RESUMO DO LIVRO LIVRO “ÉTICA “ÉTICA” ” de Adolfo Sánchez Sánchez Vázquez
CAPÍTULO I - OBJETO DA ÉTICA........................ ÉTICA.......................................... .................................. ..................... ..... 2 CAPÍTULO II - MORAL E HISTÓRIA........................ HISTÓRIA........................................ .................................. .................... 4 CAPÍTULO III - A ESSÊNCIA DA MORAL............... MORAL................................. .................................. ................... ... 7 CAPÍTULO IV - A MORAL E OUTRAS FORMAS DE COMPORTAMENTO HUMANO............... HUMANO............................... .................................. .................................. ................................ ................ ................ 10 - RESPONSABILIDADE MORAL, MORAL, DETERMINISMO CAPÍTULO V E LIBERDADE....................... LIBERDADE......................................... .................................. ................................ .................... .... .................. .................. 11
CAPÍTULO VIII - A OBRIGATORIEDADE MORAL............... MORAL................................. .........................1 .......1
CAPÍTULO I O!"ETO DA ÉTICA
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CAPÍTULO II MORAL E 6IST7RIA
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>$ Conclu)1o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
CAPÍTULO IV A MORAL E OUTRAS 3ORMAS DE COMPORTAME;TO 6UMA;O
10
#$ D*
,$ Mo%(l e Rel*9*1o H@ %!" $("(" "5+( +(6#3# ( /+!6 # ! +(6#3# #6%# (+$! /+!6? ( ## D(%" / 3!+!$#! ! /+!6. E$+($!$, ! ;#"$+#! ! ;%/!#!( (/"$+! %( ! /+!6 "/($( "( +#3#! ! +(6#3# / $!/59/ 9 !$(+#+ ! (6!.
.$ Mo%(l e Pol?+*c( E%!$ ! /+!6 +(3%6!/($! !" +(6!&'(" /$%!" ($+( " ##*%" ( ($+( ("$(" ( ! /%#!(, ! 6$#! !5+!3( !" +(6!&'(" ($+( 3+%" ;%/!" 6!""(", *" % !&'(". N! 6$#!, ##*% (!+! %/! )%& 6($#*!, ! !"" %( !3# /+!6/($( (6(/($ $#/ ( "%58($#* ("(/(;! %/ !(6 #/+$!$(. A" +(6!&'(" ($+(/!" ($+( 6$#! ( /+!6 " # ! /+!6#"/ !5"$+!$, %( 6(*! ! +(%:#+ ! 6$#! /+!6, ( ## +(!6#"/ 6$#, %( ()(( ! 5%"! ( +("%6$!" ! %!6%(+ +(&, "(8!/ %!#" )+(/ " /(#" (/+(3!", (""#(+! ! /+!6.
2$ Mo%(l e o D*%e*+o D( $!" !" )+/!" ( /+$!/($ ;%/!, 8%+#, % #+(#$, 9 %( /!#" #$#/!/($( "( !""#! / ! /+!6, #" " #" ("$ "%8(#$" ! +/!" %( +(3%6!/ !" +(6!&'(" ;/(/. H@ !63%/!" #)(+(&!" ($+( !" %!" )+/!" # !" +/!" /+!#" " %/+#!" (6! *#& $#/! " ##*%", ! !"" %( !" +/!" 8%+#!" " %/+#!" + /$#*" )+/!#" % ($(+"? ## ! (")(+! ! /+!6 9 /!#" !/6! %( ! #+(#$? ### ! /+!6 ((( ((""!+#!/($( E"$!, / #+(#$.
4$ Mo%(l e T%(+o Soc*(l T!/59/ 3%!+!/ +(6!& / ! /+!6 " !$" ( $+!$ "#!6, / + ((/6 !*!6;(#+#"/, ! $%!6#!(, ! 3!6!$(+#!, ($., %( (/ % *!+#!+ ( %/ 3+% "#!6 !+! %$+, ( ( %/! 9! !+! %$+!. O 11
$+!$ "#!6 +%+! +(3%6!/($!+ )+/!6 ( ($(+#+/($( ! *#*#! " ##*%" ! "#(!(, /!" "(/ !# ! *#& ( !(" $#/! "%8(#$ /+!6 ( "(/ ! #/"#& (+#$#*! %/+#/($ !" +(3+!" #+(#$.
=$ Mo%(l e C*5nc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
CAPÍTULO V RESPO;SA!ILIDADE MORAL@ DETERMI;ISMO E LI!ERDADE
#$ Cond*0e) d( Re)-on)(&*l*d(de Mo%(l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
,$ A I9no%Bnc*( e ( Re)-on)(&*l*d(de Soc*(l 12
A #3+>#! !" #+%"$>#!", ! !$%+(:! % !" "(K#!" " !$" ;%/!" !%$+#:! ! (#/#+ %/ ##*% ! "%! +(""!5#6#!( (""!6, /!" (""! #"(& "(+@ 8%"$#!! "/($( %!, + "%! *(:, ##*% (/ %("$ )+ +(""@*(6 (6! "%! #3+>#!? % "(8!, %! "( ($+! ! #/""#5#6#!( "%58($#*! + /$#*" (""!#" % 58($#*! + /$#*" ;#"$+#" ( "#!#" ( "(+ "#($( "(% !$ (""!6. P!+! #6%"$+!+ ("$! %("$, #$!-"( !" ( A+#"$$(6(", %( (+#! "(+ +(""!5#6#:! (6! "%! #3+>#! (/ "!5(+ %( ("+!* $!/59/ (+! %/ "(+ ;%/! ( %/ "#/6(" #"$+%/($.
.$ Co(01o E+e%n( e Re)-on)(&*l*d(de Mo%(l A !& ($(+! ( !%6!+ ! *$!( !3($( /+!6 ( (#/#-6 ! "%! +(""!5#6#!( (""!6, /!" #"$ ( "(+ $/! %/ "($# !5"6%$, +%( ;@ !"" (/ %(, !("!+ !" "%!" )+/!" ($(+!", "5+!6;( (+$! /!+3(/ ( &, ( +$!$ ( +(""!5#6#!( /+!6. U/ ((/6 ( ((& 9 !" +("" ( N%+(5(+3 $+! " +##!#" #+#3($(" !:#"/ !6(/, (/ %( (6(" #!/ "(+ !5"6*#" ( "%! +(""!5#6#!( /+!6.
2$ Co(01o In+e%n( e Re)-on)(&*l*d(de Mo%(l A%# ;@ !" ;#$("(" ( (&!" /($!#", (/ %( "(% +$!+ "($( %/! *$!( #++("#"$*(6 ( !3#+ ( (+$ /, "5+( %!6 !3($( $(/ $+6(, / ! 6($/!#!. M!" )!6! ( (""!" +/!#" = ! /!#+#!, ("$!" "(/+( $/ $+6( "5+( "(%" !$", + /!#" %( "#$!/ %/ % %$+ #/%6".
4$ Re)-on)(&*l*d(de Mo%(l e L*&e%d(de A +(""!5#6#!( /+!6 +(""%'( ! ""#5#6#!( ( (##+ ( !3#+ *(( ! !& ($(+! % #$(+!. S/($( ;!*(+@ +(""!5#6#!( /+!6 "( (#"$#+ 6#5(+!(.
=$ T%5) Po)*0e) 3und('en+(*) no P%o&le'( d( L*&e%d(de 1 = O ($(+/##"/ 9 #/!$*(6 / ! 6#5(+!(. 2 = A 6#5(+!( 9 #/!$*(6 / %!6%(+ ($(+/#!& ($(+! ! "%8(#$. = L#5(+!( ( ((""#!( "( #6#!/. 1
>$ O De+e%'*n*)'o A&)olu+o A $("( ($+!6 9 ! "(3%#$( $% 9 !%"!, ( +$!$ (#"$( 6#5(+!( ;%/!! (/ +(""!5#6#!( "#!6.
$ O L*&e%+(%*)'o S(+ 6#*+( "#3#! (##+ ( (+!+ / "( 5(/ ("(8!+. A !+!$(+"$#! ("$! "#& 9 ! $+!"#& ($+( 6#5(+!( ( ((""#!( !%"!6. A 6#5(+!( ( *$!(, 63( ( (6%#+ ! !%"!6#!( = "($# ( +/(+ ! ( !%"!6 % ! (3!& $$!6 ("$! #($(+/##"/ = +(""%'( #(*#$!*(6/($( ! ((""#!( !%"!6.
$ D*(lF+*c( d( L*&e%d(de e d( ;ece))*d(de A" $+" $($!$#*!" /!#" #/+$!$(" ( "%(+!+ #!6($#!/($( ! !$$("( ($+( 6#5(+!( ( ((""#!( !%"!6 )+!/ (6!5+!!" + S#:!, H(3(6 ( M!+-E3(6". P!+! S#:!, "( ( (5(+ ! 6#5(+!( #((($(/($( ! ((""#!(. H(3(6 /6(/($!, !+/! %( !69/ (""( )!$+ ;@ ( "(+ "#(+! )!$+ ("(*6*#/($ ;#"$+# %! "( )!6! ! 6#5(+!( = ! ;#"$+##!(. M!+ ( E3(6" !(#$!/ !" %!" $(+#!" !#/!, ( !+$(/ +## %( ! 6#5(+!( 9 ! "##! ;#"$+#! ! ((""#!(.
#G$ Conclu)1o O #(!6 9 ! #6#!& #!69$#! ($+( ! ((""#!( ( ! 6#5(+!(, (/ )+/#!( / ! "6%& ( M!+ ( E3(6". A +(""!5#6#!( /+!6 +(""%'( ((""!+#!/($( (+$ 3+!% ( 6#5(+!(, /!" ("$!, + "%! *(:, #/6#! $!/59/ #(*#$!*(6/($( ! ((""#!( !%"!6. R(""!5#6#!( /+!6, 6#5(+!( ( ((""#!( ("$, +$!$, ($+(6!&!!" ##""#!*(6/($( !$ /+!6.
CAPÍTULO VIII A O!RIHATORIEDADE MORAL O /+$!/($ /+!6 9 %/ /+$!/($ 5+#3!$+# ( (*#. A 5+#3!$+#(!( /+!6 #/'( (*(+(" ! "%8(#$. T! +/! )%! %/ (*(+.
#$ ;ece))*d(de@ Co(01o e O&%*9(+o%*ed(de Mo%(l
14
A 5+#3!$+#(!( /+!6 ( "(+ )%#! / ! "#/6(" ((""#!( !%"!6 ( $!/% / ! !& ($(+! % #$(+!. E"$!" )+/!" ( 5+#3!& $+!/ #/""*(6 ! *(+!(#+! 5+#3!& /+!6.
,$ O&%*9(01o Mo%(l e L*&e%d(de A 5+#3!& /+!6 "%'( ((""!+#!/($( %/! 6#5(+!( ( ("6;!, 5(/ / ! ($(+/#!& /+$!/($, +#($!- %/! (+$! #+(&. A 5+#3!& /+!6 (*( "(+ !""%/#! 6#*+( ( #$(+!/($( (6 "%8(#$ ( #/"$! ( )+!.
.$ C(%á+e% Soc*(l d( O&%*9(01o Mo%(l O )!$+ "#!6 9 (""(#!6 ! 5+#3!& /+!6, /!" 9 !63 ("$+#$!/($( ##*#%!6, /!" $!/59/ "#!6.
2$ A Con)c*5nc*( Mo%(l A "##! /+!6 !!++($! %/! /+((" " """ !$", /!" "5 >3%6 ("( ! /+!6. A69/ #"", (#$ ( "##! ("$@ ("$+(#$!/($( +(6!#! / ( 5+#3!$+#(!(, "$ %( #/6#! (/ !*!6#!+ ( 8%63!+ "" /+$!/($ ( !+ / (+$!" +/!" ;(#!" ( +(;(#!" / 5+#3!$+#!". A "##! /+!6 " ##*%", + "(+ %/ +%$ ;#"$+#-"#!6, ("$@ "%8(#$! ! %/ +("" ( ("(*6*#/($ ( ( /%!&!.
4$ Teo%*() d( O&%*9(01o Mo%(l A" $(+#!" ! 5+#3!& /+!6 " +("(/ %("$ ( / (*(/" !3#+, % %( $# ( !$" "/" /+!6/($( 5+#3!" ! +(!6#:!+. A" %!" $(+#!" +(/#!$(" " # ! (/#!! ($63#! ( 9 (*(+ = %! ! 5+#3!$+#(!( ( %/! !& ((( !" "(K#!" ! ++#! !& % ! +/! / ! %!6 "( )+/!? ( ## ! ;!/!! $(6(63#! ( $(6" /, %! ! 5+#3!$+#(!( ( %/! !& (+#*! %#!/($( ( "%!" "(K#!". T(+#!" ! A D($63#!" ! !$ 5+#3!& /+!6 5 ! +/! B T(6(63#!" ! (3"/ 9$# 5 %$#6#$!+#"/ 1 !$ 2 ! +/! 1
=$ Teo%*() Deon+ol89*c() do A+o H@ "(" ($+( !" $(+#!" ($63#!" "($# ( %( "( ( !(6!+ !+! %/! +/! 3(+!6 ! / ( (##+ %( (*(/" )!:(+ (/ !! "#$%!& ("(!.
>$ Teo%*() Deon+ol89*c() d( ;o%'( A Teo%*( J(n+*(n( d( O&%*9(01o Mo%(lK E/ !! !" !+$#%6!+, (*(+ (*( "(+ ($(+/#! + +/!" *@6#!" #((($(/($( !" "(K#!" ( "%! !6#!&. P(-"( #:(+ %( " ##*%" !3(/ +(!6/($( + (*(+ ( 5((( ! %/! #6#!& % #$(+(""( + $(/+ % !"$#3, %! !3(/ / "(+(" +!#!#". A (#3#! ! +!: !""%/( ! )+/! ( %/ /!!/($, % %/ #/(+!$#*, %( !$ #*#( (/ !$(3+#" ( ;#$9$#". O" !$(3+#" +(8(#$! !$" %( (/ "(+ %#*(+"!6#:!", ( !/#$( ((& ! )!*+ ( #3%9/. A $(+#! V!$#!! ( 5+#3!& /+!6 9 #(+!$( ( #((K*(6 !+! ;/(/ +(!6.
$ Teo%*() Teleol89*c() e9o?)'o e u+*l*+(%*)'o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
$ U+*l*+(%*)'o do A+o e U+*l*+(%*)'o d( ;o%'($ E"$! %$+#! ()(( %( (*(/" )!:(+ !%#6 %( $+!: /(6;+(" +("%6$!" !+! /!#+ /(+. P!+! !6#!+ ("$! $("( !" !"" +($", (/ (+$ $ $(+@ ( "(+ )(#$! ! & ($+( )!:(+ /!#+ 5(/ !+! /(+ /(+ ( (""!", % /(+ 5(/ !+! %/ /!#+ /(+ ( (""!". E$+($!$, ;@ /%#$!" 58(&'(" ( *@+#!" !$%+(:!" ! %$#6#$!+#"/ 1Q
! +/!, %( 5+#3!/ ! !""!+ 3(+!6 ! !+$#%6!+ ( ("$( %(6( %/! ("9#( ( +%6 *##". O %$#6#$!+#"/ ! +/! !!5! ### / ! $(+#! ($63#! = V!$#!! = ! 5+#3!& /+!6.
#G$ Conclu)e) %el(+*<() O&%*9(+o%*ed(de Mo%(l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
17
