tentan suatu e+a*a atau ke+a)ian an akan )iankat atau )i(a/as5 25 Aruents 2 |

Aruents (erisi tentan pen)apatpen)apat an en)ukun i)e pokok penu*is5 Seakin (anak pen)apat an penu*is tu*iskan$ seakin enarik se(ua/ ortator xposition Text itu$ karena pe(aca cen)erun percaa ter/a)ap suatu peristia +ika ter)apat (anak pen)apat an en)ukun )i )a*ana5 35 Recoen)ation Recoen)ation (erisi ter/a)ap pe(aca5

tentan

rekoen)asi

atau

a+akan

penu*is

!. "iri Keba#asaan >ortator@ x(osition Text Di (aa/ ini a)a*a/ ciri ke(a/asaan an ter)apat pa)a ortator xposition Text$ aitu; • • •

>enunakan sip*e present tense >enunakan tepora* conectivesO Frst*$ secon)*$ t/ir)*$ etc5 >enunakan eva*uative or)sO iportan*$ va*ua(**$ trustort/*$ etc5

e. "onto# >ortator@ x(osition Text Corruption

T#esis Do ou kno /at t/e eanin of corruption is @/at is t/e re*ation (eteen one an) corruption @e**$ corruption is coon ever/ere in t/e or*)$ even in t/e nite) States5 ItBs +ust a atter of intensit5 oever$ it is ?uite s/ockin /en one re*ia(*e surve c*ais =akarta as t/e ost corrupt p*ace in In)onesia5

Argument 1  T/e surve /as a)e e sa)$ actua**$ (ecause I sta an) earn a *ivin /ere in t/e capita*5 As ost peop*e kno$ Tan+un -riok port su*in is not a ne t/in at a**5 ntrepreneurs /o ant to iniie t/eir tax paents ten) to )o suc/ a t/in ore often5 T/e even (ri(e t/e oYcia*s5

Argument 2 @e**$ I t/ink t/e easures taken so far to overcoe t/e pro(*e ( punis/in t/e corruptors is sti** not far enou/5 @e /ave to prevent t/e ouner enerations fro ettin a (a) enta*it cause) ( corruption5

*ecommen!ation

23 |

I (e*ieve e s/ou*) start at t/e ear*iest staes in sc/oo* an) I t/ink everone s/ou*) (e invo*ve) in t/e e%ort to era)icate corruption5 @e ust not ake an )istinction5

&. Ana)@tica) x(osition Text a. Pengertian Ana*tica* xposition a)a*a/ +enis teks an terasuk ke )a*a +enis Aruentation Text )i ana teks terse(ut (erisi tentan peikiran terperinci penu*is tentan se(ua/ ke+a)ian atau peristia an a)a )i sekitar5

b. Tujuan Komunikatif Ana)@tica) x(osition Text  Tu+uan kounikatif )ari Ana*tica* xposition Text a)a*a/ untuk eakinkan pe(aca (a/a topik an )i/a)irkan a)a*a/ topik an pentin untuk )i(a/as atau en)apat per/atian )enan cara pe(erian aruenaruen atau pen)apatpen)apat an en)ukun i)e pokok atau topik terse(ut5

c. truktur Keba#asaan Ana)@tica) x(osition Struktur 8e(a/asaan Ana*tica* xposition Text ter)iri )ari tia (aian aitu; 15 T/esis Da*a (aian T/esis$ penu*is eperkena*kan tentan topik atau i)e pokok an akan )i(a/as5 T/esis se*a*u (era)a )i pararaf pertaa )a*a Ana*tica* xposition Text5 25 Aruent Da*a (aian ini penu*is en/a)irkan aruenaruen atau pen)apatpen)apat an en)ukun i)e pokok penu*is$ (iasana )a*a se(ua/ Ana*tica* xposition Text ter)apat *e(i/ )ari )ua aruen5 Seakin (anak aruen an )itapi*kan seakin percaa pe(aca (a/a topik an )i(a/as o*e/ penu*is a)a*a/ topik an sanat pentin atau e(utu/kan per/atian5 35 Reiteration
!. "iri Keba#asaan Ana)@tica) x(osition $4 |

Da*a se(ua/ Ana*tica* xposition Text$ ter)apat (e(erapa ciriciri ke(a/asaan seperti )i (aa/ ini$ aitu; • • • •

>enunakan sip*e present >enunakan re*tiona* process >enunakan interna* con+unction >enunakan casua* con+uction

e. "onto# Ana)@tica) x(osition Text Cars s/ou*) (e (anne)

T#esis Cars s/ou*) (e (anne) in t/e cit5 As e a** kno$ cars create po**ution$ an) cause a *ot of roa) )eat/s an) ot/er acci)ents5

Argument 1 Jirst*$ cars$ as e a** kno$ ive contri(ution to t/e ost of t/e po**ution in t/e or*)5 Cars eit )ea)* as t/at causes i**ness suc/ as (ronc/ritis$ *un cancer$ an) triersB o% ast/a5 Soe of t/ese i**nesses are so (a) t/at peop*e can )ie fro t/e5

Argument 2 Secon)*$ t/e cit is ver (us5 -e)estrians an)er ever/ere an) cars coon* /it pe)estrains in t/e cit$ /ic/ causes t/e to )ie5 Cars to)a are our roa)s (iest ki**ers5

Argument $  T/ir)*$ cars are ver nois5 If ou *ive in t/e cit$ ou a Fn) it /ar) to s*eep at ni/t$ or to concentrate on our /oeork$ an) especia** /en ou ta*k to soeone5

*eiteration In conc*usion$ cars s/ou*) (e (enne) fro t/e cit for t/e reason *iste)5

P. A!jective ")ause a. Pengertian A)+ective c*ause atau re*ative c*ause a)a*a/ )epen)ent c*ause an (erfunsi se(aai a)+ective )an en+e*askan noun atau pronoun pa)a ain c*ause )ari suatu cop*ex sentence ka*iat an ter)iri )ari in)epen)ent c*ause )an satu atau *e(i/ )epen)ent c*ause:5

$1 |

-osisi a)+ective c*ause se*a*u enikuti noun atau pronoun an )iterankanna5 Di )a*a ka*iat$ noun atau pronoun itu (erfunsi se(aai su(+ect atau o(+ect5 A)+ective c*ause )iu*ai )enan suatu kata an )ise(ut re*ative pronoun /o$ /o$ t/at$ /ic/$ /ose$ etc: an (erfunsi en+e(atani /u(unan )enan noun atau pronoun an )iterankanna5

Contoh ,djective Clause pada Comple- Sentence: im()e entence

ZT/e (ook is interestin5 
"om()ex entence  T/e (ook t#at #e #as rea! is interestin5 
8eteranan; • • •

t/e (ook; noun p/rase: t/at; re*ative pronoun t/at /e /as rea); a)+ective c*ause an en+e*askan t/e (ook5 >erupakan k*ausa karena ter)iri )ari su(+ect /e: )an ver( /as rea): )an erupakan a)+ective c*ause karena en+e*askan noun

b. *umus A!jective ")ause Complex Sentence: In!e(en!ent ")ause B A!jective ")ause

Adjective Clause: *e)ative Pronoun BC? LB:

Keterangan: %Relative pronoun &who$ which$ that' dapat berfungsi sebagai subject (ika tidak adasubject .

c. 6ungsi *e)ative Pronoun (a!a A!jective ")ause Di )a*a a)+ective c*ause suatu re*ative pronoun (erfunsi se(aai su(+ect$ o(+ect$ atau possessive5 Conto/na se(aai (erikut5 6ungsi

$2 |

*e)ative Pronoun

"onto# A!jective ")ause

t#at as a)e of c/e))ar c/eese5 ubject

5#o8 t#at8 5#ic#

Pembuktian< co(a su(stitusi )enan ItE su(+ective (ersona) (ronoun:

5#ic# I ant to (u

&bjectL

5#om8 t#at8 5#ic#8 5#o

Pembuktian< co(a su(stitusi )enan itE o(+ective persona* pronoun:

5#ose  /ouse /as (urne) )on Possess ive

5#ose

Pembuktian< co(a su(stitusi )enan /isE possessive persona* pronoun:

%Dapat dihilangkan pada de.ning relative clause.

!. Punctuation %Tan!a ,aca' (a!a A!jective ")ause Saat enerankan su(+ect$ posisi a)+ective c*ause akan (era)a )i tena/ ka*iat5 8*ausa terse(ut )apat )iapit koa ataupun ti)ak$ terantun pa)a pentin atau ti)akna inforasi an )i(aana5 Inforasi terse(ut )ini*ai pentin essentia*Mrestrictive: +ika akan enu(a/ akna ka*iat +ika )i/i*ankan5 -a)a situasi terse(ut$ koa ti)ak )iunakan5 8*ausa an e(aa inforasi pentin terse(ut )inaakan )eFnin c*ause5 Se(a*ikna$ +ika inforasi ti)ak pentin non essentia*Mnonrestrictive: se/ina )apat )i/i*ankan tanpa eru(a/ akna ka*iat$ aka koa per*u )iunakan5 8*ausa an e(aa inforasi ti)ak pentin terse(ut )inaakan non)eFnin c*ause5

Contoh Complex Sentence: ssentia)< -eop*e /o c/e e** a /ave /ea*t/ )iestion5 Non?essentia)< Lu*ia$ /o orks out t/ree ties a eek$ /as a

• •

positive (o) iae5

e. "onto# Ka)imat A!jective ")ause !engan ,erbagai *e)ative Pronoun

$$ |

*e)ative Pronoun

"onto# Ka)imat A!jective ")ause

5#o

e is t/e an /o orks /ar) to support t/eir )ai* nee)s5 Dia pria an (eker+a keras untuk enanun ke(utu/an se/ari/ari ereka5: menerangkan Hman %subject com()ement'

5#om

 T/e oan /o ou sa *ast ni/t is  sister5 @anita an kau *i/at ta)i a*a a)a*a/ sau)ara saa5: menerangkan H5oman %subject  ka)imat'

5#ose

 T/e an$ /ose car is anti?ue$ orks as a *ecturer5 T/e an an puna o(i* antik itu (eker+a se(aai )osen5: menerangkan Hman %subject  ka)imat'

5#ic#

>ueea$ /ic/ is ver fait/fu* $ is  cat5 >ueea$ an sanat setia$ a)a*a/ kucin saa5: menerangkan H=ueea %subject ka)imat'

5#ere %re)ative a!verb'


t#at

It is t/e car t/at I /ave )reae) for an ears ao5 Ini o(i* an te*a/ saa ipikan se+ak (e(erapa ta/un an *a*u5: menerangkan Hcar %subject com()ement'

. Tenses  Tenses a for of t/e ver( tenses in n*is/ to in)icate t/e tie  present $ future $ or past : t/e occurrence of an act or event 5

Various "inds $ use $ /ormula 0-ample Sentences Tenses :

a. im()e Present : S  '1  s M es: ex; Sun Rises fro east t/e sun rises fro t/e east:5 : S  Do M Does  not  '1 ex; I )o not kno /ere to o5 : Do M Does  not  S  '1 ex; Do ou speak n*is/ if ou speak n*is/:

/unction: •

$+ |

 To s/o t/e a(so*ute trut/5 as an exap*e t/e nu(er 15

•

 To s/o t/e routine ork5 e5; I o to sc/oo* ever)a

b. Present "ontinuous : S  a M is M are  'in ex; I a oin to our /oe toorro : S  a M is M are  not  'in ex; I a not crin : A M is M are  S  'in ex; Are ou sti** aitin for soeone

/unction: • •

In)icates a ork in proress S/os )eFnite ork )one in t/e future exap*e nu(er 1:

c. Present Perfect : S  /ave M /as  '3 ex; -eter /as one +ust no5 : S  /ave M /as  not  '3 ex; I /ave not )one  /oe ork et5 : ave M /as  S  '3 ex; ave ou a*rea) taken a (at/

/unction: •

S/os t/e ork /as (een cop*ete) at t/e present tie5

!. Present Perfect "ontinuous : S  /ave M /as  (een  'in ex; It /as (een rainin since at six oKc*ock : S  /ave M /as  not  (een  'in ex; I /ave not (een eatin for a /o*e )a : ave M /as  S  (een  'in ex; as s/e (een aitin for e for a *on t/is tie

/unction: •

 To )eonstrate t/e ork t/at is a*rea) /appenin an) t/ere are *ike* to occur unti* *ater5

e. im()e Past : S  '2  # ex; I ent to sc/oo* a*one ester)a5 : S  )i)  not  Inf '1: ex; Lou )i) not te** t/at ou took  >one ester)a5 : Di)  S  Inf '1: ex; Di) ou Cae /oe *ast ear $- |

/unction: •

S/os t/e ork t/at /appene) in t/e past$ it/out antin to ep/asie t/at /e is (ein$ or /as Fnis/e) )oin t/at +o(5

f. Past "ontinuous : S  as M ere  'in ex; I as s*eepin /en ou Cae5 : S  as M ere  not  'in ex; Lou ere not *istenin to e /en I as sinin : @as M ere  S  'in ex; @as s/e sti** ca**e) /er fat/er /i*e rea)in

/unction: •

 To )eonstrate t/e orkt /at is oin on in t/e past$ /en ot/er ork oin on$ eit/er it interrupt ot/er ork suc/ as noor1 exap*e: or occu rtoet/er as exap*e nu(er 2:5

g. Past Perfect : S  a)  '3 ex; S/e /a) one (efore ou Cae : S  a)  not  '3 ex; I /a) not a*rea) taken a (at/ /en ou visit e : a)  S  '3 ex; /a) ou a*rea) ra)uate) fro senior /i/ sc/oo* *ast ear

/unction: •

 To )eonstrate t/e ork t/at /a) (een cop*ete) /en anot/er +o( starte) in t/e past5

#. Past Perfect "ontinuous : S  /a)  (een  'in ex; Roone /a) (een p*ain foot(a** for t/ree ear sti** /e Deci)e) to stop *ast ear5 : S  /a)  not  (een  'in ex; I /a) not *earnin n*is/ for a ear at 2&1& : a)  S  (een  'in ex; a) fat/er (een orkin at -T5Astrafor 1& ears *ast ear

/unction: •

 To )eonstrate t/e ork t/at /as /appene) in t/e past an) sti** *asts unti* a speciFc tie in t/e past5

i. im()e 6uture : S  i**  Inf '1: ex; I i** a*as *ove ou if ou *ove e to $/ |