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ELECTRONICA 3 7 3 5 0 7 2 8 --5 3 0 3 : 0 : N S N S I I
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n t o e e i m a z n a L C r O i M o O SERAN SE RAN LO S TEL TELEVIS EVISO O RE RESS EN EN 199 1998 8 o a n n i d r o E x t r a S AB E AB E R R
S AB E AB E R R
EDICION ARGENTINA
ELECT RONICA R ONICA
EDICION A RGENTI NA
ELECT RONICA R ONICA Republica Argentina - $14
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Con bajo baj o costo, cost c ostto, cos arme y conéct el elee a su equipo un
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C óm óm o F u n c i o n a I nn t e r n eett C óm óm o N a v e g a r p o r l a R e d Los Mejores Sitios de la Act uali dad Cuáles Cuá les son loloss TTé ér m in os m ás Em pl eados
SISTEMA DE AUDIO
SUPERBASS REPARADOR REPARADOR C OMO SE SE D EBE E NCARAR COMO DEBE ENCARAR EL MANTENIMIENTO DVD EL M ANTENIMIENTO DE DE UN UN DVD
ELECTRONICA COMPUTACION ACION ELECTRONICA YY COMPUT COMPUTACION COMPUT ACION M MONTAJE ONTAJE DE DE UN UN T TACOMETRO ACOMETRO CON CON PICS S
MONTAJES TERMOMETRO ELECTRONICO PROTECTOR PARA EL SOLDADOR DIMMER DE POTENCIA OPTOAISLADO TIMET ETRO RO CON N ESCALA DE PUNTO MOVIL VOLTIM TIME TI METR TRO O CO
9 770328 770328 507000 507000
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SABER
DEL DIRECTOR
EDICION A RGENTINA
ELECTRONICA
AL LECTOR E D I C I O N A R G E N T I N A - Nº 125 NOVIEMBRE DE 1997
Director Ing. Horacio D. Vall Vallejo ejo
UD. MERECE LO MEJOR Bi en A mi go goss de Sab Sabeer El ect r óni ca, nos enc ncoont r amos nu nueevam vameent e en l as pági ginas nas de nu nueest r a re r evi st a pre pr edi dill ect a, par a co compar t i r l as novedade novedades s dell mu de mundo ndo de l a el el ect r óni ca. Sonn tit i empos di So diff íci l es par paraa “se “segui r edi ditt and andoo un unaa obr obraa mensual mensual ”, aun en l os meses de ver an ano, o, sisi n embar embar go, cre cr eemos qu quee debe debem mos ofr ecer l e mat atee- r i al par a que se si ga inf in f or man mando do y cuent cuentee con el el me m ej or mat mateer i al de consulta. Paraa es Par est e me mess est áprevi previsst o el l anzami ent ntoo de dell l i bro: “I N T ERN ET ET:: L a Red de Rede Redess”, cuyo cont conteen i do le l e per per mi t i r áconoc oceer qu qué é es I nt er net , có- mo f unci ona, cómo nav aveegar gar,, cuáles son los l os mej or orees si t i os par a bus buscar i nf or orm mac acii ón sob obrr e el ect r óni ca. Tam Tambi bié é n po possee un di diccci onar i o co compl pleet o con los l os t é r mi nos más empl pleead ados os en est est a di sci pl plii na. A dem demá ás, de regal r egalo o con est a obr obra, a, entr ent r egamo gamoss un l i br broo es escr i t o po por el Pr of esor Egon Str St r aus auss s sobr bree l a Tel Tel evi si ón de A l t a De D ef i ni ci ón, l a cual cual de debe be po poner nersse en mar m arccha a part par t i r de 19 1998 98 en A r ge gent nt i na, de ac acuerdo uerdo co con le l eye yess r eci ent ement mente e proomu pr mull gad gadas as.. Es E st e l i bro es es un ade adell ant antee i mpo mporr t ant antee para que se i nt nteer i - orii ce en l os equ or quii po poss de es est a nu n uev a te t ecnología y r esul t a un u n av avan ancce de la obrr a co ob compl pleet a que qu e publ publii car areemos en l os pr pró óxi mos meses. Como pue puede apre apr eci ar ar,, est e fi n de añ o se se v i ene con t odo y el comi omieenzo del del pró pr óx i mo ser ámej or au aunn, dado da do qu quee en enero ener o comenza zarr emos con el di dicc- t ado de un nu nueev o cur so con t odo el av aval al de Sabe Saberr E l ect r óni ca y para par a f ebr breer o es est ápr preevi st a una u na edi dicci ón con mu mucchos mont aj ajees par paraa que qu e pueda pueda “ar mar ” el cir cui t o que que pr pr eci se en sus rat r atoos l i br brees. Porr úl t i mo, le Po l e coment mentamos amos que en en l a pró pr óxi ma edi dicci ón publi car areemos l a l i st a con con los l os gan ganador adorees de dell Concur so 10ºA ni ver sar i o, co con má m ás pr preemi os quee los an qu anuunci ados pu puees como sisi empr pree: U d. M er ece lo M ej or.
I ng ng.. Horacio D. Vall Vall ejo
Producción Pablo M. Dodero
EDITORIAL QUARK S.R.L.
EDITORIAL
Propietaria de los derechos en castellano de la publicación mensual SABER ELECTRONICA RIVADAVIA 2421, Piso 3º, OF. 5 - Capital (1034) TE. 953-3861
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Editorial Quark es una Empresa del Grupo Editorial Betanel
Presidente Elio Somaschini Staff Teresa C. Jara Hilda B. Jara María Delia Matute Enrique Selas Distribución: Capital Distribuidora Cancellaro e Hijos SH 301-4942 Interior Distribuidora Bertrán S.A.C. Av. Vélez Sársfield 1950 - Cap. Uruguay Berriel y Martínez - Paraná 750 - Montevideo R.O.U. - TE. 92-0723 y 90-5155
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La Editorial no se responsabiliza por el contenido de las notas firmadas. Todos los productos o marcas que se mencionan son a los efectos de prestar un servicio al lector, y no entrañan responsabilidad de nuestra parte. Está prohibida la reproducción total o parcial del material contenido en esta revista, así como la industrialización y/o comercialización de los aparatos o ideas que aparecen en los mencionados textos, bajo pena de sanciones legales, salvo mediante autorización por escrito de la Editorial.
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SABER
EDICION ARGENTINA
ELECTRONICA
EDITORIAL
QUARK
Año 11 - Nº 125 NOVIEMBRE 1997
SECCION CCIONE ES FIJ FIJ AS Del editor al lector Sección del lector Fichas de colección de Circuitos Prácticos Fichas Interactiv Interactivas as
3 53 73 79
ARTICULO DE TAPA Sistema de audio Superbass
6
MONT MO NTAJ AJ ES Termómetro electrónico Voltímetro con escala de punto móvil Dimmer de potencia optoaislado Protector para el soldador
20 23 27 30
SEGURIDAD Control de acceso a edificios
32
TECNICO REPARADOR Memoria de reparación:cómo se debe encarar el mantenimiento de un DVD Curso de TV color: la eta pa de salida y las fuentes auxiliares
35
39
LANZAMIENTO EXTRAORDINARIO Internet: la red de redes
47
TV La TV de alta definición
50
NUESTRA DIRECCION
ELECTRONICA Y COMPUTACION Tacómetro virtual con PICs
57
AV. RIVA RIVADA DAVIA VIA 24 21 , PISO 3º, OF. 5 TEL.: 953-3861
RADIOARMADOR Medición de impedancias (Conclusión)
65 H EXCL EX CLUS USIVA IVAMENT MENTE E DE LUN UNES ES A VIE VIERN RNES ES DE
10 A 13 HS. Y DE 14 A 17 HS
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A R T I C U L O D E T A PA
SI STE TEM M A DE AUDI O
SUPERBASS
En la última década se han hecho populares los siste- mas de sonido que contienen “circuitos reforzadores de sonidos graves”; sin embargo, la mayoría consiste en filtros que suelen deformar el sonido en toda la banda. En este artículo, describimos un circuito que provee una acentuación en la banda de 30 a 150Hz, cuando la señal supera un determinado valor preajus- table, con una potencia real por canal de más de 25W (700W PMPO en versión estéreo). Además, le damos los circuitos de filtros y reforzadores de graves que pueden ser de su interés.
Por Horacio D. Vallejo
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SISTEMA
E
DE
AUDIO
SU PER BA SS
l sistema de audio 1 out de la placa para recibir superbass que dos 741 y usarlos como proponemos pueequivalentes. de ser empleado para realLos filtros son del tipo zar determinados efectos de convencional de Buttersonido en su equipo de au wort wo rth h de se segu gund ndoo or orde den, n, dio, para realizar experiencon una ganancia de 6dB cias especiales cuando se en la frecuencia central deestá jugando con un videoterminada por los capacitogame o para reforzar los tores C1 y C2, de modo de evitar la sobreexcitación del nos graves de una grabación, pero antes de amplificador usado como meternos de lleno en el prorefuerzo de graves. yecto,, vamos a descr yecto describir ibir el El uso de un divisor de circuito de un sistema tensión formado por R7 y * F r e cu cu e n c i a d e c o r t e : 3 5 a 8 0 H z R8 polarizado en la entrada in“bass” para reforzar los graves en (segúnn C1 y C2 ) un amplificador y un reforzador (segú versora de CI-1a elimina la nece* Amplitud d e salida: 9Vpp de graves para autoestéreo. sidad de fuente simétrica para * Impedancia de salida: 20k Ω esta aplicación. La ganancia de cada etapa está dada básicamenEl proyecto está basado en un te por R5 y R8 los cuales evenS i s t e m a B as as s doble amplificador operacional tualmente pueden ser alterados. Describimos un filtro activo del tipo MC1458. Estos amplifi- Las frecuencias de corte depenque permite usar un amplifica- cadores, constantes del circuito den de C1 y C2 y son presentador extra solamente para los gra- integrado usado, son semejantes das en la siguiente tabla. ves, excitando un parlante pesa- al 741, de modo que si el lector C1 , C2 F re c u e n c i a (H z ) do propio para este tipo de no encuentra el circuito integrado original, podrá adaptar el lay47nF 35Hz reproducción reproducció n (figura 1). Con este circuito, el lector 2 puede tener un refuerzo de tantos watt de graves cuanto sea la potencia del amplificador adicional usado. Como en las bajas frecuencias ,el efecto estéreo no tiene sentido, bastará un amplificador para los dos canales, y el parlante adicional podrá ponerse entre los parlantes normales, adelante o por detrás del oyente. El circuito es alimentado por fuente o pilas, con tensiones entre 9 y 20V, con buen filtrado. Las características son las siguientes: * Tensión Tensión d e alimenta ció ción: n: 9 a 2 0V 0V.. * Corriente d e consumo: 10m A( A(tip). tip).
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SISTEMA
DE
AUDIO
SU PER BA SS
3
39nF 33nF 27nF 22nF 15nF
45Hz 50Hz 60Hz 70Hz 80Hz
En la figura 2 tenemos el diagrama completo de nuestro filtro reforzador, se observa que se omitió la fuente de alimentación, ya que existen diversas posibili posibili-dades para este sector, inclusive el aprovechamiento del propio amplificador con el cual será usado nuestro montaje. En la figura 3 tenemos la placa de circuito impreso. Para el circuito integrado sugerimos el uso de un zócalo DIL de 8 pins, mientras los cables de entrada y salida de señal deben ser blindados para evitar la captación de zumbidos o inestabilidades de funcionamiento.. El aparato, infuncionamiento tercalado entre la fuente de señal, su sistema estéreo, por ejemplo, mezclará las señales de los dos canales o tomará la señal de uno de los canales, y el amplificador extra usado con un parlante de graves (woofer).
C1 y C2 - ver texto C3 y C4 - 10 0n F - capacitores cerámi- cerámi- cos o d e poli p oli é st er C5, C6, y C7 - 10µF 10µF x 25V - capa citores electr ele ctr olíti cos C8 - 10 0µ 0µFF x 25 V - El ectrolítico R1 - 82k Ω R2 - 39k Ω ) R3, R4, R5 R5 y R6 - 100k Ω ) R7 y R8 - 22k Ω )
Sistema Bass Amplificado
Para un refuerzo como se de be, en la banda de los graves, la solución es utilizar un amplificador separado solamente para los graves de la banda deseada, de modo que toda su potencia pueda ser puesta a disposición solamente de esta banda, con un máximo de rendimiento en el refuerzo, tal como ya dijimos. Con un equipo prácticamente independiente para el refuerzo de graves, el lector tiene la posibilidad de aumentar su equipo de sonido de diversas maneras: a) El equipo reforzador de gra ves (Sist (Sistema ema Bass) puede insta insta-larse entre las cajas del sistema LISTA DE MATERIALES CI-1 - MC145 8 - circuito integrado (do- normal, se obtendrá así un siste-
muy agradable (para quien gusta de los graves). b) Para los solistas de instrumentos graves, el sistema reforzador mandará a una caja separada el sonido de estos instrumentos, posibilitará así una mejor percepción de sus efectos. Esta posibilidad, en especial, es importante para los estudiantes de música. c ) Para los que gustan de muchos watt de sonido, este sistema significará realmente un aumento en la potencia total de audio, y esto remitirá en una banda en que su efecto es más perceptible. Recordamos que los bajos "fuertes" no impresionan solamente el sentido auditivo. La idea propuesta con este circuito es la separación de las señales que correponden solamente a los graves, antes del amplificador (como en la primera opción) y su ampliación por un segundo circuito de potencia para ser enviada a un sistema reproductor solamente de graves. Este segundo amplificador soló amplificará graves y podrá disponer de toda su potencia para esta banda. La señal para este amplificador podrá ser tomada de la propia salida de las cajas, donde su intensidad, ya es bastante elevada, o de la salida de grabación, ya que pod podemo emoss con conta tarr con un preamplificador. Mezclando la señal de los dos canales tenemos su reproducción en un único parlante pesado. En la figura 4 tenemos un diagrama simplificado de las etapas que forman nuestro Booster. Comenzamos por la etapa de entrada que consiste en un
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SISTEMA
DE
AUDIO
SU PERB A SS
4
res, que permite trabajar con señales de pequeña intensidad. Se usan transistores BC548 y BC558 con una alimentación de 15V. Esta etapa amplía señales de todas las frecuencias que están disponibles en su amplificador (salida de parlantes o grabación). La señal de esta etapa es aplicada al filtro activo que puede ser considerado el "co "corazón razón del proyecto".
Este filtro es del tipo "pasa bajos" o sea, deja pasar solamensolamente señales de bajas frecuencias cuyo límite de valor está dado por los resistores R4 y R5 y por los capacitores C6 y C7. Fijando en 22k Ω los resistores usados, podemos establecer una tabla de valores para C6 y C7 que nos da diversas frecuencias de refuerzo de acuerdo a la tabla: C6 , C 7
F re c ue u e nc n c ia i a (H z )
La señal obtenida en esta etapa, que ya contiene solamente la banda de frec frecuenc uencia ia corr correspon espon-diente a los graves, es llevada al amplificador de potencia. La atenuación de frecuencias más altas que los límites establecidos por los componentes se realiza a razón de 6dB por octa va, lo que significa una eliminación casi total de los medios y agudos. El amplificador de potencia tiene dos transistores en la preamplificación, siendo uno (Q5) de bajo nivel de ruido y ele vada ganancia. El otro es de mediana potencia para tensión ele vada va da,, ya qu quee la al alim imen enta ta ci ción ón entre 32 y 45V aparece casi totalmente en este elemento. La salida en simetría complementaria lleva transistores de alta potencia. La excitación del PNP es realizada por un NPN de menor po-
ideales que se deben usar son de 2.200µF o incluso 3.300µF para mayor rendimiento. Terminamos Ter minamos con la fuente de alimentación que debe tener capacidad para proporcionar la corriente y la tensión exigida por la etapa de potencia. La versión de menor potencia precisa de 32V, se usa un transformador de 22,5 a 25V con corriente de 500mA, mientras que la de mayor potencia hace uso de un transformador de 28 a 30V con 1A de corriente. El potenciómetro (único) es de 10k Ω, podrá, o no, incorporar el interruptor general. La fuente de alimentaciones de onda completa con transformador con punto medio y capacitor de filtro. Los componentes necesarios son: * Versión de menor potencia (20W) - transformador de 22,5 ó 25V x 500 mA.
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SISTEMA
5
DE
AUDIO
SU PER BA SS
salida de grabación. Por cable común, si se toma de las cajas. En la figura 5 tenemos el circuito completo del Booster, con todas sus etapas, excepto la fuente de alimentación. La placa del circuito impreso a escala natural aparece en la figura 6. Puede usarse un multímetro común, en la escala de tensiones continuas DCV (0-5 ó 0-15V) sir ve, jun junta tamen mente te con un re resis sistor tor de 1Ω x 10 Watt Watt conectado en seserie entre la fuente y el bass, para hecer las pruebas de funcionamiento. Ponga el téster en paralelo con el resistor, conecte momentáneamente su aparato y verifique qué ocurre con la aguja del multímetro (use un resistor de 10 ohm x 10 watt como la carga de salida, sin no tuviera todavía el parlante). Si la aguja indica una tensión menor que 1V, entonces su montaje está, en principio, correcto y todo debe andar bien. Desconecte el resistor y el instrumento y haga la conexión directa. Si la aguja indica tensión superior a 2V, entonces algo anda mal. Desconecte el aparato y revise el montaje, principalmente observe el estado de Q5, la cone xión de los diod diodos, os, el est estado ado de
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SISTEMA
6
DE
AUDIO
SU PERB A SS
D1, D2, D3, D4 - 1N4001, 1N4002 ó 1N40 04 - d iodos de silicio de uso ge- neral. P1 - 10k Ω - potenciómetro lin o log. log. R1, R2 - 220k Ω R3, R7, R13, R13, R16 - 5k6 R4, R5 - 22k Ω R6, R8 - 2k2 R9 - 3k3 R10 - 120k Ω R11 - 330k Ω R12 - 560k Ω R14 - 10k Ω R15 - 82 Ω R17, R18 - 180 Ω R19, R20 - 0,47 Ω x 2W R21 - 10 Ω C1 - 10 0µ 0µFF x 16 V - electr olítico C2, C1 5, C1 6 - 10 0n F - cerá cerámicos C3, C4 - 1µF 1µF x 16 V - el ectrolíticos C5, C8 - 4n 7 (47 2) - cerá cerámi cos C6, C7 - 82 nF ó 100 nF (ver texto) - cap acit ores cerámi cos C9, C1 1 - 10 µF x 45 V - electrol íticos C10 - 4,7 µF x 45 V - electr olítico C12 - 10 n F - cerámi co C13 - 47 µF x 45 V - electr olítico C14 - 22 00 µF x 63V - electrol ítico Componentes para la fuente de ali- mentación. Disipad ores de calor calor para los trans is- tores de salida (Q9, Q10 ).
Siste m a Bass Bass par paraa Autoestéreo Los graves en los autos, en
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SISTEMA
DE
AUDIO
SU PER BA SS
7
Observe que además del refuerzo de los graves tendrá una suplementación de potencia para su audio, lo que puede ser muy interesante y agradable. Teni Te nien endo do en cu cuen enta ta qu quee en las bajas frecuencias el oído tiene mayor dificultad de hacer la separación de canales que caracteriza un sonido estéreo, nuestro booster mezcla las señales de los dos canales en un refuerzo único. Como se trata de un montaje bien compacto, este aparato puede ser fácilmente agregado a su
de los graves. La señal se puede retirar a partir de la salida del parlante del amplificador ya existente, o si fuera de refuerzo, de la salida común del pasacasete o radio. La señal del filtro pasabajos En la figura 7 damos el dia- se lleva a un amplificador integrama esquemático del circuito, grado TDA1510. donde puede observar que la etaEste integrado posee dos ampa de entrada está formada por plificadores que tanto pueden dos transistores en una configu- funcionar de modo independienración "filtro pasabajos" en que te, proveerá en 12V - 15 watt por la fuerte alimentación a través de canal en carga de 2 ohm, como C1, en conjunto con C2, determi- en puente, en una versión mono na la banda de frecuencias pa- con 48 watt de potencia sobre - D i s t o r s i ón ón a r m ón i c a t o t a l : 0,2% (10W en 20 kH z) - Frecuencia Frecuencia de tra nsició nsiciónn p a- ra C1 = C2 = 82 pF: 200 Hz - Frecuencia Frecuencia de tra nsició nsiciónn p a- ra C1 = C2 = 39 nF: 400 Hz
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SISTEMA
8
DE
AUDIO
SU PERB A SS
R10, R12 - 4,7 Ω R11 - 680 Ω C1, C2 - 82n F - ver texto C3 - 4n 7 - cerámi co C4 - 4 70 nF - cerámi co. C5, C6, C1 3 - 10 0 µF µF -elec. -elec. C7, C8, C1 2 - 10 0 µF µF - ce- ce- r ám ico icos. s. C9 - 4 7 µF - el ectr olíti co. C10 - 22 0 n F - cerámico. C11 - 33 0p F - cerá cerámi co. C1 4 - 4 ,7 µF - elect rol íti co.
Siste m a Superba Superbass ss
Como en estas condiciones la disipación sería excesiva, optamos por una carga de 4 ohm, caso en que tenemos más del doble de la potencia, que es suficiente para la mayoría de los casos. Observamos en la salida de cada amplificador los filtros C7/R12 y C8/R10, que mantienen la impedancia en la faja de frecuencias de operación. Como la potencia disipada es elevada, el circuito integrado de be ser montado en un buen disi-
El sistema de sonido que proponemos es una solución ideal para escuchar los sonidos graves con “realismo”, dado que al superarse un nivel determinado de señal, se produce un refuerzo de la tensión de alimentación). Muy 12dB por octava en una banda importante para el buen desem- de 30 a 150Hz con una potencia peño del aparato es la elección real de más de 25W por canal del parlante, que debe ser un (más de 700W en una versión es woofer de por por lo menos 50 watt. téreo), podrá emplearse un parLos parlantes de graves se ca- lante de 8” colocado en una caja racterizan por su tamaño y peso especial para sonidos bajos. Tenga Ten ga en cuen cuenta ta que res result ulta a del imán. Solamente un parlante pesado interesante que sea una versión permite que se refuercen los gra- estéreo dado que no se trata simplemente de un “booster” que re ves en la pro proporción porción deseada. deseada. fuerza los tonos bajos continuamente, sino un sistema que L i s t a d e Ma Ma t e r i a l es realza el sonido bajo ciertas conCI-1 - TDA 151 0 - integrado. CI-1
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SISTEMA
9
DE
AUDIO
SU PER BA SS
das JFet con dos amplificadores. Uno forma un filtro pasa altos con los componentes C2, C3 R2 y R3, mientras que el otro forma un filtro pasa bajos con C4, C5, R6 y R7. Los valores de estos componentes hacen que las frecuencias de corte sean 30Hz y 150Hz respectivamente. La ganancia de los filtros queda determinada por los resistores R4 y R5 en el primer filtro y R8 y R9 en el filtro pasa altos. Note que hemos conectado dos jack en paralelo, esto se hace cuando vamos a armar un solo amplificador que se conectará a través de un resistor a la salida del amplificador al que deseamos adosarle el sistema. La salida de los filtros se conecta a un circuito integrado amplificador de audio de 25W (IC2) a través de C6 y C7. La ganancia se ajusta por medio de R11 y R12. La alimentación se realiza con una fuente de 36V, cuyo circuito se muestra también en la figura
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SISTEMA
10
DE
AUDIO
SU PERB A SS
cador convencional. El circuito no requiere ajustes especiales, sólo resta decir que el “nivel” para el cual se producirá el disparo del sistema superbass se puede cambiar por medio de R12; por lo tanto, en su lugar se puede colocar un resistor de 10k Ω en serie con un potenciómetro de 25k Ω . El volumen se ajusta con R16. Los componentes son comunes y pueden conseguirse en cualquier negocio del ramo. ✪
LISTA DE MATERIALES CI1 - TL072 - Amplificador operacional doble con entradas JFet. CI2 - LM1875T - Amplificador de audio de 25W. D1, D2 - Diodos zener de 15V x 1W Pte. - Puente de diodos de 1A x 200Vpi o 4 diodos de 3A rectificadores conec- tados en puente. R1 - 8k2 R2, R3 - 47k Ω R4, R8 - 15k Ω R5, R9, R15 - 10k
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MONTAJES
TERMOMETRO ELECTRONICO S i b i en en h e m o s p u b l i c a d o mu chos circuitos circuitos que mi- den temperatur a, el el mon- taje que proponemos p o s e e l a v e n t a j a d e s er er f ác ác i l d e m o n t a r, m u y e co c o n óm óm i c o y c a p a z d e s e n s a r l a t em em p e r a t u r a , e n u n a a m p l ia ia g a m a d e v a l or o r es e s , co co n l a a y u d a d e un mu ltímetro. Pued Pued e ser ser emplead o para m edir la t emperat ura en un salónn o como saló como pa rte de u n s istema de control de procesos. procesos. Por H ora cio D. Va Va llejo
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TERMOMETRO
ELECTRONICO
1
LISTA DE MATERIALES
CI1 - NE555N o LF356 o MC1458 (el circuito impreso está diseñado para este último integrado, si emplea otro componente deberá variar la conexión de los terminales). CI2 - LM78L05 - Regulador de tensión positivo de 5V. Q1 - 2N2218 ó 2N2222 o cualquier otro transistor de RF de baja potencia de encapsulado metálico. R1 - 47k Ω R2 - Trimpot multivueltas de 10k Ω R3 - 1k Ω R4 - 3k9 R5 - 3k9 R6 - 1k Ω R7 - 3k3 R8 - Trimpot multivueltas de 12k Ω R9 - 12k Ω R10 12k Ω C1 - 0,01µF - Cerámico Varios
tura polarizada, tanto en directa como en inversa es “inversamente proporcional” a la temperatura, luego, cualquier semiconductor podría emplearse como sensor. Si bien hemos realizado pruebas con distintos diodos (in-
Este aparato sirve también Placa de circuito impreso, gabinetes para montaje, batería de 9V y conector, para medir la temperatura corpotubo de teflón de 6 mm de diámetro, ral y disminuye el riesgo de accicables, estaño, etc. dentes que se presentan con los termómetros de vidrio. El circuito eléctrico de nues- al realizar la lectura, de modo tro adaptador se muestra en la que una indicación de 0,225 en
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TERMOMETRO
La alimentación se efectúa con una batería de 9V para que resulte un instrumento portátil, luego un regulador de tensión estabiliza la tensión de alimentación en 5V para que la misma no cambie pese al desgaste de la batería. Esta tensión se aplica al sensor a través de R6, luego, en función de la temperatura, variará la tensión de emisor la cual se aplica a la entrada negativa de un amplificador operacional operacional (en el circuito se ha colocado un MC1458 que consiste en un operacional doble que también se ha comportado muy bien). De esta manera un coeficiente negativo de temperatura de la tensión de juntura se convierte en coeficiente positivo, dado que el operacional amplifica e invierte esta tensión. La salida del operacional se aplica a la entrada del téster digital. Con el potenciómetro R2 controlamos la ganancia del opera-
ELECTRONICO
Por otra parte, con R8 ajustamos el “nivel” de la medición para que 25˚C representen 0,25V. La construcción del circuito no requiere consideraciones especiales, solamente podemos acotar que el transistor empleado como sensor puede estar colocado dentro de un pequeño tubo de teflón (luego de conectar y aislar convenientemente los terminales). Tam bién bi én pu pued edee re real aliz izár árse sele le un acabado con resina epoxi. Una vez armado el termómetro, para la calibración hará falta algún elemento que permita variar la tempertura del sensor y un termómetro patrón que se utilizará para cotejar las medidas. En principio se coloca el sensor a una temperatura de 25˚C y se ajusta R8 para tener esta indicación (en realidad 0,25), se va-
Saber
Electrónica, La O pci ón
Inteligente veces como sea neces necesario ario hast hasta a conseguir un óptimo ajuste. Por último, se varía la temperatura a 0˚C y se comprueba que la medida sea la correcta, caso contrario se debe comenzar nuevamente con la calibración. Como dijimos en un comienzo, este instrumento nos permitirá conocer también, la temperatura a la que estamos sacando
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MONTAJES
VOLTIMETRO CON ESCALA DE PUNTO MOVIL L a v a r i a c i ón ón d e t e n s i ón ón e n l a r e d d o m i ci ci l i a r i a s u e l e acarrear serios inconvenientes, especialmente c u a n d o s e t i en en e n
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VOLTIMETRO
CON
ESCALA
DE
reflejados en la tensión continua por el medidor y dará la indicaresultante, lo cual será captado ción correspondiente. Si la ten2
PUNTO
MOVIL
sión fuese estabilizada, por más que hayan cambios en la tensión de red, éstos no se notarán en el medidor. La base de nuestro circuito son dos cuádruples operacionales LM324 que reciben la tensión reducida y rectificada de red, comparándola con una tensión estabilizada de 5,1V provista por un diodo zener.. Los amplificadores operacionales reciben la tensión de referencia ajustable a través de divisores resistivos formados por R1, R2, R4, R6, R8, R10, R12 y R18. Con los valores descriptos se consigue que la salida de estos amplificadores cam bie de valor en función de la ten-
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VOLTIMETRO
LISTA DE MATERIALES
CI1 - LM324 - Operacional cuádruple. CI2 - LM324 - Operacional cuádruple. D1, D2 - 1N4148 - Diodos de uso ge- neral. D3 - Zener de 5,1V x 1W. R1 -10k Ω R2, R4, R6, R8 - 1k2 R10, R12, R18 - 1k2 R3, R5, R7, R9 - 390 Ω R11, R13, R14 - 390 Ω R15 - 680 Ω R16 - Trimpot multivueltas de 1k5 R17 - 4k7 L1 a L6 - Leds de 5 mm color rojo L7 - Led de 5 mm color verde. Varios
CON
ESCALA
DE
PUNTO
da paso de medición para lo cual puede colocar un resistor varia ble de 25k Ω en serie con uno fijo de 2k2 en lugar de R1, dado que con esto conseguirá que la tensión cambie en pasos ajustables desde 1V a 80V aproximadamente. Si se estuviera empleando este mismo equipo en una red de 110V (para lo cual habría que utilizar un transformador de 110V a 12V), los pasos de medición serán de aproximadamente 6V y el rango de medida estaría ubicado entre 100V y 132V apro ximadamente.. ximadamente
MOVIL
que permanezcan encendidos los leds L1, L2 L3 y L4. Para asegurarse una buena calibración habría que disponer de algún método que permita variar la tensión de línea, lo cual puede realizarse por medio de un divisor resistivo, tenga en cuenta que nuestro medidor prácticamente no tomará corriente (para obtener 200V coloque un resistor de 1k8 x 5W en serie con otro de 180 Ω y conect conectee el transf transform ormador ador en paralelo con el componente de 1k8). Al realizar esta conexión se deberán encender solamente los La calibración de este monitor leds L1, L2 y L3, lo cual será una de tensión de línea es muy senci- indicación de la existencia de baja lla. En primer lugar asegúrese tensión. Si sigue encendiéndose
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MONTAJES
DIMMER DE POTENCIA OPTOAISLADO Los optoacoplad optoacoplad ore oress se ha n c on o n v e r t i d o en en d i s p o s i t i v o s d e am plio uso en electró electróni- ni- ca de potencia potenc ia y lum inotec inotec- - n i a p o r s u e x ce c e l en en t e r e s - puesta para efectos especiales. espec iales. Emplean do esta
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DIMMER
DE
POTENCIA
OPTOAISLADO
1
LISTA DE MATERIALES
CI1 - MC14049U - Circuito integrado séxtuple buffer conersor. IC2 - MOC3010 - Optoaislador con sa- lida para manejar triacs. Q1 - TIC226D - Triac de 8A para 220V. D1 - 1N4148 - Diodo de uso general. D2 - 1N4148 - Diodo de uso general R1 - 220k Ω R2 - 680 Ω R3 - Potenciómetro de 1M Ω R4 - 220 Ω C1 - 0,047µF - Cerámico
Varios
Placa de circuito impreso, gabinete para montaje, zócalos para los integra-
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MONTAJES
PROTECTOR PARA
EL SOLD SOLDADOR ADOR
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PROTECTOR
3
PARA
EL
SOLDADOR
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SEGURIDAD
CONTROL DE ACCESO A EDIFICIOS
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C ONTROL D E A CCESO A E DIFICIOS
2
Lector
S.A.E.
Relé
¿C u ál e s s o n l o s rrado o Normal Abierto de 12V de bobina y 1,5A de contacto. elementos * Un lector fabricado en metal n e ce c e sa sa r i o s p a r a i m p l e m e n t a r e l inalterable que se provee de arandelas y trabas correspondientes sistema? Son necesarios: para su instalación. Tiene además un led bicolor para dar indicación * Una unidad de control micro- de funciones (acceso libre, acceso procesada, de ta- denegado, grabación de un nuevo maño reducido código, borrado de un código,
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C ONTROL D E A CCESO A E D I F I C I O S 3
nido en un disquet. Usa como sistema operativo D.O.S. y en cuanto a los requerimientos, puede usarse en una P.C. 286 o superior. * Una Tecno Llave de baja. E n c a s o d e co co r t e d e en er gía , ¿ qu ésu ced e con e l s i s t em em a ? Para estos casos, se podría uti-
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y l i s c a á f h c e i f d s s l a o c e i t t c r o á . r c p e a n i s R l . o u t i s e t r u l c a a t r i i c c i g n n d e o y s c l a , s r e o a t c i n g g e ó e l p m l a a a n r u a a s s p n o s e t i a m u i p c n i r o a c c c e i l 0 b 8 u u 1 q p e a s e d o s a , s e t s a u n l q o e s c u q e n í l b ó m a i n n c c o e e i c l c o e c l a o L c . s j a e a h t c i n F o
CIRCUITOS PRACTICOS FICHA Nº 175 - SABER Nº 125
DETECTOR DE COINCIDENCIA DE PULSOS La lámpara L1 se encenderá cuando los pulsos de disparo estén simultáneamente presentes en E1 y E2. La lámpara debe tener tensión de operación 4V menor que la tensión de alimentación, ya que cada SCR es responsable por una caída del orden de 2V. Para la configuración, los pulsos deben tener una amplitud mínima de 1V y máxima de 20V.
CIRCUITOS PRACTICOS FICHA Nº 176 - SABER Nº 125
TERMOMETRO ELECTRONICO El sensor de este termómetro puede ser cualquier diodo de silicio de uso general, en especial el BA315. El instrumento de 200µA tendrá una escala modificada conforme al ajuste del potenciómetro de 22kΩ. En función de la sensibilidad del instrumento y de la escala deseada, el resistor de 220k Ω puede ser alterado.
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CIRCUITOS PRACTICOS FICHA Nº 177 - SABER Nº 125
ALARMA SENCILLA Intwrrumpiendo cualquiera de los alambres finos que forman f orman los sensores, se cierran los contactos del relé y dispara una alarma. El relé puede ser de 6V (MC2RC1) o de 12V (MC2RC2), según sea la alimentación. El consumo de energía es muy bajo en la condición de espera. D1 puede ser un 1N4148 ó 1N914.
CIRCUITOS PRACTICOS FICHA Nº 178 - SABER Nº 125
TRANSMISOR DE ONDA CORTA Para la banda de 80 metros, L1 puede ser formada por 20 espiras de alambre 28 y L2, por 6 espiras del mismo alambre, en un bastón de ferrite ferrit e de 1cm de diámetro cn 10cm o más de largo. Si no hubiera oscilación, invierta las conexiones de una de las bobinas. El transistor BC548puede ser sustituído por equivalentes y hasta por otros de mayor potencia.
m o F n ci t h a a j e s . c L a o l c e o c l ci e e c o n n ci a m ó b l í n e q s u c o e n q l s u a e s t , a s o d e s e p a 1 u q 8 b u 0 l e c ci a c i o cr n p u m i t i e a s o n s p s u a a n r a a a l m l p ó e e g n g ci t a o e r l s , a c s y o n e d i n g c i i r c t a a l c r e u i t u s. t o l i n R s a e p r . c á o c r t t e ci l o a s s d f e ci f h a á s ci
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FI C H A S I N TERA C TI V A S
XR2206
XR2206 Las fichas interactivas son documentos coleccionables, con información a m p li lia a d a en nue stra p á g ina WEB WEB (WE (WEB BSITE), c uyo siti itio o es el siguie siguie nte : quienes de seen sa be r có mo funcio- na es este te siste ma , d eb en rec urr urriir a Sa b er El Elec trónica Nº 121 121 y 122. 122.
Existen dos circuitos integrados bastante populase invierte. De esta forma, se producen las oscilaciores destinados a la producción de señales complejas: nes del circuito en la frecuencia deseada. el 8038, de Intersil, y el XR2206, de EXAR, que ahoEsta carga y descarga en corriente constante ya ra estamos aplicando en un proyecto práctico. nos permite obtener en la salida del VCO una señal En la figura tenemos el diagrama en bloques que triangular, que es amplificada y ya puede ser aprovecorresponde a la estructura interna del XR2206. chada en la salida. El bloque L representa el comando lógico que conEn los terminales 7 y 8 del integrado, podemos tiene conmutadores de corriente. El VCO consiste en determinar los puntos en que tenemos el comienzo un oscilador comandado por tensión (Voltage Contro- de la carga y la descarga del capacitor C y, con esto, led Oscillator), que es excitado a partir de una lógica la propia frecuencia del oscilador. Podemos controlar de comando. este bloque L, si conectamos entre los pines 7 u 8 y El bloque C consiste en un conformador de onda la tierra, un resistor variable. Esta es la forma utilique tiene por finalidad sintetizar las formas de onda zada en nuestro circuito práctico para controlar la senoidales. frecuencia en cada banda. La función del bloque A es amplificar señales con Las bandas, por otro lado, son determinadas por una ganancia variable. la conexión de 4 capacitores de valores diferentes enFinalmente, tenemos un transistor Q, que es co- tre los pines 5 y 6 del VCO, seleccionados a través de mandado por el VCO y permitirá la producción de seuna llave. ñales rectangulares. El transistor Q, conectado en la salida del VCO, El funcionamiento de todos estos bloques en consatura o entra en corte, conforme el capacitor C esté junto jun to se puede puede desc describ ribir ir de la sigui siguiente ente forma: forma: el cacaen proceso de carga o descarga, lo que nos lleva a la pacitor C, conectado al VCO, es cargado en régimen obtención de una señal perfectamente rectangular en de corriente constante a partir de informaciones del su colector, cuando es debidamente polarizado. bloque blo que L y del VCO, VCO, has hasta ta que la tensión tensión entr entree sus En nuestro circuito práctico, esta polarización se armaduras llegue a un valor predeterminado. En este obtiene a partir de un resistor de 4k7 en serie con un momento, la lógica de control entra en acción, revierresistor de 1k y la señal es retirada de su juntura, de te el ciclo y, entonces, el capacitor comienza a desmodo que tenemos una amplitud menor. Esta conecargarse, también bajo régimen de corriente constan- xión al + Vcc del colector colector del transisto transistorr nos permite permite te. Cuando la tensión en los terminales del capacitor conseguir una señal perfectamente rectangular, con alcanzan un segundo valor predeterminado, el ciclo relación marca/espacio de 50%. Existen dos circuitos externos para ajuste de las formas de onda de las señales generadas. Uno de ellos consiste en un potenciómetro conectado entre los pines 15 y 16 y sirve para ajuste de simetría de las señales rectangulares, mientras que el otro, un potenciómetro (o trimpot) conectado entre los pines 13 y 14, sirve para ajustar la distorsión de las señales senoidales. Características
- Tensión de alimentación: 110/220V - Amplitud máxima de las señales de salida: 3V (triangular y rectangular) 0,8V (senoidal) - Bandas de frecuencias: 4 - Límites de frecuencias: 1 a 100.000Hz - Impedancia de salida: 600 Ω Las características específicas del XR2206 pueden ser analizadas a partir de las explicaciones sobre su
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XR2206
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