Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa

SINTAXE SINT AXE DA LÍNGUA INGL ESA Prof a. Ana Cláudia Pozo Griecco

SUMÁRIO APRESENTAÇÃO

5

INTRODUÇÃO

7

UNIDADE 1

1

TÉCNICAS DE LEITURA 1.1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS

9

1.2. VERB TO BE

13

1.3. ARTICLES

18

1.4. THERE TO BE

21

1.5. POSSESSIVES

25

UNIDADE 2

2

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

37

2.1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

37

2.2. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

43

2.3. PREPOSITIONS I

47

2.4. ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES

50

UNIDADE 3

9

3

WH – QUESTIONS OR QUESTIONS WORDS

65

3.1. WH – QUESTIONS OR QUESTIONS WORDS

65

3.2. FUTURE TENSES

68

3.2.1. FUTURE WTH ‘WILL ‘WILL’’

69

3.2.2. FUTURE WITH ‘GOING TO’

70

3.3. SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE

74

3.4. SIMPLE PAST - THERE TO BE

78

UNIDADE 4

4

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

87

4.1. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

87

4.2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

94

4.2.1. REGULAR VERBS 4.3. IRREGULAR VERBS 4.4. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

94 97 102

APÊNDICES - LIST OF MOST COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS

117

REFERÊNCIAS

121

APRESENTAÇÃO Be all welcome! Bem-vindo(a) à disciplina Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa! Este livro didático foi elaborado especialmente para você, aluno(a) do curso de Letras da Universidade Braz Cubas, que necessitará de conhecimentos básicos e intermediários da Língua Inglesa uma vez no mercado de trabalho, em sala de aula, com seus próprios alunos. Aprender a ensinar as estruturas da língua é praticar a própria língua, é fazer exercícios, interpretar textos, ampliar o vocabulário. Este material concentra as estruturas mais elementares e intermediárias e, ao final desse percurso, você deverá estar apto a produzir enunciados competentemente. O material está dividido em quatro unidades. Cada unidade contém a explicação com exemplos, de pontos gramaticais específicos, básicos e intermediários da Língua Inglesa. Em seguida, exercícios que contextualizam a gramática apresentada, para a prática e fixação dos conteúdos. Ao final de cada UNIT, há outra seção que chamaremos de KEY, na qual você encontrará os padrões de respostas para todos os exercícios. Assim, poderá ele mesmo se avaliar e ser ainda mais responsável pela construção de seu próprio conhecimento. Você também encontrará, ao final do livro didático, uma lista de verbos irregulares, para que possa utilizar como consulta. Agora é só começar! Let´s go! Keep up the good work and have fun with English! Professora Ana Cláudia Pozo Griecco

INTRODUÇÃO Pronto para começar? Mas antes, vamos a uma pergunta: você sabe o que é Sintaxe da Língua Inglesa? Sintaxe é a parte da língua que explora a maneira que o falante organiza e relaciona as partes de uma sentença. É o estudo das relações que as palavras estabelecem entre si e das relações que cada período estabelece com outros períodos. Então, para se estudar a Sintaxe, não só da Língua Inglesa, mas de qualquer outra língua, é imprescindível que conheçamos a gramática dessa língua, e como os elementos se estruturam entre si. Há muitas regras e vamos estudar cada uma delas. E você, futuro professor(a) de Língua Inglesa e Língua Portuguesa deve internalizar essas regras, saber usá-las e ensiná-las competentemente. Tudo o que você precisa é de um bom dicionário, e muito boa vontade! É importante lembrá-lo(a) que as teleaulas são de suma importância para que nosso trabalho seja concluído com sucesso! Então, não deixe de assisti-las, pois nossos materiais se completam e só funcionarão com sucesso se forem trabalhados mutuamente. Não deixe de utilizar todos os recursos que disponibilizamos para você, nosso aluno! Assim, com certeza alcançaremos o sucesso pretendido! Começamos nosso material com a gramática básica da Língua Inglesa – verbo to be, pronomes, artigos etc. Em seguida, daremos início à gramática intermediária – simple present, present continuous, simple past etc. Exercícios práticos e estruturais estão relacionados para fixação dos conteúdos e das regras. E lembre-se: há respostas padrão para todos eles, assim você poderá acompanhar de perto sua evolução! Então, espero você lá! Professora Ana Cláudia Pozo Griecco

UNIDADE 1

1

TÉCNICAS DE LEITURA OBJETIVOS DA UNIDADE  • Apresentar as estruturas gramaticais básicas e intermediárias, a fim de  se desenv olver as hab ilid ades e compe tê ncias necessárias à compr ee nsão e produção de textos e enunciados em Língua Inglesa.

HABILIDADES E COMPETÊNCIAS  • Domínio das estruturas gramaticais básicas da língua inglesa apropria da aos níveis elementar e intermediário; • Leitura, interpretação e produção de pequenos textos e enunciados de natureza simples.

1.1.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Os PERSONAL PRONOUNS   são os pronomes pessoais em Inglês. Eles

representam

as

pessoas,

e estão divididos em: SUBJECTIVE

PRONOUNS e OBJECTIVES PRONOUS. Os SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS  são usados como SUJEITO da oração. Aquele que pratica a ação. Observe:

I am a teacher. You are a student. She is a good girl. Perceba que SUBJECT PRONOUN é posicionado sempre antes de um verbo:

Chris is not at home. He is at work now. Susan is a doctor. She is brilliant! Computers are not cheap. They are expensive. O pronome IT merece uma atenção especial, uma vez que não temos um correspondente em Português. Além de ser usado para falar das coisas, dos objetos e dos animais, também usamos  IT para falar: •

Das horas – IT IS TEN O’CLOCK NOW.

•

Dos dias da semana – IT IS MONDAY.

•

Do clima/ tempo – IT IS SUNNY. / IT IS COLD.

•

Das distâncias – IT IS 2 MILES TO THE TOWN CENTRE. Os OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS, por sua vez, representam o OBJETO, que pode ser

DIRETO ou INDIRETO. Observe:

Martin loves her.

I want to talk to you.

Give me themoney!

Perceba que ele é posicionado sempre depois do verbo ou depois de uma

preposição. There is Carmen. Let’s talk to her.

That is my friend Bob. I live near him.

Let’s do some exercises now. 1.

Sublinhe a alternativa correta.

Model:

We / Us go to the club every weekend. My mother drives we/  us there.

a.

Can you help I/ me?

b.

My brother is a doctor. He/ him is a great surgeon.

c.

What is wrong with they/ them?

d.

That is Susan, Julio’s girlfriend. He/ him loves she/ her.

e.

Dad’s car isn’t here. It/ its in the garage.

2.

Substitua as palavras em negrito pelos SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Model: My father is doing his work. He is doing his work.

a.

The girls are studying English now.

b.

The lawyer is talking to his daughter.

c.

My sister and I are teachers.

d.

The dogs are barking a lot today!

e.

You and your brother must be in class on time.

3.

Agora, substitua as palavras em negrito por OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Model: The teacher is teaching her students. The teacher is teaching them.

a.

These bags belong to Paul and Bill.

b.

Mr.. Jones is talking to his son. Mr

c.

My mother always gives my sister and I presents.

d.

At Christmas, my grandparents always buy my sister a gift.

e.

I need to repair my bicycle.

4.

Complete o texto com os SUBJECTIVE  ou OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Hi, my name is Susan. ___ I ___ ___ (a) am 25 years old. My family lives in San Diego, California. ________ (b) have a brother called Simon and a sister called Sophia. ___We____ (c) live in a big house. ________ (d) has 3 bedrooms. My sister and ________ (e) like jogging. ________ (f) go jogging every night after work. Our personal instructor always helps ________ (g) and controls our  jogging time. _________ (h) ( h) is tiring, but ________ (i) ( i) have fun too.

1.2.

VERB TO BE

O verbo to Be é um dos verbos mais utilizados na Língua Inglesa. Ingl esa. É considerado um verbo especial, e pode se s e apresentar de três maneiras no SIMPLE SIMPL E PRESENT (presente simples): AM – IS – ARE. Cada um dos Subjects Pronouns tem o seu verbo to be correspondente. Observe: Usa-se o Verbo to Be: •

Para identificar e descrever pessoas e objetos. I am from The United States. It is a door. They are my friends Carol and Jack. He is a student.

•

Nas expressões de tempo e lugar. It is cold today.

•

You are in London.

Nas expressões de idade. I am 40 years old.

Tim is 28 years old.

Para formar sentenças NEGATIVAS NEGATIVAS ou INTERROGATIVAS INTERROGATIVAS com o verbo to be, basta movimentar o verbo, ou seja, não é necessário neces sário nenhum verbo auxiliar. O próprio verbo to be vai transformar trans formar orações or ações AFIRMA AFI RMATIVAS TIVAS em NEGATIVAS NEGATIVAS ou INTERROGA I NTERROGATIVAS. TIVAS.

Observe como construímos NEGATIVE SENTENCES: - Affirmative sentence: He is a good student. - Negative sentence: He is not  a  a good student. - Negative contracted sentence: He isn’t a good student.

Para formar uma sentença negativa, basta acrescentar a palavra NOT imediatamente após o verbo to be. Ou se preferir, utilizar a forma contraída ISN’T. Então: IS NOT = ISN’T

ARE NOT = AREN’T AM NOT = Não há contração possível Agora, INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES: - Affirmative sentence: Carol is a nice girl. - Interrogative sentence: Is Carol a nice girl?

Observe que para construirmos sentenças interrogativas temos que inverter o SUJEITO e o VERBO. Carol is.../ Is Carol...? Have a look at the table below:

Podemos contrair também o SUBJECT PRONOUN e o VERBO TO BE:

Now, let’s work on it. 1. Escreva a contracted form. a. He is: _______________________________ b. She is: ______________________________ c. They are: ____________________________ d. You are: _____________________________ e. I am not: _____________________________ f. We are not: ___________________________ g. It is not: ______________________________ h. She is not: ____________________________

2. Complete com am, is or are. a. The weather ____is____ very nice today.

b. I________ not tired. c. This case ________ very heavy. d. These cases ________ very heavy. e. The dog _______ asleep. f. Look! There ________ Carol. g. I________ hot! Can you open the window? h. This castle ________one thousand years old. i. Carmen ________ hungry. Let’s eat a burger.  j. Mrs. Johnson and my mother ________ very good friends. k. This ________ the latest model keyboard. l. My mother and I ________ are teachers. 3. Escreve sentenças positivas ou negativas. Use o verb to be – am, is, are. Models: Paris/ capital of France. Paris is the capital of France .

I/ interested in baseball. I am not interested in baseball.

a.

I/ hungry _________________________________________________

b.

It/ warm today ____________________________________________

c.

Rome/ in Spain ___________________________________________

d.

I/ afraid of dogs ___________________________________________

e.

Canada/ a very big country __________________________________

f.

The Amazon/ in Africa ______________________________________

g.

Motor-racing/ a dangerous sport ______________________________

h.

Cats/ big animals __________________________________________

4. Responda as perguntas utilizando somente SHORT FORMS. Model: Are you married?

Is it dark now?

Yes, I am.

No, it isn’t.

a.

Are you tall? ______________________________________________

b.

Is it cold today? ___________________________________________

c.

Are you a teacher? ________________________________________

d.

Are you tired? ____________________________________________

e.

Are your hands cold? ______________________________________

f.

Are you hungry? __________________________________________

g.

Are you fat? ______________________________________________

h.

Is it sunny? ______________________________________________

5. Transforme as orações abaixo em NEGATIVAS e INTERROGATIVAS. Model: Affirmative: My brother is an engineer. Negative: My brother is not an engineer. Interrogative: Is my brother an engineer? 

a.

My eyes are green.

b.

My hair is long and straight.

c.

My favorite actor is Brad Pitt.

d.

It is freezing today.

e.

You are a great professional.

f.

Jane’s favorite color is blue.

6. Bill está em Bali. Complete o e-mail que ele enviou a seus amigos contando

as novidades. Use o verbo to Be. Hi, everyone! Guess where I ________ ? What a beautiful sunset! It ________ Matahari beach, in Bali.I ________ here for a week.It ________ hot and sunny. The food ________ great – lots of fish and seafood. But the waves ________ the best of all! They ________ up to 3 meters tall. And you, guys? ________ you ok? I hope so. My family _______ here with me and they send you best regards. See you soon! Love, Bill.

1.3.

ARTICLES Os artigos são palavras usadas sempre antes de um substantivo. Eles são

divididos em artigos definido e indefinido. Em inglês, são eles: THE/ AN or A. Vamos ver como são utilizados.

The Indefinite Article – A, AN •

A e AN (um/ uma) são usados: - antes de substantivos contáveis no singular. •

A boy, a house, an orange, an elephant. quando uma pessoa ou coisa é mencionada pela primeira vez. •

I have a dog and a cat. My dog is Rex and my cat is Fluffy. •

A é usado antes de palavras: no singular, iniciadas por consoantes. •

A dog a chair a friend a teacher iniciadas por h quando este for pronunciado. •

A horse a house a huge car a happy child iniciadas por vogais que tem sons de consoantes. •

A university (pronuncia-se “yuniversity”) a uniform (pronuncia-se “yuniform”) •

AN é usado antes palavras: no singular, iniciadas por vogais. •

An egg an eraser an animal an awful person -iniciadas por h quando este não for pronunciado. •

An hour

an honest person

an honor

•

AN ou A nunca serão usados antes de substantivos no plural ou diante de substantivos incontáveis.

Whales are big animals •

I need some sugar.

Usamos AN ou A para falar de profissões: My mother is a teacher.

Julia Robert is an actress.

The definite article – THE •

O artigo definido THE (o, a, os, as) é usado antes de substantivos: no singular ou plural, precedidos ou não por adjetivos: •

The girl the girls the pretty girl the pretty girls que se referem a uma pessoa ou coisa que já tenha sido mencionada anteriormente. Observe a diferença entre the e a/an: •

I need to take a bus. The bus is late, so I got late to work. que se referem a alguma coisa ou alguém, especificamente: •

The teacher is in her room correcting the tests. •

O artigo THE também é usado: antes de instrumentos musicais: •

The piano The flute The drums antes de lugares geográficos: •

The Amazon River The Americas locais públicos e nomes conhecidos: •

The bank the cinema The Madison Square Garden The Louvre Museum antes de coisas únicas: •

The sun The moon em algumas expressões de tempo: •

In the morning

In the afternoon

In the evening

LET’S PRACTICE!

1. Escreva a ou an. a. ________ book

g. ________economic problem

b. ________old book

h. ________ nice morning

c. ________ university

i. ________ hour

d. ________ drugstore

 j. ________ pretty dress

e. ________ airport

k. ________ awful accident

f. ________American restaurant

l. ________trumpet.

2. Encaixe as palavras nas colunas abaixo. EVALUATION – BREAD– HOUSES – COCKTAIL – ACCENT – BICYCLE HOUR – STUDENTS – EUROPEAN COUNTRY – ENGINEER – BOOK KID – USEFUL THINGS – MONEY - MAN

3. Complete as sentenças com a, an ou the. a. Mr. Wilson likes to play ________ guitar. b. There is ________ beautiful garden in front of _________ theater. c. London is ________ biggest city in England.

d. ________ Earth is becoming hotter and hotter. e. I play tennis in ________ morning. f. I like to go to ________ zoo to see ________ elephants. g. French is ________ difficult language. h. Do you want ________ orange or ________ apple?

4. Complete o texto sobre o Brasil. Use a, an ou  X   (quando o artigo não for necessário). ________Brazil is ________ huge country. In ________ north, there are ________ rain forests and ________ longest river is also situated there. In ________ south, ________ climate is more European. ________Brazil also has many social differences. ________ rich owns most of ________ country’s wealth and ________ poor often live on ________ minimum wage.

5. Encontre o erro e faça a correção. Model: I am going to a movies after work. I am going to the movies after work.

a. A Japanese flag is red and white.______________________________ b. There is the apple here. __________________________________ c. My best friend is the dentist. _______________________________ d. It is the difficult question. _________________________________ e. My brother is an director. _________________________________ f. I like to see a squirrels in the park. ____________________________ g. A bank is closed on Sundays. _____________________________ h. Look at a moon! It’s beautiful!______________________________

1.4.

THERE TO BE There is a cat on the roof.

There are seven days in a week.

O THERE TO BE é utilizado para falar de coisas que existem, de eventos ou

acontecimentos, ou mesmo de quantidade. Observe:

Look at the examples: There is a big tree in the garden. There’s  a good film on TV this evening.

Excuse me, is there a public toilet near here? There isn’t  any child at the park.  Are there new teachers here?

Let’s do some exercises!

1. Sublinhe a alternativa correta. Model: (Is there / are there) a taxi near here?

a. Are there/ Is there lots of students in your school? b. How many girls are there/ is there in your classroom? c. In my street, there are/ there is a huge square. d. There are/ there is ten tigers at the zoo. e. There aren’t/ there isn’t a football field near your house. f. There are/ there is many dogs on the streets. g. Are there/ is there something to eat at home? h. There are/ there is only one apple left.

2. Salesópolis é uma cidade pequena. Leia as informações no quadro e escreva sentenças com THERE IS, THERE ISN’T, THERE ARE ou THERE AREN’T.

Model: There is a sport center in this city.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. 3. Complete as sentenças. Use there is/ there isn’t/ is there?/ there are/ there aren’t/ are there?.

a.

New York is a very modern town. ______________ many old buildings.

b.

Look! ______________ a photo of Lucas in the newspaper.

c.

Excuse me, ______________ a restaurant around here?

d.

______________ five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters

and me.

e.

How many bedrooms ______________ in your flat?

f.

Where can we sit? ______________ any chairs!

g.

______________ a bus from the city center to the airport?

h.

______________ books in this backpack? It’s so heavy!

4. Escreva sentenças utilizando os números corretamente. 4

7

8

11

26

30

50

365

Model: (seasons/ a year) - There are four (4) seasons in a year.

a.

(days/ in a week) _______ ___________________________________

b.

(days/ in a year)_________________________________________

c.

(states/ in the USA) ______________________________________

d.

(planets/ in the Solar System) ________________________________

e.

(days/ in September) ____________________________________

f.

(players/ in a football team) ________________________________

g.

(letters/ in the English alphabet) _____________________________

5. Coloque there is ou it. Model: There’s  a train at 10:30. It’s a fast train.

a.

I’m not going to buy this shirt. ________’s very expensive!

b.

What is wrong? ________’s something in my eye!

c.

________’s car in front of my house. Is ________ your car?

d.

________’s a package on the floor. Is ________ for you?

e.

Is ________ any good program on TV now? Yes, ________’s a film at

channel 8.

1.5.

•

POSSESSIVES

Usa-se os POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES  sempre antes de um substantivo: • • •

•

What`s your name?   Alex has got his camera. These are our suitcases.

O POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE  corresponde ao sujeito a qual se refere:  Julia and her brother

•

Perceba como é utilizado o POSSESSIVE PRONOUN : • • •

•

Tony and his grandmother 

This is your coat. That`s mine. (=my coat) My name is Tony. What`s  yours? (=your name?) This isn`t Maria`s bag. Hers is blue. (=her bag)

Usa-se o POSSESSIVE PRONOUN como substituto do substantivo que já foi mencionado anteriormente, evitando assim repetições desnecessárias. • •

This is my bag. Where is your bag? Ou Where is yours?  I love my girlfriend. Tom loves his girlfriend . Ou Tom loves his.

Got it?

Now, it is your turn! 1. Escolha a alternativa correta. a. I am doing (my / mine) homework. b. (Our / Ours) magazine is here, where are (their / theirs)? c. Jessica is reading (her / hers) English book, Billy is reading (his/ its). d. (My / Mine) name is Catherine, what is (your / yours)? e. The cat is in (it / its) house. f. The students don`t like (their / theirs) new school. g. Tim, (your / yours) mother is on the phone! h. This purse is (her / hers). i. The yellow bicycles are (our / ours).  j. Gigi is a friend of (my / mine). k. (Their / Theirs) dog is white, like (our / ours). l. This is not (our / ours) car. It`s (their / theirs).

2.  Complete as sentenças com os POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ou com os POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

a. Sylvia reads __________ composition, but we don`t read __________. b. The girls are waiting for ___________ boyfriends. c. John, are those some of __________ friends? d. That boy is asking about ____________ pen. e. She knows ______________ lesson well and I know __________. f. I love __________ country. Do you love ___________? g. The men are preparing ___________ cocktails. h. Brian and I are going to meet ___________ friends.

i. The British painter drinks ___________ tea at 5 o`clock.  j. Give me __________ address and I`ll give you ____________.

3. Substitua as palavras em negrito utilizando os POSSESSIVES adequados. a. Gina`s books are on the table. Where are our books?

b. The boys’ shoes aren`t here.

c. This is Kelly`s skate. I can`t find your skate.

d. The firemen`s truck is near the corner.

e. Who is at school now? His friends and my friends.

4. Escreva. Model: one of my friends -

a friend of mine

.

a. one of my habits b. one of Sally`s dreams c. one of our relatives d. one of his ideas e. one of their poems f. one of your good pictures -

5. Carmen é mexicana e está estudando Inglês nos Estados Unidos. Complete a carta que ela escreveu para seus amigos no México. Use os POSSESSIVES.

DICA DE LEITURA Para complementar nossos estudos, sugiro uma gramática muito interes  sant e e mu it o fácil de ut iliz ar: Gramática Escolar da Língua Inglesa, da Editora Longman . Com muitas dicas e exercícios práticos, este livro vai ajudá-lo(a) a crescer ainda mais! Continue praticando o Inglês! Complemente esta unidade assistindo nossa primeira teleaula   e utilize a plataforma de estudos para novas atividades e para tirar dúvidas no Fórum. Keep up the good work and let´s have fun with English!

CONFIRA SUAS RESPOSTAS KEY  1.1. 1. a. me b. He c. them d. he/ her e. it

2. a. They b. He c. We d. They e. You

3. a. them b. him c. us d. her e. it

4. a. I b. I c. we d. It e. I f. We g. us h. it i. we

1.2 1. a) He’s b) She’s c) They‘re d) You’re e) I’m not f) We’re not/ we aren’t g) It’s not/ It isn’t h) She’s not/ She isn’t 2. a) is b) am c) is d) are e) is f) is g) am h) is i) is  j) are k) is l) are 3. a) I am not hungry./ I am hungry. b) It is warm today. c) Rome isn’t in Spain.

d) I am not afraid of dogs./ I am afraid of dogs. e) Canada is a big country. f) The Amazon isn’t in Africa. g) Motor-racing is a dangerous sport. h) Cats aren’t big animals.

4. a. Yes, I am./ No, I am not. b. Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t. c. Yes, I am./ No, I am not. d. Yes, I am./ No, I am not. e. Yes, they are./ No, they aren’t. f. Yes, I am./ No, I am not. g. Yes, I am./ No, I am not. h. Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.

5. a) Negativa: My eyes aren’t green. Interrogativa: Are my eyes green?

b) Negativa: My hair isn’t long and straight. Interrogativa: Is my hair long and straight?

c) Negativa: My favorite actor isn’t Brad Pitt. Interrogativa: Is my favorite actor Brad Pitt?

d) Negativa: It isn’t freezing today. Interrogativa: Is is freezing today?

e) Negativa: You aren’t a great professional. Interrogativa: Are you a great professional?

f) Negativa: Jane’s favorite color isn’t blue.

Interrogativa: Is Jane’s favorite color blue?

6. Hi, everyone! Guess where I am ? What a beautiful sunset! It is Matahari beach, in Bali. I am here for a week. It is hot and sunny. The food is great – lots of fish and seafood. But the waves are the best of all! They are up to 3 meters tall. And you, guys? Are you ok? I hope so. My family is here with me and they send you best regards. See you soon! Love, Bill.

1.3. 1. a) a b) an c) a d) a e) an f) an g) an h) a i) an  j) a k) an l) a

2.

3. a) the b) a/ the c) the d) The e) the f) the/ the g) a h) an/ an

4. _X_Brazilis__A_ huge country. In__THE__ north, there are __X__ rain forests and __THE__ longest river is also situated there. In __THE__ south, __THE__ climate is more European. __X__ Brazil also has many social differences. __THE__ rich owns most of ___THE___ country’s wealth and___THE__ poor often live on __X__ minimum wage.

5. a) THE Japanese flag is red and white. b) There is AN apple here. c) My best friend is A dentist. d) It is A difficult question. e) My brother is THE director. f) I like to see THE squirrels in the park. g) THE bank is closed on Sundays. h) Look at THE moon! It’s beautiful!

1.4. 1. a) Are there lots of students in your school? b) How many girls are there in your classroom? c) In my street, there is a huge square. d) There are ten tigers at the zoo. e) There isn’t a football field near your house. f) There are many dogs on the streets. g) Is there something to eat at home? h) There is only one apple left.

2. a) There is a sport center. b) There isn’t a university. c) There isn’t a swimming pool. d) There is a public hospital. e) There aren’t hotels. f) There are two cinemas.

g) There is a cathedral. h) There are many restaurants.

3. a) There aren’t b) There is c) Is there d) There are. e) Are there. f) There aren’t g) Is there h) Are there

4. a) There are seven days in a week. b) There are 365 days in a year. c) There are 50 states in the United State. d) There are eight planets in the Solar System. e) There are 30 days in September. f) There are 11 players in a football team. g) There are 26 letters in the English Alphabet.

5. a) It’s b) It’s c) There/ it d) There/ it e) There/ there

UNIDADE 2

2

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OBJETIVOS DA UNIDADE  • Introduzir os tempos Continuous Tense;

verbais

Simple

Present Tense e Present

• Apresentar a formação de estruturas negativas e interrogativas e o uso dos verbos auxiliares. • Apresentar as Preposições IN, ON e AT, bem como suas diferentes apli cações. Explicar e diferenciar Adjetivos e Advérbios ou Locuções Adver biais, • Favorecer a compreensão das diferentes aplicações em enunciados  simple s da Líng ua In glesa.

HABILIDADES E COMPETÊNCIAS  • Domínio das estruturas gramaticais básicas da língua inglesa apropria da aos níveis elementar e intermediário; • Leitura, interpretação e produção de pequenos textos e enunciados de natureza simples.

2.1.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Usamos o SIMPLE PRESENT para falar de ações que acontecem com frequência

em nossas vidas, que falam de nossas rotinas, de nosso cotidiano. Muitas vezes, o SIMPLE PRESENT vem acompanhado de advérbios de frequência (always, usually, never, everyday etc.) justamente para enfatizar estas ações.

Example: I take a shower every day.

Também usamos o SIMPLE PRESENT  para falar de fatos que são geralmente

considerados verdade universalmente, de um modo geral.

Example: Elephants live in Africa.

Ainda usamos o SIMPLE PRESENT   falar de ações frequentes que já são planejadas antecipadamente, relacionadas com horários.

Example:The train to Glasgow leaves at 7:35 am. My sister takes the bus home at 6 pm every day.

 Observe como são estruturadas as formas afirmativas, interrogativas e negativas de sentenças no SIMPLE PRESENT.

Usa-se DO e DOES como verbos auxiliares na construção de estruturas interrogativas e negativas. •

DO – Usado com os pronomes I, YOU, WE, THEY.

•

DOES – Usado com os pronomes HE, SHE, IT. Pay attention to it: Affirmative: They like popcorn.

Interrogative: DO they like popcorn? Negativa: They DON’T like popcorn.

Na estrutura interrogativa o verbo auxiliar DO é posicionado imediatamente antes do sujeito – DO they like popcorn?  Já na estrutura negativa, o verbo auxiliar DO é posicionado, juntamente com NOT, antes do verbo – They DON’T like popcorn.

Pay a lot more attention here: Affirmative: She loves ice cream. Interrogative: DOES she love ice cream? Negative: She DOESN’T love ice cream.

Observe que usamos DOES para sujeitos que representem as 3ªs pessoas do singular – HE, SHE, IT. Aqui temos mais alterações. Já na estrutura afirmativa, acrescentamos –S, - ES, - IES ao final dos verbos – She loves ice cream.  Nas interrogativas, continuando utilizando o verbo auxiliar DOES antes do sujeito, porém, quando isso acontece, o verbo volta a sua forma infinitiva – DOES she love ice cream?  Ou seja, retira-se – S. O mesmo acontece nas formas negativas, utilizamos o verbo auxiliar DOES justamente com NOT antes do verbo, e mais uma vez, o final –S do verbo cai – She DOESN’T love ice cream.

So, don’t forget the short forms: •

DO NOT = DON’T

•

DOES NOT = DOESN’T

SPELLING OF ENDINGS FOR THE THIRD PERSONS SINGULAR – HE, SHE  AND IT 

 Como já sabemos, quando trabalhamos com estruturas afirmativas no SIMPLE PRESENTE e nosso sujeito for uma das 3ªs pessoas do singular (He, She, or It), devemos acrescentar –S, ES, ou –IES ao final dos verbos. Então, é importante conhecermos a SPELLING OF ENDINGS RULE. Pay attention to it: •

Para verbos terminados em - CH, - SH, -S, -O, e - Z: acrescentamos–ES: Examples: Teach – teaches; Pass – passes; Brush – brushes; Fix – fixes; Go – goes. • • • • •

Bob goes to the gym every morning. •

Para verbos termidados em consonant + y: trocamos o Y for –IES: Examples: Study– studies; Cry– cries; Fly – flies. • • •

Christine  studies English at the University. •

Para todos os outros verbos, como um regra geral: acrescentamos –S: Examples: Work – works; Play – plays; Live – lives; Move – moves. • • • •

George usually  plays basketball on weekends.

Let’s try? 1. Complete as sentenças usando o Simple Present com os verbos entre parênteses. a. Dogs__________________________________. (bark) b. I usually _______________________________ (drive) to school. c. He __________________________________ (work) near his house. d. They often _______________________________ (take) the but to work. e. You usually _______________________________ (arrive) late.

2. Complete o texto com informações sobre Lisa e Anna utilizando o Simple Present. Lisa and Anna __ live__ (live) in London and they usually ________________ (go) to Cambridge by car. When they _________________(get) there they generally _________________ (phone) their grandma and _______________ (spend) the afternoon with her. Grandma _______________ (love) them and ________________ (feel) happy with their visit.

3. Escolha a opção correta. a. He often (wait/ waits) for me. b. The boys (swim/ swims) everyday. c. We (buy/ buys) apples at the supermarket. d. You always (take/ takes) the wrong bus. e. She generally (eat/ eats) bread and butter in the morning. f. I (wash/ washes) my hair everyday.

4. Complete as sentenças utilizando os verbos BOIL, CLOSE, COST, GO, HAVE, LIKE MEET, OPEN, SMOKE, SPEAK, TEACH, WASH, VISIT, EAT, DRINK.

Atenção às Spelling rules! a. Little Lucy ____eats___  fruit every morning. b. They usually _____________________ much beer. c. She _______________________ her parents every weekend. d. She is very clever. She ______________________ four languages. e. Steve _______________________ ten cigarettes a day. f. We usually _____________________ dinner at 8 o’clock. g. I _________________ films. I often ___________________ to the movies. h. Water _________________________ at 100 degrees Celsius. i. In Britain the banks ________________________ at 9.30 in the morning.  j. The City Museum ________________________ at 5 o’clock every evening. k. Food is expensive. It _______________________ a lot of money. l. Tina is a teacher. She ______________________ Math for young children. m. Your job is very interesting. You ____________________ a lot of people. n. John ________________________ his hair twice a week.

5. Reescreva as sentenças utilizando as 3ªs pessoas do singular (He, She, It). Model: They usually go to the gym in the morning. He usually  goes to the gym in the morning.

a. I hurry to the gym every week. ____________________________________ b. You often go to library on weekends._______________________________ c. They brush their teeth in the morning.______________________________ d. We usually have lunch at 12 noon._________________________________ e. The girls go to school by bus._____________________________________

2.2.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE He is brushing his teeth .

The kid is playing with her toys.

Usamos o PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE para falar de ações que acontecem no mesmo momento em que estamos falando. Agora, por exemplo, estamos estudando inglês, então: We are studying English now.

A estrutura do PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE é formada:

WE ARE STUDYING ENGLISH NOW .

As estruturas no PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE vêm sempre acompanhadas de advérbios ou locuções adverbiais de tempo como NOW (agora), AT TH MOMENT (no momento), RIGHT NOW (agora) etc. Observe:

SPELLING OF ENDINGS  Em alguns verbos, basta acrescentarmos o –ING que já temos parte da estrutura do Present Continuous feita. Porém, há verbos que requerem uma atenção especial na hora de se acrescentar o –ING: •

Verbos terminados em –E:

Come> Coming Smoke> Smoking Write> Writing •

Verbos monossilábicos terminados em Consoante + Vogal + Consoante:

Run > Running Sit > Sitting Swim > Swimming

•

Alguns casos especiais:

Lie> Lying Die> Dying

Now, it is time to check out! 1. Escreva estruturas no Present Continuous. Model:

(I/ wash/ my hair) I am washing my hair. a. (it/ rain) _____________________________________________________ b. (I/ rest/ on the sofa) ___________________________________________ c. (He/ drink/ milk) ______________________________________________ d. (She/ learn/ Spanish) __________________________________________ e. (We/ have/ lunch) ____________________________________________ f. (The sun/ shine) _____________________________________________ g. (Paul/ eat/ popcorn) __________________________________________ h. (Christine/ read/ a magazine) ___________________________________

2. Faça as negativas e interrogativas das sentenças abaixo. Model: The girls are sleeping. The girls are not sleeping . Are the girls sleeping? a. It is snowing.

b. The man is riding his bicycle.

c. Those children are playing soccer.

d. We are doing exercises.

3.

Escreva respostas curtas. Positivas ou Negativas.

Model: Are you watching TV? Yes, I am.

ou

Is Mike studying French? Yes, he is. a. Is Susan wearing a blue coat? b. Is Brain travelling abroad? c. Is that clock working? d. Are you and your brother running? e. Are the kids laughing? f. Are you talking on the phone?

No, I am not.

ou

No, he isn’t.

4.

Complete as sentenças com o verbos em parenteses. Use o Present

Continuous. Model:

My brother and I

2.3.

are doing

(do) homework.

a.

My friends

(travel) to Europe.

b.

The dog

(sleep) on the rug.

c.

The boys

(watch) cartoons.

d.

The teacher

(correct) exercises.

e.

Paul

(work) on his project.

f.

Catherine

(paint) her bedroom.

PREPOSITIONS I PREPOSITIONS– IN/ ON/ AT IN é usado em:

•

In a room – The baby is in its bedroom.

•

In a city – Marcus is in London.

•

In a country – I live in Brazil.

•

In the water/ In the sea/ In the river – The boat is in the sea.

•

In a row/ in a line/ in a queue – My boyfriend is in a line. Também usamos in com as seguintes palavras: bed, hospital, prison, the street.

•

In bed - Bill is in bed .

•

In prison - James is in prison. Usamos ainda IN com anos, meses (sem datas), estação do ano, períodos:

•

Brazil was discovered in 1500.

•

We go to the mountains in winter.

•

My birthday is in January. (…on January  24th )

•

I go to school in the morning. (…at  night)

ON é usado em: •

On the wall – The painting is on the wall.

•

On the floor – The rug is on the floor.

•

On the table – The food is already on the table . Usa-se ON com as palavras: a farm, the left, the right, the coast, an island, a

road, the way, a street. •

My parents are living on a farm.

•

The toilet is on the left.

•

My beach house is on the coast.

•

The hospital is on Apple Street. Usa-se ON com dias da semana ou meses do ano/ data:

•

My English class is on Saturdays.

•

My birthday is on January 24th.

•

We change presents on Christmas.

AT é usado em: •

At the top/ botton of a page: The number must go on the top of the  page.

•

At the end of the line: My sister is that girl at the end of that line. Podemos também usar AT:

•

Para dizer que alguém está em um acontecimento:  Julie is at the party.

•

Com as palavras – home, work, university, the station, the airport: She is at work.

•

Quando nos referimos ao lugar em que um acontecimento ocorre: The exhibition is at the National Museum.

•

Com horas: The meeting is at 8 o’clock.

Your turn! 1. Complete com in, at, ou on. a. Don’t spill grape juice

the sofa!

b. Simon lives

the countryside.

c. The hospital is

the left.

d. Adrian is

the university.

e. My classes start

7:30 am.

f. Brian and his brother live

the second floor.

g. My bus arrives

the station

h. Dad is resting

his armchair.

i. My sister likes to swim  j. The cat is

the sea.

top of the stairs.

2. Escreva at / on / in: a.

the end of the year.

b.

night.

c.

Christmas Eve.

d.

2011.

e.

12 noon.

f.

Spring.

g.

a quarter to eight.

h.

Friday morning.

i.

the morning.

 j.

August 1st.

k.

January.

11 o’clock.

ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS AND ADVERB IAL PHRASES. 2.4.

ADJECTIVES O que são adjetivos? São palavras que qualificam os substantivos, indicandolhes um estado ou um modo se ser. Vamos observar os usos específicos dos adjetivos em Inglês. •

Os adjetivos são usados para descrever objetos, coisas ou pessoas.

A pretty woman •

Nunca são usados no plural.

apoor child •

An expensive car

poor children

The girl is fat.

The girls are fat.

São usados antes de substantivos ou depois dos seguintes verbos ligação: be, become, get, smell, taste, sound, seem, appear, look, feel, make.

The blue car is parked on the street.

The tall boy is standing over

there. They look sad. •

It smells good.

It’s getting late.

I fell well.

Existem pares de adjetivos quer terminam em -ed e -ing. Observe a diferença. - A terminação –ing tem sentido ativo indicando atributo de uma coisa ou pessoa: An interesting class. (uma aula interessante) •

•

- A terminação –ed tem sentido passivo, e se refere ao sentimento de alguém em relação a alguma coisa ou pessoa: An interested student. (um

aluno interessado) •

- Outros adjetivos terminados em –ing e –ed:

 

Fascinating – Fascinated 

Shocking - Shocked

 

Amazing – Amazed 

Depressing – Depressed

 

Horrifying – Horrified 

Amusing – Amused

 

Worrying – Worried 

Embarrassing

-

Embarrassed

Shall we do some exercises? 1. Complete as sentenças com os adjetivos indicados.

a. The question is ________________ . I don’t know how to answer it! b. The baby girl is too _________________ . She needs to eat more. c. Sally’s mother is ______________ with her. She is _____________ in bed. d. I want to read an _______________ book. Do you have any? e. They need a new car. Theirs is very ________________. f. I am very _______________ ! I work too hard! g. The ________________ problem in our city is pollution. h. Janet is an ________________ student.

2. Coloque as sentenças na forma plural. Model: My sister is beautiful. (singular) My sisters are beautiful . (plural)

a. The flat is big and expensive.

b. The book is interesting.

c. My son is intelligent.

d. The computer is cheap.

e. The car is expensive.

3. Sublinhe a alternativa correta. Model: I am really surprised  / surprising with the new student. a. The film is really excited/ exciting. b. The professor is disappointed/ disappointing with the students. c. I want to go to London. It seems to be an interested/ interesting trip. d. Simon is really tired/ tiring today. e. The story Mr. Jones is telling us is really amused/ amusing.

4. Complete o texto utilizando os adjetivos propostos. O texto é sobre uma atriz, Sandra, e ela conta um pouco sobre sua vida agitada. Nem todos os adjetivos serão utilizados.

ADVERBS and ADVERBIAL PHRASES

Advérbios são palavras utilizadas para modificar uma outra palavra, que pode ser um verbo, um adjetivo, um outro advérbio ou até uma sentença inteira.

It’s too cold today!

He drives very quickly.

They do their homework

easily.

Eles são classificados de acordo com manner   (maneira),  place  (lugar), time (tempo), frequency  (frequência) e intensity  (intensidade). Vamos ver com

utilizá-los.Shallwe? •

Adverbs of Manner

Os advérbios de modo nos dizem de que maneira as coisas acontecem ou de que maneira alguém faz alguma coisa. Normalmente utilizamos estes advérbios depois do objeto ou depois de um verbo. Exemplos: badly, carefully,  perfectly, heavily, slowly, quietly  etc.

Muito importante: reparem que a maioria dos adverbs of manner termina em –ly , porém, nem todos as palavras terminadas em –ly  são advérbios. Algumas palavras terminadas em  –ly, como lonely, daily, silly, lovely, friendly, são adjetivos, e não advérbios. •

Adverbs of Place (or Adverbial Phrases of Place) Os advérbios de lugar,ou locuções adverbiais de lugar, nos dizem onde,

em que lugar as coisas acontecem.Geralmente, vem no final da frase. Exemplos: here, there, at home, in the office, at school, over there, near, far etc.

•

Adverbs of Time

Os advérbios de tempo nos dizem quando as coisas acontecem.E são também, geralmente, posicionados no final da sentence. Exemplos: now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, last month, on Sundays, at 9 o’clock, at night, in the evening etc.

•

Adverbs of Frequency Os advérbios de frequência nos dizem com que frequência as coisas acont ecem:

sempre, nunca, às vezes, normalmente, geralmente etc. Eles são posicionados, normalmente, antes dos verbos principais, e depois do verbo to Be. Observe:

São eles: always, sometimes, usually, often, rarely, never, generaly, every day, once a week (month, year).

Normalmente, os advérbios “ everyday ” e “once a week ” são posicionados no final da sentença. Examples: Lisa goes to school every day . The Stwarts travel to England once a year .

•

Adverbs of Intensity São eles: almost, nearly, really, very, quite, too, rather , quite, such,

enough.

Nós, normalmente, usamos estes advérbios antes de adjetivos, antes de verbos, ou até mesmo antes de outro advérbio. E eles nos falam da intensidade das coisas ou das ações. Examples:

Now, let´s work out on some exercises! 1. Complete as sentenças com os advérbios SLOWLY, HERE, NOW, LOUDLY, TODAY, VERY. a. Gina isn’t at school ___________ . She is sick in bed. b. What do you think Bill is doing __________? I don’t know, maybe he is studying. c. Can you speak more __________ ? I don’t understand what you are saying. d. Joan doesn’t live __________ anymore. I think he has moved to another city. e. I am __________ happy today! I am on vacations! f. The music is playing so ___________ ! Put the volume down, please!

2. Sublinhe a alternativa correta. Model:I so/ usually play volleyball on weekends. a. We are so/ certainly tired today that we want to stay home. b. They love each other never/ very much. c. It’s quite/ always late! Let’s go home. d. Linus really/ probably won’t go to the party. He is sick. e. Britney is such/ nearly a nice girl. f. The Smiths too/ rarely go out on weekends. They like to stay at home.

3. Posicione os advérbios corretamente. Model:Julie plays golf on Sunday morning. (here) Julies plays golf here on Sunday morning. a. Bob studies at home. (in the evening)

b. Does she have a shower after work? (normally)

c. Mr. Morrison walks home after work. (always)

d. I finish work at 6 pm. (on week days)

e. I am home at night. (always)

f. Cindy goes out. (every weekend)

g. Lucy is studying hard for the final exam. (very)

4. Corrija os erros nestas sentenças. Model: Bianca knows the answer definitely. - Bianca definitely   knows the answer.

a.

Quickly the girl runs to school.

b. To work I go in the morning by bus.

c. They play in the afternoon tennis.

d. Lisander was yesterday here.

e. Always we go to the gyn.

Para complementar esta unidade, assista à segunda teleaula, anote suas dúvidas e compartilhe-as no Fórum. Lembre-se de verificar as atividades e os prazos no ambiente virtual, nossa plataforma de estudos!

CONFIRA SUAS RESPOSTAS: Key  2.1. 1. a. Bark b. Drive c. Works d. Take

e. Arrive

2. Go – get – phone –spend – loves – feels

3. a. Waits b. Swim c. Buy d. Take e. Eats f. Wash

4. a. Eats b. Drink c. Visits d. Speaks e. Smokes f. Have g. Like – go h. Boils i. Open  j. Closes k. Costs l. Teaches m. Meet n. Washes

2.2. 1. a. It is raining. b. I am resting on the sofa. c. He is drinking milk. d. She is learning Spanish. e. We are having lunch. f. The sun is shining. g. Paul is eating popcorn. h. Christine is reading a magazine.

2. a. It is not snowing./ Is it snowing? b. The man is not riding his bicycle./ Is the man riding his bicycle? c. Those children are not playing soccer./ Are those children playing soccer? d. We are not doing exercises./ Are we doing exercises?

3. a. Yes, she is./ No, she isn’t. b. Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t. c. Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t. d. Yes, we are./ No, we aren’t. e. Yes, they are./ No, they aren’t. f. Yes, I am./ No, I am not. 4. a. My friends are travelling to Europe. b. The dog is sleeping on the rug.

c. The boys are watching cartoons. d. The teacher is correcting exercises. e. Paul is working on his project. f. Catherine is painting her bedroom.

2.3. 1. a. On b. In c. On d. At e. At f. On g. At - at h. on i. in  j. at

2. a. at b. at c. on d. in e. at f. in g. at h. on i. in

 j. on k. in

2.4. 1.

a. difficult b. thin c. worried –sick d. interesting e. old f. tired g. principal h. excellent

2. a. The flats are big and expensive. b. The books are interesting. c. My sons are intelligent. d. The computers are cheap. e. The cars are expensive.

3. a. Exciting b. Disappointed c. Interesting d. Tired e. Amusing

4. Exciting – tiring – different – bored – interesting – surprised – excellent/ good – blond – straight – green – tall – thin ADVERBS and ADVERBIAL PRHASES

1. a. Today b. Now c. Slowly d. Here e. Very f. Loudly

2. a. So b. Very c. Quite d. Probably e. Such f. Rarely

3. a. Bob studies at home in the evening. b. Does she normally have a shower after work? c. Mr. Morrison always walks home after work. d. I finish work at 6 pm on week days. e. I am always at home at night. f. Cindy goes out every weekend.

g. Lucy is studying very hard for the final exam.

4. a. The girl runs to school quickly. b. I go to work by bus in the morning. c. They play tennis in the afternoon. d. Lisander was here yesterday. e. We always go to the gyn.

UNIDADE 3

3

WH – QUESTIONS OR QUESTIONS WORDS OBJETIVOS DA UNIDADE  • Apresentar as Wh-questions ou Questions Words e as diversas possibi lidades de uso em estruturas interrogativas; • Introduzir os tempos verbais Future, e Simple Past com o verbo To Be e com a estrutura There To Be; • Favorecer a compreensão de pequenos textos e enunciados de nature  za mais comp lexa.

HABILIDADES E COMPETÊNCIAS  • Domínio das estruturas gramaticais de nível intermediário da Língua Inglesa. • Compreensão, produção e identificação de estruturas mais complexas da Língua Inglesa.

3.1.

WH – QUESTIONS OR QUESTIONS WORDS Wh- questions ou questions words são palavras interrogativas usadas para

fazer perguntas para se obter informações específicas. São, geralmente, posicionadas antes de verbos auxiliares ou verbos modais. São elas: WHAT (Qual?, O quê?), WHEN (Quando?), WHERE (Onde?), WHY (Por que?), WHO (Quem?), WHOSE (De quem?), WHICH (Qual?), HOW (Como?). Mas como usá-las? Quais as informações específicas que eu quero descobrir ao usar as WH-QUESTIONS? Let’s study one by one to find out how to use them! •

WHAT…? – usado para perguntar sobre as coisas. Exemplos: What time is it? It’s 10 o’clock.

What is your favorite color? Blue. •

WHEN…? – usado para perguntar sobre o tempo, quando em que as coisas acontecem. Exemplos: When are you going to travel to the United States? In April. When are your English classes? On Saturdays.

•

WHERE…? – usado para perguntar sobre lugares, onde os fatos ocorrem. Exemplos: Where do you live? I live in Boston. Where are you from? I am from Brazil.

•

WHY…? – usado para perguntar a razão das coisas acontecerem. Por que acontecem. Exemplos: Why are you so happy today? Because I passed on the exam! Why are you late? Because I overslept this morning.

Perceba que quando fazemos perguntas com WHY (por que?) a resposta sempre inicia-se com BECAUSE (porque). Então, na pergunta usa-se WHY e na resposta BECAUSE. •

WHO...? – usado para perguntar sobre pessoas. Exemplos: Who is that woman? She is my sister. Who is your favorite designer? Calvin Klein is.

•

WHOSE…? – usado para falar de posse, a quem pertence determinado objeto. Exemplos: Whose book is this? This is my book. Whose birthday is today? It’s Tommy’s birthday today.

•

WHICH…? – usa-se which para perguntar sobre coisas ou pessoas quando se tem opções para se escolher. Compare: What is your favorite color? My favorite color is blue.  

Which color do you prefer, blue or pink? I preferpink.

Repare que quando usamos which, são oferecidas opções para se escolher. Exemplos: Which actress do you like most, Cameron Diaz or Demi More ? I love Cameron Diaz! Which food do you prefer – Chinese or Italian? Italian is my favorite. •

HOW…?  – usa-se how para perguntar de que maneira as coisas/ fatos

ocorrem. Exemplos: How  are you? I am fine, thanks. How is your new job going? Everything is fine, so far!

Atenção: HOW é um WH-QUESTION que sobre variações, de acordo com o que se adiciona a ele. São elas: •

How old  are you? I’m 40 years old. (Quantos anos você tem?)

•

How far   is your house from here? Just five minutes walking. (Quão

longe sua casa é daqui?) •

How much is that purse? It’s just U$ 40! (Quanto custa aquela bolsa?)

•

How much money do you have on you? Only U$ 10! (Quanto dinheiro

você tem com você?) •

How many  brothers do you have? I have 3 brothers. (Quantos irmãos

você tem?) •

How often do you go to work by car? I always go to work by car.

(Com que frequência você vai ao trabalho de carro?) •

How long have you been here? I have been here for two hours. (Há

quanto tempo você está aqui?)

IT’S TIME TO DO SOME EXERCISES! LE T’S WORK ON THEM!

1. Ligue as perguntas às respostas correspondentes.

a. Who is that man?

(

) She is at school.

b. Whose motorcycle is that?

(

) He is reading the news now.

c. Why is Jonathan sad?

(

) I go to the club.

d. How do you go to work?

(

) That man is my father.

e. Which coat do you prefer?

(

) I work in a bank.

f. What is he doing now?

(

) I go to work by car.

g. Where do you work?

(

) That motorcycle is mine.

h. Where do you go on Sundays?

(

) I prefer the black one.

i. Where is Christine?

(

) Because he is unemployed.

2. Complete as sentenças com o Wh-question mais adequado. a. ____________ is she tired? Because she is working a lot! b. ____________ are they leaving? Tomorrow morning. c. ____________ dress is this? This is Linda’s dress. d. ____________ isn’t John here today? Because he has to work. e. ____________ is your name? My name is Simon. f. ____________ is this CD? It’s just 5 dollars. g. ____________ time do you leave to work? At seven o’clock. h. ____________ color do you prefer, green or purple? I like purple. i. ____________ is your birthday? It’s on June 27 th.  j. ____________ is your sister? She is at work. k. ____________ does he love? He loves Lisa. l. ____________ do you spell your name? It’s J-O-A-N-N-E.

3.2.

FUTURE TENSES  Há diferentes formas de se expressar o futuro em Inglês. Podemos usar

o WILL, a estrutura GOING TO, o PRESENT CONTINUOUS , ou até o FUTURE PERFECT para expressar ações futuras. Vamos nos ater, neste primeiro momento,

as estruturas futuras com WILL e GOING TO.

FUTURE WTH ‘WILL’

3.2.1. •

Usamos WILL para expressar o futuro. Observe a estrutura:

•

Todos os pronomes pessoais obedecem à mesma regra estrutural. Não há variações.

•

Usamos WILL para: •

•

The prices WILL increase 12% next month.

•

•

•

•

Indicar decisões tomadas no momento da fala:

The bell is ringing. I WILL see who it is.

•

•

prever fatos e acontecimentos:

Oferecer ajuda ou fazer um pedido:

Mom, WILL you lend me your car?  I WILL help you.

•

WILL – NEGATIVE FORMS •

- Para formar sentenças negativas com WILL WILL,, basta acrescentar NOT imediatamente depois de WILL. Observe e compare:

•

•

Affirmative:: I WILL go home by bus today. Affirmative Negative:: I WILL NOT  go Negative  go home by bus today.(Full form)

•

•

•

•

•

Affirmative: Janette WILL cook tonight. Affirmative: Negative:: Janette WON’T  cook Negative  cook tonight. (Contracted form) Então: WILL NOT = WON’T 

WILL – INTERROGATIVE FORMS - Sentenças interrogativas são formadas invertendo-se o sujeito e WILL, da mesma forma que fazemos com o Verbo to Be, ou com qualquer outro verbo auxiliar auxi liar.. Note e compare: com pare: •

•

•

Affirmative: They WILL arrive tomorrow. Affirmative: Interrogative:: WILL they arrive tomorrow? Interrogative

•

•

•

3.2.2.

•

Affirmative: We WILL eat now. Affirmative: Interrogative:: WILL we eat now? Interrogative

FUTURE WITH ‘GOING TO’

Também usamos GOING TO para expressar o futuro. Observe a estrutura:

•

GOING TO é TO é usado para expressar planos ou intenções determinados antes do momento em que se fala, ou seja, quando os planos ou intenções são planejados com uma certa antecedência. Examples: I am GOING TO travel to London next month. Suellen is GOING TO be at home tomorrow morning.

•

GOING TO – NEGATIVE FORMS - Para formar sentenças negativas com GOING TO basta utilizar a forma negativa do verbo to Be. Observe e compare: •

•

•

•

•

Affirmative: Lionel IS GOING TO start a new job next week. Affirmative: Negative:: Lionel IS NOT GOING TO  start a new job next week. (full Negative form) Negative:: Lionel ISN’T GOING TO start a new job next week. (contracted Negative form)

•

•

•

•

•

Affirmative: The girls ARE GOING TO dance on Saturday night. Affirmative: Negative:: The girls  ARE NOT GOING TO dance on Saturday night. (full Negative form) Negative:: The girls  AREN’T GOING TO  dance on Saturday night. Negative (contracted form)

GOING TO – INTERROGATIVE FORMS - As sentenças negatives com GOING TO são formadas invertendo-se o sujeito e o verbo tobe. Note e compare: •

•

•

•

Affirmative: CharlotteIS Affirmative: Charlotte IS GOING TO have a baby! Interrogative: IS Charlotte IS Charlotte GOING TO have TO have a baby?

•

•

•

Affirmative: You ARE GOING TO by TO by a new car. Interrogative form: ARE you ARE you GOING TO by TO by a new car?

SEE? HOW SIMPLE IT IS! NOW LET’S T RY TO DO SOME EXERCISES!

1. Complete as sentenças com o future usando WILL. Use os verbos entre parênteses. a. The population _______________ (increase) 50% in the next ten years.

b. The telephone is ringing. I ________________ (answer) it! c. Dad, _________ you _________ (lend) me 10 bucks? d. Don’t be so sad about the exam! I know you ________________ (pass) on it. e. The twin sisters ______________________ (arrive) home tomorrow night. f. The government __________________ (make) a final decision next week.

2. Escreva sentenças – afirmativas, negativas ou interrogativas – usando o future com WILL. Model: Jane/ study/ for for her English test with you? you? Will Jane study for her English test with you? 

a. Christofer/ see/ his brother/ tomorrow.

b. My father/ not pay/ the bill.

c. Paul/ be/ at the prom.

d. You/ help/ me/ tomorrow?

e. They/ not meet/ again.

3. Responda as questões usando as informações entre parênteses. month) Model: When will you arrive? (next ( next month) I will arrive next month.

a. Who will win the next World Cup? (Brazil)

b. When will be your next vacation? (In May)

c. What time will we finish this work? (at 7 pm)

d. How will your parents get to the party? (by car)

e. Who will be there to meet me? (Marcus)

f. Which coat will you use, the black or the brown one? (the black one)

4. Ligue as perguntas às respostas correspondentes. a. I have a test tomorrow.

(

) I am going to buy another one.

b. What do you want to eat?

(

) I am going to study hard.

c. I am so tired tonight!

(

) I am going to be late.

d. The meeting is at 5 pm, and I am here!

(

) I am going to eat a soup.

e. Oh! My watch is broken!

(

) I am going to sleep earlier.

5. Complete a conversa entre os dois amigos usando WILL, WON’T ou GOING TO. Julius: Let’s go to the movies on the weekend! Janis: Sorry, Julius! I can’t. I ________________________ (not be) here. I ___________________________ (be) in Fortaleza. Julius: What ______________ you _______________ (do) there? Janis: I _______________________ (visit) my sister. Julius: When ______________ you ______________ (come) back? Janis: I _____________________________ (come) back next week only!

3.3.

SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE Como já sabemos, o verbo to Be é um dos verbos mais utilizados na Língua Inglesa, e é considerado um verbo especial. No SIMPLE PAST (Passado Simples) ele se apresenta de duas maneiras: WAS e  WERE. Cada um dos Subjective Pronouns tem o sua forma de verbo to Be no passado correspondente. Observe:

Usa-se o Verbo to Be no SIMPLE PAST da mesma maneira que usamos no SIMPLE PRESENT: •

Para identificar e descrever pessoas e objetos.

•

Nas expressões de tempo e lugar.

•

Nas expressões de idade. Para formar sentenças NEGATIVAS ou INTERROGATIVAS com o verbo to Be

no SIMPLE PAST, basta movimentar o verbo, da mesma forma que fazemos quando o usamos no SIMPLE PRESENT, ou seja, não é necessário nenhum verbo auxiliar. O próprio verbo to Be vai transformar orações AFIRMATIVAS em NEGATIVAS ou INTERROGATIVAS.

Observe como construímos NEGATIVE SENTENCES: •

Affirmative sentence: My sister WAS a good teacher.

•

Negative sentence: My sister WAS NOT a good teacher.

•

Negative contracted sentence: My sister WASN’T a good teacher.

Para formar uma sentença negativa, basta acrescentar a palavra NOT imediatamente após o verbo to Be. Ou se preferir, utilizar a forma contraída WASN’T. Então: WAS NOT = WASN’T WERE NOT = WEREN’T Agora, INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES: •

- Affirmative sentence: The boys WERE  at home.

•

- Interrogative sentence: WERE  the boys at home?

Observe que para construirmos sentenças interrogativas temos que inverter o SUJEITO e o VERBO: The boys were.../ Were the boys...? Let’s have a look at another table:

SOME TIPS FOR YOU!

É muito comum utilizarmos respostas curtas em Inglês, sejam elas

afirmativas ou negativas. Observe como se comporta o verbo to Be no SIMPLE PAST: ‘Were you at home last night?’ ‘Yes, I was’. Ou ‘No, I wasn’t’. ‘Was Taylor with his mother yesterday?’ ‘Yes, he was.’ Ou ‘No, he wasn’t’. ‘Were the kids at the park last Saturday?’ ‘Yes, they were.’ Ou ‘No, they weren’t.’ 

Advérbios de tempo (Adverbs of Time) e Locuções Adverbiais (Adverbial Phrases) como YESTERDAY, YESTERDAY MORNING, YESTERDAY EVENING, LAST WEEK, LAST YEAR, LAST MONTH , ten minutes AGO, three days AGO ,

entre outras, estão sempre presentes em orações no Simple Past. ‘Where you at your mother’s house YESTERDAY?’ ‘Yes, I was.’  ‘They were in the garden 20 minutes AGO! ’ 

GOT IT? SO, LET’S PRACTICE! 1. Complete as sentenças com o verbo to Be no SIMPLE PAST – WAS/ WERE. a. Last year, Julia ______ 22 years old. Today she is 23. b. When I ______ a child, I ______ afraid of dogs. c. We ______ tired after the trip, and we ______ also very hungry. d. The hotel ______ very comfortable. e. Where ______ you at 6 o’clock yesterday afternoon? f. ______ the weather good when you ______ on vacations? g. Those pants are beautiful! ______ they expensive? h. ______ Janet late for the meeting?

2. Agora, complete com WAS/ WASN’T ou WERE/ WEREN’T. a. The Browns didn’t like their accommodations. It ________ very small and it ________ clean. b. James got married when he ________ only 22 years old. c. Bill called you yesterday morning, but you ________ at home. Where ________ you? d. My boss ________ at work last week because he ________ sick in bed. e. The mall ________ open yesterday because it _______ a public holiday. f. Linda worked a lot last night, but she ________ tired. g. This time last year, I ________ in Brazil. I ________ in Paris, enjoying my vacations.

3. Responda as perguntas utilizando as informações dadas. Model: Where were you yesterday evening? (at the movies) I was at the movies.

a. Who was that woman with you last afternoon? (my mother)

b. When was your last trip to England? (in 2009)

c. Was Carmen at home last morning? (negative/ at work)

d. Was Robert sick last week? (affirmative/ at the hospital)

e. Where was Adrian yesterday? (at the gyn)

4. Circule a alternativa correta. a. Selena and I (was/ were) at school yesterday morning.

b. Your backpack (was/ were) here a minute ago. c. (Was/ Were) you on vacations? d. (Was/ Were) it hot last month in Miami? e. My husband and I (wasn’t/ weren’t) in Brazil last year. f. (Was/ Were) the children hungry after school?

5. Julian and Paul estão de férias no Brasil. Eles estão na Bahia. Complete o e-mail que eles escreveram, utilizando o verbo to Be no SIMPLE PRESET (AM – IS – ARE) ou no SIMPLE PAST (WAS – WERE).

3.4.

SIMPLE PAST - THERE TO BE (haver, existir – no passado)

O THERE TO BE no SIMPLE PAST é utilizado para falar de coisas que existiram, de eventos ou acontecimentos, ou mesmo de quantidade, no passado. Observe: •

In 2000, there was a park near my house. Algo que existia.

•

There were beautiful flowers at that park.

•

There was a special section at the movies yesterday.

Acontecimentos •

There were parties all over the place.

Passados.

•

There was cake on the table 5 minutes ago.

Quantidades.

•

There were  three new students in my English class.

E como estruturar sentenças negativas e interrogativas? Ora, basta “movimentar” o verbo to Be! Vamos ver como acontece com estruturas negativas. •

Affirmative sentence: There was a dog in the garden.

•

Negative sentence: There was not  a dog in the garden.

•

Contracted Negative: There wasn’t a dog in the garden.

So, the contracted NEGATIVE forms are:

WAS – WASN’T  WERE – WEREN’T 

Agora, vamos observar as estruturas INTERROGATIVAS. •

Affirmative sentence: There were many apples in the basket.

•

Interrogative sentence: Were there many apples in the basket? Look at the examples: There WAS a child lost on the street. There WASN’T any good movie on TV last night.

Excuse me,WAS there a blond woman here 5 minutes ago? There WERE many children at the club last weekend. WERE there new animals at the zoo last Saturday?

It is your turn to do some exercises! 1. Circule a alternativa correta. Note que há sentenças no Simple Present e no Simple Past. a. (Was there/ Were there) a yellow cab near here yesterday? b. (Are there/ Is there) lots of children at your school? c. (Was there/ Were there) many people at the theater last night? d. (There was/ There were) four giraffes at the zoo. e. (Is there/ Are there) anything to eat in your bag? f. How many girls (is there/ are there) in your English class? g. (Wasn’t there/ Weren’t there) many guests at your birthday party?

2. Complete as sentenças com a forma correta de THERE TO BE. a. How many DVDs ________________ in your case? b. ________________ a car crash in your street yesterday morning? c. ________________ a person calling me on the phone. I’ll get it! d. ________________ a woman waiting for you yesterday. e. ________________ an old apple tree in front of my house. It’s beautiful! f. ________________ four children here now, but _________________ six ten minutes ago. g. How many pets _________________ in your house when you were a child? h. ‘What __________________ in your purse?’‘_________________ a wallet only!’

3. Cathy e Martin, foram seus vizinhos de longa data. Agora, eles se mudaram e escreveram um e-mail contando as novidades da nova vizinhança. Preencha o e-mail com as variações de THERE TO BE.

Lembre-se que como parte desta unidade você deve assistir à terceira teleaula. Participe de nossos Fóruns e verifique a atividade proposta na plataforma de estudos.

CONFIRA SUAS RESPOSTAS Key  3.1. 1. (i) (f) (h) (a) (g) (d) (b) (e) (c)

2. a. Why b. When c. Whose d. Why e. What f. How much g. What h. Which i. When  j. Where

k. Who l. How 3.2. 1. a. Will increase b. Will answer c. Will – lend d. Will pass e. Will – arrive f. Will make

2. a. Christofer will see his brother tomorrow. b. My father will not/ won’t pay the bill. c. Paul will be at the prom. d. Will you help me tomorrow? e. They will not meet again.

3. a. Brazil will win the next World Cup. b. My next vacation will be in May. c. We will finish this work at 7 pm. d. They will get to the party by car. e. Marcus will be there to meet you. f. I will use the black one.

4.

(e) (a) (d) (b) (c)

5.

Am not going to be – am going to be – will/ do – am going to visit - will you come – am going to come

3.3. 1.

a. Was b. Was – was c. Were – were d. Was e. Were f. Was – were g. Were h. Was 2. a. Was- wasn’t b. Was c. Weren’t – were d. Wasn’t – was e. Wasn’t – was f. Wasn’t

g. Wasn’t – was

3. a. That woman was my mother. b. My last trip to England was in 2009. c. No, she wasn’t. d. Yes, he was at the hospital. e. He was at the gyn. 4. a. Were b. Was c. Were d. Was e. Weren’t f. Were

5. Are – were – is – was – were – are – is – is

3.4. 1. a. Was there b. Are there c. Were there d. Were there e. Is there f. Are there g. Weren’t there

 2. a. Are there b. Was there c. There is d. There was e. There is f. There are/ there were g. Were there h. Is there/ there is

3. 1. there is 2. there is 3. there is 4. there are 5. there were 6. there were 7. there are 8. there are

UNIDADE 4

4

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE OBJETIVOS DA UNIDADE  • Apresentar e diferenciar os tempos verbais Past Continuous, Simple Past (Verbos Regulares e Irregulares) e o Present Perfect Tense, suas for mações estruturais e suas diferentes formas de uso.

HABILIDADES E COMPETÊNCIAS  • Compreensão e identificação dos diferentes tempos verbais da Língua Inglesa, e fazer uso corretamente das estruturas gramaticais de natureza mais complexa.

4.1.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Usamos o PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE para falar de ações que estavam acontecendo, ou seja, que estavam em andamento em um determinado momento no passado.

I was reading a wonderful book yesterday night.  At 11 in the morning, I was baking a cake.

Também usamos o PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE para narrar circunstâncias ou fatos de uma determinada situação no passado.

It was a terrible winter! It was snowing a lot and the children were  skiing down the mountains. It was dark and late at night. The strange people were walking on the  street.

 A estrutura do PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE é formada da mesma maneira que fazemos com o Present Continuous Tense, só que utilizamos o verbo to Be em sua forma passada, ou seja, WAS e WERE:

As estruturas no PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE podem vir acompanhadas de Adverbs (Advérbios) ou Adverbial Phrases (Locuções Adverbiais)no passado, como YESTERDAY (ontem), LAST NIGHT (noite passada), LAST SUMMER (verão passado), 20 minutes AGO (20 minutos atrás) etc. Observe:

SPELLING OF ENDINGS  O SPELLING OF ENDINGS – o modo que escrevemos os verbos quando acrescentamos –ING), segue as mesmas regras do Present Continuous: em alguns verbos, basta acrescentarmos a terminação - ING. Porém, há verbos que requerem uma atenção especial na hora de se acrescentar o –ING –ING.. Vamos revêlos: •

Verbos terminados em –E:

Comee> Coming Com Smokee> Smoking Smok Writee> Writing Writ •

Verbos monossilábicos terminados em Consoante + Vogal + Consoante:

Run > Runn Running ing Sit > Sitt Sitting ing Swim > Swimm Swimming ing •

Alguns casos especiais:

ie> Lie > Ly Lying Die > Dy Dying ie> As estruturas negativas e interrogativas seguem as mesmas regras: basta movimentar o verbo to Be no SIMPLE SIM PLE PAST. PAST. Let’s have a look at them.

NEGATIVE NEGA TIVE STRUCTURES

INTERROGATIVE STRUCTURES

Let’s have a look at some more examples.  At 5 o’clock, Joseph was watching w atching TV. TV. It was raining a lot yesterday. In 2006, I was living in i n Vancouver. Vancouver. Today Bob is wearing a sweater, but yesterday he was wearing a

raincoat. The sun was shining shini ng and the birds bi rds were singing. Where were you working  yesterday morning?  What was Priscilla Priscill a doing at the party?  Bob wasn’t buying anything at the mall. The children weren’t having fun. Who was talking with you on the phone? 

Ok? Let’s practice!

1. Veja as atividades realizadas por Sylvia Sylvia ontem. Escreva sentenças dizendo dizendo o que ela estava fazendo, de acordo com sua agenda.

Model: At 7 o’clock, Sylvia was preparing breakfast. a. At 8 o’clock, Sylvia was________________________________________ . b. At 10 o’clock,Sylvia___________________________________________ . c. At 11______________________________________________________ . d. __________________________________________________________ .

2. Você foi a uma festa ontem. E agora está contanto a uma amiga o

que as pessoas estavam usando ou fazendo. Use as informações dadas para construir sentenças usando o PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE. Model: (Jonh – wear – a black leather jacket)  Jonh was wearing a black leather jacket.

a. (Lisa – smoke – a cigarette)

b. (Carl – dance – with Britney)

c. (Amy – sing – a song)

d. (George – drink – a cocktail)

e. (Elaine – carry – a beautiful velvet purse)

f. (Bruce – use – an umbrella)

Agora transforme todas as sentenças acima em NEGATIVES e INTERROGATIVES. Model: John was wearing a black leather jacket.  

Negative: John wasn’t wearing a black leather jacket.

 

Interrogative: Was John wearing a black leather jacket? 

a. Negative: Interrogative:

b. Negative: Interrogative:

c. Negative: Interrogative:

d. Negative:

Interrogative:

e. Negative: Interrogative:

f. Negative: Interrogative:

3. Complete as sentenças com o PAST CONTINUOUS usando os verbos entre parênteses. a. The girls __________________ (swim) an hour ago. b. What __________ Cinthia__________ (do) in the library? c. __________ you __________ (fell) well yesterday? d. At dinner time, Chris ____________________ (eat) in an Italian restaurant. e. At 8 in the morning, Phillip ____________________ (fly) to Switzerland. f. Maria ____________________ (read) a bestseller. g. It ____________________ (rain) a lot yesterday! h. __________ Brian ___________ (live) in San Diego in 2009?

4. Escreva perguntas. Use WAS/ WERE – ING. Model: (What – Timothy – do – in the morning) What was Timothy doing in the moring? 

(your mother – cook – lunch - yesterday) Was your mother cooking lunch yesterday? 

a. (What – you – do – at – 10 o’clock)

b. (Where – Patty – study – last morning)

c. (What – Patrick – wear – yesterday)

d. (it – rain – yesterday)

e. (Where – your parents – live – in 1999) f. (The baby – cry)

g. (The kids – play - soccer)

h. (The old man – carry – an umbrella)

4.2.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE Já estudamos o SIMPLE PAST do Verbo To Be e suas aplicações em “There To

Be”, e também no “Past Continuous Tense”. Agora é hora de estudarmos como o SIMPLE PAST TENSE funciona com os demais verbos, como correr, brincar, estudar, escrever etc. De um modo geral, podemos dividir os demais verbos em VERBOS REGULARES e VERBOS IRREGULARES. Vamos, neste primeiro momento, nos ater somente aos VERBOS REGULARES, e posteriormente estudaremos os VERBOS IRREGULARES. 4.2.1.

REGULAR VERBS Os REGULAR VERBS são aqueles que, para se construir a forma passada, acrescentamos –ED ao infinitivo dos verbos. Examples: •

Work (forma infinitiva) – Worked

(forma passada) •

Call (forma infinitiva) – Called (forma

passada)

•

Watch (forma infinitiva) – Watched (forma passada) Basta acrescentarmos –ED, - D, ou- IED ao final da forma infinitiva do

verbo e temos o SIMPLE PAST deste verbo. Pay attention:

O SIMPLE PAST é usado para: •

Falar de ações do passado, acabadas em um tempo definido. Example: We walked around the park yesterday evening. I talked to my sister on the phone last Sunday. Paul lived in Greece in 2001.

•

É, normalmente, empregado com Adverbs ou Adverbial Phrases of Time. Brian watched a good movie on TV last night. Gina called me in the evening.

•

Também empregamos o SIMPLE PAST  para falar de hábitos ou de acontecimentos do passado. Porém, nestas situações é mais comum usarmos a expressão “USED TO”. Observe as possibilidades: I always stayed home alone when I was a kid. OU I used to stay home alone when I was a kid. My brother, Tom, lived in Holland when he was 20 years old. OU My brother, Tom, used to live in Holland when he was 20 years old.

Note que quando usamos “USED TO”o verbo,responsável pela ação, volta para a forma infinitiva. Só nos resta saber então, em quais situações devemos colocar – ED, - D ou – IED ao final de cada verbo. Tudo depende de como é a terminação desse verbo, ou seja, como este verbo termina. É o que chamaremos de SPELLING RULES. SPELLING RULES Há, basicamente, quatro regrinhas que devemos ter sempre em mente quando utilizamos VERBOS REGULARES. São elas: •

•

•

•

Regra Geral: acrescenta-se –ED ao infinitivo de verbos em geral. •

work – worked

•

clean – cleaned

•

spill – spilled

•

wait– waited

Acrescenta-se somente –D ao infinitivo de verbos terminados em E. •

live – lived

•

love – loved

•

bake – baked

•

change – changed

Se o verbo terminar em –Y ,elimina-se o Y final e acrescenta-se–IED. •

study – studied

•

hurry – hurried

•

cry – cried

•

carry– carried

Se o verbo for monossilábico, ou seja, se for um verbo formado por uma só sílaba, ou se for um verbo que termine em sílaba tônica formada por CVC (Consoante/ Vogal/ Consoante), dobra-se a última consoante a acrescenta-se –ED. stop – stopped •

•

plan - planned

•

permit–permitted

•

 jog – jogged

Did you get it? So now, let’s study the Irregular Verbs.

4.3.

IRREGULAR VERBS Os IRREGULAR VERBS só se diferem dos REGULAR VERBS quanto a forma.

Observamos que para formar REGULAR VERBS basta acrescentarmos –ED, -D ou -IED ao final do infinitivo de um verbo de acordo com as SPELLING RULES. Já os IRREGULAR VERBS não obedecem a nenhuma regra, ou seja, eles tem forma própria e diferentes umas das outras. Observe: •

Swim – Swam

•

Make – Made

•

Think – Thought

•

Catch – Caught

•

Buy – Bought Let´s see some examples. •

•

•

•

Michael and Eliza wrote a book together when they were teenagers. Lucy saw her ex-boyfriend at the shopping mall yesterday. Stephanie paid U$ 3,000 for a purse last month! It’s a rip off! Melinda went to the circus last night.

Ao final deste material, há uma lista dos principais IRREGULAR VERBS, a qual deverá ser consultada sempre que necessário. Agora, vamos aprender a elaborar NEGATIVE e INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES no SIMPLE PAST.

Observe como são estruturadas as formas interrogativas e negativas de sentenças no SIMPLE PAST TENSE.

Usa-se DID como verbo auxiliar na construção de estruturas interrogativas e negativas. Pay attention to it: Affirmative: We danced  a lot at the party yesterday. Interrogative: DID we DANCE  a lot at the party yesterday. Negativa: We DIDN’T DANCE  a lot at the party yesterday. Na estrutura interrogativa o verbo auxiliar DID é posicionado imediatamente antes do sujeito:

 Já na estrutura negativa, o verbo auxiliar DID é posicionado, juntamente com NOT, antes do verbo:

Pay a lot more attention here: Nas interrogativas, continuando utilizando o verbo auxiliar

DID  antes

sujeito, porém, quando isso acontece, o verbo volta a sua forma innitiva.

do

O mesmo acontece nas formas negativas, utilizamos o verbo auxiliar DID justamente com NOT antes do verbo, e mais uma vez, o verbo volta para o infinitivo.

Don’t forget the short form: •

DID NOT = DIDN’T And the short answers:

•

DID you WORK last night? Yes, I DID. No, I DIDN’T.

DID the teachers REST on their vacations? Yes, they DID. No, they DIDN’T.

GOT IT ALL? SO, LET’S PRACTICE! • Here is another tip for you: • Consulte as SPEELING RULES e a LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES sem  pr e qu e ne cessário para a re alização do s exer cícios.

1. Complete as sentenças usando o SIMPLE PAST. Use os verbos entre parênteses. a. Our industry ______________ (develop) a new security system. b. The truck ______________ (belong) to my Dad. c. Brian ________________ (try) to talk to his girlfriend last night. d. The Wilsons _________________ (arrive) late at the airport and _________________ (miss) their flight.

e. She _________________ (love) her husband very much. f. The boy _________________ (spill) grape juice on the sofa. g. A tornado __________________ (destroy) the city last week. h. Marcia ____________________ (talk) to her parents a few minutes ago.

2. Transforme as sentenças em negativas e interrogativas. Model: I watched TV last night. Negative: I didn’t watch TV last night. Interrogative: Did you watch TV last night?  a. I enjoyed the party yesterday. Negative: Interrogative:

b. Janice called her sister last night. Negative: Interrogative:

c. Juliet loved the play yesterday night. Negative: Interrogative:

d. My mother washed the clothes in the morning. Negative: Interrogative:

e. The engineer wanted a new job. Negative: Interrogative:

f. The kids played baseball at the park last weekend. Negative: Interrogative:

g. We listened to the radio all day long.

Negative: Interrogative:

h. The mechanic fixed my car very fast. Negative: Interrogative:

3. Complete as sentenças com o negativo dos verbos sublinhados Model: I saw Mary yesterday, but she didn’t see me. a. My friend worked on Saturday but she __________________ on Sunday. b. Lisa went to the bank but she _______________________ to the supermarket. c. We got up late last morning but we ______________________ late today. d. I ate meat for lunch yesterday but I _____________________ meat today. e. Jack studied English at school but he _____________________ French.

4. Agora, construa perguntas baseadas nas respostas dadas. Model: I saw a good movie on TV last night. And you? Did you see a good movie on TV last night? 

a. I enjoyed the party. And you?

b. I spent a good holiday on the beach. And you?

c. Betty slept well last night. And you?

d. We had a great time at the park. And you?

e. We loved the dinner party. And you?

f. I went to the movies last night. And you?

5. Responda as perguntas. Use as respostas dadas. Model: What did she buy? (a new dress) She bought a new dress.

a. Where did she teach Math? (at the Primary School)

b. How did your mother travel? (by bus)

c. When did you sell your house? (last year)

d. What did Michael tell his friend? (about the party)

e. How did she come home? (on foot)

f. Where did they meet? (at the shopping mall)

4.4.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE O PRESENT PERFECT TENSE é um tempo verbal que fala de ações que

aconteceram no passado, mas que, de alguma maneira, tem ligações com o presente. Vamos entender como este tempo verbal é estruturado e então, estudaremos as diferentes formas de usá-lo.

O PRESENT PERFECT TENSE é formado pelo presente do Verbo to Have seguido

do Passado Particípio do Verbo principal da ação. Examples:

Mas como saber qual é o PAST PARTICIPLE de um verbo? O PAST PARTICIPLE dos REGULAR VERBS é igual ao SIMPLE PAST.

Já o PAST PARTICIPLE dos IRREGULAR VERBS, assim como o SIMPLE PAST, não obedece nenhuma regra. Tem forma própria.

O PRESENT PERFECT TENSE é usado para: •

Falar de ações que começaram a acontecer no passado, mas que continuam acontecendo no tempo presente. Observe:

1999 = Mike moved to New Hampshire. (Past time) 2011 = Mike lives in New Hampshire. (Present time) Mike has lived in New Hampshire for 12 years.

Nosso exemplo diz que Mike mudou-se para New Hampshire em 1999. E desde então, tem morado lá. Então, usa-se o PRESENT PERFECT TENSE para falar de uma ação que teve início no passado (quando Mike mudou-se para lá), mas que no tempo presente (hoje), a ação continua acontecendo em tempo presente. Falar de ações que aconteceram num tempo indefinido no passado. •

I have finished my job.

No entanto, se for mencionado ou sugerido o tempo exato em que a ação ocorreu, usa-se o SIMPLE PAST. Compare:

I have finished my job. = PRESENT PERFECT I finished my job yesterday night. = SIMPLE PAST O PRESENT PERFECT TENSE é usado com: •

SINCE or FOR – (desde; por) para expressar ações que tiveram início no passado, mas que continuam acontecendo no presente. Since (desde) e For (por) funcionam com “marcadores de tempo”. Eles nos dizem desde quando a ação começou a acontecer (Since), e por quanto tempo a ação vem acontecendo (For).

Melanie has played the piano since she was a little girl. She has played the piano for 10 years. •

JUST – Para falar de ações que acabaram de acontecer.  Alice has just had lunch. Sam and Carol have just got married .

•

ALREADY (Já) – Para falar de ações que aconteceram antes que deveriam acontecer. Ele é normalmente posicionado antes do verbo principal. My parents have already arrived from Marrocos. Denise has already cooked dinner.

•

MANY TIMES  (muitas vezes) – Usa-se MANY TIMES para falar de ações que aconteceram repetidas vezes no passado. We have been to London many times. Andrea has seen that play many times.

•

YET (ainda; já) – usa-se para despertar certa expectativa de que alguma coisa aconteça. Yet é normalmente posicionado ao final da sentença. My sons haven’t arrived yet! Susie hasn’t finished her History paper yet!

•

EVER or NEVER (alguma vez; nunca) – são usados para falar de experiências vividas durante um período de tempo. I have never been to the USA. Have you ever been to Florida? Estudaremos agora, como construir NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

SENTENCES no PAST PERFECT TENSE. Pay attention.

Observe neste caso que, o verbo que funciona como AXILIARY VERB, é o próprio HAVE ou HAS. É o Verbo To Have que vai estruturar as INTERROGATIVE e NEGATIVE SENTENCES. Special attention here: Affirmative: They have danced a lot. Interrogative: Have they danced a lot?  Negative: They have not danced a lot . Contracted Negative: They haven’t danced a lot .

Affirmative: Jessica has driven for 4 hours. Interrogative: Has Jessica driven for 4 hours?  Negative:  Jessica has not driven for 4 hours. Contracted Negative: Jessica hasn’t driven for 4 hours.

Don’t forget that: •

Usa-se HAS para as 3ªs pessoas do singular: HE – SHE – IT

The short forms:

•

HAVE NOT = HAVEN’T

•

HAS NOT = HASN’T

And the short answers: •

•

•

Yes, I HAVE. No, I HAVEN’T.

•

•

•

•

HAS Lilly already been to Australia?

Yes, she HAS. No, she HASN’T.

•

•

HAVE you worked hard lately?

HAVE we studied English lately?

Yes, we HAVE. No, we HAVEN’T.

I hope your answer for the last question “Have we studied English lately?” was “yes”, because definitely it was what we have been doing!

So, keep up with the good work do a good job! 1. Complete as sentenças utilizando o PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. a. She __________________ (paint) her house. b. Brian __________________ (study) hard for his Grammar test.

c. We ___________________ (buy) many things for the party. d. The Kennedys ___________________ (be) to Greece many times. e. ______________ Norman _______________ (cut) his hair? f. ______________ you _________________ (go) to the mall? g. Melody ____________ already ____________ (clean) her room. h. Judy ____________ just _______________ (travel) to England. i. Emma and Paul _____________ just ____________ (move) to London.

2. Estruture sentenças negativas e interrogativas. Model: I have been to Bahia. Interrogative: Have you been to Bahia? Negative: I haven’t been to Bahia.

a. Bianca has cleaned her bedroom. Interrogative: Negative:

b. William has done his homework. Interrogative: Negative:

c. It has stopped raining. Interrogative: Negative:

d. The picture has fallen down the wall. Interrogative: Negative:

e. My parents have gone home earlier. Interrogative: Negative:

f. Steve has closed the windows.

Interrogative: Negative:

3. Complete as sentenças usando os verbos dados.

Model: Are they still having dinner? No, they have already finished . a. I ______________________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them? b. Is Sylvia there? No, she ______________________ to the drugstore. c. _______________ you ______________ your homework? No, I’m going to do it later. d. Where is your key? I don’t know. I _______________________ it! e. Look! Somebody ______________________ that window. f. Your house looks different. __________________ you __________________ it? g. I can’t find my umbrella! Somebody _________________________ it. h.

I’m

looking

for

Elizabeth.

Where

________________

she

__________________? i. Do you want the newspaper? No, thanks. I _____________________ it.

5. Complete as sentenças. Atenção ao verbo da sentence inicial, pois é ele que será usado para preencher a lacuna no PRESENT PERFECT. Model: Billy is in Jamaica. He has been in Jamaica since January. a. Elliot has a toothache. He ____________________ a toothache since he got up. b. I know Olivia. I ______________________ Olivia for a long time. c. Bill and Susan are married. They _______________________ married since 2007.

d. I study English. I ________________________ English for ten years. e. Simon is sick. He ________________________ sick for a week. f. Winona works in a bank. She _______________________ in a bank for five years. g. We live in this apartment. We ______________________ in this apartment since 1998. h. They play golf. They ______________________ for 3 years.

6. Sua amiga Michelle está vivendo em Vancouver. Complete a carta que você está escrevendo a ela usando o PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

Para complementar esta última unidade, assista à nossa quarta teleaula , verifique suas dúvidas e compartilhe-as no Fórum. Lembre-se de fazer as atividades dentro dos prazos no ambiente virtual.

CONFIRA SUAS RESPOSTAS Key 

4.1. 1. a. At 8 o’clock, Sylvia was going to the supermarket. b. At 10 o’clock, Sylvia was washing the car. c. At 11 o’clock, Sylvia was preparing dinner. d. At 1 o’clock, Sylvia was going to the shopping mall with Billy.

2. a. Lisa was smoking a cigarette. b. Carl was dancing with Britney. c. Amy was singing a song. d. George was drinking a cocktail. e. Elaine was carrying a beautiful velvet purse. f. Bruce was using an umbrella.

a. Lisa wasn’t smoking a cigarette./ Was Lisa smoking a cigarette? b. Carl wasn’t dancing with Britney./ Was Carl dancing with Britney? c. Amy wasn’t singing a song./ Was Amy singing a song? d. George wasn’t drinking a cocktail./ Was George drinking a cocktail? e. Elaine wasn’t carrying a beautiful velvet purse./ Was Elaine carrying a beautiful velvet purse?

f. Bruce wasn’t wearing an umbrella./ Was Bruce wearing an umbrella?

3. a. were swimming b. was/ doing c. Were/ felling d. was eating

e. was flying f. was reading g. was raining h. Was/ living

4. a. What were you doing at 10 o’clock? b. Where was Patty studying last morning? c. What was Patrick wearing yesterday? d. Was it raining yesterday? e. Where were your parents living in 1999? f. Was the baby crying? g. Were the kids playing soccer? h. Was the old man carrying an umbrella?

4.2. 1. a. developed b. belonged c. tried d. arrived – missed e. loved f. spilled g. destroyed h. talked

2. a.

I didn’t enjoy the party last night.

Did you enjoy the party last night?

b.

Janice didn’t call her sister last night. Did Janice call her sister last night?

c.

Juliet didn’t love the play yesterday night. Did Juliet love the play yesterday night?

d.

My mother didn’t wash the clothes in the morning. Did my mother wash the clothes in the morning?

e.

The engineer didn’t want a new job. Did the engineer want a new job?

f.

The kids didn’t play baseball at the park last weekend. Did the kids play baseball at the park last weekend?

g.

We didn’t listen to the radio all day long. Did we listen to the radio all day long?

h.

The mechanic didn’t fix my car very fast. Did the mechanic fix my car very fast?

3. a. didn’t work b. didn’t go c. didn’t get up d. didn’t eat e. didn’t study

4. a. Did you enjoy the party? b. Did you spend a good holiday on the beach? c. Did you sleep well last night? d. Did you have a great time at the park?

e. Did you love the dinner party? f. Did you go to the movies last night?

5. a. She taught Math at the Primary School. b. My mother travelled by bus. c. I sold my house last year. d. He told his friend about the party. e. She came home on foot. f. They met at the shopping mall.

4.3. 1. a. has painted b. has studied c. have bought d. have been e. Has/ cut f. Have/ gone g. has/ cleaned h. has/ travelled i. have/ moved

2. a. Has Bianca cleaned her bedroom?/ Bianca hasn’t cleaned her bedroom. b. Has William done his homework?/ William hasn’t done his homework. c. Has it stopped raining?/ It hasn’t stopped raining. d. Has the picture fallen down the wall?/ The picture hasn’t fallen down the

wall.

e. Have my parents gone home earlier?/ My parents haven’t gone home earlier. f. Has Steve closed the windows?/ Steve hasn’t closed the windows.

3. a. have bought b. has gone c. Have/ done d. have lost e. has broken f. Have/ painted g. has taken h. has/ gone i. have read

4. a. has had b. have known c. have been d. have studied e. has been f. has worked g. have lived h. have played

5. 1. have happened 2. hasn’t written

3. haven’t seen 4. haven’t been 5. haven’t had 6. Have/ done

LIST OF MOST COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS