WOL]NIFC 47 RPMWCN]ËÇC\ WmkuefiAism
GT-GML 049? Gcegursc piri c Gcrpc fm Mekmejmorcs fi Liroeji fc @rison
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 49 ]l mekmejmorc gcestruoré uli lirquosm ml gcegrmtc fm
6,4 fm gclprolmetc m gcl
uli lurmti fm inturi J ei sui mxtrmlofifm. Gcesofmrm i lirquosm gclc uli voki solpnmslmetm mekistifi. C litmroin gcestotuoetm fi lurmti oetrcfuzoré uli girki gcegmetrifi ei mxtrmlofifm fi lirquosm fm
0,4 piri gifi lmtrc fm inturi fi
lurmti. Gcesofmriefc qum i lirquosm eçc mstiré frmeifi (cu smhi, pcfm igulunir ékui) m qum i oetmraigm metrm i nihm m i voki fm gcegrmtc sc`rm i quin tin nihm msté ipcoifi supcrti ul lclmetc anmtcr léxolc emkitovc fm
74 , rmspcefi8
;4 . . m ul msacrëc gcrtietm léxolc fm
i) Yuin i léxoli inturi qum i lurmti pcfm tmr gisc i lirquosm aoqum megjirgifi3 (6 pcetcs) `) Yuin i ecvi inturi léxoli fi lurmti gisc c vçc iulmetm piri pcetcs) Fifcs8 Fmsgcesofmrm c pmsc pr÷proc fi nihm fi lirquosm.
é < 94 bE/l· PMWCN]ËÇC8 q
< , ∟
I
< ∟ < ,∟ ⁆ i) 6,4 `) 1,4
1,4 3 (6
i)
∙ < ∟ ∟ + ∟ < < ∟ + ∟ < ∟ é < ∟ <
Wmefc
←
é < ≍ ,
←
é < ≍ ,
< + ∟ ∟ < Wmefc
é < ∟
Gclc i acrëi gcrtietm ï lios grìtogi, i inturi léxoli qum i lurmti lu rmti pcfmré tmr ï fm
`)
4,;9 .
∙ < ∟ ∟ + ∟ < < ∟ + ∟ < ∟ ≍ , é < <
< ∟ + ∟ ∟ < Wmefc é < ←
é < ≍ ,
Gclc c lclmetc anmtcr ï lios grìtogc, i inturi léxoli qum i lurmti pcfm tmr ï fm .
4,71
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 40 C moxc msqumlitozifc i smkuor, fm smëçc triesvmrsin gorgunir m foàlmtrc okuin i 74 ll, msté su`lmtofc äs girkis ecrlin m fm tcrqum oefogifis ei aokuri.
I pirtor fcs fifcs acremgofcs, gcestrui c gìrgunc fm Lcjr rmnitovc ic mstifc pniec fm tmesýms ic quin c pcetc „T“, ei supmraìgom fc moxc, msté su`lmtofc, oefogiefc cs vincrms
fis tmesýms proegopios (9 m 0 ) m i léxoli tmesçc fm gosinjilmetc ( é ). A÷rlunis8
(piri tcrëçc)
(piri anmxçc)
PMWCN]ËÇC8 ]li vmz qum i mstruturi msté su`lmtofi i msacrëcs fm triëçc ueofolmesoceios m msacrëc fm gosinjilmetc fmvofc ä triëçc, pcfm-sm rmprmsmetir c pcetc T pmnc smkuoetm mnmlmetc oeaoeotmsolin.
←
<
Fi smëçc triesvmrsin gorgunir, tml-sm8
<
∟ ,
< ,
< < <
é
é
,
+
∟ < , ⁆
<
∟
é <
<
∟ ,
< ,
, ∟ ∟ ⁆ ,
< , ⁆ <
Nckc, c mstifc pniec fm tmesýms pcfm smr rmprmsmetifc pcr8
, ,
(,2∐,) (2,)
,
, ,
( + ℅é )
•
Gìrgunc fm Lcjr8
é
(2,) 2,)
4
(,2 ,2 ∐, ∐,))
é ∐
<
, ∐
< , ⁆
< , + ,
←
< + < , ⁆
< ∐ < ∐, ⁆
é < ¹ < ¹, ⁆
< , ⁆
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 47 Gcesofmrm i smkuoetm krmnji oscstétogi8
i) Fmtmrloem cs foikrilis fm msacrëc gcrtietm, lclmetc anmtcr m lclmetc tcrëcr fmsti mstruturi (7 pcetcs) `) Gcesofmriefc qum is smëýms triesvmrsios fm tcfis is `irris fi mstruturi smrçc okuios m gorgunirms, fmtmrloem c lìeolc foàlmtrc qum i smëçc fmvmré tmr sm, piri mstm litmroin, ,ç < 0,4 0,4 /° /° m ,ëç < 4,: 4,: / /°°. Ifctm oegrmlmetcs fm = gl piri mspmgoaogir i smëçc (0 pcetcs) g) Fmtmrloem c ecvc foàlmtrc lìeolc fi smëçc gisc ,é < 4,0= 4,0= /° /° (7 pcetcs)
A÷rlunis8
(piri tcrëçc)
(piri anmxçc)
ì < (gcl fostàegoi i pirtor fc gmetrc)
PMWCN]ËÇC8 94 @ 94
M G
I
F V L
∙ < i) ∙ < ∙ <
+
94
< < ∟ < ∟ < ∟
+
-
04
∟
04
64
94
∟
+
4
4
04
-
04
04
94
+
`) Wmëçc gcl léxolc lclmetc anmtcr (grìtogc)8 64,4 ∟ Wmëçc gorgunir8 < , nckc smré grìtogc m fmvmré nolotir i smëçc. é,
f
é, <
∟
é,
∟ <
,<
←
∟ ∟
,<
←
∟ ∟ ∟
<
∟ ,∟
< , Nckc, ifctiefc smëçc fm < 64 , < 90=117,; ,
∟ é, < < , ⁆ , ,
g) Emssm gisc, fmvm-sm gclpcr c msacrëc fm gosinjilmetc cgcrrofc fmvofc ä acrëi gcrtietm m fmvofc ic lclmetc tcrëcr. Ei smëçc gorgunir gjmoi, ei smëçc fc ipcoc8
∟ < ∟
←
∟ < ≩ ⁆ ∟
é
∟∛
<
∟
<
<
⏕ ∟ < ∟ <
∟ < ≍ ⁆ ∟ ∟
< , ≦
+
f (gl)
64 6= =4
4,76 4,06 -
Nckc, smré emgmsséroc iulmetir i smëçc piri < 6= piri qum eçc rclpi pcr gosinjilmetc.
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 46 Gcesofmrm ul ponir voegunifc fm igcrfc gcl i aokuri i smkuor m rmspcefi ic qum sm pmfm8
i) Gingunm i rizçc metrm is folmesýms „`“ m „j“ fm acrli qum i girki fm anil`ikml smhi i léxoli pcssìvmn (6 pcetcs) `) Fmtmrloem, piri i érmi gingunifi ec otml „i“, i rizçc fi rmsostèegoi metrm msti smëçc rmtiekunir m uli smëçc gorgunir fm lmsli érmi (6 pcetcs)
Fifcs8
< < ℅·⁆90 < ℅·⁆90 < ⁆16
Girki grìtogi fm anil`ikml fm Munmr8
Lclmetc fm Oeïrgoi fc rmtàekunc8 Lclmetc fm Oeïrgoi fc gìrgunc8
PMWCN]ËÇC8
< , ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟∟∟ < < ← < (, ) < , ∟
i) Tiri c pniec
Lclmetc fm oeïrgoi ml tcrec fm z
,
< ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟∟∟ < < ← < < ∟ < < ∟∟∟ ← ∟ < ∟ ,∟∟∟ ∟ ∟ , , < ← < , ← < ∘ , <, <, Tiri c pniec
,
.
8
Tiri girki fm anil`ikml léxoli pcssìvmn,
0
Nckc, piri
0
, i girki grìtogi fm anil`ikml anil`ikm l ï i léxoli pcssìvmn
piri mssm mnmlmetc mstruturin.
`) Tiri i smëçc gorgunir, c lclmetc fm oeïrgoi ï okuin ml tcfis is formëýms,
< ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟∟∟ ← < < ∟
smefc c pniec grìtogc fm anil`ikml, pcrtietc, c pniec
∟ < Ec gisc i,
, gcl
∟∟∟ (, ∟∟ ) , < , ← < < , ∟ Wmefc i érmi fm smëçc gorgunir okuin i fi rmtiekunir.
.
∟ ∟∟ ∟∟ ∟, ∟, ∟ ∟< ← < ∘ < ∘ < , Issol,
( ) ∟∟∟ , , ∟∟ < < , ,
Nckc,
∟∟ < , < , <, , ∟∟ , , , Tcrtietc, emssm gisc, i smëçc rmtiekunir ï mstruturinlmetm fc qum i smëçc gorgunir.
=4 %
lios maogometm
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 4= I voki `oipcoifi fm 94 l fm gclprolmetc mstiré su`lmtofi i uli girki l÷vmn gclpcsti fc trml-topc fmlcestrifc ei aokuri i`ioxc8
Gcesofmriefc qum eçc jé girki fm luntofçc emstm trml-topc m c pmsc pr÷proc pcfm smr gcesofmrifc fmsprmzìvmn, fmtmrloem8 i) C lclmetc emkitovc léxolc ic quin i voki pcfmré mstir su`lmtofi (9 pcetc) `) C lclmetc pcsotovc léxolc ic quin i voki pcfmré mstir su`lmtofi (0 pcetcs) g) I mevcnt÷roi fm msacrëcs gcrtietms fi voki, ginguniefc cs vincrms eis smëýms I, @, G, F, M m A (= pcetcs)
PMWCN]ËÇC8 Tiri rmscnuëçc fcs otmes i m `, pcfm-sm fmtmrloeir is noejis fm oeanuèegoi fm lclmetc ml @ (piri lclmetc emkitovc léxolc) m F (lclmetc pcsotovc léxolc). Iquo, pcrïl, i girki ipmeis smré pcsogoceifi ei gceaokuriëçc lios fmsaivcrévmn m c mquonì`roc smré amotc.
i) Tiri mssm gisc, pcsogocei-sm c trml-topc gcl i girki fm
944 ml @, c`tmefc8 < ∟ < ∟
044 ml I m
044
944 0,4
Emsti pcsoëçc, tcfi i voki scnogotifi pcr lclmetc emkitovc, smefc c vincr léxolc ei smëçc @.
`) ]li vmz qum eçc jé oeanuèegoi fc `inieëc piri mstm trml-topc, pcfm-sm pcsogoceir i girki l÷vmn ecs pcetcs F pcetcs F
(044 ) m G (944 ) ← 944
I
@
∙ <
(044 ) m M (944 ) cu ecs
girki l÷vmn mspmnjifi.
044
G
←
F
M
A
( ∟ ) (∟) ( ∟ ) <
< Emsti pcsoëçc, c trmgjc I@ tml lclmetc eunc m c trmgjc @A tml lclmetc pcsotovc, smefc c léxolc vincr ml F m okuin i
=44 ∟ .
g) Tiri i mevcnt÷roi, gcestrcml-sm cs NO fm msacrëc gcrtietm ml gifi pcetc cu, intmreitovilmetm, gingunil-sm cs vincrms fcs msacrëcs gcrtietms piri gifi smëçc issuloefc uli pcsoëçc fc trml-topc.
9
4
9 4,0= 4,0=
4
4
4
4
+ < ∐ <∟∟<
4
4
4
4
+ < ∐ <∟∟< ∐ < + <∟,∟<
9
∐ <,∟< + <,∟,∟<
4,0= 4,;= 4,=4
4,0=
∐ <,∟,∟< + <,∟,∟<
4,=4 4,;=
4,0=
4,0=
∐ <,∟,∟< + <,∟< 9
4,0=
∐ <∟,∟< + <,∟<
Mev.
044 0;=
044
+
-
=4 744
90=
90=
=4
044
0;=
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 41
04% =4,7
]li nili, gcetmefc
fm pmsc ml s÷nofcs, ï gcncgifi ml ul rmsmrvit÷roc piri i
9,9=7 /· ωékui < 9,9,4 / /··
fmpcsoëçc fm s÷nofcs. I lissi mspmgìaogi fi nili ï
. Ip÷s smfolmetiëçc
tctin, uli ilcstri oefmacrlifi fc smfolmetc ï rmtorifi, tmefc ul vcnulm fm
7=,6 ·
m lissi fm
. Ip÷s smgikml ml mstuai, mstuai , i ilcstri toeji lissi fm
I pirtor fis oeacrliëýms gotifis m gcesofmriefc
, fmtmrloem8
i) I lissi mspmgìaogi fcs krçcs gcetofcs ei nili (0 pcetcs) `) C ìefogm fm vizocs fc smfolmetc (0 pcetcs) g) C ìefogm fm vizocs fi nili (6 pcetcs)
PMWCN]ËÇC8
i) Fc mesioc fm smgikml gcl i ilcstri smfolmetifi, aiz-sm8 aiz- sm8
<< ,,∐ , < , ← < , < , ∐ , < , ÷ < < ,,, < , ⁆ Gcesofmriefc situriëçc tctin (nili).
Nckc,
`) Tiri c smfolmetc,
< < ,,, <,
00,=
.
04 % 9444 < ← 4 < , < , } < ← < <, ⁆ ← ,< < 4 < , < < < , <,
g) Tiri i nili, uli vmz qum msti pcssuo
fm pmsc fm s÷nofc ml
fm ilcstri8
Nili ï siturifi!
Issol,
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 4; Tiri c pmraon fm scnc fmlcestrifc i smkuor, ms`cgm c foikrili fm tmesýms tctios, mamtovis m pcrcprmssçc piri cs smkuoetms giscs8
i) Wcnc ml mstifc oeogoin, gcl supmraìgom fc tmrrmec ei gcti 4,4 (sml itmrrc) m eìvmn f‟ékui iancrietm (7 pcetcs) `) Nmeëcn armétogc rm`ioxifc piri i gcti ∐7,4 m itmrrc fm 0,4 gcestruìfc sc`rm c tmrrmec eiturin (= pcetcs)
/· Fifc8 é < 94 /·
PMWCN]ËÇC8
< ‰ +
←
i)
‰
4
-6
-;
‰ ‰
Gclc c eìvmn f‟ f ‟ékui msté ei gcti 4, tcfis is gilifis mstçc su`lmrsis, gcl
< ∐ Issol,
< ∟ < ⁆ ‰ < ( ∐ ) ∟ < ⁆ < + < ⁆
< ∟ < ⁆ ‰ < ‰ + ( ∐ ) ∟ < + < ⁆ < + < ⁆
`) Tiri c eìvmn f‟ f‟ékui ei gcti ∐7,4 , c trmgjc fc tcpc fc itmrrc itï i irkoni irk oni lïfoi ilirmni m c trmgjc fm 4 i ∐7,4 fi irkoni lïfoi ilirmni eçc mstirçc su`lmrscs (pcrcprmssçc euni) m cs trmgjcs fm ∐7,4 i ∐6,4 m
∐6,4 i ∐;,4 mstirçc su`lmrscs. Issol, ginguni-sm8 0 4
-7 -6
-;
‰ ‰
‰ ‰ ‰
< < ‰ < ∟ < ⁆ < < ‰ < + ∟ < ⁆ < ∟ < ⁆ ‰ < ‰ + ( ∐ ) ∟ < ⁆ < + < ⁆ < ∟ < ⁆ ‰ < ‰ + ( ∐ ) ∟ < ⁆ < + < ⁆
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 4: Gcesofmrm cs fcos pmrlmàlmtrcs msqumlitozifcs i smkuor. C pmrlmàlmtrc 9 tml cs scncs 9 m 0 fospcstcs fm acrli pirinmni, mequietc c pmrlmàlmtrc 0 tml cs lmslcs scncs fospcstcs ml sïrom.
Wm i érmi triesvmrsin fm il`cs cs pmrlmàlmtrcs ï okuin i 9,4 °, m cs gcmaogometms fm
94∐6 piri c scnc 9 m < pmrlmi`onofifm jofréunogi sçc okuios i < = 94 = 94∐ piri c scnc 0, gingunm8 i) Tiri c pmrlmàlmtrc 9, i vizçc fm pmrgcniëçc m is prmssýms emutris ecs p cetcs @ m G (6 pcetcs) `) Tiri c pmrlmàlmtrc 0, i vizçc fm pmrgcniëçc m is prmssýms emutris ecs pcetcs G m F (6 pcetcs)
/· Fifc8 é < 94 /· PMWCN]ËÇC8 Gisc 9
Gisc 0 I
7
@
0 scnc
0 9
9
0 F
I @ Wcnc 9
scnc
G
9 Pmamrèegoi
7
EI
G Wcnc 0
F
EI
i) Gisc 98
∁ < ∁
←
∟ < ∟
< + < ∟ ∟ + ∟ ∟ < ∟ ∟
<
←
← ←
< < ( + ) ∟ ∟
< , ∟ ∐ ∟ , ∟ < , ∟ ∐ ⁆
∁ < < , ⁆
Nckc, emssm gisc, < ,
<
, ∟ < < ,
< + < , Gclc ∁ ï gcestietm ic ncekc fc pmrlmàlmtrc, pmrlmàlmtr c, < ∁ ∟
< , R(, ⁆) ∟ \ < , Gclc, < , , < , , < , m
< ∟ < , ⁆
`) Gisc 08 ∁ < , < ∁ + ∁
< ∟ ∟
←
< ∟ ∟ < ∟ ∟
←
∟ < ∟
<
∟
∁ < ∟ ∁ < ∟ ∁ < ∟ + ∟ Fm
+ < ,
ml 8
< ,
<
← , < ∟ + ∟ ←
←
, ∟ + <
< , ⁆ ,
< , ⁆ Nckc,
< ∟ ∐ ∟ , ∟ ≍ , ∟ ∐ ⁆ m
< ,
< , ←
∁ < ∟ < , ←
< ,
< , , < ,
< , ← < , , < , ← < , ⁆ < , ∁ < ∟ < , , ← < , , < , ←
< ,
< ⁆
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC 4? ]l mekmejmorc fmsmhi prchmtir uli auefiëçc risi piri uli mfoaogiëçc qum mstiré issmetifi sc`rm scnc irmecsc. Tiri c géngunc fi gipigofifm fm girki fi sipiti, c mekmejmorc megcetri c smkuoetm kréaogc, qum gcrrmnigocei i gclpigofifm rmnitovi fc scnc irmecsc gcl c ml`utolmetc rmnitovc fi sipiti ec scnc (prcauefofifm fi sipiti ml rmniëçc gcl is folmesýms ml pnieti fi sipiti)8
G @ I
Wi`mefc qum cs lcfcs fm rupturi fm uli sipiti ml scnc irmecsc sçc „Kmrin“, „Ncgin“ m „Tuegoceilmetc“, rmspcefi8
i) Gcrrmnigocem cs lcfcs fm rupturi gotifcs gcl is rmkoýms fc kréaogc iprmsmetifc (7 pcetcs)2 `) Foamrmegom i rupturi „Kmrin“ fi rupturi pcr „Tuegoceilmetc“, mxpnogiefc c lmgieoslc aìsogc qum kirietm i msti`onofifm fi auefiëçc itï c lclmetc fi rupturi (= pcetcs)
PMWCN]ËÇC8 i) Lcfc fm Pupturi „I“8 Pupturi pcr Tuegoceilmetc Lcfc fm Pupturi „@“8 Pupturi Ncgin Lcfc fm Pupturi „G“8 Pupturi Kmrin
`) Gceacrlm ï pcssìvmn c`smrvir fc kréaogc iprmsmetifc ei qumstçc, i rupturi kmrin cgcrrm ml scncs irmecscs fm liocr gclpigofifm rmnitovi m lmecr ml`utolmetc. Issol, scncs lios gclpigtcs, qum kmrinlmetm acremgml liocrms gipigofifms fm girki, pcssuml i acrli fm rupturi lios gitistr÷aogi m sø`oti. I rupturi kmrin sm iprmsmeti ip÷s i acrliëçc fm uli supmraìgom fm rctiëçc (fmsnozilmetc) gcetìeui, qum sm mstmefm fi `ism fi auefiëçc itï i supmraìgom fc tmrrmec. Is guejis fm scnc i`ioxc fi auefiëçc, qum acremgml gipigofifm fm girki itrivïs fc itrotc scnc-scnc, itoekml c nolotm fi sui gipigofifm tiekmegoin, giusiefc rctiëýms sø`otis m fm kriefms folmesýms.
ACEVM8 Ipcstoni „Auefiëýms Formtis“, ]eovmrsofifm Amfmrin fc Gmiré
Hé i rupturi pcr Tuegoceilmetc cgcrrm piri scncs lios fmacrlévmos, qum pmrlotml liocrms rmginqums, cu piri auefiëýms risis gcl liocr ml`utolmetc, tcreiefc i supmraìgom tiekmegoin fi gueji fm scnc liocr m, pcrtietc, gcl liocr gipigofifm. Emssm gisc, c mnmlmetc fm auefiëçc „iauefi“ su`otilmetm, fmvofc ä gclprmssçc mxgmssovi fis pirtìgunis fm scnc
i`ioxc fi auefiëçc risi. Mssi rupturi eçc giusi rctiëýms, smefc lmecs fmvistifcri qum i rupturi Kmrin.
ACEVM8 Goetri ‗ Goetri ‗ Auefiëýms Auefiëýms Formtis8 Trchmtc Kmctïgeogc
WOL]NIFC 47 ‗ Y]MWVÇC Y]MWVÇC 94 Fmsmhi-sm gclpigtir ul itmrrc gcl fm
?1%
944.4440%·
m c tmcr fm ulofifm fmsmhifc ï fm
. C Kriu fm Gclpigtiëçc fmsmhifc ï
i`ioxc fi ulofifm ÷toli.
Tiri uli ilcstri fm scnc gcnmtifi ei hizofi fospceìvmn, cs vincrms fc mesioc fm gclpigtiëçc c`tofcs acril cs smkuoetms8
w%
94,6
90,1
96,=
91,0
9;,;
ωs (k/gl·)
9,11
9,;9
9,;6
9,;0
9,11
Tiri i lmsli hizofi, acril fmtmrloeifcs cs piràlmtrcs eiturios fm ìefogm fm vizocs
( < 9,4:)
m tmcr fm ulofifm eiturin
(:%)
.
I pirtor fcs fifcs acremgofcs, fmtmrloem8 i) I lissi mspmgìaogi smgi léxoli m c tmcr fm ulofifm ÷tolc fmstm scnc (7 pcetcs) `) C vcnulm fm tmrri i smr msgivifc fi hizofi piri i gcestruëçc fc itmrrc (7 pcetcs) g) C vcnulm fm ékui i smr ifogoceifc ec itmrrc piri itoekor i ulofifm fmsmhifi (0 pcetcs) Fifc8
÷ < 0;,4 /· /·
PMWCN]ËÇC8
i) Tcfm-sm gcestruor i gurvi fm gclpigtiëçc
itrivïs fcs fifcs acremgofcs8
( Û )
iutclitogilmetm
⁆ é ≍, ÷ < , %
9,;1
9,;6 9,;0 9,;4 9,1: 9,11 9,16 94
90
96
91
9:
?1 % <9,;60∟4,?1≍ 96,: ∐ 0 < 90,: %
`) ]li vmz qum c KG fmsmhifc ï fm
,
9,1; ⁆ < 0; ⁆ < ⁆ < <, ∟<, <, ∟ <, < ← < < < < , , < < , , , =7 ?76, 6, : < =7?7 + é <,< < .
C tmcr fm ulofifm fmsmhifc ï fm
Tiri
.
, tml-sm ec itmrrc8
Tiri
Nckc,
Fi hizofi eiturin, piri c`tmr
, prmgosilcs fm8
<,< é +é÷ ← , +,< < ,, < ,, < , ∟ < , < + ← < , , <,+,+,<, Nckc,
g) Fcs rmsuntifcs fc otml `,
< , } < ∐ < < ,
