CHINTADARIPETTAI RECOVERING THE TRADITIONAL COLONIAL SETTLEMENT
SyNoPSIS of THESIS
Setch B : Viraitha Chimalaati
VIRAjITHA CHIMALApATI DEpARTMENT Of ARCHITECTuRAL CONSERVATION SCHOOL Of pLANNING AND ARCHITECTuRE DELHI 25 ApRIL 2011
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‘Chintadariet’, ‘Chintadariet’, as the settlement is nown toda, sits in the centre o the metroolis o Chennai. Nestled in the bend o the River Coom and made into an island b the arterial Anna Salai (the erstwhile Mont Road), Chintadariettai Chintadariettai is niqe among the man traditional settlements that comrise the resent da cit o Chennai. Chintadariettai, Chintadariettai, once nown as Chinna Terai pettai or ‘the village o small looms’ has its origins in the colonial eriod. The village grew arond a small temle and was settled b weavers rom all over India, redominantl Salem and Woriaalem, Woriaalem, to contribte to colonial trade. The settlement was located in its what was once a garden o Sn Rama Chett becase o the eas availabilit o resh water, resence o large shad rit trees , accessibilit to fort St George and the other established settlements in Madras ie Mlaore, Trilicane, George Town etc. Established as a weavers village in 1735, it saw the decline o weaving and the moving ot o the weaving commnit b the late 19th centr. The commnit then transormed itsel into the backbone of the clerical staff within the institutions and ofces o the Madras presidenc, constitting lawers, tists and accontants. The establishment o a actor in Chintadariettai arond the same time, made it an imortant hardware maret o Madras. Ths Chintadariettai’s Chintadariettai’s socio economic strctre reects the socio economic and cultural transformations of the cit o Madras throgh the ages. Chintadariettai Chintadariettai desite its colonial origins still retains an indigenos character, with a temle and a temle tan at its core. However, the similarities to a traditional temle town settlement attern end there. Its colonial origins have reslted in a niqe lanning sstem, satial organisation and cltral abric that has both colonial and indigenos characteristics, maing it dierent rom the other historic settlements o Madras.
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That Chintadaripettai Chintadaripettai still exists, in the pockets of traditional houses, in the sloped roofs that suddenly becomes visible between tall buildings, in the names of the streets and the structure of the community. A village that has stood witness to the changing times and a growing metropolis. The thesis attempts to recover the Chintadaripettai that was from within the chaos of the ‘Chintadaripet’ that is. Chintadariettai’s locational advantages which were the reason or its genesis and its growth, have toda become a colossal threat to its niqe historic abric. Being sandwiched between two maor arterial roads contribted to the resence o a bstling maret within Chintadariet that caters to everything from the best sh in the city , the largest range of hardware and auto parts in Chennai ,to lm production and distribtion nits, Sandalwood garlands ,decorated mbrellas( which have now become snonmos with Chintadariettai) and mch more .Toda, the exonential growth o this maret is encroaching into the residential abric. This is maing it difcult to recognise or perceive the immense historic and architectural signicance signicance of the place, resulting in an incalclable loss to the cltre, heritage and identit o the cit. New inrastrctre acilities in the orm o a railwa station, the roosed Chennai Metro rail, the roosed exresswa are all contribting to an acceleration in the degree o this loss. Thus there is an urgent need to understand, recognise and conserve the remaining historic fabric of the settlement of Chintadaripettai Chintadaripettai .The channelization channelization of developmental developmental forces towards heritage sensitivity remains the greatest challenge to conservation. A growing consciosness within the administrative administrative sector and the general blic on the rgent need to conserve the bilt heritage o the cit is articlated articlated in the Second Second Master Master plan or Chennai . It states the need to rame a heritage legislation to recognise and rotect the bilt heritage o the cit. As a reslt, CMDA has identied heritage buildings within Chennai that need to be rotected , and the listing rocess is nderwa.
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Of around 225 buildings identied by the author, only 9 bildings in Chintadariet have been listed b the CMDA(Chennai Metroolitan Develoment Aithorit) in Chintadariet, and Chintadariet has been recognized as a heritage recinct. Instead o saegarding the heritage, this move is ndermining the comlexit o the heritage resorce called Chintadariettai. The need of the hour is to recognise the complexities of the living historic urban settlement of Chintadaripettai and evolve strategies that would help conserve the multiple facets that come together to constitute the heritage value of Chintadaripet ‘fling Train’ Chintadariet Station par - Velacher
poonamalee High Road Arterial Road Chennai Cit
‘Bs Termins’ MTC Head Ofce
River Cum
Island Grunds Anna Salai (Mont Road) Arterial Road, Chennai Cit
fIGuRE 1:GOOGLE IMAGE Of THE SETTLEMENT Of CHINTADARIpETTAI
New Secretariat Bilding Anna Salai(Mont Road)
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‘Naier’s par’ Arnachala Naic Street ‘Weavers Hose’ Singanna Chett Street
‘Mansion Hose’ Arnachala Naic Street
‘Twin pagodas o Chintadariettai’ Arnachala Naic Street fIGuRE 2:SkETCH Of CHINTADARIpETTAI
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‘Hose’ Agraharam Street
River Coom
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‘Simson and Co’ Arnachala Naic Street
‘Maret’ Arnachala Naic Street
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1.3. JUSTIfICATIoN/RATIoNALE JUSTIfICATIoN/RATIoNALE Chintadariettai Chintadariettai is a settlement colonial in its origins. A new settlement in old Madras. The settlement has a hbrid strctre that incororates within itsel both the indigenos sstems and colonial ideologies. Thus it forms a signicant component of the identit o the cit o Madras and needs to be conserved Chintadariettai Chintadariettai has the ollowing distinctive characteristics : - Unique gegraphical lcatin Nestled within the crves o the River Coom, it has a niqe geograhical geograhical location. The std o the settlement allows s to nderstand the transormation o the river rom a clean, clear sarling water bod to the sewage channel it has become toda, and the resonse o the settlement to this transormation. Toda, the Coom River Revitalization roect is nderwa, with the roect being nded b the World ban. This is once again transorming the ace o Chintadariet. The thesis also considers the the ossibilit o whether whether the revitalization o the the River could be channelized for the benet of the cultural heritage. - onl settlement its tpe within the cit Madras It has an atical satial organisation that ollows the temle centric strctre o the other traditional settlements o Tamil Nad, et is dissimilar rom them in her orm and The satial organisation which was ree o caste based distinctions reslted in a streetscae demonstrating extremel varied residential residential tologies, distinct rom an o the other traditional settlements o Madras. - Architectural Expressin: The architectral exression comrising o mltile tologies o heritage bildings, both blic and rivate, ranging rom a Temle, Temle tan, residences o Weavers, Agraharam’s, Mansion hoses, Comond hoses; to a Zion Chrch, an Art Deco actor bilding , a pblic librar, Memorial hall and a par is extremel varied .
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-Self Sufcient Settlement with all amenities within close
prximit. There exist all the neighborhood amenities rom a maret, shoing areas, schools, college, railwa station, hosital, legislative ofces, a theatre, factory, temples etc within the settlement, contribting to the eeling o Chintadariettai Chintadariettai being a sel contained nit within the cit o Chennai. - Scial and cmmunit bnding The settlement originated as a weavers settlement, with Chettiar’s as ‘debaches’ (governors and overseers). Temles, a mosqe, chrches and schools were develoed to give the weavers all the amenities reqired. While weaving as an art and a means o livelihood died in Chintadariet in the late 19th centr, the commnit strctre still exists toda.
1.4. RATIoNALE The Second Master plan o Chennai recognizes the need or a heritage legislation and is resentl in the rocess o listing and docmentation o her heritage. 9 Heritage bildings rom Chintadariet have been listed and Chintadariet has been recognized as a heritage recinct. However, the residential architectre and the settlement are also an integral art o the cltral heritage o Chennai and to be recognized as sch. A strateg or conservation o a traditional settlement lie Chintadariettai demands a holistic aroach, that loos beond the monments and acnowledges the mltile comonents that come together to constitte the historic rban landscae o Chintadariettai. Chintadariet tai.
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1.1. AIM: The aim in conserving the traditional settlement of Chintadaripettai Chintadaripettai is to recognise it as a cultural resource and an integral part of the history of the city . It is an important witness to the socioeconomic and cultural structure of the ‘Chennai that is Madras’ and has enormous architectural value. The thesis aims to evolve a strateg or an eective integration o the historic bilt abric into the ramewor o social lie. The thesis also aims to ascertain the directions or develoment which are comatible with the historic abric o the settlement, while aing attention to the rights o the inhabitants , their economic activit and social relationshis. relationshis.
1.2. oBJECTIVES: - To nderstand nderstand the Historic evoltion o Chintadariettai Chintadariettai within the context o the Historic evoltion o the cit o Madras This obective is two ronged. - One involves the nderstanding o historic Madras, its evoltion and growth as the context within which the settlement o Chintadariettai is located. - The other, a detailed std o the histor o Chintadariettai. Chintadariettai. its genesis and transormations, transormations, reslting in its contemorar rban landscae - To identify and dene the constituents of the heritage of the rban settlement o Chintadariettai and nderstand its niqe natre, with reerence to the other settlements o Chennai - To establish a case or the conservation o the traditional settlement based on an nderstanding o the settlement itsel as a cltral resorce - To articulate the values and signicance of Chintadaripettai toda within the Metroolis o Chennai - To identi the isses , imacts o develoment develoment and the resltant transormations transormations within the heritage comonents - To roose a strateg or the conservation o the settlement o Chintadariettai, that recognizes it as a cltral resorce.
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1.4. SCoPE The Scoe and ramewor o the wor ndertaen is broadl otlined as ollows: - Identiing Identii ng and Assessing the heritage comonents - Stding the bilt and socio- economic abric o Chintadariettai - Stding the changes in both the hsical and social abric to nderstand the rocess o transormation - Review of the development measures with specic reference to identi their role in the rocess o transormation o the bilt abric - Identication of problems and issues - formlation o aroriate gidelines and roosals
1.5. LIMITATIoNS - There was a roblem in maing the drawings or taing hotograhs hotograhs o the interiors o the individal hoses - this was de to the ears o local olace. - De to a lac o time , 100 % door to door socio - economic srve was not ossible, so one had to rel on resent da social and commnit records, censs data, thesis reorts and random samle srves.
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1.6. METHoDoLoGy The methodolog adoted or collecting the inormation rimaril involved A. SECoNDARy SURVEyS (LITERATURE STUDy): This rimaril involves two stages, data collection and data organisation STuDy - Std o historical boos, records, research aers, thesis reorts, etc - Std o statistical and censs data, Administrative records, Desatches etc. -Historical Mas and Archival hotograhs - Std o local reerences ORGANISATION Of DATA - Comilation o data and organisation into a chronological table allowing the nderstanding nderstanding o the order o occrrence o events, both at cit level and at settlement level and their inter relationshis - Analsing the historic mas to nderstand nderstand the arallel transormations transormations in the cit orm MAppING - using this inormation to mae mas showing the historical evoltion o Madras, and mas o Chintadariet - In the precolonial period (beore 1600AD,) - Colonial period - pre 1857 AD - pre Indeendence ( 1857 AD - 1947 AD) - post Colonial period - present Da
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B. PRIMARy SURVEyS (SITE STUDy): SITE SuRVEyS AND OBSERVATIONS - Identication of all the architectural architectural heritage resources existing toda in Chintadariettai Chintadariettai - Interviews with local body representatives, representatives, ocials in instittions, residents, shoeeers, trstees etc. LISTING The architectral heritage o Chintadariettai, Chintadariettai, which ranges rom a temle comlex with a temle tan, a variet o traditional residential tologies , a actor, a maret, schools, chrches, a cinema theatre and a ar are sbstantial and diverse. Listing ot the heritage that still remains in the traditional settlement o Chintadaripettai was the rst step to help preserve its niqe environment. 225 Heritage structures have been identied and recorded. This data was rther analzed on the basis o bilt orm, nction, ownershi , age and categorized into tologies o architectral heritage STuDy OBSERVE AND RECORD - Existing land se, circlation, bilt orm, morholog, - Std the transormations in the bilt abric o the settlement in the orm o interventions, interventions, additions, alterations. - To nderstand nderstand the existing and roosed olicies and administrative strctres MAppING - Base lan o Chintadariet toda generated sing : - Detailed Develoment plan (Naiers par) - Google Earth - Digital Elevation Model, Chennai - Maing o data collected on site - Identied heritage buildings mapped - Land use, Bilding Heights, Circlation atters maed - Maing o Heritage tologies
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C. ANALySIS: - Identication Identication of the heritage components of Chintadariettai Chintadariettai that mae it distinct rom the other traditional settlements o Chennai on the basis o the std o the contextal std o the cit o Chennai (Re A : Secondar Std). - Establishing a case or conservation that loos at the settlement itsel as a irrelaceable heritage resorce. This also draws redominantl rom the historical std and resent bilt abric. - Sitation Analsis :understanding :understanding the resent sitation o Chintadariet as an rban village within the metroolitan cit o Chennai - Identication of Issues and Potentials related to the conservation o the historic abric o the settlement E. PRoPoSAL: - Evolving a strateg or conservation that loos at Chintadariet as a cltral resorce. - The roosal ocses on the conservation strategies strategies or the traditional hosing o Chintadariet. Chintadariet.
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THESIS oUTLINE STAGE I : INTRoDUCTIoN The Aims, Obectives, Scoe and Limitations o the roect are then articlated. The methodolog ollowed is also elaborated on.
STAGE II : HISToRICAL STUDy This stage describes the rocess o the historical nderstanding o the cit and the settlement. It basicall mas the historical evoltion o the cit o Madras and the settlement o Chintadariettai Chintadariettai in the re colonial, Colonial and the post Colonial eriods. This stage establishes the heritage signicance of the settlement within the cit o Madras and sets the base or the identication of the heritage components.
STAGE III : HERITAGE CoMPoNENTS of CHINTADARIPETTAI CHINTADARIPETTAI The third stage orms the core o the thesis. The varios comonents that mae Chintadariettai a heritage resorce are identied, mapped and could be categorized under the ollowing headings: - Toograh Toograh A eninsla ormed b the River Coom, Chintadariettai Chintadariettai is lie a basin within the bend o the river. - Satial Organisation Organisation The settlement grew arond an existing temle . The satial organisation is not based on caste and is reected in the almost uniform plot sizes. - Visal Linages Traditionall strong visal linages to fort St George. However, the new Secretarial bilding now dominates the visual eld - phsical Linages (Circlation Sstem) Arnachala Naic Street cts across the settlement dividing it into two arts and is the rime connector lining it to Egmore on one side and the railwa station on the other - Tan Networ Sstem Extremel niqe b virte o being indeendent rom the sstem o temle tans dotting the cit. fnctions as a comlete sstem in tandem the river - Bilt Heritage Comonents
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STAGE IV : SITUATIoN ANALySIS This stage sees to loo at the eatres that constitte Chintadariet toda and derive an nderstanding o the trends o modern ‘develoment’, the resltant transormations and imacts on the bilt heritage o Chintadariettai. The stdies inclde : 1. Chintadariet within the metroolis o Chennai to derive an nderstanding o the niqe character o the settlement as comared to the neighboring areas. 2. The varios inrastrctre develoment roects in and arond Chintadariettai and their imact on the settlement 3. The existing administrative strctre, olicies and ramewor, their mandate and imact on the heritage o Chintadariettai. Located amidst the administrative and bsiness centres o the cit has sitated Chintadariet Chintadariet within the ambit o maor develoment roosals, roosals, which are insensitive to the heritage o the lace reslting in a lot o detrimental detrimental imacts on the cltral heritage o Chintadariettai. The lac o recognition o Chintadariettai Chintadariettai as a distinct historic zone lies at the root o this indierence and needs to be addressed. 3a. Land use (Existing, ast, and roosed b develoment rles and imact on heritage) 3b. Bilding Heights and LandVales 3c. Bilding Occanc (Sel occied, Rented, Encroached). Encroached). to nderstand the cases and orms o bilding transormations. The lot and bilding are a rime economic resorce or the local olace. A sstem o incentives cold enable to maintain and rotect the historic abric. Gidelines or maintenance, additions, alterations and allowable transormations transormations wold also go a long wa in i n conserving the abric o the lace. Ths there is a need or a mlti ronged aroach or the conservation o the cltral resorce o Chintadariettai. Chintadariettai.
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CoNCLUSIoN The thesis loos at the cltral heritage o Chintadariettai Chintadariettai as something that is greater than st being the sm o its arts. It is mch mch more than the 9 bildings listed b the CMDA ( Chennai Metroolitan Develoment Athorit) The thesis asserts that Chintadariettai Chintadariettai is a comlex, living, mlti aceted, dnamic , irrelaceable and endangered cltral heritage resorce. The recover o this invalable resorce reqires a holistic and integrated strateg and this thesis is st one tin ste in the direction that wold lead to the evoltion o sch an aroach.
BIBLIoGRAPHy BooKS Love H D, ‘Vestiges ‘Vestiges ld Madras 1640 – 1800’ 1800 ’ Vol I - IV, Asian edcationall services (rerint), New Delhi edcationa kalana k, Schier f, ‘ Madras: the Architectural Heritage’, Heritage ’, Indian National Trst or Art and Cltral Heritage, TamilNad Chater, Chennai, 2003 Mthiah S, ‘Madras: ‘Madras: Discvered – A Histrical guide t lking arund, supplemented with tales ‘once upn a cit’ ‘ , AfliAfliated East West press private Ltd, New Delhi 1992 Bas Dili k, ‘The ‘The Rise and Grwth the Clnial Prt cities in Asia’, Asia ’, Centre for South Pacic Studies, University of California, Santa Crz, janar 1979 ‘The Madras Tercentenar Cmmemratin Vlume’, Vlume ’, Madras Tercentenar Celebration Committee, Asia Edcational Services,1994 ‘Madras Handbk MCMXXII’, MCMXXII ’, Indian Science Congress, Asia Edcational Services, New Delhi, 2005 Raman k V,‘The V,‘The Earl Histr the Madras Regin ’The C p Ramaswam Aiar fondation, Chennai.
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ADMINISTRATIVE DoCUMENTS AND RECoRDS ‘Seminar n Waterwas in Chennai’, Chennai ’, 4th and 5th March 2010, Chennai Metroolitan Develoment Athorit, Chennai. ‘Criteria r the listing Heritage Buildings/Precincts in Chennai Metrplitan Area’ Area ’ CMDA, Chennai ‘Secnd Master Plan r Chennai, 2026, 2026 , ‘Develoment reglations. Amendments incororated to December 2010’ dated 2.9.2008, Chennai Metrooliton Develoment Athorit ‘Develpme Develpment nt Plan r Chennai Metrplitan Area, April 2006 ’ ‘Rehabilitatin and Management Tanks in India: A stud select states’,Asian states’,Asian Develoment Ban, Std ndertaen b the India Resident Mission, 2006 Maclean CD, Maclean’s Manual the administratin the Madras Presidenc, Asia Edcational Services, 1987. ‘Reprt n Madras Twn’, Twn ’, printed b the Serinte Serintendent, ndent, Government press, 1918
THESIS REPoRTS V Sharmilee, ‘ Temple tanks and their envirnment in Chennai ‘, Master’s Thesis sbmitted to the Deartment o Town planning , School o Architectre and planning, Anna universit, 2002 ‘Histr Chintadaripettai’ Chintadaripettai ’ Thesis sbmitted or M.phil, Ma 1987, Madras universit, Deartment o Histor.
ARTICLES AND RESEARCH PAPERS Ghosh Gatam, ‘Lst ‘Lst lielines a metrplis metrplis’’ , The Hind,Magazine,20 Ma 2007 ‘The dubashes Chintadaripettai ’ The Hind, S.Mthiah, Ag 2010 ‘Rejuvenating irrigatin tanks thrugh lcal institutins ’ R.Shathivadivel, R.Shathiva divel, p.Gomathinaagam, Tshaar Shah, Economic and political weel, jl 31 2004 Indian jornal o Science and Technolog, Technolog, Vol I No 7 ( Dec 2008), ‘ The temple tanks Madras, India: Rehabilitatin an ancient technique r multipurpse water strage’ strage ’ , Ganesan Madhavi, Centre or water resorces, College o Engineering, Gind, Chennai India
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‘Rehabilitatin and Management Tanks in India: A stud select states’,Asian states’,Asian Develoment Ban, Std ndertaen b the India Resident Mission, 2006 ‘Rethinking tank rehabilitatin, rehabilitatin, Issues in restring ld tanks t their riginal state in the irrigatin structure’IWMI-Tata structure ’IWMI-Tata Water polic programme ‘Revival and Management traditinal water harvesting sstems’’ C.R.Shanmgam, kenote aer resented at the Natems tional Worsho on “Water Harvesting with secial reerence to articial recharge” held at National Geophysical Research Institte, Hderabad on 9th October 2001. ‘Tanks and Anicuts Suth India,Examples an alternate science Engineering’ Engineering ’ , Chitra krishnan and Sreenivas V Veeravalli jacson Elanor,‘ Caste, Culture and Cnversin rm the Perspective an Indian Christian famil based in Madras, 1863 1918’.paer 1918’ .paer resented to Christian Missions in Asia, Third Annal Colloquium, University of Shefeld, 14 - 15 July 1999 Sridhar kmdavalli,‘An kmdavalli,‘An anthrp-arch apprach t the stud the Cntemprar Chettiar dwelling Tamilnadu ’
