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@ijd}h ldk _dj|~ Wnkn`h|hdk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++=4 Fnkh} Ldk ]~eanq Ld|d ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++=4 En|iln Wnko~ew~`dk Ld|d +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++=4 Wiw~`d}h ldk ]dewn` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++=1 =+<+4 Wiw~`d}h ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++=1 =+<+1 ]dewn` ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++=1
8
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ADA HR CD]H@ LDK WNEADCD]DK <+4 Odeadqdk ^e~e A~q}d A~q} d Nbnj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++<7 <+1 Ln}jqhw|hb Rdqhdan` Wnkn`h|hdk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++<4 <+1+4 Cdqod ]dcde +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++<1 <+1+1 ]~j~ A~kod ]AH +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++<= <+1+= MDQ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++<< <+1+< QID+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++<> <+1+> KWE +++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++<> <+1+2 QIN +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++<2 <+1+? AIWI +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++
^fh Kiqed`h|d} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++<8 ^fh Kik E~`|hji`hkndqh|d} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++>7 ^fh Ciei}jnld}h|d} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++>4 ^fh D~|ijiqn`d}h ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++>4
<+< Wnko~fh Chwi|n}h} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++>1 <+> Wneadcd}dk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++27 ADA R JN]HEW^@DK LDK ]DQDK >+4 Jn}hew~`dk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++2= >+1 ]dqdk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++2=
LDB\DQ W^]\DJD
47
LDB\DQ \DAN@
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44
LDB\DQ @DEWHQDK
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41
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Wd}dq eild` eneh`hjh wnqdk an}dq adoh wnqnjikiehdk }~d|~ knodqd jdqnkd wd}dq eild` enkfd`dkjdk l~d b~ko}h }njd`ho~}, b~ko}h njikieh ldk b~ko}h jn~dkodk+ Wd}dq eild` lhjd|djdk eneh`hjh b~ko}h njikieh jdqnkd wd}dq enkxnlhdjdk bd}h`h|d} d|d~ dcdkd xdko enewnq|ne~jdk whcdj xdko eneh`hjh jn`nahcdk ldkd #hkrn}|iq #hkrn}|iq ( ldk whcdj xdko enenq`~jdk ldkd #h}}~nq (, (, lnkodk dldkxd wd}dq eild` whcdj xdko eneh`hjh jn`nahcdk ldkd ldwd| enkohkrn}|d}hjdk ldkdkxd |nq}na~| lnkodk cdqdwdk enewnqi`nc head`dk #qn|~qk #qn|~qk(( }nldkojdk whcdj h}}~nq #ld`de cd` hkh wnq~}dcddk( ldwd| enedkbdd|jdk ldkd |nq}na~| ~k|~j jnwnk|hkodk hkrn}|d}h |dkwd cdq~} enk~koo~ |nq}nlhdkxd ldkd ldqh iwnqd}h wnq~}dcddk+ Wd}dq eild` lhjd|djdk eneh`hjh b~ko}h jn~dkodk, jdqnkd wd}dq eild` eneanqhjdk jne~kojhkdk ldk jn}newd|dk enewnqi`nc head`dk #qn|~qk #qn|~qk(( adoh wneh`hj ldkd, }n}~dh lnkodk jdqdj|nqh}|hj hkrn}|d}h xdko lhwh`hc+ 4+ Wnkonq|hdk Wd}dq
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1=
wdkfdko xdko enq~wdjdk enq~ wdjdk ~|dko ahd}dkxd anqank|~j ia`hod}h, }nldkojdk ldkd fdkojd wdkfdko xdko enq~wdjdk ldkd eild` }nklhqh ahd}dkxd anqank|~j }dcde+ 1+ Hk}|q~enk Jn~dkodk Wd}dq Eild` d+ ]dcde Ahd}d #Mieeik #Mieeik ]|imj (+ (+ Xdh|~ }dcde xdko enknewd|jdk wneh`hjkxd wdld wi}h}h xdko wd`hko f~khiq ld`de wneadohdk lnrhlnk ldk cdj d|d} jnjdxddk wnq~}dcddk xdko dwdah`d wnq~}dcddk wnq~}dcd dk |nq}na~| lh`hj~lh|d}h+ lh`hj~lh| d}h+ a+ ]dcde Wqnbnqnk # Wqnbnqqnl ]|imj ( Xdh|~ }dcde xdko eneh`hjh jnqdj|nqh}|hj oda~kodk dk|dqd ia`hod}h ldk }dcde ahd}d, jdqnkd ah}d enkld|dkojdk cd}h` }nwnq|h xdko lhjncnkldjh i`nc hkrn}|iq+ m+ Ia`hod}h #aikl #aikl ( Enk~q~| ]~adohi, ljj #4888( enkod|djdk adcd ia`hod}h dld`dc }~qd| wnkodj~dk c~|dko }~d|~ wnq~}dcddk xdko djdk lh adxdq wdld dj|~ fd|~c |newi }nan}dq kh`dh kiehkd`kxd+ kiehk d`kxd+ Dld l~d fnkh} ia`hod}h 4+ Ia`hod}h d|d} ~f~j #andqnq #andqnq aikl ( Xdh|~ wnenodko ia`hod}h wneh`hj d|d} cdj ia`hod}h |nq}na~|+ 1+ Ia`hod}h d|d} kded #qnoh}|nqnl #qnoh}|nqnl aikl ( Xdh|~ xdko anqcdj d|d} }nf~e`dc kh`dh ~dko d|d} ia`hod}h |nq}na~| dld`dc }n}~dh kded xdko |nq|nqd wdld ia`hod}h |nq}na~|+
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l+ Iw|hik Xdh|~ wnqkxd|ddk xdko lhjn`~dqjdk i`nc }n}niqdko d|d~ `neadod #|n|dwh a~jdk neh|nk( ~k|~j eneanqhjdk cdj jnwdld wnenodkokxd ~k|~j enean`h }dcde #md`` #md`` iw|hik( iw|hik( ldk enkf~d` }dcde # w~| w~| iw|hik( iw|hik( wdld |hkojd| cdqod xdko |n`dc | n`dc lh|nk|~jdk+ n+ Qhoc| Enq~wdjdk wqil~j lnqh|d|hb d|d~ |~q~k ldqh }dcde, xdko eneanqhjdk cdj adoh hkrn}|iq ~k|~j enean`h }dcde adq~ xdko lhjn`~dqjdk neh|nk qhoc| enq~wdjdk }~d|~ wnqchew~kdk ldkd xdko lh`dj~jdk neh|nk xdko |n`dc |nqmd|d| d|d~ |nqldb|dq }nan`~ekxd+ Hkrn}|iq
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anqj~qdkokxd wnq}nk|d}n wnq} nk|d}n jnwneh`hjdk }dcde d|d} neh|nk |nq}na~| cd` hkh jdqnkd wdld ldq}dqkxd wnq~}dcddk enkddqjdk qhoc| }ded lnkodk enkon`~dqjdk }dcde adq~, djhad|kxd djdk enewnkodq~ch wnq}nk|d}n jnwneh`hjdk jd`d~ jd`d ~ |hldj enean`h }nmdqd wqiwiq}hikd`+ b+
_dqqdk| Xdh|~ cdj ~k|~j enkojikrnq}hjdk dqqdk| lnkodk dqqdk| lnkodk f~e`dc }dcde lhed}xdqdjd| xdko djdk ld|dko }n}~dh lnkodk jn|nk|~dkkxd d`d~w~k dqqdk| ldwd| lhwnqldodkojdk kde~k dld wnqanlddk ~|ded lnkodk }dcde lhdk|dqdkxd 6 4+ _dqqdk| |hldj _dqqdk| |hldj enean`h cdj }~dqd+ 1+ _dqqdk| |hldj _dqqdk| |hldj enknqhed lnrhlnk+ =+ _dqqdk| enew~kxdh _dqqdk| enew~kxdh ed}d anq`dj~ xdko |nqad|d} }n`ded = |dc~k+
1>
o+ Qnj}d Ldkd Enq~wdjdk dldc xdko lhwnqo~kdjdk ~k|~j enkochew~k ldkd ldqh hkrn}|iq jc~}~}kxd ldqh hkrn}|iq jnmh` ldk hkrn}|iq xdko |hldj eneh`hjh adkxdj dj|~ ldk jndc`hdk ~k|~j enkoch|~ko qn}hji d|d} hkrn}|iq enqnjd+ Jik}nwkxd }nj~ew~`dk hkrn}|iq xdko lh ank|~j ld`de }~d|~ dldc xdko en`dj~jdk hkrn}|d}h lh}dcde, ia`hod}h d|d~ `dhkkxd en`d`~h enknfnq hkrn}|d}h i`nc iqdko xdko lhdkoodw wdjdq d|d~ dc`h lhcdqdwjdk ldwd| eneh`hc d|d~ enkon`i`d ldkd }nmdqd enko~k|~kojdk + Lh Hklikn}hd |nqldwd| l~d fnkh} qnj}dldkd xdh|~6 d+ Qnj}dldkd |nqa~jd Qnj}dkldk hkh cdkxd lhwnqf~d`%an`hjdk en`d`~h enknfnq ldk |hldj lhwnqldodko lha~q}d+ a+
Qnj}dldkd |nq|~|~w Qnj}dldkd |nq|~|~w xdko lhlhqhjdk wnq}nqidk |nqad|d} }nchkood wdqd hkrn}|iq }ded }nwnq|h wnenodko }dcde }nmdqd ~e~e+
=+ Wnqdk Ldk Edkbdd| Wd}dq eild` enew~kxdh wnqdk ldk edkbdd| wnk|hko ld`de wnqnjikiehdk }~d|~ knodqd jdqnkd enkmhw|djdk bd}h`h|d} adoh jnwnq`~dk hkl~}|qh d|d~ hkrn}|iq ld`de enenk~ch wnqehk|ddk ldk wnkddqdk eild`+
12
<+ Ank|~j%Ank|~j Wd}dq Eild` Enk~q~| Ldqedfh ldk Bdjcq~llhk #1774( ank|~j%ank|~j wd}dq eild` dk|dqd `dhk6 d+ Wd}dq wnqldkd # wqhedqx wqhedqx edqjn| ( Enq~wdjdk
wd}dq
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}nj~qh|d}kxd jnwdld hkrn}|iq ~e~e ~k|~j wnq|ded jd`hkxd+ ]nan`~e enkddqjdk }dcde lh wd}dq wnqldkd }n}niqdko neh|nk |nq`nahc ldc~`~ enkon`~dqjdk hkbiqed}h enkonkdh wnq~}dcddk }nmdqd ln|dh` xdko lh}na~| wqi}wnm|~} xdko anqb~ko}h eneanqhjdk hkbiqed}h jnwdld md`ik hkrn}|iq ld`de enkon|dc~h wqi}wnj jnlnwdk wnq~}dcddk+ a+ Wd}dq }nj~klnq # }nmikldqx }nmikldqx edqjn| ( Xdh|~ wd}dq lhedkd }dcde ldk }nj~qh|d}kxd lhwnqf~d`%an`hjdk }nmdqd `~d} en`d`~h ed}d wnkf~d`dk lh wd}dq wnqldkd, lnkodk dldkxd hkh wd}dq }nj~klnq, lhcdqdwjdk ~k|~j enkldwd|jdk jn~k|~kodk+ m+ Wd}dq jn|hod #|chql #|chql edqjn| ( Enq~wdjdk |newd| wnqldodkodk }dcde ldk }nj~qh|d} `dhkkxd lh`~dq a~q}d wd}dq jn|hod hkh lh Hklikn}hd lh}na~| a~q}d wdqdqn`+ l+ Wd}dq jnnewd| Enq~wdjdk wnqldodkodk nbnj dk|dqd hkrn}|iq |dkwd en`d`~h wnqdk|dqd wnqldodkodk nbnj+ nbnj +
1?
1+1+1
Adkj
4+ Wnkonq|hdk Adkj+ Enk~q~| ^kldko%~kldko Qnw~a`hj Hklikn}hd Ki+47 \dc~k 4883 \dkood` 47 Kiwneanq 4883 |nk|dko wnqadkjdk, xdko lhedj}~l lnkodk Adkj dld`dc adldk ~}dcd xdko enkochew~k ldkd ldqh ed}xdqdjd| ld`de ank|~j }hewdkdk ldk enkxd`~qjdkkxd enkxd`~qjdkk xd jnwdld j nwdld ed}xdqdjd| ld`de ank|~j jqnlh| d|d~ ank|~j%ank|~j `dhkkxd ld`de qdkojd enkhkojd|jdk |dqdb chl~w qdjxd| adkxdj+ Cd}ha~dk #177>( xdko lhedj}~l lnkodk Adkj ^e~e dld`dc adkj xdko en`dj}dkdjdk jnohd|dk ~}dcd xdko }nmdqd jikrnk}hikd` ldk)d|d~
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13
=+ Jnohd|dk Adkj Ld`de ahldko wnqnjikiehdk ldk l~khd ah}kh} wnqdk wnqadkjdk |n`dc enkfdlh }d|~ ed|d qdk|dh xdko anq}heahi}h} lnkodk wn`dj~ hkl~}|qh ah}kh} xdko `dhkkxd, enk~q~| J~kmiqi ldk ]~cdqlfi #1771(, enkod|djdk adcd }nmdqd ~e~e jnohd|dk wnqadkjdk en`hw~|h6 #d( enkochew~k ldkd ldqh ed}xdqdjd| # B~klhko B~klhko (, (, #a( enkxd`~qjdk ldkd jn ed}xdqdjd|)hkl~}|qh # @nklhko (, #m( eneanqh fd}d%fd}d wnqadkjdk `dhkkxd jn ed}xdqdjd|)hkl~}|qh @nklhko (, #]nqrhmn(+ ]nqrhmn(+ <+ Fnkh} ” Fnkh} ” Fnkh} Fnkh} Adkj ]nfdj lhanq`dj~jdkkxd ^kldko%^kldko kieiq 47 |dc~k 4883, fnkh} adkj ldwd| lhanldjdk enkfdlh Adkj ^e~e ldk Adkj Wnqjqnlh|dk Qdjxd|+ d+ Adkj ^e~e Adkj ^e~e dld`dc adkj xdko en`dj}dkdjdk jnohd|dk ~}dcd }nmdqd jikrnk}hikd` ldk d|d~ anqld}dqjdk wqhk}hw }xdqhdc xdko ld`de jnohd|dkkxd eneanqhjdk fd}d ld`de `d`~`hk|d} wneadxdqdk+ ]hbd| fd}d xdko lhanqhjdk dld`dc ~e~e+ Adkj ^e~e }nqhko f~od lh}na~| Adkj Jienq}hd`+ ^}dcd%~}dcd adkj ~e~e xdko ~|ded dk|dqd `dhk6 4( Enkochew~k ldkd ldqh ed}xdqdjd| ld`de ank|~j ohqi, lnwi}h|i, }nq|hbhjd| lnwi}h|i, |da~kodk 1( Eneanqhjdk jqnlh| =( Enknqah|jdk }~qd| wnkodj~dk c~|dko <( Enehkldcjdk ~dko >( Enknewd|jdk ldkd wdld d|d~ enehkfdejdk ldkd ldqh adkj `dhk
18
2( Enknqhed wneadxdqdk ldqh |dohcdk d|d} }~qd| anqcdqod ?( Enkxnlhdjdk |newd| ~k|~j enkxhewdk adqdko ldk }~qd| anqcdqod+ Adkj ~e~e dld xdko lh}na~| Adkj Lnrh}d ldk Adkj Kik Lnrh}d d+ Adkj ^e~e Lnrh}d dq|hkxd xdko q~dko `hkoj~w onqdj iwnqd}hikd`kxd }dewdh jn `~dq knonqh+ a+ Adkj ^e~e Kik Lnrh}d dq|hkxd q~dko `hkoj~w onqdj iwnqd}hikd`kxd lh ld`de knonqh }dfd+ a+ Adkj Wnqjqnlh|dk Qdjxd| #AWQ( Enk~q~| ^kldko%^kldko Kieiq ? |dc~k 4881 |nk|dko Wnqadkjdk, xdko lhedj}~l Adkj Wnqjqnlh|dk Qdjxd| dld`dc adkj xdko enknqhed }hewdkdk cdkxd ld`de ank|~j lnwi}h|i anqfdkojd, |da~kodk ldk d|d~ ank|~j `dhkkxd xdko lhwnq}dedjdk lnkodk h|~+ ^}dcd%~}dcd Adkj Wnqjqnlh|dk Qdjxd|, lhdk|dqdkxd6 4( Enkochew~k ldkd ldqh ed}xdqdjd| ld`de ank|~j }hewdkdk anq~wd lnwi}h|i anqfdkojd, ldk |da~kodk+ 1( Eneanqh jqnlh|+ =( Enkxnlhdjdk wneahdxddk adoh kd}dadc anqld}dqjdk wqhk}hw adoh cd}h` }n}~dh lnkodk xdko lh|n|dwjdk wnenqhk|dc+ <( Enknewd|jdk ldkdkxd ld`de ank|~j }nq|hbhjd| Adkj Hklikn}hd #]AH(+ ]n`dhk h|~ Wneadohdk adkj x}ko enkld}dqjdk ^kldko%^kldko Wnqadkjdk ldwd| f~od lhadoh enk~q~| jnedew~dk adkj enkmhw|djdk d`d| wneadxdqdk, xdko en`hw~|h6
=7
m+ Adkj Wqhenq Xdh|~ adkj xdko ldwd| enkmhw|djdk d`d| wneadxdqdk adhj anq~wd ~dko jdq|d` ed~w~k ~dko ohqd`+ Adkj xdko |nqed}~j jn`iewij hkh dld`dc6 4( Adkj ]nk|qd` d|d~ Adkj Hklikn}hd }nadodh wnkmhw|d ~dko jdq|d`+ ]n`dhk h|~ |~od} Adkj ]nk|qd` lhdk|dqdkxd6 d+ Enkn|dwjdk ldk en`dj}dkdjdk jnahfdjdk eikn|nq a+ Enkod|~q ldk enkfdod jn`dkmdqdk }h}|ne wneadxdqdk m+ Enkod|~q ldk enkodd}h adkj+ 1( Adkj ^e~e }nadodh wnkmhw|d ~dko ohqd` #~dko xdko cdkxd anq`dj~ }nmdqd jc~}~} ldk |hldj anq`dj~ }nmdqd ~e~e(+ l+ Adkj ]nj~klnq Xdh|~ adkj xdko |hldj ldwd| enkmhw|djdk d`d| wneadxdqdk ldk cdkxd anqwnqdk }nadodh wnqdk|dqd ld`de wnqjqnlh|dk xdko |nqoi`iko ld`de adkj hkh dld`dc Adkj Wnqjqnlh|dk Qdjxd|+ >+ Fnkh} Adkj Anqld}dqjdk Jnwneh`hjdkkxd Dwdah`d lh|hkfd~ ldqh }noh jnwneh`hjdkkxd, fnkh} adkj |nqlhqh d|d} adkj eh`hj wnenqhk|dc, adkj eh`hj }d}|d kd}hikd`, ldk l dk adkj eh`hj }d}|d d}hko+ d+ Adkj Eh`hj Wnenqhk|dc Adkj wnenqhk|dc dld`dc adkj lh edkd adhj dj|d wnklhqhdk ed~w~k eild`kxd lheh`hjh i`nc wnenqhk|dc, }nchkood }n`~q~c jn~k|~kodk adkj lheh`hjh i`nc wnenqhk|dc w~`d+ Mik|ickxd Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd #AQH(, Adkj Edklhqh+ ]n`dhk h|~ dld f~od adkj eh`hj
=4
wnenqhk|dc ldnqdc xdko |nqldwd| lh ldnqdc |hkojd| H ldk |hkojd| HH ed}hko%ed}hko wqirhk}h+ Mik|ic Adkj LJH, Adkj Fd|nko, ldk }nadodhkxd+ a+ Adkj Eh`hj ]d}|d Kd}hikd` Adkj }d}|d kd}hikd` dld`dc adkj xdko }n`~q~c d|d~ }nadohdk an}dq eild`kxd lheh`hjh i`nc }d}|d kd}hikd` }nq|d dj|d wnklhqhdkkxd w~k lhlhqhjdk i`nc }d}|d, anoh|~ anoh| ~ w~`d wneadohdk jn~k|~kodkkxd jn~k|~kodkk xd f~od lhwnq|~kf~jjdk ~k|~j }d}|d w~`d+ Mik|ickxd Adkj E~ded`d|, Adkj Ldkdeik, Adkj Mnk|qd` D}hd, Adkj @hwwi, Adkj Khdod, ldk `dhk%`dhk+ m+ Adkj Eh`hj D}hko Adkj fnkh} hkh enq~wdjdk mdadko ldqh adkj xdko dld lh `~dq knonqh,
adhj
eh`hj
}d}|d
d}hko
d|d~
wnenqhk|dc
d}hko+
Jnwneh`hjdkkxd lheh`hjh i`nc whcdj `~dq knonqh+ Mik|ickxd DAK DEQI adkj, Mh|x Adkj, ldk `dhk%`dhk+ 2+ Fnkh} Adkj Anqld}dqjdk Jnohd|dk Iwnqd}hikd`kxd d+ Adkj Jikrnk}hikd` Wnkonq|hdk jd|d ‐jikrnk}hikd`― enk~q~| Jde~} ^e~e Adcd}d Hklikn}hd dld`dc ‐enk~q~| dwd xdko }~ldc enkfdlh jnahd}ddk―+ ]nenk|dqd h|~, enk~q~| Jde~} An}dq Adcd}d Hklikn}hd #JAAH( dld`dc ‐anqld}dqjdk jn}nwdjd|dk ~e~e― }nwnq|h dld|, jnahd}ddk, jn`dvhedk+ Anqld}dqjdk wnkonq|hdk h|~, adkj jikrnk}hikd` dld`dc adkj xdko ld`de iwnqd}hikd`kxd enknqdwjdk en|iln a~kod, jdqnkd en|iln a~kod }~ldc dld |nq`nahc ldc~`~, enkfdlh jnahd}ddk ldk |n`dc lhwdjdh }nmdqd en`~d} lhadklhkojdk lnkodk en|iln adoh cd}h`+
=1
Adkj
jikrnk}hikd`
wdld
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anqiwnqd}h
lnkodk
enkon`~dqjdk wqil~j%wqil~j ~k|~j enkxnqdw ldkd ed}xdqdjd| dk|dqd `dhk |da~kodk, }hewdkdk lnwi}h|i, }hewdkdk ohqi: enkxd`~qjdk ldkd xdko |n`dc lhchew~k lnkodk mdqd enkon`~dqjdk jqnlh| dk|dqd `dhk jqnlh| hkrn}|d}h, jqnlh| eild` jnqfd, jqnlh| jik}~e|hb, jqnlh| fdkojd wnklnj: ldk wn`dxdkdk fd}d jn~dkodk dk|dqd `dhk j`hqhko, hkjd}i, jhqhedk ~dko, @n||nq ib Mqnlh| , ldk fd}d%fd}d `dhkkxd }nwnq|h f~d` an`h }~qd| anqcdqod, adkj lqdb|, d`h dedkd|, wnkfdehk neh}h, ldk wnqldo dkodk nbnj+ Adkj jikrnk}hikd` ldwd| enewnqi`nc ldkd ldqh whcdj `~dq, eh}d`kxd ldqh kd}dadc anq~wd qnjnkhko ohqi, lnwi}h| ik md`` , }nq|hbhjd| lnwi}h|i, ldkd |qdk}bnq, }dcde, ldk ia`hod}h+ ]~eanq hkh enq~wdjdk wnkldwd|dk adkj xdko wd`hko an}dq+ Wnkldwd|dk adkj |nq}na~|, jne~lhdk lhd`ijd}hjdk ~k|~j mdldkodk wqhenq, mdldkodk }nj~klnq, wnkxd`~qdk jqnlh|, ldk hkrn}|d}h+ Adkj jikrnk}hikd` mik|ickxd adkj ~e~e ldk AWQ+ a+ Adkj ]xdqhdc ]njdqdko hkh adkxdj anqjneadko adkj }xdqhdc+Adkj }xdqhdc e~km~` lh Hklikn}hd wdld dd` |dc~k 4887%dk+ Wneqdjdq}d wnklhqhdk adkj }xdqhdc lh Hklikn}hd lh`dj~jdk i`nc Edfn`h} ^`ded Hklikn}hd #E^H( wdld |dkood` 43 ” 43 ” 17 17 Do~}|~} 4887+ Adkj }xdqhdc dld`dc adkj xdko anqiwnqd}h }n}~dh lnkodk wqhk}hw%wqhk}hw }xdqhdc H}`de, edj}~lkxd dld`dc adkj xdko ld`de iwnqd}hkxd enkohj~|h jn|nk|~dk%jn|nk|~dk }xdqhdc H}`de, jc~}~}kxd xdko enkxdkoj~| |d|d mdqd anqe~ded`dc }nmdqd H}`de+
==
Anqhj~| hkh wqhk}hw%wqhk}hw xdko anq`dj~ wdld adkj }xdqhdc+ 4( Wneahdxddk anqld}dqjdk wqhk}hw adoh cd}h` # E~lcdqdadc(+ E~lcdqdadc(+ 1( Wneahdxddk anqld}dqjdk wqhk}hw wnkxnq|ddk eild` # E~}cdqdjdc(+ E~}cdqdjdc(+ =( Wqhk}hw
f~d`
an`h
adqdko
lnkodk
enewnqi`nc
jn~k|~kodk
# E~qdadcdc(+ E~qdadcdc(+ <( Wneahdxddk adqdko eild` anqld}dqjdk }nd e~qkh |dkwd wh`hcdk # Hfdqdc(+ Hfdqdc(+ >( Wh`hcdk wnehkldcdk jnwneh`hjdk d|d} adqdko xdko lh}nd ldqh whcdj adkj i`nc whcdj `dhk # Hfdqdc _d Ht|hkd(+ Ht|hkd(+ Mik|ickxd Adkj ]xdqhdc lh Hklikn}hd xdh|~ Adkj E~ded`d| Hklikn}hd, Adkj ]xdqhdc Edklhqh+ 1+1+=
Hkrn}|d}h
Dld`dc }~d|~ ank|~j wnk~klddk jik}~e}h ldqh ed}d }njdqdko ~k|~j
ed}d
djdk
ld|dko,
xdko
lhld`dekxd
|nqjdkl~ko
qn}hji
jn|hldjwd}|hdk, ~k|~j h|~ lha~|~cjdk }~d|~ jiewnk}d}h d|d} wnk~klddk |nq}na~| xdko lhjnkd` h}|h`dc jn~k|~kodk d|d~ odhk d|d~ odhk++ d
\~f~dk ldk fnkh}%fnkh} hkrn}|d}h 4+ \~f~dk hkrn}|d}h dld`dc6 d+ ^k|~j enkhkojd|jdk jn}nfdc|nqddk, adhj }njdqdko d|d~ djdk ld|dko+ a+ ^k|~j enewnqi`nc wdkocd}h`dk d|d~ wnkonead`hdk d|d} hkrn}|d}h+
=<
1+ ]nldkojdk Fnkh}%fnkh} hkrn}|d}h dld l~d cd` xdh|~6 d+ Hkrn}|d}h d}n| kxd|d #qnd` #qnd` d}}n| ( ldk d}n| jn~dkodk # bhkdkmhd` d}}n| ( D}n| kxd|d xdh|~ ldwd| lh `hcd| }nmdqd bh}hj }nwnq|h6 |dkdc, adko~kdk, `iode e~`hd }nldkojdk d}n| jn~dkodk enq~wdjdk hkrn}|d}h |nqcdldw wqil~j%wqil~j jn~dkodk }nwnq|h hkrn}|d}h ld`de ank|~j lnwi}h|i d|d~ ia`hod}h+ a+ Hkrn}|d}h `dko}~ko ldk |hldj `dko}~ko Dld`dc dwdah`d eild`
#hkrn}|iq ( }nmdqd `dko}~ko
enean`h d|d~ en`nahch d}n| jn~k|~kodk }~d|~ wnq~}dcddk+ ]nldkojdk hkrn}|d}h |hldj `dko}~ko dld`dc dwdah`d wneild` enean`h jnq|d} anqcdqod xdko enk~kf~jdk jnwneh`hjdk d|d~ }~d|~ wnq~}dcddk ~krn}|d}h, lhedkd }n`dkf~|kxd wnq~}dcddk hkrn}|d}h enean`h }nj~ew~`dk d|d~ wiq|ibi`hi d}n| jn~dkodk wnq~}dcddk w~a`hj d|d} kded wneh`hj wnq~}dcddk hkrn}|d}h |nq}na~|+ Lhedkd jn~k|~kodk ldqh hkrn}|d}h |hldj `dko}~ko hkh dld`dc wneild` lnkodk ldkd |nqad|d} ldwd| eneh`hjh }~d|~ wiq|ibi`hi xdko |nqlhrnq}hbhjd}h+ 1+1+<
Wnkonq|hdk Jhknqfd Wnq~}dcddk
Wnko~j~qdk jhknqfd enq~wdjdk dkd`h}h} ld|d }nq|d wnkonkld`hdk adoh wnq~}dcddk+ Wnko~j~qdk jhknqfd lho~kdjdk wnq~}dcddk ~k|~j en`dj~jdk wnqadhjdk lhd|d} jnohd|dk iwnqd}hikd`kxd dodq ldwd| anq}dhko lnkodk wnq~}dcddk `dhk+ Adoh hkrn}|iq hkbiqed}h enkonkdh jhknqfd wnq~}dcddk
ldwd| lho~kdjdk
~k|~j
en`hcd|
dwdjdc enqnjd
djdk
=>
enewnq|dcdkjdk hkrn}|d}h enqnjd lh wnq~}dcddk |nq}na~| d|d~ enkmdqh d`|nqkd|hb `dhk+ ]n`dhk h|~ wnko~j~qdk f~od lh`dj~jdk ~k|~j enewnq`hcd|jdk jnwdld wnkdkde eild` ed~w~k wn`dkoodk d|d~ ed}xdqdjd| }nmdqd ~e~e adcd wnq~}dcddk eneh`hjh jqnlh|hah`h|d} xdko adhj #E~kdhq, 488> 63>( Wnko~j~qdk jhknqfd lhlnbhkh}hjdk }nadodh ‐ wnqbiqehko end}~qnenk| ‐ #wnko~j~qdk jhknqfd( dld`dc j~d`hbhjd}h ldk nbh}hnk}h wnq~}dcddk d|d~ }noenk d|d~ jnnbnj|hbdk ld`de wnkoiwnqd}hdk ah}kh} }n`ded wnqhiln dj~k|dk}h+ Lnkodk lnehjhdk wnkonq|hdk jhknqfd dld`dc }~d|~ ~}dcd biqed` xdko lh`dj}dkdjdk wnq~}dcddk ~k|~j enkonrd`~d}h nbh}hnk ldk nbnj|hrh|d} ldqh dj|hrh|d} wnq~}dcddk xdko |n`dc lh`dj}dkdjdk wdld wnqhiln dj|~ |nq|nk|~ #Cdkdbh, 177=6 28( 1+1+>
Dkd`h}h} MDEN@
Anqld}dqjdk wnqd|~qdk Adkj Hklikn}hd Kieiq 2)47)WAH)177< |dkood` 41 Dwqh` 177< |nk|dko }h}|ne wnkh`dhdk |hkojd| jn}ncd|dk adkj ~e~e }nq|d }~qd| nldqdk Kieiq 2)1=)LWKW |dkood` =4 Enh 177<+ Wqhcd` }h}|ne wnkh`dhdk |hkojd| jn}ncd|dk adkj ~e~e+ En|iln wnkh`dhdk |hkojd| jn}ncd|dk adkj |nq}na~| lhd|d} jne~lhdk lhjnkd` lnkodk en|iln MDEN@+ Ld`de wnkn`h|hdk lnkodk Dkd`h}h} Mden` |nqldwd| ananqdwd d}wnj xdh|~ en`hw~|h > d}wnj }nadodh anqhj~|6 4+ Wnqeild`dk #Mdwh|d #Mdwh|d`( `( Lnkodk enkoo~kdjdk }~d|~ hklhjd|iq xdh|~ MDQ xdko lhwnqi`nc lnkodk eneadklhkojdk eild` }nklhqh lnkodk dj|hrd |nq|headko enk~q~| qn}hji xdko lhch|~ko ldqh adkj xdko anq}dkoj~|dk+
=2
1+ j~d`h|d} d}n| #d}}n| #d}}n| t~d`h|x( t~d`h|x( Hklhjd|iq j~d`h|d} d}n| xdko lhwdjdh dld`dc QID xdko lhwnqi`nc `dad }n|n`dc wdfdj lhadoh |i|d` d}n|+ =+ Edkdfnenk # Edkdonenk|( Edkdonenk|( J~d`h|d} edkdfnenk ldwd| lh`hcd| ldqh j~d`h|d} edk~}hdkxd ld`de anjnqfd, f~od f~ od ldwd| l dwd| lh`hcd| lh`hc d| ldqh wnklhlhjdk }nq|d wnkod`dedk jdqxddkkxd ld`de enkdkodkh anqadodh jd}~} xdko |nqfdlh+ ^k}~q%~k}~q wnkh`dhdk ld`de j~d`h|d} edkdfnenk dld`dc edkdfnenk wnqeild`dk, dj|hrd, ~e~e, qnk|dah`h|d} ldk `hj~hlh|d}, xdko lhld}dqjdk wdld fddadk ldqh wnq|dkxddk xdko lhdf~jdk+ <+ Qnk|dah`h|d} # Ndqkhko Ndqkhko ( Hklhjd|iq xdko lhwdjdh dld`dc AIWI #ahdxd iwnqd}hikd` ldk wnkldwd|dk iwnqd}hikd`( xdko lho~kdjdk ~k|~j enko~j~q wnqadklhkodk ahdxd iwnqd}h)ahdxd hk|nqenlhd}h |nqcdldw wnkldwd|dk iwnqd}h xdko lhwnqi`nc adkj >+ @hj~hlh|d} #@ht~hlh|x( #@ht~hlh|x( Hklhjd|iq xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc @idk dld`dc @idk \i Lnwi}h| Qd|hi #@LQ( + @LQ lhwnqi`nc lnkodk eneadklhkojdk dk|dqd }n`~q~c wnknewd|dk ldk }n`~q~c ldkd xdko anqcd}h` lhchew~k lh|deadc lnkodk eild` }nklhqh+
=?
1+1+2
C~a~kodk Jhknqfd Wnq~}dcddk Lnkodk Cdqod ]dcde
Wdxed|d ldk Ednbinl #4888( enkod|djdk adcd cdqod }dcde enq~wdjdk b~ko}h ldqh kh`dh wnq~}dcddk+ dwdah`d jhknqfd }na~dc wnq~}dcddk w~a`hj enkhkojd| edjd edj d kh`dh wnq~}dcddk wnq~} dcddk djdk }nedjhk } nedjhk |hkooh |h kooh lha~q}d nbnj, nb nj, cd` hkh djdk lhdwqn}hd}h i`nc wd}dq ld`de ank|~j jnkdhjdk cdqod wd}dq |nq}na~|+ D}~e}h hkrn}|iq lnkodk enkhkojd|kxd jhknqfd wnq~}dcddk edjd }nedjhk an}dq qn|~qk xdko djdk lh|nqhed hkrn}|iq }nchkood hkrn}|iq djdk |nq|dqhj ~k|~j enean`h }dcde wnq~}dcddk |nq}na~| ldk cd` h|~ djdk enkxnadajdk cdqod wd}dq }dcde mnklnq~ko enkhkojd|+ lnehjhdk }nad`hjkxd, anqh|d a~q~j |nk|dko jhknqfd wnq~}dcddk djdk lh hj~|h lnkodk wnk~q~kdk cdqod wd}dq }dcde }d cde wnq~}dcddk |nq}na~| lh wd}dq eild`+ eil d`+ @dwiqdk jn~dkodk }nadodh ld}dq ld`de en`dj~jdk dkd`h}h} b~kldenk|d`, lhedkd enkodkl~ko }d`dc }d|~ hkbiqed}h xdko ldwd| lho~kdjdk ~k|~j enq~adc ldk enkohkrn}|d}hjdk wnq~adcdk cdqod }nj~qh|d}, |nqed}~j }dcde cd}h` qh}n| newhqh} adkxdj xdko enk~kf~jjdk adcd `dwiqdk jn~dkodk
enedko lho~kdjdk
~k|~j ld}dq ld`de
enknk|~jdk cdqod }~d|~ }nj~qh|d}+ A~j|h newhqh} ld`de cd` hkh |hldj dldkxd qndj}h wd}dq lh }njh|dq |dkood` w~a`hjd}h `dwiqdk jn~dkodk+ Cd}h` newhqh} h|~ enk~kf~jdk adcd `dwiqdk jn~dkodk edew~ enewnkodq~ch wnq~adcdk cdqod }nj~qh|d}, }nad`hjkxd fhjd w~a`hjd}h `dwiqdk jn~dkodk |hldj ldwd| enewnkodq~ch wnq~adcdk cdqod wd}dq }dcde ldqh neh|nk xdko enknqah|jdkkxd, edjd edkbdd| w~a`hjd}h `dwiqdk jn~dkodk |nq}na~| |hldj dld #]~anj|h, 177=(+
=3
1+1+?
C~a~kodk Jhknqfd Wnq~}dcddk Lnkodk ]~j~ A~kod
Ld`de
wnq~}dcddk
wnqadkjdk
}~j~
a~kod
xdko
|nq|hkooh,
enkxnadajdk edcd`kxd ahdxd }hewdkdk, lh}h}h `dhk a~kod jqnlh| f~od eneankojdj ldk wdld oh`hqdkkxd djdk enko~qdkoh f~e`dc jqnlh| wnqadkjdk+ Cd` hkh |nk|~kxd f~od anqwnkodq~c |nqcdldw jhknqfd jn~dkodk wnq~}dcddk xdko wdld djchqkxd anqwnkodq~c |nqcdldw kh`dh wnq~}dcddk lh wd}dq eild`+ Lh}dewhko h|~ h| ~ rdqhdan` |hkojd| }~j~ }~j ~ a~kod enq~wdjdk wqij}h adoh hkrn}|iq hkrn}| iq ld`de ld` de enknk|~jdk enknk|~ jdk qn|q~k qn|q ~k }dcde }dc de xdko xd ko lh}xdqd|jdk l h}xdqd|jdk d|d} }~d|~ } ~d|~ hkrn}|iq }dcde+ ]nedjhk |hkooh |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod edjd }nedjhk |hkooh qn|q~k
xdko
lh}xdqd|jdk
hkrn}|iq+
Wnq~adcdk
|hkojd|
qn|q~k
xdko
lh}xdqd|jdk hkrn}|iq }n`dkf~|kxd djdk anqwnkodq~c |nqcdldw cdqod }dcde lh wd}dq+ Lh }h}h `dhk wdqd hkrn}|iq f~od `nahc eneh`hc ank|~j hkrn}|d}h `dhk #eh}d`kxd lnwi}h|i( lnkodk |hkojd| qn|q~k xdko `nahc wd}|h ldk qn}hji xdko ehkhed`+ ]d`dc }d|~ rdqhdan` njikieh ~dko ldwd| enewnkodq~ch jhknqfd wd}dq eild` Hklikn}hd dld`dc rdqhdan` |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod, lh}dewhko enkhea~`jdk qndj}h |nqcdldw jhknqfd wd}dq eild`, |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod djdk }dkod| |nqjdh| lnkodk jhknqfd }~d|~ wnq~}dcddk+ Wnq~adcdk |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod djdk anqc~a~kodk |nqad`hj lnkodk jhknqfd qn|q~k }dcde xdko dld lh wd}dq+ Dq|hkxd, fhjd }~j~ a~kod enkod`deh wnkhkojd|dk djdk lhhj~|h lnkodk wnk~q~kdk qn|q~k }dcde%}dcde xdko dld lh wd}dq+ Hkl~}|qh }nj|iq jn~dkodk enk~kf~jjdk qndj}h xdko mnklnq~ko `nahc }nk}h|hb |nqcdldw wnko~e~edk wnq~adcdk }~j~ a~kod lh ahldko }nj|iq enk~bdj|~q ldk wd}dq }nmdqd ~e~e #@dk|dqd, 177<(+
=8
1+= Jnqdkojd Jik}nw Wnkn`h|hdk Hkrn}|d}h ld`de bhkdk}hd` d}}n| #}dcde wnq~}dcddk wnqadkjdk(
Wnkh`dhdk cdqod }dcde Bdj|iq nj|nqkd`
Bdj|iq hk|nqkd` Jhknqfd jn~dkodk
]~j~ a~kod ]AH
Dkd`h}h} mden` \hkojd| }~j~ a~kod MDQ, QID, KWE, QIN, AIWI, @LQ
Eiln` dkd`h}h} % % %
Qnoqn}h Anqodkld ^fh B ^fh \
CD]H@ WNKN@H\HDK
<7
1+< Chwi|n}h}
Anqld}dqjdk wnkn`h|hdk }nan`~ekxd ldk `dkld}dk |niqh edjd chwi|n}h} xdko ldwd| lhq~e~}jdk ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh dld`dc C4 6 Lhl~od adcd |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod anqwnkodq~c |nqcdldw cdqod }dcde wnq~}dcddk adkj ~e~e wnenqhk|dc xdko |nqldb|dq lh A~q}d Nbnj Hklikn}hd+ C1 6 Lhl~od adcd jhknqfd jn~dkodk anqwnkodq~c |nqcdldw cdqod }dcde wnq~}dcddk adkj ~e~e wnenqhk|dc xdko |nqldb|dq lh A~q}d Nbnj Hklikn}hd+
<4
ADA HHH EN\ILN WNKN@H\HDK =+4
@ijd}h Ldk _dj|~ _dj|~ Wnkn`h|hdk
Ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh xdko
lh`dj}dkdjdk lh wifij ANH ANH ^khrnq}h|d}
Aqdhfdxd xdko anqdld lh F`k+ E\ Cdqxiki 42> ED@DKO%FD\HE+ ]nldkojdk dj|~ wnkn`h|hdk xdko lhqnkmdkdjdk ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh xdh|~ wdld a~`dk Fdk~dqh 1741 }dewdh Edqn| 1741+ =+1
Fnkh} Ldk ]~eanq Ld|d
Ld|d xdko lho~kdjdk ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh dld`dc ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhwnqi`nc ldqh anqadodh }~eanq+ Ld|d lhwnqi`nc ldqh 6 4+ Hklikn}hdk Mdwh|d` Edqjn| Lhqnm|iqx #HMEL( |dc~k 1773
}dewdh
lnkodk 1747 anq~wd `dwiqdk jn~dkodk, cdqod wnk~|~wdk }dcde ldk qd}hi%qd}hi jn~dkodk wnq~}dcddk+ 1+ Edfd`dc Hkbi Adkj xdko anq~wd qd}hi%qd}hi jn~dkodk wnq~}dcddk xdko |n`dc lhch|~ko i`nc Ahqi Qh}n| Hkbi Adkj+ =+=
En|iln Wnko~ew~`dk Ld|d
En|iln xdko lh`dj~jdk ~k|~j enkldwd|jdk ld|d xdko lhhkohkjdk dld`dc }nadodh anqhj~| 6 4+ Ia}nqrd}h |hldj `dko}~ko Lh`dj~jdk lnkodk enea~jd _na}h|n ldqh iafnj xdko lh|n`h|h, }nchkood ldwd| lhwnqi`nc `dwiqdk jn~dkodk, odeadqdk ~e~e adkj wnenqhk|dc
}nq|d
wnqjneadkodkkxd
xdko jne~lhdk
lho~kdjdk
wnkn`h|hdk+
<1
1+ Wnkn`h|hdk jnw~}|djddk ]|~lh
w~}|djd
dld`dc
wnko~ew~`dk
ld|d
lnkodk
mdqd
enewn`dfdqh ldk enedcdeh a~j~%a~j~ xdko enew~kxdh c~a~kodk |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod ldk jhknqfd jn~dkodk
|nqcdldw cdqod }dcde
}nwnq|h ldqh `h|nqd|~q, f~qkd`%f~qkd`, enlhd ed}}d ldk cd}h` wnkn`h|hdk xdko lhwnqi`nc ldqh anqadodh }~eanq, adhj ldqh wnqw~}|djddk ldk }~eanq `dhk+ =+< Wiw~`d}h Ldk ]dewn`
=+<+4 Wiw~`d}h Wiw~`d}h dld`dc h`dxdc onknqd`h}d}h xdko |nqlhqh d|d} iafnj d|d~ }~afnj xdko enew~kxdh j~dk|h|d} ldk jdqdj|nqh}|hj |nq|nk|~ xdko lh|n|dwjdk
i`nc
wnkn`h|h
~k|~j
lhwn`dfdqh
ldk
jne~lhdk
lh|dqhj
jn}hew~`dkkxd #]~ohxiki, 177<( ~k|~j enkohlnk|hbhjd}h wiw~`d}h ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh dld 1 xdh|~6 4+ \nqed}~j ld`de }nj|iq adkj ~e~e wnenqhk|dc xdko |n`dc oi |n`dc oi w~a`hm+ 1+ \nqed}~j ld`de j`d}hbhjd}h HMEL+ Dldw~k xdko enkfdlh Wiw~`d}h ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh dld`dc }nj|iq wnqadkjdk xdko oi xdko oi w~a`hm lh A~q}d Nbnj Hklikn}hd }nadkxdj < adkj+ =+<+1 ]dewn` ]dewn` dld`dc adohdk wiw~`d}h xdko djdk lh|n`h|h d|d~ }nadohdk f~e`dc ldqh jdqdj|nqh}|hj xdko lheh`hjh i`nc wiw~`d}h #Dvhv, 177?627(+ Ld`de wnkn`h|hdk, wnkn`h|h ldwd|enkfdlhjdk }n`~q~c iafnj d|d~ wiw~`d}h ~k|~j lh|n`h|h |n|dwh ldwd| f~od enkodeah` }nadohdk }dfd ldqh jn}n`~q~cdk iafnj wnkn`h|hdk ~k|~j lh|n`h|h+
<=
Dldw~k jqh|nqhd xdko lho~kdjdk ld`de }dewn` hkh dld`dc wnq~}dcddk adkj eh`hj wnenqhk|dc ldk |nqldb|dq lh A~q}d Nbnj Hklikn}hd }n`ded wnqhiln 1773%1747+ Anqld}dqjdk jqh|nqhd |nq}na~|, dldw~k }dewn` xdko lho~kdjdk }nadkxdj < adkj+ =+> Hlnkbhjd}h Ldk Wnko~j~qdk Wnko~j~qdk Rdqhdan`
Ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh wnkn`h|h hkohk enea~j|hjdk wnkodq~c bdj|iq ns|nqkd` #}~j~ a~kod( ldk bdj|iq hk|nqkd` #jnknqfd jn~dkodk( |nqcdldw cdqod }dcde wnq~}dcddk+ ]n}~dh lnkodk q~e~}dk ed}d`dc edjd rdqhdan` wnkn`h|hdk xdko djdk lhded|h dld 1 edmde xdh|~6 4+
Rdqhdan` |nqhjd| #X( Dldw~k rdqhdan` |nqhjd| ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh dld`dc cdqod }dcde+ Cdqod }dcde xdko djde lh|n`h|h dld`dc cdqod }dcde wnk~|~w ldqh wnq~}dcddk }dewn` 1773%1747+
1+ Rdqhdan` anad} #S( Ldqh wnkn`h|hdk hkh rdqhdan` anad} xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod ]AH ld`de jhknqfd jn~dkodk xdko lh ch|~ko lnkodk anqld}dqjdk `dwiqdk jn~dkodk jn~d kodk wnq~}dcddk 1773%1747+ 1773%1 747+ Dldw~k
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<2
Fhjd cd}h` ldqh ~fh L~qahk _d|}ik xdko enklnjd|h l~d cd` d|d~ `nahc+ Dldw~k jqh|nqhd ~fh L~qahk _d|}ik }nadodh anqhj~|6 d+ fHjd dld`dc adcd |hldj dld }nk|qd` jiqn`d}h wi}h|hb, edjd6
6 enki`dj
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6 enki`dj
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6 wnko~fhdk enkxdjhkjdk
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6 enki`dj
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=+2+= ^fh B ^fh B enq~wdjdk ~fh |nqcdldw jinbn}hnk qnoqn}h }nmdqd }he~`|dk #anq}ded( xdh|~ en`hcd| wnkodq~c ldqh }n`~q~c rdqhdan` anad} |nqcdldw rdqhdan` |nqhjd|, chwi|n}h}kxd }nadodh anqhj~|6
<3
5 , , , , , , , , 5 7 xdko dq|hkxd rdqhdan` anad} #|hkojd| }~j~ a~kod ldk jhknqfd jn~dkodk( }nmdqd }he~`|dk |hldj anqwnkodq~c }hokhbhjdk |nqcdldw |n qcdldw rdqhdan` |nqhjd| #cdqod #cdq od }dcde(+
5 , , , , , , , , ≧ 7 xdko dq|hkxd dq|hkxd rdqhdan` anad} #|hkojd| }~j~ a~kod ldk jhknqfd jn~dkodk( }nmdqd }he~`|dk anqwnkodq~c |nqcdldw cdqod }dcde+ Dldw~k ln}dhk ldqh wnkodeah`dk jnw~|~}dk ld`de wnko~fhdk chwi|n}h} xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc6 Fhjd 0 edjd lh|nqhed dq|hkxd |hldj anqwnkodq~c }hokhbhjdk + Fhjd
;
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5 , , , , , , , , 5 7 Dq|hxd jinbh}hnk qnoqn}h rdqhdan` anad} |hldj anqwnkodq~c }hkokhbhjdk |nqcdldw rdqhdan` |nqhjd|+
5 , , , , , , , , ≧ 7 Dq|hkxd jinbh}hnk qnoqn}h rdqhdan` anad} anqwnkodq~c }hkokhbhjdk |nqcdldw rdqhdan` |nqhjd|+ Dldw~k an}dq wnkodeah`dk jnw~|~}dk ~k|~j wnko~fhdk chwi|n}h} xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc6
<8
Fhjd 0 edjd lh|nqhed dq|hkxd |hldj anqwnkodq~c }hokhbhjdk+ Fhjd ; edjd lh|i`dj dq|hkxd anqwnkodq~c }hokhbhjdk+
>7
ADA HR CD]H@ LDK WNEADCD]DK
<+4 Odeadqdk ^e~e A~q}d Nbnj Hklikn}hd
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>4
wnq|dkhdk, wnq|deadkodk, wqiwnq|h ldk `dhk%`dhk+ Adkj enq~wdjdk }~d|~ `neadod xdko anqwnqdk }nadodh wnqdk|dqd jn~dkodk # bhkdkmhd` bhkdkmhd` hk|nqenlhdqx( hk|nqenlhdqx( dk|dqd whcdj% whcdj xdko enenq`~jdk ldkd, }nq|d }nadodh `neadod xdko anqb~ko}h enewnq`dkmdq enewnq`dkmd q `d`~ `hk|d} wneadxdqdk+ Ldk anqhj~| hkh dld`dc dld` dc wqibh` wnq~}dcddk adkj ~e~e wnenqhk|dc oi w~a`hm lh ANH xdko enkfdlh }dewn` ld`de wnkn`h|hdk+ W\+ Adkj Knodqd Hklikn}hd \aj , enq~wdjdk Adldk ^}dcd Eh`hj
Knodqd xdko lhlhqhjdk wdld |dc~k 48<2+ Wnq~}dcddk eneh`hjh |hod dkdj wnq~}dcddk dk|dqd `dhk: W\+ AKH E~`|hbhkdkmn, W\+ AKH ]nm~qh|hn} ldk W\+ Adkj Bhkmikn}hd+ Jnwneh`hjdk }dcde wnq~}dcddk dk|dqd `dhk i`nc wnenqhk|dc ?>. ldk w~a`hj 1>.+ W\+ Adkj Knodqd Hklikn}hd \aj anqd`ded|jdk lh AKH A~h`lhko F`+ Fnkl+ ]~lhqedk Jdr 4 Fdjdq|d 47117, W\ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd #Wnq}nqi( \aj #}n`dkf~|kxd lh}na~|
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}nadodh adkj eh`hj knodqd, }ne~`d lnkodk kded ‐Adkj \da~kodk Wi}― anqld}dqjdk ^kldko%~kldko Ldq~qd| Ki+ 8 \dc~k 48>7 |dkood` 8 Bnaq~dqh 48>7+ ]n`dkf~|kxd, anqld}dqjdk Wnqd|~qdk Wnenqhk|dc Wnkoodk|h ^kldko% ~kldko Ki+ < |dc~k 482=, kded Adkj \da~kodk Wi} lh~adc enkfdlh ‐Adkj
>1
\da~kodk Knodqd―+ Wdld |dkood` 18 Dwqh` 4838, Adkj e~`dh anqiwnqd}h }nadodh adkj ~e~e eh`hj knodqd+ W\ Adkj Edklhqh #Wnq}nqi( \aj+ #}n`dkf~|kxd lh}na~| ‐Adkj
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Wnko~j~qdk ldqh ld|d }dewn` xdko }dkod| anqo~kd adoh jnwnq`~dk |nk|dko |nklnk}h }nk|qd` ldk lh}wnq}h lhedkd wnko~j~qdk |nlnk}h }nk|qd` eneanqhjdk odeadqdk |nk|dko wne~}d|dk kh`dh%kh`dh ia}nqrd}h }dewn`, }nldkojdk
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>=
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A\K
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh |dan` lhd|d} |nq`hcd| qd|d%qd|d cdqod }dcde |dc~k 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko%ed}hko wnq~}dcdk }dewn`+ Qd|d%qd|d cdqod }dcde |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\+ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd \aj, }nan}dq Qw 8>2,?1 wdld |dc~k 1747 ldk cdqod |nqnkldc Qw 23 lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj wdld |dc~k 1773+ Qd|d%qd|d j~e~`d|hb |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd \aj }nan}dq Qw 23?,?= }nldkojdk qd|d%qd|d j~e~`d|hb |nqnkldc Qw 3=,77 lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj+ <+1+1 ]~j~ A~kod ]AH
Jnahfdjdk |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod enq~wdjdk }d`dc }d|~ mdqd xdko lho~kdjdk i`nc Adkj Hklikn}hd ld`de en`dj}dkdjdk b~ko}hkxd }nadodh i|iqh|d} eikn|nq+ Ld`de wnkn`h|hdk hkh |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod ]AH wnqhiln 1773%1747+ Ld|d |hkojd| }~j~ a~kod ]AH hkh lhwnqi`nc ldqh _na}h|n Adkj Hklikn}hd+ \dan` <+= Qd|d%Qd|d \hkojd| ]~j~ A~kod ]AH #Ld`de .( Neh|nk 1773 1778 4=,> 41 AKH 3,=4 2,?> AQH 2,>> 2,== AEDKLHQH 3,4< ?,48 A\K =2,> =1,1? F~e`dc 8,41> 3,72?> Endk ]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }j~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk(
1747 4=,11 >,2 2,<2 2,44 =4,=8 41,>>2
>>
Ldqh |dan` lh d|d} |nq`hcd| }~j~ a~kod ]AH |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc i`nc W\ Adkj Knodqd Hklikn}hd \aj }nan}dq 4=,11 wdld |dc~k 1747 }nldkojdk ]~j~ A~kod ]AH xdko |nqnkldc lhwnqi`nc i`nc W\ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd \aj wdld |dc~k 1747 <+1+= MDQ #Mdwh|d` #Mdwh|d` Dlnt~dmx Qd|hik( Qd|hik(
MDQ lhch|~ko lnkodk mdqd enko~qdkoh eild` nt~h|d} lnkodk d}}n| |n|dw ldk eneadohkxd lnkodk f~e`dc whkfdedk ldk }nj~qh|d}+ Ld|d xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc `dwiqdk jn~dkodk wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko%ed}hko wnq~}dcddk }dewn`+ \dan` <+< 6 MDQ Wnq~}dcddk ]dewn` Neh|nk
1773
1778
1747
Endk
AKH
7,73=1
7,4723
7,437?
7,41=>2?
AQH
7,448=
7,477>
7,4=?<
7,44872?
AEDKLHQH
7,4=3=
7,4<32
7,4=32
7,4<43==
A\K
7,7242
7,7?84
7,4774
7,73712?
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh |dan` lhd|d} |nq`hcd| MDQ wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko% ed}hko wnq~}dcddk }dewn`+ MDQ |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Edklhqh \aj }nan}dq 4<,32. wdld |dc~k 1778 }nldkojdk MDQ |nqnkldc xdh|~ 2,42. lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj wdld |dc~k 1773+ Qd|d%qd|d MDQ |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Edklhqh \aj xdh|~ }nan}dq 4<,43. }nlnkojdk |nqnkldc 3,71. lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj+
>2
<+1+<
QID
Qd}hi hkh lhch|~ko lnkodk eneadoh `dad anq}hc }n|n`dc wdfdj lnkodk |i|d` d}}n|+ Ld|d xdko lho~kdjdk ~k|~j enkoch|~ko QID dld`dc `dwiqdk jn~dkodk wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko%ed}hko wnq~}dcddk }dewn`+ \dan` <+> 6 QID Wnq~}dcddk ]dewn` ]dewn` Neh|nk 1773 1778
1747
Endk
AKH
7,778>
7,47<=
7,711
7,7<>1
AQH
7,7=>3
7,7=41
7,7=23
7,7=<2
AEDKLHQH
7,711>
7,71?<
7,7=4
7,7128
A\K
7,74
7,741?
7,7431
7,74>1
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh |dan` lhd|d} |nq`hcd| adcd qd}hi QID wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko%ed}hko wnq~}dcddk }dewn`+ Qd}hi |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Knodqd Hklikn}hd \aj xdh|~ }nan}dq 47,<=. wdld |dc~k 1778 }nldkojdk QID |nqnkldc xdh|~ 7,8> lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Knodqd Hklikn}hd \aj wdld |dc~k 1773+ Qd|d%qd|d QID |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Knodqd Hklikn}hd \aj }nan}dq <,>1. }nldkojdk qd|d%qd|d QID |nqnkldc 4,>1. lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj+ <+1+> KWE # Kn| Kn| Wqibh| Edqohk( Edqohk(
Qd}hi KWE lhch|~ko lnkodk eneadoh `dad anq}hc }nan`~e wdfdj lnkodk wnkldwd|dk iwnqd}hikd`+ Ld|d xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc `dwiqdk jn~dkodk wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh wnq~}dcddk ed}hko%ed}hko }dewn`+
>?
\dan` <+2 6 KWE Wnq~}dcddk ]dewn` Neh|nk 1773 1778
1747
Endk
AKH
7,727>
7,44?1
7,4>3=
7,441
AQH
7,48<>
7,438=
7,113?
7,17<42?
AEDKLHQH
7,422
7,43?3
7,14?>
7,487<==
A\K
7,7388
7,73<<
7,4=47
7,474?2?
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh ld|d lh d|d} |nq`hcd| qd}hi KWE wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko%ed}hko }dewn` + qd}hi KWE |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd \aj }nan}dq 11,3?. wdld |dc~k 1747 }nldkojdk qd}hi KWE |nqnkldc 2,7>. lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Knonqd Hklikn}d \aj+ Qd|d%qd|d KWE |nq|hkooh W\ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd \aj }nan}dq 17,<4. }nldkojdk qd|d%qd|d KWE |nqnkldc xdh|~ 47,4?. lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj+ <+1+2 QIN # Qn|~qk Qn|~qk ik nt~h|x(
Qd}hi QIN enk~kf~jjdk jnedew~dk enkocd}h`jdk `dad ldqh eild` }nklhqh xdko lh|dkdejdk ld`de wnq~}dcddk+ Ld|d xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc `dwiqdk jn~dkodk wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko% ed}hko }dewn`+ \dan` <+? 6 QIN Wnq~}dcddk ]dewn` Neh|nk 1773 1778
1747
Endk
AKH
7,41>1
7,1441
7,?348
7,=?1?2?
AQH
7,=8<2
7,=213
7,<72>
7,=3?82?
AEDKLHQH
7,12<<
7,=73=
7,==2=
7,=7=
A\K
7,1424
7,4=2>
7,48=8
7,43142?
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh |dan` lh d|d} |nq`hcd| qd}hi QIN wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko%ed}hko wnq~}dcddk }dewn`+ Lhedk qd}hi QIN |nq|hkooh
>3
lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd \aj }nan}dq =8,<2. wdld |dc~k 1773 }nldkojdk qd}hi QIN |nqnkldc lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj xdh|~ }nan}dq 48,=8.+ Qd|d%qd|d qd}hi QIN |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd \aj xdh|~ =3,?8. }nldkojdk |nqnkldc lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj }nan}dq 43,14.+ <+1+? AIWI #Anadk Iwnqd}hikd` \nqcdldw Wnkldwd|dk Wnkldwd|dk Iwnqd}hikd`(
Qd}hi AIWI lhch|~ko lnkodk eneadoh ahdxd iwnqd}hikd` lnkodk wnkldwd|dk iwnqd}hikd`+ Qd}hi hkh enk~kf~jdk wnq}nk|d}n nbn}hnk}h ~}dcd ld`de enkocd}h`jdk wnkldwd|dk lhadklhkojdk ahdxd xdko djdk lhjn`~dqjdk, }nchkood }nedjhk jnmh` kh`dh qd}hi xdh|~ lhaddc 477. edjd djdk }nedjhk adhj+ Ld|d xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc `dwiqdk jn~dkodk wnqhiln 1773%1747 ed}hko%ed}hko wnq~}dcddk }dewn`+ \dan` <+3 6 AIWI Wnq~}dcddk ]dewn` Neh|nk 1773 1778
1747
Endk
AKH
7,?18
7,?4?3
7,311?
7,?>2>
AQH
7,>>8>
7,>433
7,<388
7,>11?==
AEDKLHQH
7,274<
7,>===
7,>1<4
7,>>18==
A\K
7,28=7
7,2328
7,>3
7,2><32?
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh |dan` lhd|d} |nq`hcd| AIWI wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko% ed}hko }dewn`+ Dldw~ qd}hi AIWI |nq|hkooh 32,>8. lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj wdld |dc~k 1778 }nldkojdk qd}hi AIWI |nqnkldc lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Qdjxd| Hklikn}hd \aj xdh|~ }nan}dq >>,>7.+ Qd|d%qd|d qd}hi AIWI |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodq \aj }nan}dq 3=,14. }nldkojdk qd|d%qd|d AIWI xdko |nqdkldc lhwnqi`nc W\ Knodqd Hklikn}hd \aj }nan}dq 27,>8.+
>8
<+1+3
@LQ #@idk} @LQ #@idk} \i Lnwi}h|i Qd|hi( Qd|hi(
@LQ lhch|~ko lnkodk eneadoh jqnlh| xdko lhanqhjdk #`idk}( #`idk}( lnkodk ldkd xdko lh|nqhed #lnwi}h|}( #lnwi}h|}(++ ]nedkojhk jnmh` qd}hi hkh djdk }nedkojhk adhj jdqnkd enk~kf~jdk |hldj dldkxd jn}~`h|dk ld`de `hj~hlh|d} ~}dcd+ Ld|d xdko lho~kdjdk dld`dc `dwiqdk jn~dkodk wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko%ed}hko }dewn`+ \dan` <+3 6 @LQ Wnq~}dcddk ]dewn` Neh|nk 1773 1778
1747
Endk
AKH
7,8782
7,2742
7,22>?
7,?1>2==
AQH
7,?>>1
7,?>38
7,2831
7,?=?<==
AEDKLHQH
7,>21>
7,>??8
7,2<1
7,>8<4==
A\K
7,8?3>
7,82=1
4,778
7,83=>2?
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh |dan` lh d|d} |nq`hcd| @LQ wnqhiln 1773%1747 ldqh ed}hko% ed}hko wnq~}dcddk }dewn`+ Qd}hi @LQ |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj xdh|~ }nan}dq 8?,3>. wdld |dc~k 1773 }nldkojdk @LQ |nqnkldc lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Edklhqh \aj }nan}dq >2,1>. wdld |dc~k 1773+ Qd|d%qd|d @LQ |nq|hkooh lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj \da~kodk Knodqd \aj xdh|~ 83,=>. }nldkojdk qd|d%qd|d @LQ |nqnkldc lhwnqi`nc W\ Adkj Edklhqh \aj xdh|~ >8,<4.+ <+=
Wnko~fhdk D}~e}h J`d}hj
]d`dc }d|~ }xdqd| ~k|~j ah}d enkoo~kdjdk wnq}deddk qnoqn}h `hkhnq anqodkld dld`dc |nqwnk~chkxd d}~e}h j`d}hj+ ^k|~j enkldwd|jdk kh`dh wnenqhj}ddk
xdko
|hldj
ahd}
ldk
nbn}hnk
An}| #An}|
@hknq
^kahd}
N}|hed|iq)A@^N ( ldqh }d|~ wnq}deddk qnoqn}h anqodkld lnkodk en|iln jd~lqd| |nqjnmh` #Iqlhkdqx #Iqlhkdqx @nd}| ]t~qn}) ]t~qn})I@]( wnq`~ lh`dj~jdk wnko~fhdk
27
~k|~j enkon|dc~h eiln` qnoqn}h xdko lhcd}h`jdk enenk~ch d}~e}h j`d}hj+ Cd}h` d}~e}h j`d}hj dld`dc }nadodh anqhj~| 6 <+=+4 ^fh Kiqed`h|d}
^k|~j enko~fh dwdjdc }dewn` wnkn`h|hdk anqlh}|qha~}h kiqed` lho~kdjdk wnko~fhdk ji`ieioiqir }ehqkir |nqcdldw ed}hko%ed}hko rdqhdan`+ Lnkodk jqh|nqhd wnko~fhdk adcd ld|d anqlh}|qha~}h kiqed` fhjd D}xew+}ho ;7,7>+ Cd}h` wnko~fhdk kiqed`h|d} ldwd| lh`hcd| ld`de |dan` anqhj~|+ \da`n <+8 6 ^fh Kiqed`h|d} \nqcdldw Rdqhdan` Wnkn`h|hdk Rdqhdan` Ji`ieioiqir%}ehqkir V D}xew+ ]ho+#1%
|dh`nl( Cdqod }dcde
+>88
+332
]~j~ a~kod
+3<<
+<42
MDQ
+>14
+8<8
QID
4+783
+4?8
KWE
+>==
+848
QIN
+?=1
+2>?
AIWI
+>>>
+843
@LQ
+>8=
+3?=
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk(
Ldqh
cd}h`
wnko~fhdk
enk~kf~jdk
adcd
}ne~d
rdqhdan`
anqlh}|qha~}h kiqed` jdqnkd }ne~d kh`dh rdqhdan` D}xew+}ho ;7,7>+ <+=+1 ^fh Kik E~`|hji`hkndqh|d}
^k|~j
enko~fh
dwdjdc
}dewn`
wnko~fhdk
enq~wdjdk
e~`|hji`hkndqh|d} lho~kdjdk wnko~fh RHB #rd`~n #rd`~n hkb`d|hik bdm|iq ( |nqcdldw rdqhdan` anad}+
24
\dan` <+47 6 ^fh E~`|hji`hkndqh|d} \nqcdldw Rdqhdan` Wnkn`h|hdk+ Rdqhdan` Kh`dh RHB Jn|nqdkodk
]~j~ a~kod
<+<4>
\hldj |nqfdlh e~`|hji`hkndqh|d}
MDQ
3+=?4
\hldj |nqfdlh e~`|hji`hkndqh|d}
QID
1+>77
\hldj |nqfdlh e~`|hji`hkndqh|d}
KWE
1+>
\hldj nqfdlh e~`|hji`hkndqh|d} e~`|hji`hkndqh |d}
QIN
>+38>
\hldj |nqfdlh e~`|hji`hkndqh|d}
AIWI
>+244
\hldj |nqfdlh e~`|hji`hkndqh|d}
@LQ
>+224
\hldj |nqfdlh e~`|hji`hkndqh|d}
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh cd}h` wnko~fh enk~kf~jdk adcd }ne~d rdqhdan` wnkn`h|hdk |hldj |nqhklhjd}h dldkxd onfd`d e~`|hji`hkndq`h|d}+ Cd` hkh lh|~kf~jdk lnkodk kh`dh RHB }n`~q~c rdqhdan` |hldj `nahc ldqh 47, dq|hkxd d}~e}h kik e~`|hji`hkndqh|d} |nqwnk~ch+ <+=+= ^fh Ciei}jnld}h|d} Ciei}jnld}h|d}
^k|~j
enko~fh
dwdjdc
wnkn`h|hdk
anq}hbd|
ciei}jnld}h|d}
lho~kdjdk wnko~fhdk wdqj |nqcdldw ed}hko%ed}hko rdqhdan` |nqcdldw kh`dh @k Qn}hl~d` jd~lqd|+ Cd}h` ~fh wdqj ldwd| lh`hcd| ld`de |dan` anqhj~| hkh+ \dan` <+44 6 ^fh Ciei}jnld}h|d} \nqcdldw Rdqhdan` Wnkn`h|hdk+ Rdqhdan` | | jn|nqdkodk
]~j~ a~kod ]AH
+2<3
K 5 41
\nqfdlh Ciei}jnld}h|d}
MDQ
%+<8>
lb541%4544
\nqfdlh Ciei}jnld}h|d}
QID
+47>
1+177
\nqfdlh Ciei}jnld}h|d}
KWE
+=48
\nqfdlh Ciei}jnld}h|d}
QIN
4+1>1
\nqfdlh Ciei}jnld}h|d}
AIWI
%4+88?
\nqfdlh Ciei}jnld}h|d}
@LQ
%+1>4
\nqfdlh Ciei}jnld}h|d}
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk(
21
Ldqh cd}h` wnko~fhdk }ne~d rdqhdan` anad} enenk~ch d}~e}h ciei}jnld}|h|d}+ Cd` hkh lh|~kf~jdk adcd
0
xdko
dq|hkxd d}~e}h ciei}jnld}|h|d} |nqfdlh+ <+=+< ^fh D~|ijiqn`d}h D~|ijiqn`d}h
^k|~j enko~fh dwdjdc }dewn` wnkn`h|hdk enkod`deh onfd`d d~|ijiqn`d}h lho~kdjdk wnko~fhdk L~qahk _d|}ik |nqcdldw ed}hko% ed}hko rdqhdan` kh`dh L~qahk _d|}ik ldwd| lh`hcd| ldqh cd}h` qnoqn}h+ \dan` <+41 6 ^fh D~|ijiqn`d}h D~|ijiqn`d}h \nqcdldw Rdqhdan` Wnkn`h|hdk Eiln` Q Q Dlf~}|nl ]|l+ Nqqiq ib L~qahk%
4
+878d
]t~dqn
Q ]t~dqn
|cn N}|hed|n
_d|}ik
+31?
+>1=
43>+>73>>
1+4=<
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc Ldqh cd}h` wnko~fhdk |nqkxd|d jinbh}hnk L~qahk%_d|}ik jinbh}hnk L~qahk%_d|}ik an}dqkxd 1+4=<, enklnjd|h 1+ Lnkodk lnehjhdk, ldwd| lh}hew~`jdk adcd ld`de qnoqn}h dk|dqd rdqhdan` |hldj |nqfdlh d~|ijiqn`d}h+ <+< Wnko~fhdk Chwi|n}h} <+<+4 Dkd`h}h Qnoqn}h Anqodkld
Qnoqn}h lho~kdjdk ~k|~j enkmdqh c~a~kodk dk|dqd rdqhdan` anad} lnkodk rdqhdan` |nqhjd|+ Dkd`h}h} qnoqn}h `hknq anqodkld #e~`|hw`n #e~`|hw`n `hkndq qnoqn}}hik( qnoqn}}hik( enkon|dc~h `nahc ldqh }d|~ rdqhdan` anad} |nqcdldw }~d|~ rdqhdan` |nqhjd| cd}h` dkd`h}h} qnoqn}h anqodkld ldwd| lh`hcd| ld`de |dan` anqhj~|6
2=
\dan` <+4= 6 Cd}h` Dkd`h}h} Qnoqn}h @hknq Anqodkld+ Rdqhdan` ^k}|dkldqlhvnl
}ho
jn|nqdkodk
Minbbhmhnk|} #A( #Mik}|dk|(
4<
+87?
+<42
]~j~ a~kod ]AH
12+<2=
+2<3
+>>=
MDQ
%1=>2+812
%+<8>
+2
QID
=?4+>34
+47>
+811
KWE
+=48
+?22
QIN
82>+>41
4+1>1
+1?8
AIWI
%1>4?+2?<
%4+88?
+44?
@LQ
%17<+=81
%+1>4
+34<
+878d
Q Q ]t~dqn
31?
Dlf~}|nl Q ]t~dqn
+>1=
B Ch|~ko
1+?1<
B \dan`
1+177
]ho
+4?>
]~eanq ld|d 6 ld|d }nj~klnq xdko lhi`dc #`dewhqdk( Ldqh |dan` <+4= enk~kf~jdk jinbn}hnk ji`nqd}h anqodkld #Q( dk|dqd rdqhdan` anad} ldk rdqhdan` |nqhjd| }nan}dq 87,8.+ Jinbn}hnk ln|nqehkd}h # Q Q ]t~dqn( ]t~dqn( xdh|~ 7,31? }nldkojdk jinbn}hnk ln|nqehkd}h lh}n}~dhjdk # Dlf~}|nl Dlf~}|nl Q ]t~dqn( ]t~dqn( }nan}dq 7,>1=+ Jdqnkd wnq}deddk qnoqn}h enkoo~kdjdk adkxdj rdqhdan` anad}, edjd jinbn}hnk xdko lho~kdjdk
~k|~j
enkfn`d}jdk
wnq}deddk
hkh
dld`dc
jinbn}hnk
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#]~j~ A~kod ]AH+ MDQ, QID, KWE, QIN, AIWI, @LQ 5 7( d|d~ mn|nqh} wdqha~}+ l+ 5 =?4,>34
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5 82>,>41 Kh`dh jinbn}hnk qnoqn}h enk~kf~jdk adcd }n|hdw wnq~adcdk kh`dh QIN }nan}dq }d|~ }d|~dk edjd cdqod }dcde djdk anq~adc lnkodk dqdc xdko }ded }nan}dq 82>,>41 }d|~dk lnkodk d}~e}h rdqhdan` anad} xdko `dhk |n|dw #]~j~ A~kod ]AH, MDQ, QID, KWE, AIWI, @LQ 5 7( d|d~ mn|nqh} wdqha~}+
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