SEMUT JEPANG (TENEBRIO MOLITOR) APAKAH APA KAH SEMUT JEPA JEPANG NG ITU ? Istilah SEMUT JEPANG JEPANG sudah banyak digunakan oleh masyaakat! ta"i sebenanya tidak men#iikan sebagai semut$ %ebih #o#ok disebut kutu beas Tenebrio Molitor $ Pebedaan dai semut Je"ang dibandingkan semut s"esies lainnya yakni memiliki badan yang keas! besaya" namun tak bisa tebang! suka e"oduksi! hidu" se#aa bekelom"ok! bukan he&an kanibal$ Sumbe ' htt"'((semut)e"angdibogo$blogs htt"'((semut)e"angdibogo$blogs"ot$#om(*+,-.+*.+,.a#hi/e$html "ot$#om(*+,-.+*.+,.a#hi/e$html
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Semut Je"ang beguna untuk men)adikan tingkat kolesteol di daah nomal! khususnya untuk oang yang mem"unyai kada kolesteol tinggi "ada daah$
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Mengobati dan meingankan "enyakit )antung$
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Mengobati dan meingankan "enyakit asam uat! khusus oang dengan kada asam uat tinggi di tubuh$
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Men)adikan )umlah gula di daah men)adi stabil! #o#ok untuk oang yang teseang "enyakit diabetes$
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Men)adikan tekanan daah stabil! khususnya untuk oang yang mendeita hi"etensi 0"enyakit daah tinggi1$
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Mam"u menambah /italitas dai "ia mau"un &anita! #o#ok bagi "ia mau"un &anita dengan )am ke)a tinggi seta kesibukan untuk sehai3hainya! tubuh "un da"at men)adi lebih sega dengan semut Je"ang$
Man8aat semut Je"ang bedasakan ka)ian ilmiah! kami "a"akan sebagai beikut '
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Hasilnya "enelitian menun)ukkan bah&a 8ungsi Tenebio molito "ada tikus adalah da"at meningkatkan "etumbuhan! meningkatkan kemam"uan bela)a dan mengha8al seta meu"akan anti kelelahan dan kekuangan oksigen dan meningkatkan intelegent$
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Characteristics of Maize Flour Tortilla Supplemented with Ground Tenebrio molitor Larae Ei#k >$ Aguila3Mianda !@ Me#edes G$ %"eB !C 9laa Es#amilla3Santana !D and Ana P$ 5aba de la ;osa @ Instituto Te#nolgi#o de 9elaya! A/enida Te#nolgi#o s(n! 9elaya! Guana)uato 27+,+! MFi#o >e"atamento de 5iote#nologa y 5ioumi#a! 9INESTA3IPN! Km$ 6$< %ibamiento Note 9aetea Ia"uato3%en! Ia"uato! Guana)uato 2<-++! Mei#o and 9ES Intena#ional and Aso#iados! 9iilo 9one)o
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------!nerg"-efficient food production to reduce glo#al warming and ecodegradation$ The use of edi#le insects Shi Manakula inayaga 9ollege o8 Engineeing and Te#hnology! Pudu#hey! India$
%#stract As the global "o"ulation #ontinues to ise! and attem"ts to in#ease aable land aea #ome in sha" #on8li#t &ith the ne#essity to etain 8oests on one hand and "essues o8 ubaniBation on the othe! the &a/e o8 global 8ood shotage that has hit the &old e#ently is likely to hit us again and again$ The in#easing "essue on land is making meat "odu#tion 8om ma#o3li/esto#k less sustainable than e/e be8oe$ To add to the diminishing "astues and boadening demand3su""ly ga" o8 8ood gains ae the shotages aising due to the di/esion o8 some o8 the 8ood #o"s 8o bio8uel "odu#tion$ Thee is also an in#easing use o8 8odde 8o geneating biomass enegy$ The esult is that e/en as the demand 8o animal "otein kee"s on ising &ith the s&elling global "o"ulation! thee is e/ey "ossibility that attem"ts to meet this demand &ould 8a#e seious #ises in the #oming yeas$ The ad/ese im"a#ts o8 global &aming ae #ons"iing to make the situation e/en &ose than it othe&ise &ould ha/e been$ The "esent e/ie& bings home the 8a#t that one o8 the "ossible &ays to get aound this "oblem is to etend the "a#ti#e o8 entomo"hagy use o8 inse#ts as human 8ood$ As o8 no& entomo"hagy is "a#ti#ed in some egions and some #ultues! but! by3and3lage! the bulk o8 global "o"ulation stay a&ay 8om it$ It is e/en looked do&n in se/eal #ultues and 8obidden in some othes$ The e/ie& bings out the iationality o8 omitting edible inse#ts 8om human diet gi/en the geneally highe uality o8 nutition they #ontain as #om"aed to 8ood based on ma#o3li/esto#k$ This as"e#t! #ou"led &ith mu#h lesse #onsum"tion o8 enegy and natual esou#es asso#iated &ith inse#t3based "otein "odu#tion! makes entomo"hagy an o"tion &hi#h dese/es ugent global attention$ The authos highlight the elati/ely stonge sustainability o8 animal "otein "odu#tion by &ay o8 inse#t 8aming be#ause! "ound to "ound! the "odu#tion o8 inse#t "otein takes mu#h less land and enegy than the moe &idely
#onsumed 8oms o8 animal "otein$ It is estimated that o/e a thousand inse#t s"e#ies ae aleady a "at o8 human diet and the nutition o88eed by se/eal o8 the s"e#ies mat#hes o su"asses that &hi#h is #ontained in taditional non3/egetaian 8oods$ The "a"e also deals &ith the ele/an#e o8 entomo"hagy as a "otentially moe e#ologi#ally #om"atible and sustainable sou#e o8 animal "otein than the ed and the &hite meat on &hi#h most o8 the &old "esently de"ends$ In the emeging global "atten based on an e"anding shae o8 ene&able enegy sou#es! entomo"hagy 8its in as a ene&able sou#e o8 8ood enegy 8o the 8utue$
----------------------------------------------------------Larae of mealworm &Tene#rio molitor L'( as !uropean noel food 9o"yight O *+,2 E&a Siemiano&ska et al$ This is an o"en a##ess ati#le distibuted unde the 9eati/e 9ommons Attibution %i#ense! &hi#h "emits unesti#ted use! distibution! and e"odu#tion in any medium! "o/ided the oiginal &ok is "o"ely #ited$
%)ST*%CT For centuries+ insects hae #een used as food due to their aaila#ilit" and easiness in raising that is much less#urdensome for enironment than animal hus#andr" #reeding' Mealworm &Tenebrio molitor L'( is a store-pest ofwhich larae are consumed #" people' The aim of the work was to determine the nutritional alue of larae of mealworm &Tenebrio The material was a three-month-old mealworm lara molitor L'(' , - ./ mm in length' Laraewere #oiled for . min and ne0t dried in 1/2C' Contents of water+ ash + minerals+ protein+ fat and fat acids profile hae #een determined' Fresh larae contained 13 of water+ 453 of total protein+ ,,3 of total fat and 4'3 of ash'6igh contents of minerals were found in the larae$ magnesium &57' mg84//g(+ zinc &9', mg84//g(+ iron &.'5 mg84//g(+ copper &/'75 mg84//g( and manganese &/'99 mg84//g(' The proportion of n-18n-. fatt" acids was er" adantageous and amounted to 1'71' Larae powder contained twice higher content of protein+ fat+ ash and minerals' Lara of mealworm is a alua#le source of nutrients in amounts more profita#le for human organism than traditional meat food' :owdered lara is a high-grade product to #e applied as a supplement to traditional meals'
---------------------------------------------------------% digestie prol"l car#o0"peptidase in Tene#rio molit or larae Irina A. Goptar a, Dmitry A. Shagin b, c, Irina A. Shagina c, Elena S. Mudrik c, Yulia A. Smirnova d, Dmitry P. hu!hikov e,Mikhail A. "elo!er#ky d, Yakov E. Dunaev#ky d, "renda $ppert % , &, Irina Yu. 'ilippova a, El ena (. Elpidina d a )hemical 'aculty, Mo#co* State +niver#ity, Mo#co* ---, u##ia b Shemiakin and $vchinnikov In#titute o% "ioorganic )hemi#try AS, Miklukho/Maklaya 012, 3--3 Mo#co*, u##ia c Evrogen 4S), Miklukho/Maklaya 012, 3--3 Mo#co*, u##ia d A.(. "elo!er#ky In#titute o% Phy#ico/)hemical "iology, Mo#co* State +niver#ity, Mo#co* ---, u##ia e "iological 'aculty, Mo#co* State +niver#ity, Mo#co* ---, u##ia % +SDA Agricultural e#earch Service, )enter %or Grain and Animal 5ealth e#earch, 66 )ollege Ave., Manhattan, 7S 00628, +SA
%)ST*%CT Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a lysosomal proline specific serine peptidase that also plays a vital role
in the regulation of physiological processes in mammals . In thi# report, *e i#olate and characteri!e the 9r#tP)P in an in#ect. P)P *a# puri9ed %rom the anterior midgut o% larvae o% a #tored prod uct pe#t, :enebrio molitor , u#ing a three/#tep chromatography #trategy, and it *a# determined that the puri9ed en!yme *a# a dimer. :he cD(A o% P)P *a# cloned and #e;uenced, and the predicted pro tein *a# identical to theproteomic #e;uence# o% the puri9ed en!yme. :he #ub#trate #peci9city and kinet ic parameter# o% the en!yme*ere determined. :he :. molitor P)P participate# in the hydrol y#i# o% the in#ect<# ma=or dietary protein#,gliadin#, and i# the 9r#t P)P to be a#cribed a dige#tive %unction. $ur collective data #ugge#t that theevolutionary enrichment o% the dige#tive peptida#e comple> in i n#ect# *ith an area o% acidic to neutral p5 inthe midgut i# a re#ult o% the incorporation o% ly#o#omal peptida#e#, including P)P. Introduction
Prolyl carbo>ypeptida#e ?P)P@ P)P, ly#o#omal carbo>ypeptida#e, angioten#ina#e ), E) .B.0.8C belong# to agroup o% proline #peci9c peptida#e# ?PSPC ?)unningham and $<)onnor, --3C that are involved in the regulationo% variou # metabolic proce##e# ?anhoo% et al., --6C. PSP repre#ent a relatively #mall group o% highly #p eci9ce>o/ and endo/peptida#e# that cleave bond# %ormed by proline re#idue# in protein# and peptide#. :he uni;ue activity o% PSP i# due to the #tructural %eature# o% proline, the only cyclic imino acid among 82 amino acid#%ound in prote in# and peptide#. Peptide bond# containing proline re#idue# are not hydroly!ed e%9ciently by mo#tpeptida#e#, and a proline re#idue in the peptide chain #erve# to protect again#t degradation by en!yme# *ithbroad #peci9city. :he ability o% PSP to hydroly!e thi# bond determ ine# the #peci9c activity o% the en!yme in theregulation o% metabolic proce##e#. P)P are #erine peptida#e# that cataly!e the cleavage o% a #ub#trate at the )/ terminal amino acid linked to aproline re#idue. At pre#ent, only P)P %rom human ?$dya et al., -3F@ :an et al., --@ Shariat/ Madar et al.,8228C, pig ? Yang et al., -32@ 7akimoto et al., -3C, monkey ?Su!a*a et al., --6C, and bacteriumanth omona# malto/ philia ?Suga et al., --6C have been i#olated and #tudied. :he primary #tructure o% thei#olated en!yme, pre#ent a# a dimer in #olution, ha# been de#cribed only %or human P)P, and the en!yme *a#a##igned to the S8F %amily o% #erine peptida#e# ?:an et al., --C. :he cry#tal #tructure *a# #olved recentlyand revealed that P)P ha# a uni;ue peptida#e #tructure, *ith clo#e#t identity to dipeptidyl peptida#e 3 ?DPP3C, containing a con#erved a1b hydrola#e domain and a novel helical S7S domain that cap# the active #ite *ith thecatalytic Ser/A#p/ 5i# triad ?Abey*ickrema et al., 822@ Soi##on et al., 822C. P)P i# *idely di#tributed in human ti##ue#, but mo#tly it i# locali!ed to the lung#, liver and placenta?:an et al., --C. :he en!yme *a# initially %ound in human ly#o#ome# ?Yang et al., -32@ 7umamoto et al.,-FC, but later it *a# %ound a# a membrane/ e>pre##ed en!yme in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial
cell#, e>plained by the a##ociation o% P)P *ith #peci9c membrane protein# a%ter e>ocyto#i# ?Shariat/Madar etal., 822BC. :he e>act phy#iological %unction# %or P)P are not completely under#tood. :he key role %or mammalian P)P i# in regulating blood pre##ure ?7umamoto et al., -F@ :amaoki et al., --B@ 7aplan andGhebrehi*et, 822@ 5a gedorn, 82C, but P)P i# al#o involved in proce##e# o% proli%eration ?Duan et al., 82C, inHammation ?7umamoto et al., -F@ (go et al., 822-C and a ngiogene#i# ?Mallela et al., 822-C. P)Pal#o regulate# %ood intake by inactivating a/ melanocyte #timulating hormone ?alling%ord et al., 822-@Shariat/ Madar et al., 822@ Diano, 82@ 4eong et al., 828C. :he only report o% in#ect P)P detail# change#in e>pre##ion o% the P)P gene in re#pon#e to magne#ium e>po#ure in )ule> ;uin;ue%a#ciatu# larvae ?hao et al., 822C. :he pre#ent re#earch on in#ect PSP i# a part o% our #tudie# o% dige#tive en!yme# in larvae o% the yello* meal*orm, :enebrio molitor ?)oleopteraJ :enebrionidaeC, a pe#t o% proce##ed grain# and #toredproduct#. :he comple> o% dige#tive peptida#e# in :. molitor larvae di%%er# #ub#tantially %rom human dige#tive en!yme#, although both the beetle and people have grain product# a# a pri/ mary %ood #ource. :he ma=or dige#tive organ o% the larvae i# the midgut, *here a #harp p5 gradient i# %ound, %rom 6.0 in the anterior midgut ?AMC to 3.- in po#terior midgut ?PMC ?:erra et al., -F6@ inokurov et al., 8220a@ El pidina andGoptar, 8223C. :hi# gradient re#trict# the activity o% di%%erent dige#tive en!yme# in #peci9c compartment#o% the midgut, *hich i# u#ually con#i#tent *ith the p5/ optima o% their activity ?inokurov et al., 8220bC. :he ma=or dige#tive peptida#e# in the AM o% :. molitor larvae are cy#teine peptida#e#, repre#ented by %our to #i> di#tinct en!yme# ?:erra and )ri#to%oletti, --0@ inokurov et al., 8220a,b@ Prabhakar et al., 8223C. :he ma=or cy# teine peptida#e activity i# cathep#in K ?)ri#to%oletti et al., 8226@ "eton et al., 828@ $ppert et al.,828C kno*n a# a ly#o#omal peptida #e in eukaryote# ?:urk et al., 828C. In the PM o% :. molitor larvae,dige#tive en!yme# are m o#tly #erine peptida#e#, including %our tryp#in/like and 9ve chymotryp#in/like #erine peptida#e# ?:#ybina et al., 8226@ Elpidina et al., 8226@ inokurov et al., 8220a,bC a# *ell a# amembr ane/bound amino/ peptida#e ?)ri#to%oletti and :erra, ---, 8222C and #oluble carbo>ypeptida#e?'erreira et al., --2@ Prabhakar et al., 82 23C. :he ma=or dietary protein# o% :. molitor larvae, prolamin#, contain 2/62L glutamine and 2/2Lproline re#idue# ?She*ry and :atham, --2@ She*ry and 5al%ord, 8228C. :here%ore, *e analy!ed the ma=or po#t/glutamine cleaving activitie# in the :. molitor larval dige#tive comple> and %ound that they *ere cy#teine peptida#e# ?Goptar et al., 828C. "a#ed on the compo#ition o% their diet, *e al#o predicted theoccurrence o% dige#tive PSP in :. molitor larvae. Indeed, *e de#cribed the 9r#t proline/#peci9c dige#tivepeptida#e in the midgut, *hich *a# a #erine peptida#e that #peci9cally cleaved a%ter proline, had an acidicp5 optimum ?6.C, and *a# %ound mainly in the AM content# ?Goptar et al., 822Fa,bC, but the en!yme *
a#not identi9ed. In the pre#ent #tudy, *e identi%y thi# en!yme a# a P)P and detail the #ub#trate #peci/ 9city andkinetic parameter# o% the 9r#t puri9ed P)P in an in#ect. $ur data #ugge#t that P)P i# a dige#tive en!yme in:. *hich i# a novel %unction %or P)P.
molitor larvae,
Di#cu##ion In thi# paper, the 9r#t P)P *a# i#olated %rom an in#ect, :. molitor larvae. 'or P)P puri9cation, a three/#tage #cheme *a# u#ed. :he 9r#t #tage *a# by gel 9ltration. :he application o% thi# type o% chromatographye%%ectively #eparated P)P, *ith a molecular ma## o% 26 kDa, %rom the ma=or dige#tive #erine and cy#teineendo/ peptida#e#, *ith molecular ma##e# le## than B2 kDa ?inokurov et al., 8220bC and there%ore prevented proteoly#i# by endopepti/ da#e# during puri9cation. Additional puri9cation %ollo*ed *ith anione>change and hydrophobic chromatography, re#ulting in a relatively pure en!yme. :he cD(A o% the :. molitorlarval P)P *a# cloned and #e;uenced, and the identity o% the predicted P)P #e;uence to the primary #tructure o% the i#olated en!yme *a# con9rmed by ma## #pectrometry. The ratio of the calculated molecularmass of cloned PRC P and that determined by gel filtration suggests that the enzyme is a dimer, and similardata are reported for the human lysosomal PRCP ( Odya et al., 1!"# Tan et al., 1$ %. &lso similar to thehuman PRCP, T. molitor PRCP displays acidi c p' optimum at p' .), correlating *ith its localization in theacidic &+ of T. molitor larae ?Goptar et al., 822FbC. Previou#ly, the primary #tructure o% the en!yme *a# #olved only %or human P)P, and the en!yme *a#a##igned to the S8F %amily o% #erine peptida#e# ?:an et al., --C. hen P)P *a# compared *ith annotated#e;uence# o% #erine carbo>ypeptida#e# and P$P, there *a# a lo* degree o% overall identity ?2eFLC, but a high ?03LC identity in active #ite amino acid re#idue#. :he author# concluded that P)P i# an evolutionarylink connecting t*o %amilie#, P$P and #erine carbo>ypeptida#e#, becau#e they po##e## propertie# char/ acteri#tic o% both %amilie#. Kike #erine carbo>ypeptida#e#, P)P cataly!e# the hydroly#i# o% a )/ terminalre#idue that ha# a %ree carbo>yl group at acidic p5 value#. $n the other hand, P)P hy/ droly!e# bond#%ormed by the carbonyl group o% proline re#idue# a# do P$P, and a #peci9c inhibitor o% P$P, /Pro/prolinal,inactivate# P)P a# *ell. e#olution o% the 8.F A cry#tal #tructure o% the human ly#o#omal P)P ?Soi##on et al., 822C delineated the#tructural ba#i# o% the di%%erent #ub#trate #peci9citie# o% the t*o en!yme# compri#ing the uni;ue S8F %amily o%PSPJ carbo>ypeptida#e P)P and aminopep/ tida#e DPP3. P)P ha# an e>tended active/#ite cle%t that can accommodate proline #ub#trate# *ith multiple (/terminal re#i/ due#. In contra#t, the #ub#trate bindinggroove o% DPP3 i# occluded by a #hort amino acid in#ertion uni;ue to DPP3 that create# a truncatedactive #ite #elective %or dipeptidyl proteoly#i# o% (/ter/ minal #ub#trate#.
:he mo#t #peci9c #ub#trate %or :. molitor P)P *a# (/protected peptide / P', a #elective #ub#trate %or P)P, but the activity a##ay *ith thi# #ub#trate *a# rather complicated. "ecau#e #erine carbo>ypeptida#e#,unlike metallocarbo>ypeptida#e#, are able to hydroly!e chromogenic p/nitroanilide #ub#trate# *ith adetectable rate ?Scheer et al., 82C, and due to the #implicity o% the a##ay method, *e u#ed the#e #ub#trate#%or monitoring o% the puri9ca/ tion proce## and %or the #tudy o% the #ub#trate #peci9city. :he be#t chromogenic peptide #ub#trate *a# /AAP/p(A *ith the highe#t ma>17m value, de#pite the %act that the #ub#trate hadthe lo*e#t 7m value. :he hydroly#i# o% #ub#trate# /AP/p(A and AP/p(A occurred *ith e;ual e%9ciency, although /AP/p(A *a# more tightly bound to the en!yme, and AP/p(A *a# hydroly!ed%a#ter. Kengthening or #hortening the #ub#trate by one Ala re#idue, #ub#tituting Ala at Gly, a# *ell a#removing the (/ protecting group all led to an increa#e o% the 7m. :he ma>imum rate o% hydroly#i# o% /GP/ p(A, a #peci9c #ub#trate %or P$P ?)unningham and $<)onnor, --3C and /P/p(A *a# an ordero% magnitude lo*er than %or the other #ub#trate#. 7inetic #tudie# revealed complete competitive inhibition o% :. molitor P)P by /Pro/ prolinal. In thi#type o% inhibition, the in/ hibitor interact# *ith the #ame region o% the en!yme that bind# #ub#trate. :here%orethe inhibitor compete# *ith the #ub#trate %or interaction *ith the en!yme, a# do other #ub#trate/like inhibitor# #imilar to /Pro/prolinal. In contra#t to human P)P, *hich #peci9cally %unction# a# a regulatory en!yme a%%ecting the blood#y#tem ?5agedorn, 82@ Adam# et al., 82C, the P)P %rom :. molitor i# pre#umably a dige#tiveen!yme. Earlier, *e de#cribed the locali!ation and %unc/ tion# o% t*o PSP# %rom :. molitor larvae ?Goptar et al.,822Fa,bC. e demon#trated that one o% th e PSP# had an acidic p5 optimum, *a# locali!ed in the AM content#,and the activity pro9le changed in the dige#tive proce## #imilar to the general proteolytic activity, but the#edata *ere in#u%9cient %or conclu#ive identi9cation o% thi# peptida#e. In thi# report, *e identi9ed thi#en!yme a# P)P and %urther demon#trate that :. molitor larval P)P participate# in gliadin hydroly#i# thati# reduced by a #peci9c inhibitor o% P)P / Pro/prolinal. :hu#, *e have i#olated, puri9ed, and identi9ed the primary #tructure and %urther characteri!ed a dige#tiveP)P %rom the larval midgut o% an in#ect pe#t, :. molitor. :he uni;ue a#pect# o% thi# en!yme are that it i#the 9r#t P)P i#olated %rom an in#ect, and the 9r#t P)P %ound to %unction a# a #ecreted dige#tive en!yme. Iti# unkno*n i% P)P i# involved in dige#tion in other animal#. Speci9c dige#tive peptida#e# in in#ect# thatdi%%erentiate the mode o% gliadin hydroly#i# %rom that o% hum an include cy#teine peptida#e# *ith po#t/glutamine cleaving activity ?Goptar et al., 828C, and P)P *ith po#t/ proline cleaving activity ?thi# reportC.In eukaryotic organi#m#, the#e en!yme# participate in the intracellular ly#o#omal degradation o% protein#.Many in#ect# rely on typical #erine dige#tive peptida#e#, tryp#in and c hymotryp#in, but #ome group# o% in#ect#*ith an area o% acidic to neutral p5 in the midgut u#e cy#teine cathep#in# al#o %or dige#tion ?:erra and'erreira, --BC. $ur data
#ugge#t that the enrichment o% the peptida#e dige#tive comple> in #uch in#ect# duringevolution i# due to the adaptation o% peptida#e# pre#ent in the ly#o#ome# o% eukaryotic organi#m#, #uch a#cy#teine cathep#in# and P)P.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prolyl
APAKAH
carboxypeptidase"
itu
?
9aboy"e"tidase sikat enBim "ebatasan "ankeas yang membagi satu asam amino "ada suatu &aktu$
--------------------------------------------------------Supplementation of L-carnitine in athletes$ does it make sense; 5eidrun 7arlic, PhD, and Al%red Kohninger, PhD From the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Leukemia Research and Hematology, Vienna, Austria; and the e!artment of "edical #hemistry, $ni%ersity of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Absta#t Studies in athletes ha/e sho&n that #anitine su""lementation may 8oste ee#ise "e8oman#e$ As e"oted in the ma)oity o8 studies! an in#ease in maimal oygen #onsum"tion and a lo&eing o8 the es"iatoy uotient indi#ate that dietay #anitine has the "otential to stimulate li"id metabolism$ Teatment &ith %3#anitine also has been sho&n to indu#e a signi8i#ant "ostee#ise de#ease in "lasma la#tate! &hi#h is 8omed and used #ontinuously unde 8ully aeobi#
#onditions$
>ata
8om
"eliminay
studies
ha/e
indi#ated
that %3#anitine
su""lementation #an attenuate the deleteious e88e#ts o8 hy"oi# taining and s"eed u" e#o/ey 8om ee#ise stess$ ;e#ent data ha/e indi#ated that
%3#anitine
"lays a de#isi/e ole in the
"e/ention o8 #ellula damage and 8a/oably a88e#ts e#o/ey 8om ee#ise stess$ U"take o8
%3
#anitine by blood #ells may indu#e at least thee me#hanisms' ,1 stimulation o8 hemato"oiesis! *1 a dose3de"endent inhibition o8 #ollagen3indu#ed "latelet aggegation! and 21 the "e/ention o8 "ogammed #ell death in immune #ells$ As e#ently sho&n! #anitine has die#t e88e#ts in egulation o8 gene e"ession 0i$e$! #anitine3a#yltans8eases1 and may also eet e88e#ts /ia modulating inta#ellula 8atty a#id #on#entation$ Thus thee is e/iden#e 8o a bene8i#ial e88e#t o8 %3#anitine su""lementation in taining! #om"etition! and e#o/ey 8om stenuous ee#ise and in egeneati/e athleti#s$ 9oes"onden#e to' Heidun Kali#! Ph>! %ud&ig 5oltBmann Institute 8o %eukemia ;esea#h and Hematology! Hanus#h Hos"ital! H$ 9ollinst$ 2+! A3,,:+ ienna! Austia$
INTRODUCTION
>ietay su""lements to im"o/e "e8oman#e ae 8amilia to many athletes$ Manu8a#tues moe o less aggessi/ely #laim that the substan#es im"o/e the "e8oman#e o8 athletes 0i$e$! a#t as ego3 geni# aids1 and(o s"eed u" thei e#o/ey 8om ee#ise$ Most o8 these #laims ae "uely s"e#ulati/e and based on assum"tions about ho& the dietay su""lement in8luen#esmetabolism$ The su#stance L-carnitine has #een particularl" popular as a potential ergogenic aid #ecause of its role in the conersion of fat into energ"',!* =o a s#heme! the eade ise8eed to =igue ,$ L-carnitine was first discoered in muscle e0tracts by t&o ;ussian s#ientists2 &ho named the substan#e 8o the %atin &od carnis 08lesh o meat1$ Its #hemi#al stu#tue &as establishedin ,6*4! and in ,62a "ionee ati#le about %3#anitine &as "ublished!: &hi#h tiggeed numeousstudies on the "hysiologi#al 8un#tions o8 the #hemi#al$
'IG. . ole o% K/carnitine in o>idative metaboli#m. K/carnitine<# primary %unction ?blue arro*#C i# to #huttleN %atty acid# into the mitochondria by )P:/I. )P:/II mediate# the %urther progre##ion to*ard /o>idation. )ar/ nitine<# #econdary %unction a%%ect#the )oAS51)oA ratio. )oAS5 i# a t*o/carbon compound@ )oA i# a vitamin " derivative. Supplemental K/carnitine can react *ith #ome o% the e>ce## )oAS5 group# that accu/ mulate during #trenou# e>erci#e, thereby producing acetylcarnitine. :hi# lo*er# the )oAS51)oA ratio, *hich in turn activate# the en!yme PD5. PD5 cau#e# #ome pyruvate to be converted to )oAS5 a# oppo#ed to lactic acid. Ke## lactic acid can mean delayed %atigue. 'urther, K/ carnitine react# *ith the e>ce## )oAS51)oA group# to %orm acetylcarnitine ?green arro*C, %ree )oA i# relea#ed. 'ree )oA i# nece##ary %or continuou# operation o% the 7reb# cycle. Moreover,#timulating PD5 enhance# %lo* through the 7reb# cycle@ a# a con#e;uence, ma>imum o>ygen capacity ?the capacity %or aerobicregeneration o% adeno#ine tripho#phateC i# increa#ed. :ogether *ith a decrea#ed re#piratory ;uotient ?the ;uotient o% e>haled )$8 e;uivalent# per inhaled $8C, thi# can mean increa#ed e>erci#e per%ormance. )oA, coen!yme@ )oAS5, )oAS5, acetyl coen!yme A@ )P:, carnitine palmi/ toyltran#%era#e@ PD5, pyruvate d ehydrogena#e.
The 8un#tion that has been in/estigated most thooughly s#ienti8i#ally is the #anitine3 de"endenttans"ot o8 8atty a#ids though the inne mito#hondial membane$ >ther
esta#lished functions ofL-carnitine are the preseration of mem#rane integrit"+ the sta#ilization of a ph"siologic coenz"me % &Co%( acet"l-Co% &co%S6( ratio in mitochondria+ and the reduction of lactate pro- duction' !
The inta#ellula homeostasis o8 #anitine is #ontolled by di88eent membane tans"otes$ The ogani# #ation tans"otes 09TNs1! in "ati#ula 9TN*! "hysiologi#ally the most im"otant!o"eate on intestinal abso"tion and enal eabso"tion o8 %3#anitine and "lay a ma)o ole in tissue distibution and /aia3 tions in tans"ot ates$
;%E = 9A;NITINE IN =AT META5%ISM %3#anitine "lays an im"otant ole in 8at metabolism$ In the o/enight38asted state! duing the esting state! and duing ee#ise o8 lo& to modeate intensity! long#hain 8atty a#ids e"esent u" to 7+ o8 the enegy sou#es$ The best des#ibed 8un#tion o8 %3#anitine is in its ole as a #o8a#to o8 #anitine! a#yltans8eases tans"oting long3#hain 8atty a#ids a#oss the mito#hondial inne membane$ *, In the absen#e o8 %3#anitine! the inne mito#hondial membane &ould be im"emeable to long3#hain 8atty a#ids and 8atty a#yl3 9oA estes$ n#e inside the mito#hondia!these #om"ounds #an be degaded to a#ety l39oA though a "o#ess kno&n as oidation$ 9anitinealso "lays a de#isi/e ole in maintaining the a#etyl 9oA(9oA atio in the #ell$ >uing high3intensity ee#ise! thee is a lage "odu#tion o8 a#etyl39oA$ This in#ease in tun inhibits the "yu/ate dehydogenase 0P>H1 #om"le and edu#es
8lu though the P>H #om"le$ ** As a #onseuen#e!a#etyl39oA gi/es ise to la#tate$ A#etyl39oA ea#ts &ith 8ee #anitine to 8om a#etyl3#anitine and9oA$
Carnitine therefore ma" supress the accumulation of lactic acid+
there#"
enhancing
high-intensit"
e0ercise performance' This has been #on8imed in se/eal studies! &hi#h ae summaiBed in Table I$ ;esults 8om a "ilot study in "atients &ith the human immuno3 de8i#ien#y /ius e#ei/ing nu#leoside analog thea"y ha/e sug3 gested that %3#anitine may be hel"8ul 8o "atients &ho ha/e nu#leoside analogelated la#ti# a#idosis &ith blood la#tate
le/els
highe than ,+mM(%$*2 Sweene" et al',9 showed that addition of
L-
carnitine ma" improe the ?ualit" of platelet concentratesthat are stored #e"ond d #" proiding #etter p6 preseration+ less glucose consumption+ and less lactategeneration'
Histoi#ally! skeletal mus#le &as seen mainly as the site o8 la#tate "odu#tion duing #onta#tion! and la#tate "odu#tion &as asso#iated &ith insu88i#ient mus#le oygenation and #onseuently 8atigue$ %ate! it &as e#ogniBed that skeletal mus#les not only "lay an im"otant ole in la#tate"odu#tion but also in la#tate #leaan#e! and this im"o/ed undestanding has led to a ene&ed inteest in the metaboli# 8ate o8 la#tate in skeletal mus#le and othe tissues$ Ta#ing studies using adioa#ti/e labeled la#tate ha/e sho&n that skeletal mus#le eta#ts la#tate 8om the #i#ulation des"ite a substantial net la#tate elease! and that skeletal mus#le has a lage #a"a#ity 8o la#tate oidation these "o#esses ae enhan#ed &ith ee#ise$
>i"oskan oleh M$ Misba#hul Muni di ,6$+: