SIT282 Computer Crime and Digital Forensics Revision and Review This document has been provided for you to prepare for the final exam. A selection of the review questions and solutions for each of the chapters from the prescribed text corresponding to the week in which the content was covered has been provided. The selection best represents the learning objectives of this unit. The remaining questions (represented by the blank space) should still be considered as part of your revision and review. We suggest you have your text text at hand when attempting attempting these questions and will will be required to look up the complete list of possible responses for the multiple choice questions that are clearly indicated in italic font. Weekly Reading Schedule Prescribed Text: B. Nelson, A. Phillips and C. Steuart, “Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations”, Fourth Edition, Course Technology, 2009.
Week 1 2 3
Chapter
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Chapter 1 and Chapter 11 Chapter 2 Chapter 4 pp. 100-129 Chapter 7 Chapter 5 Chapter 9 Chapter 3 and Chapter 14 Chapter 6 Chapter 10 Chapter 12 Chapter 16 Chapter 8 and Chapter 13 Revision and Review
Chapter 1 Review Questions 1.
List two organizations mentioned in the chapter that provide computer forensics training. CTIN, HTCIA
2.
Computer forensics and data recovery refer to the same activities. True or False? False
3.
Police in the United States must use procedures that adhere to which of the following? b. the Fourth Amendment
4.
The triad of computing security includes which of t he following? c. Vulnerability Vulnerability assessment, intrusion response, and investigation
5.
List three common types of digital crime. Answers can include fraud, ee -mail harassment, cyberstalking, and embezzlement.
6.
A corporate investigator must follow Fourth Amendment standards when conducting an investigation. True or False? False
7.
What is the purpose of maintaining a network of other co mputer forensics specialists? As you move ahead in the field, you need to develop a list of colleagues who specialize in different areas than you in the event you need help on a case
8.
Policies can address rules for which of the following? d. Any of the above
9.
List two items that should appear on an internal warning banner. Answers can include statements that the organization has the right to monitor what users do, that their ee-mail is not personal, and so on.
10. Warning banners are often easier to present in court than policy manuals are. Tr ue or False? True 11. Under normal circumstances, a corporate investigator is considered an agent of law enforcement. True or False? False 12. List two types of computer investigations typically conducted in the corporate environment. Fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, espionage, and e -mail harassment 13. What is professional conduct and why is it i mportant? Professional conduct includes ethics, morals, and standards of behavior. It affects your credibility. 14. What is the purpose of maintaining a professional journal? It helps you remember what procedures were followed if the case ever goes to court. It can also be a useful reference if you need to remember how you solved a challenging problem. 15. Laws and procedures for PDAs are which of the following? b. Still being debated 16. Why should companies appoint an authorized requester for computer investigations? to reduce conflicts from competing interests among other organizations or departments and to avoid starting investigations based on innuendo or jealousy 17. What is the purpose of an affidavit? It is to provide facts in support of evidence of a crime to submit to a judge when requesting a search warrant. 18. What are the necessary components of a search warrant? Who, what , when, and where. In many cases, a search warrant may be limiting in scope of what can be seized.
Chapter 11 Review Questions 1.
What are the potential problems when you discover that another company’s company’s machines are being used as part of the same attack your your company is dealing with? For both companies, proprietary information is at stake. Calling in t he authorities could expose both companies to unwanted scrutiny.
2.
Why are live acquisitions becoming more common? Network attacks are increasing, and the OOV of certain digital evidence dictates it.
3.
A layered network defense puts the most valuable data where? c. In the innermost layer
4.
Tcpslice can be used to retrieve specific timeframes of packet captures. True or False? True
5.
Which of the following tools from Sysinternals monitors Registry data in real time? c. RegMon
6.
Data gathered from a honeypot is considered evidence that can be used in court. True or False? False
7. Name three types of log files you should examine after a network intrusion. firewall, router, network 8.
List the general procedure for making a live acquisition. Have a bootable forensics CD handy; have a network drive you can download information to, if possible; keep a log of all steps and information; copy RAM and running processes; look for rootkits.
9.
Packet sniffers examine what layers of the OSI model? c. Layers 2 and 3
10. When do zero day attacks occur? (Choose all that apply.) b. Before a patch is available c. Before the vendor is aware of the vulnerability 11. What are the three modes of protection in the DiD strategy? People, technology, operations 12. In what way do live acquisitions violate standard forensics pr ocedures? They change the data and are not repeatable. 13. Having the hash value of standard installation files on a syste m can help you determine whether an attacker altered the OS. True or False? True 14. What are the Pcap versions for UNIX/Linux and Windows? Libpcap and Winpcap 15. Ethereal can send automated alerts when it encounters anomalies in captured packets. True or False? False 16. A honeypot should contain some valuable network data to ensure that it lures attackers successfully. True or False? False
Chapter 2 Review Questions
1.
What are some initial assessments you should make for a computing investigation? Talk to others involved in the case and ask about the incident. Determine whether law enforcement or company security officers already seized the computer evidence. Determine whether the computer was used to commit a crime or contains evidence about the crime.
2.
What are some ways to determine the resources needed for an investigation? Determine the OS of the suspect computer. List the necessary software to use for the examination.
3.
List three items that should be on an evidence custody form. Possible answers include case number, name of the investigator assigned to the case, nature of the case, location where evidence was obtained, description of the evidence, and so on.
4.
Why should you do a standard risk assess ment to prepare for an investigation? to list problems that might happen when conducting your investigation as an aid in planni ng your case
5.
You should always prove the allegations made by the person who hired you. True or False? False
6.
For digital evidence, an evidence bag is typically made of antistatic material. True or False? True
7.
Who should have access to a secure container? b. Only the investigators in the group
8.
For employee termination cases, what types of investigations do you typically encounter? hostile work environment caused by inappropriate Internet use sending harassing e-mail messages
9.
Why should your evidence media be write - protected? to ensure that data isn’t altered
10. List three items that should be in your case report. Answers can include an explanation of basic computer and network processes, a narrative of what steps you took, a description of your findings, and l og files generated from your analysis tools. 11. Why should you critique your case after it’s finished? to improve your work 12. What do you call a list of people who have had physical possession of the evidence? chain of custody 13. What two tasks is an acquisitions officer responsible for at a crime scene? Answers can include providing a list of all components that were seized, noting whether the computer was running at the time it was taken into evidence, making notes of the computer ’s state at the time it was acquired, noting the operating system if t he computer is running, and photographing any open windows to document currently running programs. 14. What are some reasons that an employee might leak infor mation to the press? Reasons range from disgruntled employees wanting to embarrass the company to rival organizations competing against each other.
15. When might an interview turn into an interrogation? Interviews are intended to collect facts about an investigation. An investigator might find that these facts warrant considering the witness to be a suspect, at which point the interview becomes an interrogation. 16. What is the most important point to r emember when assigned to work on an attorney client privilege case? keeping all your finding confidential 17. What are the basic guidelines when working on an attorney -client privilege case? Minimize written correspondence, make sure all written documentation and communication includes a label stating that it’s privileged communications and confidential work product, and assisting the attorney and paralegal in analyzing data. 18. Data collected before an attorney issues a memorandum for an attorney -client privilege case is protected under the confidential work product rule. True or False? False. All data collected before an attorney issues notice of attorney -client privilege is subject to discovery by opposing counsel.
Chapter 4 Review Questions 1.
What is the primary goal of a static acquisition? preservation of digital evidence
2. Name the three formats for computer forensics data acquisitions. raw format, proprietary formats, and Advanced Forensic Format ( AFF) 3.
What are two advantages and disadvantages of the raw format? Advantages: faster data transfer speeds, ignores minor data errors, and most forensic analysis tools can read it. Disadvantages: requires equal or greater target disk space, does not contain hash values in the raw file (metadata), might have to run a separate hash p rogram to validate raw format data, and might not collect marginal (bad) blocks.
4.
List two features common with proprietary format acquisition files. Can compress or not compress the acquisition data; can segment acquisition output files into smaller volumes, allowing them to be archived to CD or DVD; case metadata can be added to the acquisition file, eliminating the need to keep track of any additional validation documentation or files.
5.
Of all the proprietary formats, which one is the unofficial standard? Expert Witness, used by Guidance Software EnCase
6. Name two commercial tools that can make a forensic sector - by-sector duplicate of a drive to a larger drive. EnCase, SafeBack, and SnapCopy. 7.
What does a logical acquisition collect for an investigation? only specific files of interest to the case
8.
What does a sparse acquisition collect for an investigation? fragments of unallocated data in addition to the logical allocated data
9.
What should you consider when determining which data acquisition method to use? size of the source drive, whether the source drive be retained as evidence, how long the acquisition will take, and where the disk evidence is located
10. What is the advantage of using a tape backup system for forensic acquisitions of large data sets? There is no limit to the size of data you can write to magnetic tape. 11. When is a standard data backup tool, such as Norton Ghost, used for a computing investigation? when the suspect computer can’t be taken offline for several hours but can be shut down long enough to switch disks with a Ghost backup, allowing t he investigator to take the original disk and preserve it as digital evidence 12. Why is it a good practice to make two images of a suspect drive in a critical investigation? to ensure at least one good copy of the forensically collected data in case of any failures 13. When you perform an acquisition at a remote location, what should you consider to prepare for this task? determining whether there’s sufficient electrical power and lighting and checking the te mperature and humidity at the location 14. What is the disadvantage of using the Windows XP/Vista USB write - protection Registry method? If the target drive is an external USB drive, the write - protect feature prevents data from being written to it. 15. With newer Linux kernel distributions, what happens if you connect a hot -swappable device, such a USB thumb drive, containing evidence? Newer Linux distributions automatically mount the USB device, which could alter data on it. 16. In a Linux shell, the fdisk -1 command lists the suspect drive as /dev/hda1. Is the following dcfldd command correct? dcfldd if=image_file.img of=/dev/hda1 Wrong. This command reads the image_file.img file a nd writes it to the evidence drive’s /dev/hda1 partition. The correct command is dcfldd if=/dev/hda1 of=image_file.img. 17. What is the most critical aspect of computer evidence? validation 18. What is a hashing algorithm? A program designed to create a binary or hexadecimal number that represents the uniqueness o f a data set, file, or entire disk 19. Which hashing algorithm utilities can be run from a Linux shell pr ompt? md5sum and sha1sum 20. In the Linux dcfldd command, which three options are used for validating data? hash=, hashlog=, and vf= 21. What’s the maximum file size when writing data to a FAT32 drive? 2 GB (a limitation of FAT file systems) 22. What are two concerns when acquiring data from a RAID server? 1) amount of data storage needed. 2) the type of RAID server (0, 1 , 5, etc.) 3) whether your acquisition tool can handle RAID acquisitions. 4) whether your analysis tool can handle RAID data 5) whether your analysis tool can split RAID data into separate disk dr ives, making it easier to distribute large data sets 23. R -Studio and DiskExplorer are used primarily for computer forensics. True or False? False. They are designed as data recovery tools but are useful in rebuilding corrupt data when forensics tools fail. 24. With remote acquisitions, what problems should you be aware of?
d. All of the above 25. How does ProDiscover Investigator encrypt the connection between the examiner’s and suspect’s computers? ProDiscover provides 256- bit AES or Twofish encryption with GUID and encrypts the password on the suspect’s workstation. 26. What is the EnCase Enterprise remote access program? ServLet 27. What is the ProDiscover remote access program? PDServer 28. What is the Runtime Software utility used to acquire data over a network connection? DiskExplorer for NTFS or DiskExplorer for FAT 29. HDHost is automatically encrypted when connected to another computer. True or False? False 30. List the two types of connections in HDHost.. TCP/IP and serial RS232 port 31. Which computer forensics tools can connect to a suspect’s remote computer and run surreptitiously? EnCase Enterprise, ProDiscover Investigator, and ProDiscover Incident Response 32. EnCase, FTK, SMART, and iLook treat the i mage file as though it were the original disk. True or False? True 33. When possible, you should make two copies of evidence. True or False? True 34. FTK Imager can acquire data in a drive’s host protected area. True or Fal se? False
Chapter 7 Review Questions 1.
What are the five required functions for computer forensics tools? acquisition, validation and discrimination, extraction, reconstruction, and reporting
2.
A disk partition can be copied only with a command -line acquisition tool. True or False? False
3.
What two data-copying methods are used in software data acquisitions? c. Logical and physical
4.
During a remote acquisition of a suspect drive, RAM data is lost. True or False? False
5.
Hashing, filtering, and file header analysis make up which function of computer forensics tools? a. Validation and discrimination
6.
Sleuth Kit is used to access Autopsy’s tools. True or False?
False (Autopsy is the front end to Sleuth Kit.) 7.
When considering new forensics software tools, you sh ould do which of the following? c. Test and validate the software.
8.
Of the six functions of computer forensics tools, what are the subfunctions of the Extraction function? Data viewing, Keyword searching, Decompressing, Carving, Decrypting, and Bookmarking
9.
Data can’t be written to the disk with a command -line tool. True or False? False
10. Hash values are used for which of the following purposes? (Choose all that appl y.) b. Filtering known good files from potentially suspicious data d. Validating that the original data hasn’t changed 11. What’s the name of the NIST project established to collect all known hash values for commercial software and OS files? National Software Reference Library (NSRL) 12. Many of the newer GUI tools use a lot of s ystem resources. True or False? True 13. Building a forensic workstation is more expensive than purchasing one. True or False? False 14. A live acquisition is considered an accepted forensics practice. True or False? False 15. Which of the following is true of most drive-imaging tools? (Choose all that apply.) b. They ensure that the original drive doesn’t become corrupt and damage the digital evidence. c. They create a copy of the original drive. 16. The standards for testing forensics tools are based on which criteria? c. ISO 17025 17. Which of the following tools can examine files created by WinZip? a. FTK 18. List four subfunctions of reconstructing drives. disk -to-disk copy, image-to-disk copy, partition-to- partition copy, image-to- partition copy 19. When validating the results of a forensic analysis, you should do which of the following? d. Do both a and b. 20. NIST testing procedures are valid only for government agencies. True or False? False
Chapter 5 Review Questions 1.
Corporate investigations are typically easier than law enforcement investigations for which of the following reasons? a. Most companies keep inventory databases of all hardware and software used.
2.
In the United States, if a company publishes a policy stating that it reserves the right to inspect computing assets at will, a corporate investigator can conduct covert surveillance on an employee with little ca use. True or False? True
3.
If you discover a criminal act, such as murder or child pornography, while investigating a corporate policy abuse, the case becomes a criminal investigation and should be referred to law enforcement. True or False? True
4.
As a corporate investigator, you can become an agent of law enforcement when which of the following happens? (Choose all that apply.) a. You begin to take orders from a police detective without a warrant or subpoena. b. Your internal investigation has concluded, and you have filed a criminal complaint and turned over the evidence to law enforcement.
5.
The plain view doctrine in computer searches is well -established law. True or False? False
6.
If a suspect computer is located in an area that might have toxic chemicals, you must do which of the following? (Choose all that apply.) a. Coordinate with the HAZMAT team. c. Assume the suspect computer is contaminated.
7.
What are the three rules for a forensic hash? It can’t be predicted, no two files can have the same hash value, and if the file changes, the hash value changes.
8.
In forensic hashes, a collision occurs when ____________________. two files have the same hash value
9.
List three items that should be in an i nitial-response field kit. Small computer toolkit, large-capacity drive, IDE ribbon cables, forensic boot media, laptop IDE 40-to-44 pin adapter, laptop or portable computer, FireWire or USB dual write - protect external bay, flashlight, digital camera or 35mm camera, evidence log forms, notebook or dictation recorder, computer evidence bags (antistatic bags), evidence labels, tape, and tags, permanent ink marker, USB drives or large portable hard drive
10. When you arrive at the scene, why should you extract only those items you need to acquire evidence? to minimize how much you have to keep track of at the scene 11. Computer peripherals or attachments can contain DN A evidence. True or False? True 12. If a suspect computer is running Windows 2000, which of the following can you perfor m safely? a. Browsing open applications 13. Describe what should be videotaped or sketched at a computer crime scene. Computers, cable connections, overview of scene—anything that might be of interest to the investigation 14. Which of the following techniques might be used in covert surveillance? a. Keylogging b. Data sniffing 15. Commingling evidence means what in a corporate setting?
sensitive corporate information being mixed with data collected as evidence 16. Identify two hashing algorithms commonly used for forensic purposes. MD5 and SHA-1 17. Small companies rarely need investigators. True or False? False 18. If a company doesn’t distribute a computing use policy stating an employer ’s right to inspect employees’ computers freely, including e -mail and Web use, employees have an expectation of privacy. True or False? True 19. You have been called to the scene of a fatal car crash where a laptop computer is still running. What type of field kit should you take with you? initial-response field kit 20. You should always answer questions from onlookers at a crime scene. True or False? False
Chapter 9 Review Questions 1.
Which of the following represents known files you can eliminate from an investigation? (Choose all that apply.) b. Files associated with an application c. System files the OS uses
2.
For which of the following reasons should you wipe a target drive? d. Both a and b
3.
FTK’s Known File Filter (KFF) can be used for which of the following purposes? (Choose all that apply.) a. Filter known program files from view. c. Compare hash values of known files to evidence files.
4.
For what legal and illegal purposes can you use steganography? To protect ownership of online artwork or to hide messages related to illegal activity
5.
Password recovery is included in all computer forensics tools. True or False? False
6.
After you shift a file’s bits, the hash value remains the same. True or False? False
7.
Validating an image file once, the first time you open it, is enough. True or False? False
8. ___________________ happens when an investigation goes beyond the bounds of its original description. Scope creep 9.
Suppose you’re investigating an e-mail harassment case. Generally, is collecting evidence for this type of case easier for an internal corporate investigation or a criminal investigation?
c. Internal corporate investigation because corporate investigators typically have ready access to company records 10. You’re using Disk Manager to view primary and extended partitions on a suspect’s drive. The program reports the extended partition’s total size as larger than the sum of the sizes of logical partitions in this extended partition. What might you infer from this information? b. There’s a hidden partition. 11. Commercial encryption programs often rely on a technology known as _____________________ to recover files if a password or passphrase is lost. key escrow 12. Steganography is used for which of the following purposes? b. Hiding data 13. Which FTK search option is more likely to find text hidden in unallocated space: live search or indexed search? Live search 14. Which of the following statements about HDHOST is true? (Choose all that apply.) a. It can be used to access a suspect’s computer remotely. b. It requires installing the DiskExplorer program corresponding to the suspect’s file system. d. It works over both serial and TCP/IP interfaces. 15. Which of the following tools is most helpful in accessing clusters marked as “bad” on a disk? a. Norton DiskEdit 16. The likelihood that a brute-force attack can succeed in cracking a password depends heavily on the password length. True or False? True
Chapter 3 Review Questions 1.
An employer can be held liable for e -mail harassment. True or False? True
2.
Building a business case can involve which of the following? d. all of the above
3.
The ASCLD mandates the procedures established for a computer forensics lab. True or False? False
4.
The manager of a computer forensics lab is responsible for which of the following? (Choose all that apply.) a. necessary changes in lab procedures and software b. ensuring that staff members have sufficient training to do the job c. knowing the lab obj ectives
5.
To determine the types of operating systems needed in your lab, list two sources of information you could use. Uniform Crime Report statistics for your area and a list o f cases handled in your area or at your company
6.
What items should your business plan include? physical security items, such as evidence lockers; how many machines are needed; what OSs your lab commonly examines; why you need certain software; and how your lab will benefit the company (such as being able to quickly exonerate employees or discover whether they’re guilty).
7.
List two popular certification systems for computer forensics. IACIS, HTCN, EnCE
8.
The National Cybercrime Training Partnership is available only to law enforcement. True or False? True
9.
Why is physical security so critical for co mputer forensics labs? to maintain the chain of custody and prevent data from being lost, corrupted, or stolen
10. If a visitor to your computer forensics lab is a personal friend, it’s not necessary to have him or her sign the visitor ’s log. True or False? False 11. What three items should you research before enlisting in a certification pr ogram? requirements, cost, and acceptability in your chosen area of employment 12. Large computer forensics labs should have at least ______ exits. two 13. Typically, a(n) ____________ lab has a separate storage area or room for evidence. regional 14. Computer forensics facilities always have windows. True or False? False 15. The chief custodian of evidence storage containers should keep several master keys. True or False? False 16. Putting out fires in a computer lab typically requires a _______ rated fire extinguisher. B 17. A forensic workstation should always have a d irect broadband connection to the Internet. True or False? False 18. Which organization provides good information on safe storage containers? NISPOM 19. Which organization has guidelines on how to operate a computer forensics lab? ASCLD 20. What name refers to labs constructed to shield EMR emissions? TEMPEST
Chapter 14
Review Questions 1.
Which of the following rules or laws requires an expert to prepare and submit a report? a. FRCP 26
2.
For what purpose have hypothetical questions traditionally been used in litigation? a. To frame the factual context of rendering an expert witness’s opinion
3.
If you were a lay witness at a previous trial, you shouldn’t list that case in your written report. True or False? True
4.
Which of the following is an example of a written report? b. An affidavit
5.
What is destroying a report before the final resolution of a case called? spoliation
6.
An expert witness can give an opinion in which of the following situations? d. All of the above
7.
Which of the following is the standard format for r eports filed electronically in federal courts? c. PDF
8.
When writing a report, what’s the most important aspect of formatting? d. Consistency
9.
Automated tools help you collect and report evidence, but you’re responsible for doing which of the following? b. Explaining the significance of the evidence
10. What can be included in report appendixes? additional resource material not included in the text, raw data, figures not used i n the body of the report, and anticipated exhibits 11. Which of tollowing statements about the legal -sequential numbering system in report writing is true? d. It doesn’t indicate the relative importance of information. 12. What is a major advantage of automated forensics tools in repor t writing? You cincorporate the log files and reports these tools generate into your written repor ts. Generally, these generated files are in a format that’s easy to incorporate into an electronic document.
Chapter 6 Review Questions 1.
In DOS and Windows 9.x, Io.sys is the first file loaded after the ROM bootstr ap loader finds the disk. True or False? True
2.
Sectors typically contain how many bytes? b. 512
3.
What does CHS stand for? cylinders, heads, sectors
4.
Zoned bit recording is how manufacturers ensure that the outer tracks store as much data as possible. True or False? False
5.
Areal density refers to which of the following? c. Number of bits per square inch of a disk platter
6.
Clusters in Windows always begin numbering at what number? 2
7.
What is the ratio of sectors per cluster in a floppy disk? a. 1:1
8.
List three items stored in the FAT database. file and directory names, starting cluster numbers, file attributes, and date and time stamps
9.
Windows 2000 can be configured to access which of these file formats? (Choose all that apply.) a. FAT12 b. FAT16 c. FAT32 d. NTFS
10. In FAT32, a 123 KB file uses how many sectors? The answer is 246 sectors. 123 x 1024 bytes per KB = 125,952 total bytes in the file. 125,952 bytes / 512 sectors per cluster = 246 sectors 11. What is the space on a drive called when a file is deleted? (Choose all that apply.) b. Unallocated space d. Free space 12. List two features NTFS has that FAT does not. Unicode characters, security, journaling 13. What does MFT stand for? Master File Table 14. In NTFS, files smaller than 512 bytes are stored in the MFT. True or False? True 15. RAM slack can contain passwords . True or False?
True 16. A virtual cluster consists of what kind of clusters? chained clusters 17. The Windows Registry in Windows 9x consists of what two files? System.dat and User.dat 18. HPFS is used on which OS? OS/2 19. Device drivers contain what kind of information? instructions for the OS on how to interface with hardware devices 20. Which of the following Windows XP files contains user -specific information? b. Ntuser.dat 21. Virtual machines have which of the following limitations when running on a host computer? c. Virtual machines are limited to the host computer ’s peripheral configurations, such as mouse, keyboard, CD/DVD drives, and other devices. 22. An image of a suspect drive can be loaded on a virtual machine. True or False? True
23. EFS can encrypt which of the following? a. Files, folders, and volumes 24. To encrypt a FAT volume, which of the following utilities can you use? c. PGP Whole Disk Encryption 25. What are the functions of a data run’s field components in an MFT record? Data runs have three components; the first declares how many bytes are required in t he attribute field to store the number of bytes needed for the second and third components. The second component stores the number of clusters assigned to the data r un, and the third component contains the starting cluster address value (the LCN or the VCN).
Chapter 10 Review Questions 1.
Graphics files stored on a computer can’t be recovered after they are deleted. True or False? False
2.
When you carve a graphics file, recovering the image depends on which of the following skills? c. Recognizing the pattern of the file header content
3.
Explain how to identify an unknown graphics file format that your computer forensics tool doesn’t recognize. You need to examine a copy of the unknown file with a hexadecimal editor to find the hex code for the first several bytes of the file. Then you need to examine other known file types with similar or identical header values to see whether you can confirm its file type.
4.
What type of compression uses an algorithm that allows viewing the graphics file without losing any portion of the data? lossless
5.
When investigating graphics files, you should convert them into one standard for mat. True or False? False
6.
Digital pictures use data compression to accomplish which of the following goals? (Choose all that apply.) a. Save space on a hard drive. d. Produce a file that can be e -mailed or posted on the Internet.
7.
Salvaging a file is also known in North America by which of the following terms? d. Carving
8.
In JPEG files, what’s the starting offset position for the JFIF label? c. Offset 6
9.
Each type of graphics file has a unique header containing information that distinguishes it from other types of graphics files. True or False? True
10. Copyright laws don’t apply to Web sites. True or False? False 11. When viewing a file header, you need to include hexadecimal information to view the image. True or False? True 12. When recovering a file with ProDiscover, your first objective is to recover cluster values. True or False? True 13. Bitmap (.bmp) files use which of the following types of compression? d. Lossless 14. A JPEG file uses which type of compression? b. Lossy 15. Only one file format can compress graphics files. True or False? False 16. A JPEG file is an example of a vector graphic. True or False? False 17. JPEG and TIF files: b. Have different values for the first 2 bytes of their file headers 18. What methods do steganography programs use to hide data in graphics files? (Choose all that apply.) a. Insertion b. Substitution 19. Some clues left on a drive that might indicate steganography include which of the following? d. All of the above 20. What methods are used for digital watermarking? b. Invisible modification of the LSBs in the file c. Layering visible symbols on top of the image
Chapter 12 Solutions Review Questions 1.
E-mail headers contain which of the following information? (Choose all that apply.) a. The sender and receiver e-mail addresses b. An Enhanced Simple Mail Transport Protocol (ESMTP) or reference number c. The e-mail servers the message traveled through to reach its destination
2.
What’s the main piece of information you look for in an e -mail message you’re investigating? b. Originating e-mail domain or IP address
3.
In Microsoft Outlook, what are the e -mail storage files typically found on a client computer? a. .pst and .ost
4.
When searching a victim’s computer for a crime committed with a specific e -mail, which of the following provides information for determining the e -mail’s originator? (Choose all that apply.) a. E-mail header c. Firewall log
5.
UNIX, NetWare, and Microsoft e-mail servers create specialized databases for every e mail user. True or False? False
6.
Which of the following is a current formatting standard for e -mail? b. MIME
7.
All e-mail headers contain the same types of information. True or False? True
8.
When you access your e-mail, what type of computer architecture are you using? c. Client/server
9.
To trace an IP address in an e -mail header, what type of lookup service can you use? (Choose all that apply.) c. A domain lookup service, such as
www.arin.net , www.internic.com ,
or www.whois.net
d. Any Web search engine 10. Router logs can be use for validating what types of e -mail data? c. Tracking flows through e-mail server ports 11. Logging options on many e-mail servers can be: d. All of the above 12. In UNIX e-mail, the syslog.conf file contains what information? b. The event, the priority level of concern, and the action taken when an e -mail is logged 13. What information is
not in
an e-mail header? (Choose all that apply.)
a. Blind copy (Bcc) addresses d. Contents of the message
14. Which of the following types of files can provide useful i nformation when you’re examining an e-mail server? c. .log files 15. Internet e-mail accessed with a Web browser leaves files in t emporary folders. True or False? True 16. When confronted with an e-mail server that no longer contains a log with the date information you require for your investigation, and the client has deleted the e -mail, what should you do? b. Restore the e-mail server from a backup. 17. You can view e-mail headers in all popular e -mail clients. True or False? True 18. To analyze e-mail evidence, an investigator must be knowledgeable about an e -mail server’s internal operations. True or False? False 19. What is the e-mail storage format in Novell Evolution? c. Mbox 20. Sendmail uses which file for instructions on process ing an e-mail message? a. sendmail.cf
Chapter 16 Review Questions 1.
Describe two types of ethical standards. standards that others apply to you or that you’re co mpelled to adhere to by external forces (such as licensing bodies) and your own internal rules you use to measure your performance
2.
Ethical obligations are duties that you owe only to others. True or False? False
3.
List three sound reasons for offering a different opinion from one you testified to in a previous case. recent developments in technology, new tools with new capabilities, and the facts of the curr ent case being distinguishable from a previous case
4.
List three or more factors courts have used in d etermining whether to disqualify an expert. Answers can include the following: whether the attorney informed the expert that their discussions were confidential, whether the expert reviewed materials marked as confidential or attorney work product, whether the expert was asked to sign a confidentiality agreement, the number of discussions held over at period of time, the type of documents r eviewed (publicly filed or confidential), the type of information conveyed to the expert, amount of time involved in discussions or meetings, whether the expert provided the attorney with confidential information, whether the attorney formally retained the expert, whether the expert voiced concerns about being retained, whether the expert was r equested to perform services for the attorney, and whether the attorney compensated the expert.
5.
All expert witnesses must be members of associations that l icense them. True or False? False
6.
Contingency fees can be used to compensate an expert under which circumstances? c. When the expert is acting only as a consultant, not a witness
7.
List three organizations that have a code of ethics or conduct. ISFCE, I ACIS, AMA, APA, ABA
8.
In the United States, no state or national licensing body specifically licenses co mputer forensics examiners. True or False? True
9.
When you begin a conversation with an attorney about a specific case, what should you do? (Choose all that apply.) d. Refuse to discuss details until a retainer agreement is returned.
10. What purpose does making your own recording during a deposition serve? c. It allows you to review your testimony with your attorney during breaks. 11. Externally enforced ethical rules, with sanctions that can restrict a professional’s practice, are more accurately described as which of the following? a. Laws 12. Describe an unethical technique opposing counsel might use to make a deposition difficult for you. Opposing counsel might attempt to make discovery depositions physically uncomfortable. Other tactics include the attorney who has set the deposition neglecting to have payment ready for you. 13. What are some risks of using t ools you have created yourself? (Choose all that apply.) d. You might have to share the tool’s source code with opposing counsel for review. 14. List four steps you should take, in the corr ect order, to handle a deposition in which physical circumstances are uncomfortable. Ask the attorney to correct the situation. If the situation is not corrected, note these conditions into the record, and repeat noting them as long as the conditions persist. After you have noted the problem into the record, you can refuse to continue with the deposition. Generally, you should consult with an attorney before taking this step. If you think the behavior was serious enough that you can justify r efusing to continue, consider reporting the attorney to his or her state bar association. 15. List three obvious ethical errors.
Don’t present false data or alter data. Don’t report work that was not done. Don’t ignore available contradictory data. Don’t do work beyond your expertise or competence. Don’t allow the attorney who retained you to influence your opinion in an unauthorized way. (Keep in mind that there are authorized points of influence, such as the attorney framing a hypothetical question for you or asking you to answer specific questions.) Don’t accept an assignment if it cannot reasonably be done in the allowed time. Don’t reach a conclusion before you have done co mplete research. Don’t fail to report possible conflicts of interest.
16. Codes of professional conduct or responsibility set the highest standards for professionals’ expected performance. True or False? False
Chapter 8
Review Questions 1.
Explain the differences in resource and data forks in Macintosh OS 9 and earlier. Both contain a file’s resource map and header infor mation, window locations, and icons. The data fork stores a file’s actual data, including user -created data and data written by applications. The resource fork contains file metadata and application information, such as menus, dialog boxes, icons, executable code, and controls. Both can be empty, and File Manager can access both forks.
2.
In Mac OS 9, which of the following is a function of B* -tree nodes? (Choose all that apply.) a. The header node stores information about the B* -tree file. b. The index node stores link information to the previous and next nodes. c. The map node stores a node descriptor and a map record.
3.
In Mac OS 9 and earlier, storage media are referred to as which of the following? d. Volumes
4.
How does Mac OS 9 reduce disk fragmentation? a. Clumps are used to group contiguous allocated blocks.
5.
What are the boot firmware utilities older Power PC and newer Intel Macintosh computers use? (Choose all that apply.) b. Open Firmware d. Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)
6.
What do you need to do to a raw image file so that Mac OS X sees it and its segments as a virtual disk? Raw image files must have a .dmg extension. Any additional segmentss must have a number incremented sequentially with the extension .dmgpart.
7.
How do you mount a .dmg file in Mac OS X? Use Finder to navigate to the folder where the .dmg file is lo cated, and then double -click the file to mount it as though it were an actual disk.
8.
What are the differences in General Public License and BSD agreements for open -source use? Anyone can use, modify, and redistribute software developed under the GPL. Software distributed under the GPL must have its source code made publicly available, and any works derived from GPL code must also be licensed under the GPL. BSD variations are released under the BSD license, which is similar to the GPL but makes no requirements of those who prod uce derivative works, except that the original copyright remain attached.
9.
What are the differences between the Linux Ext2 and Ext3 file systems? Ext2fs is the standard Linux file s ystem; it can support disks as large as 4 TB and files as large as 2 GB. Ext3fs is a journaling version of Ext2fs that reduces file recovery time after a crash.
10. List three pieces of information found in metadata in the Linux file s ystem. Metadata includes user ID (UID), group ID (GID), file size, and file permissions. 11. How do inodes keep track of a file’s name and data? Linux assigns an inode number that’s linked with the filename in a directory file. 12. In UNIX OSs, drives, monitors, and NICs are treated as which of the following? c. Files 13. What are the four components of the UNIX file system? boot block, superblock, inode block, and data block
14. Only one copy of the superblock is kept. True or False? False. Multiple copies are kept in various locations on the disk to prevent losing vital information. 15. What does the superblock in Linux define? (Choose all that apply.) b. Disk geometry c. Location of the first inode d. Available space 16. In the UNIX file system, where are directories and files stor ed? b. Data blocks 17. The bad block inode can be used to hide data. True or False? True 18. The first inode assigned to a file in Linux has 13 pointers that point to which of the following? (Choose all that apply.) a. Data blocks c. Other pointers where files are stored 19. Disk manufacturers use the host protected area for which of the following? c. Storing data created by diagnostic and restore pro grams 20. What are the ISO standards for CDs, CD -RWs, and DVDs? ISO 9660 for CDs and CD -RWs and ISO 13346 for DVDs
Chapter 13 Review Questions 1.
List four places where mobile device information might be stored. internal memory, SIM card, any external/removable memory cards, the s ystem server
2.
Typically, you need a search warrant to obtain infor mation from a system server. True or False? True
3.
The term TDMA refers to which of t he following? a. A technique of dividing a ra dio frequency so that multiple users share the same channel c. A specific cellular network standard
4.
What is the most popular cellular network worldwide? GSM
5.
Which of the following relies on a central database that tracks account data, location data, and subscriber information? b. MSC
6.
GSM divides a mobile station into ______________ and __________________. SIM card and ME (mobile equipment)
7.
SIM cards have a capacity of up to which of the following? c. 1 GB
8.
List two ways you can isolate a mobile device from inco ming signals. paint cans, Paraben Wireless StrongHold Bags, eight layers of antistatic bags
9.
Which of the following categories of information is stored on a SIM card? (Choose all that apply.) b. Call data c. Service-related data
10. Most SIM cards allow ___________ access attempts before locking you out. 3 11. SIM card readers can usually read both cell phone and BlackBerry SIM cards. True or False? False 12. List two peripheral memory cards used with PDAs. Compact Flash, MultiMedia Card, and Secure Digital cards 13. When acquiring a mobile device at an investigation scene, you should leave it connected to a PC so that you can observe s ynchronization as it takes place. True or False? False
