CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background
Medicine is the science and art of maintaining and or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, diagnosis, and treatment of patients of patients.. The term is derived from the Latin ars medicina meaning the art of healing. Medicine has different branches which specialize in certain fields to be able to render the best quality of care to the patients. One subsub-sp spec ecia ialt lty y of medi medici cine ne is herb herbal al medi medici cine ne whic which h is also also kno known wn as herbal herbalis ism, m, phytomedicine, botanical medicine, and herbology. Herbal medicine refers to the use of any plant’ plant’ss seeeds seeeds,, berrie berries, s, roots, roots, leaves leaves,, bark bark or flower flowerss for medici medicinal nal purpos purposes es (Wikipedia, 2007). The use of herbal medicine has been practiced to cure diseases, ease pain and heal bodily discomforts and ills. For example, ancient Chinese and Egyptian papyrus writings describe medicinal plant uses. No one knows exactly when people first began using plan plants ts for for medi medici cine ne,, but evid eviden ence ce of at leas leastt six six medi medici cina nall plan plants ts was was found found in a Neanderthal burial site estimated to be 60,000 years old. In addition, indigenous cultures like like Africa African n and Native Native Ameri American can used used herbs herbs in their their healin healing g ritual rituals, s, while while others others developed traditional medical systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Scientists have found that people in different parts of the globe tend to use the same or similar parts for the same purposes (McCaleb, Leigh, & Morien, 2000). Herbal medicines today are now being improved due to the found effectiveness on the more more comple complex-de x-devel velopi oping ng diseas diseases. es. This This is not surpri surprisi sing ng because because many many of the
2 current synthetic drugs have been derived from plants at some point. Herbal medicine are approved approved and sold around the world with medicinal medicinal claims throughout throughout Europe and most of Asia (McCaleb, Leigh & Morien 2000). The use of herbal medicine medicine has been gaining popularity these past few years here in the Philippines as clinical proof emerges that validates many of the age-old alternative medicines used by Filipino. And the use of herbal medicine in the Philippines has been passed on from generation to generation (Philippine Herbal Medicine Site, 2007). It is also readily available and abundant here in the country. Garlic, for an instance is known to lower cholesterol levels and used to prevent heart diseases. Bitter gourd is another vegetable grown here in the Philippines which which is kno known wn for improvin improving g the health health status status of those those who have diabet diabetes, es, liver liver problems and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Wikipedia, 2007). The Department of Health (DOH) of the Philippines has thoroughly tested ten herbs which also have been clinically proven to have medicinal value in the relief and treatment of various aliments as part of primary health care. These are 1) Akapulko (Cassia alata) also known as "bayabas-bayabasan" and "ringworm bush" in English, 2) (Momordicaa charantia) charantia) known as "bitter gourd" or "bitter "bitter melon" melon" in English, English, Ampalaya (Momordic 3) Bawang (Allium sativum) popularly known as "garlic", 4) Bayabas (Psidium guajava) "guava" in English, 5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) known in English as the "5-leaved chaste tree", tree", 6) Niyog-niyogan (Quisq (Quisqual ualis is indica indica L.) is a vine vine kno known wn as "Chine "Chinese se hon honey ey suckle", 7) Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) English name: Blumea camphora, 8) Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.), 9) Ulasimang Bato (Peperomia pellucida) also known
as "pansit-pansitan", and 10) Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii) commonly known as Peppermint.
2 current synthetic drugs have been derived from plants at some point. Herbal medicine are approved approved and sold around the world with medicinal medicinal claims throughout throughout Europe and most of Asia (McCaleb, Leigh & Morien 2000). The use of herbal medicine medicine has been gaining popularity these past few years here in the Philippines as clinical proof emerges that validates many of the age-old alternative medicines used by Filipino. And the use of herbal medicine in the Philippines has been passed on from generation to generation (Philippine Herbal Medicine Site, 2007). It is also readily available and abundant here in the country. Garlic, for an instance is known to lower cholesterol levels and used to prevent heart diseases. Bitter gourd is another vegetable grown here in the Philippines which which is kno known wn for improvin improving g the health health status status of those those who have diabet diabetes, es, liver liver problems and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Wikipedia, 2007). The Department of Health (DOH) of the Philippines has thoroughly tested ten herbs which also have been clinically proven to have medicinal value in the relief and treatment of various aliments as part of primary health care. These are 1) Akapulko (Cassia alata) also known as "bayabas-bayabasan" and "ringworm bush" in English, 2) (Momordicaa charantia) charantia) known as "bitter gourd" or "bitter "bitter melon" melon" in English, English, Ampalaya (Momordic 3) Bawang (Allium sativum) popularly known as "garlic", 4) Bayabas (Psidium guajava) "guava" in English, 5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) known in English as the "5-leaved chaste tree", tree", 6) Niyog-niyogan (Quisq (Quisqual ualis is indica indica L.) is a vine vine kno known wn as "Chine "Chinese se hon honey ey suckle", 7) Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) English name: Blumea camphora, 8) Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.), 9) Ulasimang Bato (Peperomia pellucida) also known
as "pansit-pansitan", and 10) Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii) commonly known as Peppermint.
3
Review of Related Literature
The use of complementary and alternative medicines has become a phenomenon too massive to ignore. Schools are granting doctorates in neuropathy; traditional schools of medici medicine, ne, pharma pharmacy, cy, and nursin nursing g are offeri offering ng courses courses in altern alternati ative ve medici medicines nes.. Researches have also been made foreign and locally to improve the available herbal medicine in the market and to raise its quality and to make sure that these herbal products are safe to use. Alternative Medicine
Among patients who see mainstream health care providers, 33% to 42% use alternative remedies (Fetrow & Avila 2004). Many of these patients fail to disclose this fact to their primary health care providers. Market sales of herbs in the United States were an estimated $14 billion in 2000, and rate of growth has increased dramatically in recent years. Studies indicate that many patients who use alternative medicines and also seek conventional treatment exercise more; are more careful about avoiding fatty foods, tobacco, and alcohol; are more compliant with their regular medication regimen; and make lifestyle modifications more readily than patients who seek conventional health care alone. The National Institute of Health (NIH) estimates that in the United States about one in three persons persons pursues pursues some form of complementa complementary ry or alternative alternative medical therapy, such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, aromatherapy, Ayurvedic medicine, or Bach flower remedies. The use of such therapies is probably greatest in certain subgroups of the population, such as the terminally or chronically ill. Many drugs commonly used today are of herbal origin. Indeed, about 25 percent of the prescription drugs dispensed in
4 the United States contain at least one active ingredient derived from plant material. Some are made from plant extracts while others are synthesized to mimic a natural plant compound. According to the World Health Organization (2004) estimate, four billion people or 80 percent of the world’s population presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Herbal medicine is a major component in all indigenous peoples’ traditional medicine and a common element in Ayurvedic, homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional oriental and Native American Indian medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that of 119 plant-derived pharmaceutical medicines, about 74 percent are used in modern medicine in ways that correlated directly with their traditional uses as plant medicines by native cultures. Major pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting extensive research on plant materials gathered from the rain forests and other places for their potential medicinal value. As part of primary health care and because of the increasing costs of drugs, the Department of Health of the Philippines had been promoting products of medicinal plants as alternative medicines (Reyala, 2000). Many local plants and herbs in the Philippine backyard and field have been found to be effective in the treatment of common ailments as attested to by the National Science Development Board, other government and private agencies engaged in research. The Department of Health (DOH) said its campaign to promote alternative health care and herbal medicines in the country has been successful (Philippine Nurses Association (2005). The Department of Health’s health education and promotion officer said Filipinos have been using alternative health care to avoid hospital expenses. Herbal
5 medicines are also becoming widely popular with the high price of imported medicines. This was shown by results of a National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) done by the National Statistics Office (NSO). DOH health education and promotion officer said this is proof that DOH's promotion is successful. The survey showed that in Central Visayas alone, about 67.6 percent of households are familiar with acupressure or
therapeutic massage and iridology. Other modes relatively known are acupuncture and aromatherapy. As to herbal medicines, the NSO survey showed that guava is the most commonly used in Central Visayas, with 59.8 percent of households having at least one member using the herbal medicine. Other popular herbal medicines are sambong , ampalaya and bawang (garlic). The NDHS also said most Filipinos are aware of the
serious diseases in the country today, such as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), dengue, malaria, diabetes, leprosy and cancer. This shows the DOH has been successful in its information campaign. The NDHS data was made for decision makers to improve health services in the country. Extensive research by Filipino scientists is done because the cheap yet effective herbal medicine helps many Filipino families (Lacanilao, 2004). The Department of Science and Technology has scientifically validated 102 plants for safety and efficacy. Ten of these plants are under different stages of development, and that studies have been completed on sambong , lagundi, and akapulko. From sambong and lagundi alone, a local maker of herbal drugs is earning millions of pesos. But recent reviews of the scientific literature on herbal medicinal products have a warning: they are not risk free. One such review was conducted by scientist from the Department of Complementary Medicine, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, United Kingdom. It was published in the journal
6 Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety in 2004. The study focused on the toxicity, interactions, and quality of herbal products. Toxicity data indicate that some herbal drugs have the potential to cause serious adverse events and fatalities. They affect pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors and thus cause herb-drug interactions. Contamination, adulteration, or substitution of botanical material has repeatedly put patients in danger, and that most often implicated are herbal drugs from Asia. The review concludes that the widespread notion of herbal drugs being inherently safe is naive at best and dangerous at worst, and that more research and more information are required to ensure consumer’s safety. DOH Approved Herbal Medicine
In Czech study, garlic supplementation has been found out that it reduces accumulation of cholesterol on vascular walls of animals (Wikipedia, 2007). Another study had similar results, with garlic supplementation significantly reducing the plaque in the aortas of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Another study showed that supplementation with garlic extract inhibited vascular calcification in human patients with high blood cholesterol. A study in Preventive Medicine shows that garlic inhibits coronary artery calcification, a process that serves as a marker for plaque formation since the body lays down calcium in damaged areas. In this year-long study, patients who were given aged garlic extract daily showed an average increase in their calcium score of 7.5%, while those in the placebo group had an average increase in calcium score of 22.2%. According to the Philippine Herbal Medicine Site (2007) Akapulko (or Acapulco in English) is a shrub found throughout the Philippines. It is a medicinal herb that contains chrysophanic acid, which can be excreted that has a fungicide property. It can be
7 used to treat fungal infections in the body like ringworms, scabies and eczema. Akapulko also contains saponin, a laxative that is useful in expelling intestinal parasites. The extracts from the akapulko plant is commonly used as an ingredient for lotions, soaps and shampoos. It can also be used internally as an expectorant for bronchitis and dyspnea, mouthwash in stomatitis, alleviation of asthma symptoms, used as diuretic and purgative, for cough & fever, as a laxative to expel intestinal parasites and other stomach problems, and a strong decoction of the leaves is an abortifacient. It is prepared by pounding the leaves, squeezing the juice and applying it on the affected area. Ampalaya has been a folkloric cure for generations but has now been proven to
be an effective herbal medicine for many aliments, most significant of which is for diabetes. The Philippine variety has proven to be most potent. Ampalaya contains a mixture of flavanoids and alkaloids make the pancreas produce more insulin that controls the blood sugar in diabetics. Aside from ampalaya's medicinal value, it is good source of vitamins A, B and C, iron, folic acid, phosphorous and calcium. Ampalaya has been for used even by the Chinese for centuries. The effectiveness of ampalaya as an herbal medicine has been tried and tested by many research clinics
and laboratories worldwide. The Department of Health has endorsed ampalaya as an alternative medicine to help alleviate various ailments including diabetes, liver problems and even HIV. It is good for rheumatism and gout, diseases of the spleen and liver, aids in lowering blood sugar levels, helps in lowering blood pressure, relives headaches, disinfects and heals wounds & burns, can be used as a cough & fever remedy, treatment of intestinal worms, diarrhea, helps prevent some types of cancer, enhances immune
8 system to fight infection, an antioxidant, parasiticide, antibacterial & antipyretic. It can be juiced and taken orally every day. Bawang or Garlic is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in the
Philippines. The Philippine bawang variety is more pungent than the imported ones. Its medicinal properties have been known for a long time and have been specially proven during World War II. Because of bawang's antibacterial compound known as Allicin, lives were saved by preventing wounds from having infection and later develop into gangrene when the juice of bawang or garlic was applied to the wounds. Bawang is known as nature's antibiotic. Its juices inhibit the growth of fungi and viruses thus prevent viral, yeast and viral infections. Preliminary test also shows some positive results in the treatment of AIDS. Several clinical test and published studies have shown the efficacy of bawang in lowering cholesterol in the blood and is beneficial to the circulatory system of the body. Today as more research is done with bawang , more medicinal and therapeutic properties become more evident. Benefits of bawang are it is good for the heart, helps lower bad cholesterol levels (LDL), aids in lowering blood pressure, remedy for arteriosclerosis, may help prevent certain types of cancer, boosts immune system to fight infection, with antioxidant properties, cough and cold remedy, relives sore throat, toothache, aids in the treatment of tuberculosis, and with anticoagulant properties. For disinfecting wound, crush and juice the garlic bulb and apply, and for sore throat and toothache, peal the skin and chew then swallow the juice. Bayabas or guava is one of the most popular therapeutic plants in the Philippines. Bayabas is a small tree that can grow up to 3 meters tall with greenish-brownish smooth bark. The round globular bayabas fruit starts as a flower and is usually harvested and
9 eaten while still green. The fruit turns yellowish-green and soft when ripe. As an herbal medicine, the bayabas fruit, bark and leaves are used. The bark and leaves can be used as astringent. The most common use of the leaves is for cleaning and disinfecting wounds by rinsing the afflicted area with a decoction of the leaves. It is also used for used to treat diarrhea in children, for hypertension, diabetes, asthma and promotes menstruation. The fresh leaves are used to facilitate the healing of wounds and cuts. A decoction or infusion of fresh leaves can be used for wound cleaning to prevent infection. Bayabas is also effective for toothaches. The fruit, aside form being delicious, contains a very high concentration of vitamin C. Its preparation involves boiling one cup of bayabas leaves in three cups of water for 8 to 10 minutes, let it to cool and use as mouthwash and wound disinfectant. Lagundi is a shrub that grows in the Philippines. Lagundi has been clinically
tested to be effective in the treatment of colds, flu, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and pharyngitis. Studies have shown that lagundi can prevent the body's production of leukotrienes which are released during an asthma attack. Lagundi contains Chrysoplenol D., a substance with anti-histamine properties and muscle relaxant. It is also recommended for relief of rheumatism, dyspepsia, boils, and diarrhea. The leaves, flowers, seeds and root of lagundi can all be used as herbal medicine. A decoction is made by boiling the parts of the plant and taken orally. Today, lagundi is available in capsule form, tablet (300mg) and syrup for cough. Its preparation is boiling half cup of chopped fresh or dried leaves in 1 cup of water for 10 to 15 minutes then drink half cup three times a day.
10 Niyug-niyogan is a vine known as Chinese honey suckle. It is effective in the
elimination of intestinal worms, particularly the Ascaris and Trichina. Only the dried matured seeds are medicinal. The dried seeds can be cracked and ingested two hours after eating. The dosage for children is 5 to 7 seeds and for adults 8 to 10 seeds. If one dose does not eliminate the worms, wait a week before repeating the dose. Sambong is a medicinal plant found in the Philippines. It is an anti-urolithiasis
and work as a diuretic. It is used to aid the treatment of kidney disorders. Sambong leaves can also be used to treat colds and mild hypertension. Since it is a diuretic, it helps dispose of excess water and sodium (salt) in the body. Powdered sambong leaves are available in 250 mg tablets. Its preparation is through boiling the leaves like a tea and drink 3 or more times a day. Tsaang Gubat is a shrub that grows (from 1 to 5 meters) abundantly in the
Philippines. In folkloric medicine, the leaves has been used as a disinfectant wash during child birth, as cure for diarrhea, as tea for general good heath and because tsaang gubat has high fluoride content, it is used as a mouth gargle for preventing tooth decay. Research and test now prove it's efficacy as an herbal medicine. Tsaang Gubat is now available commercially in capsules, tablets and tea bags. It is also used for stomach pains and gastroenteritis. Its preparation is started by thoroughly washing the leaves in running then chopping it in a desirable size. The leaves should be boiled in 2 cups of water for 15 to 20 minutes and drain. Take a cupful every 4 hours for diarrhea, gastroenteritis and stomach pains. The preparation can also be used as gargle for stronger teeth and prevention of cavities, and drink as tea daily for general good health.
11 Pansit-pansitan is an herbal medicine also known as Ulasiman-bato, olasimanihalas and tangon-tangon in the Philippines. It is a small herb that grows from 1 to 1 1/2
feet. It can be found wild on lightly shaded and damp areas such as nooks, walls, yards and even roofs. Pansit-pansitan has heart shaped leaves, succulent stems with tiny flowers on a spike. When matured, the small fruits bear one seed which fall of the ground and propagate. The leaves and stalk of pansit-pansitan are edible. It can be harvested, washed and eaten as fresh salad. Taken as a salad, pansit-pansitan helps relive rheumatic pains and gout. An infusion or decoction (boil 1 cup of leaves or stem in 2 cups of water) can also be made and taken orally - 1 cup in the morning and another cup in the evening. For the herbal treatment of skin disorders like abscesses, pimples and boils, pound the leaves and/or the stalks and make a poultice (boil in water for a minute or two then pounded) then applied directly to the afflicted area. Likewise a decoction can be used as a rinse to treat skin disorders. For headaches, it is prepared through heating a couple of leaves in hot water, bruise the surface and apply on the forehead. The decoction of leaves and stalks is also good for abdominal pains and kidney problems. Like any herbal medicine it is not advisable to take any other medication in combination with any herbs. Consult with a medical practitioner knowledgeable in herbal medicine before any treatment. Yerba Buena is an herb of the mint family. It is an aromatic plant used as herbal
medicine worldwide. It has elongated leaves and in summer bears small whitish or purplish flowers. The word yerba buena is Spanish for "good herb" and was the former name of the California city of San Francisco. Yerba Buena has been consumed for centuries as tea and herbal medicine as a pain reliever. Native American Indians used it
12 even before the "white men" colonized the Americas. Today, this folk medicine's efficacy has been validated by scientific research. In the Philippines, yerba buena is one of the effective alternative medicines for aches and pains. As an herbal medicine, a decoction (boil leaves then strain) of yerba buena is effective for minor ailments such as headaches, toothaches and joint pains. It can also relive stomach aches due to gas buildup and indigestion. The fresh and dried leaves can both be used for the decoction. Its preparation is through boiling 2 teaspoons of leaves in a glass of water then boiling it in medium heat for 15 to 20 minutes. The decoction can be taken every 3 hours for relieving pain. For tooth aches, fresh leaves can be pounded then squeeze the juice out and apply on a cotton ball then bite on to the aching tooth. For headaches leaves may be heated over fire and placed over the forehead. And because yerba buena belongs to the mint family, soaking fresh leaves in a glass of water for 30 to 45 minutes makes for a good mouth wash for a clean, fresh smelling breath.
Awareness on Herbal Medicine
Gerard Bodeker, a leading international expert on medicinal plants from Green College, Oxford, thinks that the issues on the production of herbal products are conservative (Edwards, 2004). Most of the processes involved in supplying the growing market for herbal remedies are result of unsustainable and often destructive practices driven by poverty. He said that people do not replace what they take. For instance, the market for African cherry ( Prunus africana), the bark of which is popular in Europe as a treatment for prostate enlargement, has collapsed because too many trees have been destroyed. In the past the trees, which grow in Africa's mountain regions, survived
13 because traditionally less than half of their bark was harvested. But according to a study by Kristine Stewart, from consultants Keith and Schnars in Florida, growing commercial pressures have led to whole forests being stripped or felled. Exports of dried bark halved between 1997 and 2000. Bodeker also says that there is a complete lack of awareness and lack of education amongst consumers. And those that use herbal medicines might be expected to be more environmentally aware than most.
According to McCaleb, Leigh & Morien (2000) there is a major trend today toward greater personal responsibility and choice of health care. People are taking the initiative to learn more about their health and different treatment options for health conditions. People are becoming more involved in the decision-making process on issues affecting their own treatment. They are less willing to simply follow doctor’s orders without better understanding what alternatives may exist such as herbal medicine. Herbal medicines are also preventive medicine. Amongst the best-researched European phytomedicne are agents that can reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer, respiratory distress, and liver disease. And one of the herbal remedies that are best-researched for reducing cholesterol and prevention against stomach cancer includes garlic. In addition to preventive actions, herbal medicine can save as safe and effective direct replacements for over-the counter drugs. One of the strongest benefits of herbs is that they work within the body that brings superior results and less risk than strong synthetic drugs. According to Vickers, Jolly & Greenfield (2204) in their study entitled herbal medicine: women’s view, knowledge and interaction with doctors, they have concluded that women in Chesire, UK aged 18 years and above that belong to a higher socioeconomic grouping had little knowledge about herb-drug interactions and rarely disclosed
14 use of herbal medicines to their doctor. They have found out that motivations for herbal medicine use were varied but all included at least one of three subcategories: perceived advantages of herbal medicines, beliefs about the disadvantages of conventional health care and medicines. They have also cited in their background that people may use complementary and alternative medicines because prescribed medication is not working or has side effects. In addition, they’ve cited that previous studies have indicated primary predictors of herbal medicine use is female gender, white, ethnic origin, high educational status and high income. Studies have found different age ranges for the highest prevalence of herbal medicine use ranging from young to late middle age
Theoretical Framework
The researches have adopted the Health Belief Model (HBM) of Rosenstoch’s (1974) and Becker and Maiman’s (1975). Health Belief Model addresses the relationship between a person’s belief and behaviors. It focuses on the patient compliance and preventive health care practices. It provides a way of understanding and preceding how clients will behave in relation to their health and how they will comply with health care therapies. The major components of the HBM include perceived susceptibility, severity, perceived benefits and costs, motivation, and enabling and modifying factors. The first component of this model involves the individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness. For example, a client needs to recognize the familial link for heart disease. After this link is recognized, particularly one parent and two siblings have died in their fourth decade from myocardial infarction; the client may perceive the personal risk of heart disease.
15 The second component is the individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness. This influenced and modified by demographic and socio-psychological variables, perceived treat of the illness, and cues to action (e.g. mass media campaigns and advice from family, friends, and medical professionals). For example a client may not perceive his heart disease as serious, which may affect the way he takes care oh himself. The third component the likelihood that the person takes preventive action result’s from the person perception of the benefits of the barriers to taking action. Preventive action may include lifestyle changes, increased adherence to medical therapies, or a search for medical advice or treatment. A client’s perception of susceptibility to disease, as well as his or her perception of the serious of an illness, helps to determine the likelihood that the client will or will not partake in healthy behaviors .
The health belief model help’s nurses understand factors influencing client’s
perceptions, beliefs, and behavior in order to plan care that will most effectively assist clients in maintaining or restoring health and preventing illness
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the level of awareness in the use and preparation of the Department of Health approved herbal medicine of selected residents of Patricia Villa, Imus, Cavite. Specifically, the following questions are posed; 1. What is the demographic profile of respondents in terms of their 1.1. age 1.2. sex 1.3. educational level or attainment
16 1.4. civil status 1.5. occupation 2. What is the level of awareness about the DOH approved herbal medicine, which includes Akapulko, Ampalaya, Bayabas, Bawang, Lagundi,Niyug-niyogan,Sambong, Tsaang Gubat, Ulasimang Bato, and Yerba Buena, based on the following:
2.1. uses 2.2. preparation 3. What is the relationship between the demographic profiles of the residents of Patricia Villa, Imus, Cavite in their level of awareness on the DOH approved herbal medicine?
Null Hypothesis
There is no relationship between the demographic profiles to the level of awareness of the residents of Patricia Villa, Imus, Cavite on the DOH approved herbal medicine.
Scope and Limitations
The scope of this study provided information about the level of awareness on the use and preparation of herbal medicine of the residents of Patricia Villa, Imus, Cavite on the 10 herbal medicine approved by the Department of Health. These 10 herbal medicines are Akapulko, Ampalaya, Bayabas, Bawang, Lagundi, Niyug-Niyogan, Sambong, Tsaang- Gubat, Yerba Buena, and Ulasimang Bato. Eighty residents of the barangay were chosen to be participants of the study.
17 Significance of the Study
This research gave information on the level of awareness on the use and preparation of herbal medicine of the residents in Patricia Villa, Imus, Cavite, which affects the utilization of the Department of Health ap proved herbal medicine.
Particularly the result of this study may be beneficial to the following groups: People of the Community The residents of the community will have increased awareness with the current information herbal medicine approved by the DOH which will be helpful in their daily living. Nursing Professionals The result of this study will provide data about the awareness of people in a similar barangay about the herbal medicine approved by the DOH that would help in assessment phase in order to make a plan to give remedies in common ailments that are easily accessible, available and cost efficient. It would also give them idea on areas that would need enhancement in the use of alternative medicine. Community Health Nurses This will give them knowledge about the level of awareness of people in the barangay about the approved herbal medicine and this will give them the chance to further enhance their skills in providing information and the quality of service they would give to the community people.
18 Student Nurses This will help them to come up with a valid assessment of the client that will help in giving appropriate nursing interventions that is accessible and available to the community people in using alternative medicine specifically herbal medicine. Researchers This would give them knowledge regarding the level of awareness of people in the use and preparation of herbal medicine. Government Officials This would give them information on what areas in herbal medicine need further information dissemination and they could use this as a basis for developing programs that would protect the natural resources as well as the safety of the consumers.
Definition of Terms
Level of awareness – up to what extent an individual knows about herbal medicine. Community – a population of individual living in a certain area that interacts with each other. Use – for what purpose a certain object is used like garlic, it is usually used as an ingredient for cooking but it can also be used for relief in toothache. Preparation – how something is being prepared like boiling, decoction, pounding and mincing. Alternative Medicine – way of alleviating pain, promoting health, preventing and curing diseases, and rehabilitation of patients through acupuncture, acupressure, aromatherapy, reflexology, use of herbal medicine, Ayurvedic medicine and more.
19 CHAPTER 2 Methodology This chapter contains the method of research used by the researchers, participants who were involved, instrument used in gathering data, the procedure done to gather data and the statistical treatment applied in analyzing the gathered data.
Research Design
The researchers utilized the descriptive-correlational method with the use of survey questionnaire and interview guide. The descriptive-correlational method was the most suitable because it describes the relationship between the variables than to infer cause-and-effect relationships. Participants
The participants of this study were the residents of Villa Patricia, Imus, Cavite. Villa Patricia is a small villa outside Metro Manila and situated in a rural area in Cavite. The estimate population of the subdivision is around three hundred and seventy as of 2006. Eighty residents were chosen to be participants of the study applying the Slovin’s Formula. The participants were chosen through purposive sampling because of the nature of the information needed by the researchers. Instrument
The instrument utilized in getting the demographic profile of the respondents and their level of awareness in the use and preparation of herbal medicine is in a form of a survey questionnaire, and an interview guide that was made by the researchers. These instruments were used in guiding the researchers in gathering their data, both of which
20 was validated by two Psychology and one Filipino professor respectively. All the professors have finished their Masteral degree.
Procedure
Survey questionnaire and interview guide that were utilized was first validated by three professors who had their Masteral degree. Then, communication letters were sent to respective individuals in the said research area to conduct the study and gather the data. The researchers also coordinated with the barangay officials then schedules were set to conduct the study and to also maximize time. Researchers interviewed 80 residents of the community as participants of their study. The researchers made sure that they interviewed at least one representative from a household. Tables and graphs were also prepared for the collation and for the data gathered to be analyzed.
Statistical Treatment
The statistical technique that was used in the research was frequency, percentage distribution, mean, and correlations. Percentage distribution shows the number of respondents reply on the questionnaire in terms of percentage. To convert the raw score in percentage the formula is: % = n / N x 100 Where: % = symbol for percentage of frequency n = number of respondents N = total number of respondents
21 APPENDIX A Survey Form in English
Name: ___________________________ Age: ____ Direction: Place a check on the following that corresponds to your answer: A. Sex: _ Male
_Female
B. Educational Attainment ___ A. Elementary ___ B. Elementary graduate ___ C. High School ___ D. High school graduate ___ E. College ___ F. College graduate ___ G. Vocational C. Civil Status ___ A. Single ___ B. Live-in ___ C. Married ___ D. Separated ___ E. Widowed D. Occupation ___ A. Employed ___ B. Unemployed ___ C. Self employed ___ D. Others __________________
22 APPENDIX B Survey Form in Tagalog Pangalan: ________________________________ Edad: _______ Direksyon: Lagyan ng tsek ang sumusunod ayon sa inyong sagot: A. Kasarian: _ Lalaki
_ Babae
B. Antas ng Edukasyon: __ a. Nakatuntong ng elementarya __ b. Nakapagtapos ng elementarya __ c. Nakatuntong sa Mataas na Paaralan __ d. Nakapagtapos sa Mataas na Paaralan __ e. Nakatuntong ng Kolehiyo __ f. Nakapagtapos ng Kolehiyo __ g. Bokasyonal C. Katayuang Sibil __ a. walang asawa __ b. nagsasama ng walang kasal __ c. kasal __ d. hiwalay sa asawa __ e. balo D. Hanap-buhay __ a. emplayado __ b. walang trabaho __ c. may sariling hanapbuhay __ d. at iba pa:_____________
23 APPENDIX C Interview Guide in English 1. Akapulko: _ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 2. Ampalaya: _ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
3. Bawang:
_ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________
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_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 4
Bayabas: _ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 5. Lagundi:
_ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
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6. Niyog-niyugan: _ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 7. Sambong: _ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 8. Tsaang Gubat: _ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
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_ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 9. Ulasimang- Bato: _ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 10. Yerba Buena: _ knows the plant _ knows the indication of the plant (indicate the usage) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _ knows how to prepare the plant (indicate the preparation) _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
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APPENDIX D Inteview Guide in Tagalog
1.
Akapulko: _ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
2.
Ampalaya: _ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 3. Bawang:
_ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
28 _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 4. Bayabas:
_ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
5.
Lagundi: _ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
6. Niyog-niyugan: _ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
29 _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 7. Sambong: _ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 8. Tsaang-gubat: _ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 9. Ulasimang Bato: _ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
30 _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 10. Yerba Buena: _ alam ang halamang gamot _ alam kung saan ito ginagamit (isulat kung saan ito ginagamit) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _ alam kung paano ito inihahanda (isulat ang paraan kung paano ito inihahanda) ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
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