Tema 2. Elementos de la ICT

Rnhd <; Nanhnmtcs bn ad FER.

Rnhd <; Nanhnmtcs bn ad FER. ÈMBFEN; Fmtrcbueefõm Fmtrcbueefõm............................................. .................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ......................... ... 5 4 Nanhnmtcs bn umd FER............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ......................... ... 5 4.4 \nbns bn tnanechumfedefõm .......................................... ................................................................. .................................... ............. 7 4.< Fmgrdnstrueturd bn clrd efvfa ............................................ ................................................................... ................................. .......... 6 4.5 Nknhpac; Nbfgfefcs bn vfvfnmbds.......................................... ................................................................. ........................... .... 47 4.5.4 Nsqunhd inmnrda bn ad FER............................................. .................................................................... ....................... 47 4.5.< Edmdafzdefcmns y \nefmtcs nm nbfgfefcs bn vfvfnmbds v fvfnmbds......................... ......................... 49 4.2 Nknhpac; Wfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns ............................................................ ................................................................. ..... 49 4.2.4 Nsqunhd inmnrda bn ad FER............................................. .................................................................... ....................... 49 4.2.< Edmdafzdefcmns y \nefmtcs nm vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns ..................... ..................... 4: < \nefmtcs y edmdafzdefcmns edmdafzdefcmns ........................... .................................................. ............................................. .................................. ............ 4: <.4 [cmd nxtnrfcr .......................................................... ................................................................................ .......................................... .................... <0 <.4.4 Nknhpac; Nstrueturd bn ad zcmd nxtnrfcr bn um nbfgfefc. .................... << <.< [cmd echûm ...................................... ............................................................ ............................................ .......................................... .................... <5 <.<.4 Edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr........................................................ fmgnrfcr............................................................. ..... <2 <.<.4.4 Nknhpac; Nstrueturd bn ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr bn um nbfgfefc <7 <.<.< Edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden supnrfcr ........................................... ........................................................... ................ <9 <.<.5 \nefmtcs bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns .............................. .............................. <: <.<.5.4 Nknhpac; Unaneefõm bn rnifstrcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns .............. 52 <.<.2 Edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda ....................................................... ........................................................................... .................... 5> <.<.2.4 Nknhpac; Edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda bn ad FER ................................... ................................... 59 <.<.> Edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd ...................................... ............................................................ .................................. ............ 59 <.5 Ad zcmd prfvdbd ......................................................... ............................................................................... ...................................... ................ 24 <.5.4 Edmdafzdefõm fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc ...................................... .......................................................... .................... 24

Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

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5 \nbns bn bfstrfluefõm bfstrfluefõm bn FER........................................... .................................................................. .................................. ........... 27 5.4 \nb bn dafhnmtdefõm ........................ .............................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 29 5.< \nb bn bfstrfluefõm ................................................... ......................................................................... ...................................... ................ 26 5.5 \nb bn bfspnrsfõm ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................... ..... >0 5.2 \nb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc .................................. ........................................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... >4 2 Nsqunhd inmnrda bn ad FER ................................ ...................................................... ............................................ ........................... ..... >< 2.4 Edmdafzdefcmns Edmdafzdefcmns ecm vdrfds vnrtfedans ......................................... ............................................................. .................... >< 2.< Edmdafzdefcmns Edmdafzdefcmns ecm vdrfds vnrtfedans nm nbfgfefcs fmbnpnmbfnmtns fmbnpnmbfnmtns ........... >< 2.5 Edmdafzdefcmns, Edmdafzdefcmns, rnefmtcs rne fmtcs y rnifstrcs nm um nbfgfefc ................................. ..................................... .... >5 2.2 FER bn tnangcmèd ......................... ............................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... >5 2.> FER bn \BUF .................................. ........................................................ ............................................. .............................................. ....................... >2 2.7 FER bn \RW .................................................. ........................................................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... >2 2.9 Edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd y rnb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc ..................................... ..................................... >> 2.: Edmdafzdefcmns Edmdafzdefcmns y rnifstrcs nm na fmtnrfcr bn um pfsc .......................... ................................... ......... >>


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Fmtrcbueefõm Bnsbn 466:, ecm ad pulafedefõm bn ad munvd rniadhnmtdefõm bn fmgrdnstrueturds echumns bn tnanechumfedefõm (FER), y bn dpafedefõm pdrd acs nbfgfefcs bn munvd ecmstrueefõm c rnjdlfaftdbcs tctdahnmtn, sn bfc um pdsc huy fhpcrtdmtn pdrd ad fmtrcbueefõm bn ads munvds tnemcacièds (sdtæaftn, edlan, Fmtnrmnt, ...) y mcrhdafzdefõm bn acs snrvfefcs trdbfefcmdans (tnangcmèd, rdbfc, tnanvfsfõm, …) nm na jcidr. Na clkntfvc nrd dbnhäs bdr umd ecmtfmufbdb, umd prcacmidefõm bn ads rnbns bn deensc qun nstäm bnspanidmbc acs cpnrdbcrns, cpnrdbcrns, ecm umds rnbns bn bfstrfluefõm bn tnanechumfedefcmns qun sn fmstdadm nm na fmtnrfcr bn acs nbfgfefcs? y n scs fmhunlans na deensc d acs snrvfefcs bn tnangcmèd ecm naacs gdefaftdr d acs usudrfcs bn nscs

pûlafed, deensc d Fmtnrmnt, snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd pcr edlan, rdbfc y tnanvfsfõm, nmtrn ctrcs. fmtnrfcrns supcmnm, aõifedhnmtn, um ecstn dôdbfbc nm ad Nstds rnbns fmtnrfcrns ecmstrueefõm bn ad vfvfnmbd bnmtrc bna nbfgfefc (fmhunlans bn pfscs c vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns fmbfvfbudans c dbcsdbds nm ræifhnm bn prcpfnbdb jcrfzcmtda), yd qun rnqufnrn pcr umd pdrtn bn um prcynetc tæemfec vfsdbc pcr na Ecanifc bn Fminmfnrcs (Ræemfecs) bn Rnanechumfedefõm (dbkumtc da prcynetc drquftnetõmfec), dsè echc bn umd fmgrdnstrueturd d bnspanidr. Ufm nhldric, sn trdtd bn umd fmvnrsfõm nm tcbc edsc rnmtdlan pdrd na ecmstruetcr , yd qun pcr um adbc cgrnen umcs snrvfefcs bn datc vdacr dôdbfbc d ad vfvfnmbd, d ad vnz, qun da fhpanhnmtdrsn nm gdsn bn ecmstrueefõm bna nbfgfefc , sus ecstns scm huejc hnmcrns qun acs qun supcmbrèd su bnspafniun pcstnrfcr. Bn nstd hdmnrd, sn ecmsfiun pcmnr acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm d bfspcsfefõm bn tcbcs acs vnefmcs, bnsbn na hfshc hchnmtc nm qun sn jdlftd na nbfgfefc, ecm panmds idrdmtèds bn edafbdb. Ads rnbns bn tnanechumfedefõm sn bfsnôdm y bfhnmsfcmdm nm ldsn d pdrähntrcs bn edafbdb bn snôda , , euhpafnmbc vdacrns hèmfhcs nxfifbcs, sf lfnm, ad fmgrdnstrueturd bn clrd efvfa c bn edmdafzdefcmns bn ad nbfgfedefõm nm hdtnrfd bn tnanechumfedefcmns sn prcynetd, ldkc nspnefgfedefcmns hèmfhds , pdrd idrdmtfzdr na scpcrtn bn bfejds rnbns, pnrhftfnmbc su bnspafniun y hdmtnmfhfnmtc.

4 Nanhnmtcs bn umd FER Nm na Dmnxc FFF bna \nda Bnerntc 527/<044 sn nstdlanenm ads nspnefgfedefcmns tæemfeds hèmfhds bn ads nbfgfedefcmns nm hdtnrfd bn tnanechumfedefcmns. Nstds nspnefgfedefcmns tæemfeds nstdlanenm acs rnqufsftcs hèmfhcs qun, bnsbn um pumtc bn vfstd tæemfec, jdm bn euhpafr ads edmdafzdefcmns, rnefmtcs y nanhnmtcs echpanhnmtdrfcs qun dalnriunm ad FER pdrd gdefaftdr su bnspafniun,


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hdmtnmfhfnmtc y rnpdrdefõm , ecmtrfluynmbc bn nstd hdmnrd d pcsflfaftdr na qun acs usudrfcs gfmdans deenbdm d acs snrvfefcs bn tnangcmèd bfspcmflan da pûlafec (URBP) y d acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns bn ldmbd dmejd prnstdbcs pcr cpnrdbcrns bn rnbns bn tnanechumfedefcmns pcr edlan (RLD), c pcr cpnrdbcrns bn snrvfefcs bn deensc fmdaählrfec (UDF) y d acs snrvfefcs bn rdbfcbfgusfõm y tnanvfsfõm (\RW) .

Echc sn jd bfejc, da rngnrfrsn d umd fmgrdnstrueturd echûm bn tnanechumfedefcmns, sn tfnmn nm eunmtd, tdmtc ad pdrtn bn ads rnbns bn tnanechumfedefõm , tnanechumfedefõm , echc ad fmgrdnstrueturd bn clrd efvfa bna nbfgfefc nm hdtnrfd bn tnanechumfedefcmns, pcr ecmsfiufnmtn, sn bntdaadm acs nanhnmtcs bn dhlds fmgrdnstrueturds. Ad gfiurd 4 (Dpæmbfen 4, Dmnxc FFF), ns na nsqunhd inmnrda bn umd fmgrdnstrueturd echûm bn tnanechumfedefcmns y pumtc bn pdrtfbd nm ad bngfmfefõm bn su ecmtnmfbc.

Gfiurd 4; Nsqunhd inmnrda bn umd FER. D su vnz, ad fmgrdnstrueturd echûm bn tnanechumfedefcmns sn punbn bfvfbfr nm trns zcmds bfgnrnmtns zcmds bfgnrnmtns (vædsn ad gfiurd <), dirupdmbc edbd umd bn naads ads rnbns bn tnanechumfedefõm y nanhnmtcs bn ad fmgrdnstrueturd bn edmdafzdefcmns qun ecrrnspcmbdm, dtnmbfnmbc da auidr bcmbn nstäm sftudbcs.


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[cmd nxtnrfcr bna fmhunlan. fmhunlan. Un ecmsfbnrd bchfmfc pûlafec bnsbn na nxtnrfcr bna fmhunlan jdstd na pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda da hfshc, pcr tdmtc, nm nstd zcmd sn fmeauyn pdrtn bn ad rnb bn dafhnmtdefõm, na sfstnhd bn edptdefõm, ad drquntd bn nmtrdbd y ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd . [cmd echûm bna fmhunlan. Nstd fmhunlan. Nstd zcmd dldred bnsbn na pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda da fmhunlan jdstd acs pumtcs bn deensc da usudrfc, nmiacld ads rnbns bn bfstrfluefõm y bfspnrsfõm, y nanhnmtcs bn clrd efvfa, tdans echc edmdafzdefcmns bn nmaden, prfmefpda y sneumbdrfd, c tdhlfæm, rnefmtcs bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns y rnifstrcs bn nmaden y sneumbdrfc .

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[cmd prfvdbd bna fmhunlan. fmhunlan. Un trdtd bna nspdefc bnstfmdbc nxeausfvdhnmtn d ad vfvfnmbd, pcr ac qun d nstd zcmd pnrtnmnen ad rnb y edmdafzdefõm fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc, dsè echc acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb y bn tchd.

Gfiurd <; FER bfvfbfbd nm trns zcmds bfgnrnmtns. Pdrd na edsc bn ecmkumtcs bn vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns , umfgdhfafdrns , na nsqunhd inmnrda bn umd fmgrdnstrueturd echûm bn tnanechumfedefcmns edhlfd echc sn hunstrd nm ad gfiurd 5 (Dpæmbfen :, Dmnxc FFF). Nm naad sn clsnrvd qun, echc ecmsneunmefd bna tfpc bn ecmstrueefõm, ad rnb bn bfspnrsfõm y ad bn bfstrfluefõm sn sfhpafgfedm bn hdmnrd mctdlan. Jdlftudahnmtn, acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm sn fmtrcbuenm d pdrtfr bn um ûmfec rnefmtc echûm bn fmstdadefcmns bn Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

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tnanechumfedefõm (\FR^) y, nm inmnrda, scm väafbcs acs ecmenptcs y bnserfpefcmns ngnetudbds pdrd na ctrc tfpc bn nbfgfedefcmns.

Gfiurd 5; Nsqunhd inmnrda bn umd FER pdrd vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns. 4.4 \nbns bn tnanechumfedefõm Uu gumefõm ns prcacmidr ads snôdans bn acs bfgnrnmtns snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm bnsbn ads rnbns bn acs cpnrdbcrns, c pdrd na edsc ecmerntc bna snrvfefc bn \RW bnsbn acs sfstnhds bn edptdefõm, jdstd acs pumtcs bn ecmnxfõm nm na fmtnrfcr bn ads vfvfnmbds. 

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\nb bn dafhnmtdefõm; dafhnmtdefõm; Fmtrcbuen ad rnb bn acs bfgnrnmtns cpnrdbcrns bnsbn na nxtnrfcr jdstd na pumtc bn fmtnrecmnxfõm (PF õ PR\), bcmbn sn prcbuen ad umfõm ecm ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm bn ad FER. Ad rnb bn dafhnmtdefõm qun bd deensc d acs snrvfefcs pnrtnmnen d acs cpnrdbcrns bn acs snrvfefcs. \nb bn bfstrfluefõm; Bfstrfluyn bfstrfluefõm; Bfstrfluyn ads snôdans bn acs bfgnrnmtns snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm bnsbn na pumtc bn fmtnrecmnxfõm jdstd na pumtc bn bfstrfluefõm (PB) bn edbd padmtd bna nbfgfefc. Ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm qun bfseurrn pcr ads bfvnrsds padmtds bna nbfgfefc pnrtnmnen d ad echumfbdb.


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\nb bn bfspnrsfõm; bfspnrsfõm; ^mn na pumtc bn bfstrfluefõm bn umd padmtd bna fmhunlan ecm acs pumtcs bn deensc da usudrfc (PD^) bn edbd umd bn ads vfvfnmbds bn nsd padmtd, aanidmbc ads snôdans bn acs bfgnrnmtns snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm da fmtnrfcr bn ads vfvfnmbds. Ad rnb bn bfspnrsfõm bn ads snôdans qun sn nmeunmtrd nm edbd padmtd pnrtnmnen d ad echumfbdb. \nb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc; Nmtrnid usudrfc; Nmtrnid ads snôdans bn acs bfgnrnmtns snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm nm na fmtnrfcr bn ad vfvfnmbd bnsbn na pumtc bn deensc d eensc da usudrfc jdstd ads ldsns bn deensc bn tnrhfmda (LDR). Ad rnb bn usudrfc qun ns ad bna fmtnrfcr bn ad vfvfnmbd pnrtnmnen da usudrfc.

Ads rnspcmsdlfafbdbns bn acs cpnrdbcrns bn acs snrvfefcs, ad echumfbdb y ads bn acs usudrfcs qunbdm dsè pnrgnetdhnmtn bnafhftdbds. Acs pumtcs bn rngnrnmefd bngfmfbcs nm na nsqunhd bn FER , y mchlrdbcs dmtnrfcrhnmtn nm ad bngfmfefõm bn ads rnbns scm; 

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Pumtc bn fmtnrecmnxfõm c bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb (PF õ PR\); Auidr nm qun sn ecmnetd ad fmstdadefõm bna nbfgfefc ecm ads rnbns bn acs cpnrdbcrns bn tnanechumfedefcmns (Rnangõmfed, Cmc, nte.). Ns bnefr, ns na auidr bn umfõm nmtrn ads rnbns bn dafhnmtdefõm bn acs bfgnrnmtns cpnrdbcrns y ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm bn ad FER, bnafhftdmbc rnspcmsdlfafbdbns rnspcmsdlfafbdbns nm eudmtc d hdmtnmfhfnmtc nmtrn na cpnrdbcr bna snrvfefc y ad prcpfnbdb bna fmhunlan. Un sftûd nm na fmtnrfcr bna \FRF bna nbfgfefc, bnmtrc bna rnifstrc prfmefpda.

Pumtc bn bfstrfluefõm (PB); (PB); Pumtc bn umfõm nmtrn ads rnbns bn bfstrfluefõm y bn bfspnrsfõm bna fmhunlan. Un sftûd bnmtrc bna rnifstrc sneumbdrfc.


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Pumtc bn deensc da usudrfc (PD^); Auidr bn umfõm nmtrn ads rnbns bn bfspnrsfõm n fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc, sn sftûd nm na fmtnrfcr bn edbd bchfefafc bn usudrfc , bnafhftdmbc rnspcmsdlfafbdbns rnspcmsdlfafbdbns nm eudmtc d ad inmnrdefõm, acedafzdefõm y rnpdrdefõm bn dvnrèds nmtrn ad prcpfnbdb bna fmhunlan y na usudrfc bna bchfefafc. Un sftûd bnmtrc bna rnifstrc bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb .

Ldsn bn deensc bn tnrhfmda (LDR); (LDR); Pumtc gfmda bn ad rnb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc, bcmbn sn ecmnetdm acs tnrhfmdans pdrd deenbnr d acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns scpcrtdbcs nm ad FER, echc pcr nknhpac, um rcutnr c tnaægcmc pdrd na snrvfefc bn RL + \BUF c um bnecbfgfedbcr pdrd na snrvfefc bn \RW, RLD y UDF. Un sftûd bnmtrc bna rnifstrc bn tchd.

Rchd pdrd edlan bn ecrrfnmtn naæetrfed

Rchd pdrd edlan ecdxfda


Rchd pdrd edlan tnangõmfec

Rchd pdrd edlan lfgfadr

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4.< Fmgrdnstrueturd bn clrd efvfa Uu gumefõm ns idrdmtfzdr na scpcrtn bn ads rnbns bn tnanechumfedefõm , pnrhftfnmbc su bnspafniun y hdmtnmfhfnmtc bnsbn ad rnb bn acs cpnrdbcrns jdstd acs pumtcs bn ecmnxfõm bna fmtnrfcr bn ads vfvfnmbds. Ad fmgrdnstrueturd nstä gcrhdbd, echc sn punbn clsnrvdr nm na nsqunhd dmtnrfcr, pcr edmdafzdefcmns, rnefmtcs, rnifstrcs y ctrcs nanhnmtcs. Pdrd um hnkcr nmtnmbfhfnmtc, sn dirnid ad gfiurd 2 (Dpæmbfen <, Dmnxc FFF), daic häs fmtuftfvc, puns hunstrd d mfvna rnda eõhc sn fmstdadrèd ad fmgrdnstrueturd nm na fmtnrfcr bna fmhunlan.

Gfiurd 2; Nsqunhd bn edmdafzdefcmns pdrd fmhunlans bn pfscs. 

Drquntd bn nmtrdbd. Pumtc nmtrdbd. Pumtc bn umfõm nmtrn ads rnbns bn dafhnmtdefõm bn acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm bn acs bfgnrnmtns cpnrdbcrns y ad fmgrdnstrueturd echûm bn tnanechumfedefõm bna fmhunlan. Un ulfed nm na nxtnrfcr bna fmhunlan , y bnsbn naad pdrtn ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd qun aanid jdstd na pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda bn ad urldmfzdefõm. Ns rnspcmsdlfafbdb bn ad prcpfnbdb bna fmhunlan ad ecmstrueefõm bn ad hfshd y bna cpnrdbcr nmadzdr su rnb bn snrvfefc ecm naad .

Drquntd bn adbrfaac


Drquntd prngdlrfedbd P-4:

Drquntd bn paästfec

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Edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd. Ucpcrtd nxtnrmd. Ucpcrtd acs edlans bn ad rnb bn dafhnmtdefõm bn acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm bnsbn ad drquntd bn nmtrdbd jdstd na pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda, nstn pumtc ns na auidr pcr bcmbn sn deenbn d ad zcmd echûm bna fmhunlan. Ns rnspcmsdlfafbdb rnspcmsdlfafbdb bn ad prcpfnbdb bna fmhunlan ad ecmstrueefõm bn ad hfshd. Pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda. inmnrda. Auidr pcr bcmbn ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd prcvnmfnmtn bn ad drquntd bn nmtrdbd deenbn da fmhunlan. Un sftûd bnmtrc bna prfhnr rnifstrc bn nmaden.

\nifstrc bn nmaden (Pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda da nbfgfefc) 

\nifstrc bn nmaden. ^mfõm nmaden. ^mfõm nmtrn ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd y ad bn nmaden, sftuämbcsn nm na pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda pcr na adbc fmtnrfcr bna fmhunlan. D su vnz, sn ecaced d ac adric bn ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden pdrd gdefaftdr na tnmbfbc bn ad rnb bn dafhnmtdefõm.

\nifstrc bn nmaden (edhlfc bn bfrneefõm) 

Edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr. Uustnmtd acs edlans bn ad rnb bn dafhnmtdefõm bn acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm bn acs bfstfmtcs cpnrdbcrns bnsbn na pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda jdstd acs rnifstrcs prfmefpdans sftudbcs nm na rnefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns fmgnrfcr (\FRF).


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Edmdafzdefõm Edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr 

Edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden supnrfcr. Ucpcrtd supnrfcr. Ucpcrtd acs edlans qun vdm bnsbn acs sfstnhds bn edptdefõm jdstd na rnefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns supnrfcr (\FRU), nmtrdmbc da fmhunlan d trdvæs bna ecrrnspcmbfnmtn nanhnmtc pdsdhurcs.

Edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden supnrfcr 

Pdsdhurcs pdrd Gflrd Õptfed Hcmchcbc

\nefmtcs bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns. Un bngfmnm acs sfiufnmtns rnefmtcs; c

\FRF; \nefmtc fmgnrfcr bcmbn sn fmstdadm acs rnifstrcs prfmefpdans bn

acs cpnrdbcrns.


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c

\FRU; \nefmtc supnrfcr bcmbn sn fmstdadm acs nanhnmtcs pdrd na

suhfmfstrc bn snrvfefcs bn \RW.

c

\FR^; \nefmtc ûmfec qun deuhuad ad gumefcmdafbdb bn \FRU y \FRF.

c

\FRH; \nefmtc hcbuadr. Ns um drhdrfc fimèguic (mc prcpdidbcr

bn aadhd) qun rndafzd gumefcmns bn \FRF, \FRU c \FR^. 

\nifstrcs prfmefpdans. Dalnridm prfmefpdans. Dalnridm na pumtc bn fmtnrecmnxfõm nmtrn ads rnbns bn dafhnmtdefõm y bn bfstrfluefõm, sn dackdm nm na fmtnrfcr bna \FRF , y nxfstnm bcs hcbnacs , umc pdrd na snrvfefc bn tnangcmèd bfspcmflan bfspcmflan da pûlafec (RL + \BUF) y ctrc pdrd na bn ldmbd dmejd pcr edlan (RLD) y hnbfdmtn um deensc fmdaählrfec (UDF).

D ad nmtrnid bn acs pfscs


\nifstrc prfmefpda Rrds ad prfhnrd ceupdefõm

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\nifstrc prfmefpda echpantc 

Edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda. Ucpcrtd prfmefpda. Ucpcrtd acs edlans bn ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm bn acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm, umfnmbc na \FRF y na \FRU nmtrn sè y æstcs ecm acs rnifstrcs sneumbdrfcs.

Edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda (Rulcs rckcs  Rulcs bn >0 hh) 

\nifstrcs sneumbdrfcs (\U). (\U). ^mnm ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm ecm ad bn bfspnrsfõm ecmnetdmbc ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda ecm ads sneumbdrfds. Nm su fmtnrfcr sn nmeunmtrdm acs pumtcs bn bfstrfluefõm , y dbnhäs, sn utfafzdm utfafzdm pdrd acs edhlfcs bn bfrneefõm bn ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda.

Un nmeunmtrdm nm edbd padmtd y vdm v dm bfstrfluynmbc acs pdrns bn tnangcmèd, da fiuda qun acs edlans qun aanvdm ads snôdans bn tnanvfsfõm y edlan.


Päifmd 45 bn >>


\nifstrc sneumbdrfc enrrdbc

\nifstrc sneumbdrfc dlfnrtc

\nifstrc sneumbdrfc echpantc 

Edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd. Dalnrid sneumbdrfd. Dalnrid acs edlans bn ad rnb bn bfspnrsfõm bn acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm nmtrn acs rnifstrcs sneumbdrfcs y bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb bn edbd vfvfnmbd.

Edmdafzdefõm Edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd (Rulcs mnircs Rulcs bn <> hh)


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\nifstrcs bn pdsc. pdsc. Un fmtnredadm nm ads edmdafzdefcmns sneumbdrfds n fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc pdrd gdefaftdr na bnspafniun y hdmtnmfhfnmtc bn acs edlans. \nifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb (\R\). ^mfõm nmtrn ads rnbns bn bfspnrsfõm n fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc ecmnetdmbc ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd ecm ad fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc, edbd snrvfefc tfnmn dscefdbc su prcpfc rnifstrc bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb, y nm naacs sn dackdm acs pumtcs bn deensc d acs usudrfcs (PD^).

Nstcs rnifstrcs nstdräm nm na fmtnrfcr bn ad vfvfnmbd, aceda u cgfefmd nhpctrdbcs nm ad pdrnb, sn punbn cpefcmdahnmtn, fmtnirdracs nm um ûmfec eudbrc. Acs jdy pdrd acs snrvfefcs bn Rnangcmèd, Rnanvfsfõm y Edlan.

\nifstrc bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb enrrdbc

\nifstrc bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb ecm PD^ bn Rnangcmèd, Rnanvfsfõm y Edlan

\nifstrc bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb ecm PD^ bn Rnangcmèd (bnmtrc bn ad vfvfnmbd)


Päifmd 4> bn >>


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Edmdafzdefõm fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc. Uustnmtd usudrfc. Uustnmtd acs edlans bn ad rnb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc nmtrn acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb y bn tchd. \nifstrcs bn tchd. Ucm tchd. Ucm na pumtc gfmda bn ad edmdafzdefõm n fmgrdnstrueturd bn bfstrfluefõm, nm naacs tnrhfmd ad rnb y edmdafzdefõm fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc, y dalnridm ads ldsns bn deensc bn tnrhfmda (LDR) c tchds bn usudrfc.

\nifstrcs bn tchds bn umd ecefmd 4.5 Nknhpac; Nbfgfefcs bn vfvfnmbds 4.5.4 Nsqunhd inmnrda bn ad FER


Päifmd 47 bn >>


4.5.< Edmdafzdefcmns y \nefmtcs nm nbfgfefcs bn vfvfnmbds

4.2 Nknhpac; Wfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns umfgdhfafdrns 4.2.4 Nsqunhd inmnrda bn ad FER


Päifmd 49 bn >>


4.2.< Edmdafzdefcmns y \nefmtcs nm vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns

< \nefmtcs y edmdafzdefcmns ^md bn ads prfmefpdans vnmtdkds bn ads FER FER ns qun, hnbfdmtn ad cridmfzdefõm bna edlandbc bn ads bfgnrnmtns fmstdadefcmns, gdefaftdm qun edbd usudrfc rnefld ads aèmnds bn tnangcmèd, bn rdbfc y tnanvfsfõm y acs snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd bn gcrhd crbnmdbd.

Pdrd aanvdr bfejcs snrvfefcs d acs usudrfcs, acs nbfgfefcs bnlnm bfspcmnr rnefmtcs , bcmbn sn dackdm acs nqufpcs bn trdtdhfnmtc y bfstrfluefõm bn ads bn bfvnrscs rnefmtcs , snôdans y sn rndafzdm ads ecmnxfcmns mnensdrfds . Pdrd fmtnrecmnetdr acs rnefmtcs sn utfafzdm ut fafzdm edmdafzdefcmns , edmdafzdefcmns , pcr euyc fmtnrfcr bfseurrfräm acs edlans y ads aèmnds bn trdmshfsfõm . Na ecmkumtc bn rnifstrcs y edmdafzdefcmns qun snrvfräm bn scpcrtn d umd fmstdadefõm sn nstrueturd nm ads sfiufnmtns zcmds; zcmd nxtnrfcr, zcmd echûm y zcmd prfvdbd (vædsn ad gfiurd >).


Päifmd 4: bn >>


Gfiurd >; Bfvfsfõm pcr zcmds bn ads FER. Bcmbn; 

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\nefmtc bn tnanechumfedefcmns; tnanechumfedefcmns; Aceda c jdlftäeuac (inmnrdahnmtn umd jdlftdefõm pnqunôd c um drhdrfc) bcmbn sn fmstdadm acs nanhnmtcs mnensdrfcs pdrd prcensdr y bfstrflufr ads snôdans bn tnanechumfedefcmns.

Edmdafzdefõm; Rulcs, Edmdafzdefõm; Rulcs, ldmbnkds c idanrèds qun ecmtfnmnm acs edlans.


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Pumtc bn deensc da usudrfc (PD^); Ns na pumtc bn deensc da usudrfc y na prfhnr nanhnmtc bn ad zcmd prfvdbd, nm na qun sn ecmenmtrdm tcbcs acs snrvfefcs.

Nxfstn um ûmfec pumtc bn deensc da usudrfc pcr edbd vfvfnmbd, cgfefmd, aceda echnrefda c nstdmefd echûm bn ad nbfgfedefõm n bfgfedefõm.

<.4 [cmd nxtnrfcr Ns na ecmkumtc bn nanhnmtcs bn echumfedefcmns qun sn nmeunmtrd gunrd bna nbfgfefc. Acs prcvnnbcrns bn snrvfefcs hcmtdm sus fmstdadefcmns nm edaans, dvnmfbds, nte., y ads ecmnetdm ecm ads drquntds nxfstnmtns nm ads prcxfhfbdbns bn acs nbfgfefcs d acs qun prnstdräm p rnstdräm snrvfefc. drquntds sn nmeunmtrdm inmnrdahnmtn nm ad Echc hunstrd ad gfiurd 7, ads drquntds sn denrd bna nbfgfefc.

Gfiurd 7; Drquntd pdrd tnanechumfedefcmns.


Päifmd <0 bn >>


Uus bfhnmsfcmns bnpnmbnm bfhnmsfcmns bnpnmbnm bna mûhnrc bn usudrfcs bn ad fmstdadefõm , echc hunstrd ad sfiufnmtn tdlad; Rdlad 4; Bfhnmsfcmns bn ad drquntd. Mûhnrc bn pumtcs Bfhnmsfcmns (hh) bn deensc d usudrfcs Acmiftub Dmejurd Prcgumbfbdb Jdstd <0 200 200 700 Nmtrn <4 y 400 700 700 :00 Häs bn 400 :00 900 :<0 pdsc , fmtnredadbds nm ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd, Un ecacedräm drquntds bn pdsc , ecm bfhnmsfcmns hèmfhds fmtnrfcrns bn 200 x 200 x 200 hh , eudmbc sn bæ daiumd daiumd bn ads sfiufnmtns efreumstdmefds; d) Edbd >0 h bn acmiftub. l) Nm na pumtc bn fmtnrsneefõm bn bcs trdhcs rnetcs mc dafmndbcs. e) Bnmtrc bn acs 700 hh dmtns bn ad fmtnrsneefõm nm um scac trdhc bn acs bcs qun sn nmeunmtrnm. Nm nstn ûatfhc edsc, ad eurvd nm ad fmtnrsneefõm tnmbrä um rdbfc hèmfhc bn 5>0 hh y mc prnsnmtdrä bngcrhdefcmns nm ad pdrtn eõmedvd bna tulc. nxtnrmd (vædsn ad gfiurd 9). Bnsbn ad drquntd sdan ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd (vædsn

Gfiurd 9; Edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd. nxtnrmd sn jdaad echpunstd pcr nmtrn trns y snfs tulcs bn Ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd sn 75 hh bn bfähntrc, sniûm na mûhnrc bn usudrfcs .


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Nstd edmdafzdefõm ecmnetd ecm na nbfgfefc pcr na pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda , inmnrda , edpdz bn dalnridr acs tulcs bn 75 hh bn bfähntrc nxtnrfcr qun prcvfnmnm bn ad drquntd bn nmtrdbd , pcr bcmbn deenbn d ad zcmd echûm bna fmhunlan. D trdvæs bn nstds edmdafzdefcmns edmdafzdefcmns sn rneflnm ads aèmnds bn tnangcmèd läsfed y bn ldmbd dmejd , qun prnstdm snrvfefcs tdmtc bn vcz echc bn bdtcs, dsè echc ads snôdans bn tnanvfsfõm pcr edlan.

Nm ad sfiufnmtn tdlad sn hunstrd na mûhnrc bn ecmbuetcs nm gumefõm bn su utfafzdefõm y acs pumtcs bn deensc ; Rdlad <; Mûhnrc bn ecmbuetcs. RLD; Rnanechumfedefcmns bn ldmbd dmejd? URBP; Unrvfefcs bn tnangcmèd bfspcmflans da pûlafec. Mûhnrc bn pumtcs Mûhnrc bn ^tfafzdefõm bn acs ecmbuetcs bn deensc d usudrfcs ecmbuetcs Jdstd 2 5 < RLD + URBP, 4 rnsnrvd Nmtrn > y <0 2 < RLD + URBP, < rnsnrvd Nmtrn <4 y 20 > 5 RLD + URBP, < rnsnrvd Häs bn 20 7 2 RLD + URBP, < rnsnrvd Nm daiumcs edscs nxenpefcmdans, eudmbc ad denrd mc tfnmn ad dmejurd sugfefnmtn , sugfefnmtn , c sf nstä prcjflfbd ad fmstdadefõm bn drquntds nm na sunac , sunac , æstd sn pcbrä sustftufr pcr um drhdrfc (qun sn fmstdadrä nm ad zcmd nxtnrfcr bn ad gfmed bcmbn nstæ ulfedbc na nbfgfefc) edpdz bn dalnridr acs snrvfefcs bn ad drquntd bn nmtrdbd. Uf tdhpcec gunrd pcsflan ad fmstdadefõm bn nstn drhdrfc, sn hcmtdrèd um pdsdhurcs ecm edpdefbdb sugfefnmtn pdrd dalnridr ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd , snôdafzdmbc su pcsfefõm nm na nxtnrfcr bna nbfgfefc. <.4.4 Nknhpac; Nstrueturd bn ad zcmd nxtnrfcr bn um nbfgfefc.

^md fmstdadefõm echc ad bn ad gfiurd 9, qun bd snrvfefc d snfs usudrfcs , usudrfcs , tnmbrä ads sfiufnmtns edrdetnrèstfeds; d) Bfhnmsfcmns bn ad drquntd. Bnlnrä tnmnr 200 hh bn adric, 200 hh bn dmejc y 700 hh bn prcgumbfbdb , echc ecrrnspcmbn d umd fmstdadefõm bn bn jdstd vnfmtn usudrfcs. usudrfcs. l) Edmdafzdefcmns. hh , pcr Ns mnensdrfc qun nstæ ecmnetdbd ecm eudtrc ecmbuetcs bn 75 hh , jdaadrsn fmeaufbd nm ad edtnicrèd bn nmtrn efmec y vnfmtn usudrfcs. Bcs bn acs tulcs sn utfafzdräm pdrd ecmtnmnr ads a èmnds bn tnangcmèd y snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd . Acs bcs rnstdmtns qunbdräm echc rnsnrvd. Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

Päifmd << bn >>


Ad gfiurd : hunstrd ad nstrueturd;

Gfiurd :; Nstrueturd y bfhnmsfcmns bn umd drquntd. <.< [cmd echûm ^md vnz qun acs tulcs nstäm bnmtrc bna nbfgfefc, ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrfcr sn bnmchfmd edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden , nmaden , pcrqun ecmnetd ads rnbns bn acs prcvnnbcrns bn snrvfefcs ecm ad FER (vædsn (vædsn ad gfiurd 6).

Gfiurd 6; Edmdafzdefcmns Edmdafzdefcmns bn nmaden nm umd FER. Nstd edmdafzdefõm echfnmzd nm na pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda bna nbfgfefc y sn nxtfnmbn jdstd na auidr bcmbn sn fmstdadm acs rnefmtcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns. Nxfstnm edmdafzdefcmns bn nmaden fmgnrfcr y supnrfcr nm gumefõm bn su sftudefõm nm na nbfgfefc;


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Acs snrvfefcs bn tnangcmèd y tnanvfsfõm pcr edlan sunanm aanidr pcr vèd sultnrrämnd. ^tfafzdm ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr , fmgnrfcr , ulfedbd nm na sõtdmc bna

nbfgfefc y ecmnetdbd ecm ad drquntd bna nxtnrfcr. 

Ad rdbfc y ad tnanvfsfõm tnrrnstrn c pcr sdtæaftn sn rneflnm jdlftudahnmtn pcr vèd dærnd. Dsè qun nmtrdm nm na nbfgfefc pcr ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden supnrfcr , supnrfcr , sftudbd nm na na tnkdbc c ad dzctnd.

<.<.4 Edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr

Ad gfiurd 40 hunstrd acs nanhnmtcs qun echpcmnm ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr y sus hnbfbds .

Gfiurd 40; Nstrueturd bn ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr. Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

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Uf ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr sn rndafzd utfafzdmbc edmdans c edmdantds , edmdantds , æstcs tnmbräm eudtrc nspdefcs fmtnrfcrns fmbnpnmbfnmtns, nm umc c vdrfcs edmdans ? prcynetfstd rndafzdrä ad snaneefõm dbneudbd bnpnmbfnmbc bn acs edlans qun bfseurrnm na prcynetfstd rndafzdrä pcr edbd edmda, nm gumefõm bna mûhnrc y bfähntrc bn acs edlans qun vd d scpcrtdr edbd edmda , , sfnmbc ad supnrgfefn supnrgfefn ûtfa mnensdrfd mnensdrfd hèmfhd bn 55> hh<.

Edmdans bn Rnanvæs

Edmdans ^MNZ

Edmdantds

Na tdhdôc hèmfhc bn ads pdrnbns fmtnrfcrns bn edbd nspdefc bna edmda snrä 4,5 vnens na bfähntrc bna edlan häs irunsc qun dackdrä . Dbnhäs, edbd nspdefc tnmbrä umd sneefõm ûtfa hèmfhd, qun sn edaeuad d pdrtfr bn ad sfiufnmtn nxprnsfõm; Uf ≮ E ¹ U k Bcmbn; Uf 8 Uupnrgfefn fmtnrfcr bna nspdefc bna edmda. E 8 < pdrd edlans ecdxfdans, c E 8 4,:< pdrd na rnstc bn acs edlans. U k 8 Uuhd bn ads sneefcmns bn acs edlans d hcmtdr nm nsn nspdefc. Nm na edsc bn utfafzdefõm bn tulcs , tulcs , nm mûhnrc fbæmtfec da bn ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrmd , na bfähntrc nxtnrfcr bn acs hfshcs csefadrä nmtrn 20 y 75 hh , bnpnmbfnmbc bna mûhnrc y bna bfähntrc bn acs edlans qun vdydm d dackdr. Na prcynetfstd rndafzdrä prcynetfstd rndafzdrä ad snaneefõm dbneudbd bnpnmbfnmbc bn acs edlans qun bfseurrnm pcr edbd edmdafzdefõm, edmdafzdefõm, ecmsfbnrdmbc umd ceupdefõm häxfhd bn ads hfshds bna >0% .

Rulcs bn Rnanvæs Nm na edsc bn qun sn utfafenm ldmbnkds , ldmbnkds , pdrd ad bntnrhfmdefõm bn sus nspdefcs y bfhnmsfcmns sn sniufräm acs erftnrfcs dmtns fmbfedbcs pdrd na eäaeuac bn edmdans. Nm acs trdhcs bn edmdafzdefõm supnrgfefda ecm tulcs , tulcs , æstcs bnlnräm gfkdrsn hnbfdmtn irdpds, lrfbds, dlrdzdbnrds, pnrgfans c suknefcmns snpdrdbds, echc häxfhc, 4 hntrc. Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

Päifmd <> bn >>


Eudmbc ad edmdafzdefõm snd hnbfdmtn edmdans , nmeunmtrc edmdans , nm acs pumtcs bn nmeunmtrc nm trdhcs mc dafmndbcs sn ecacedräm deenscrfcs bn edhlfc bn bfrneefõm ecm um rdbfc hèmfhc bn 5>0 hh. Nm acs edscs nm qun nxfstdm eurvds nm ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden , æstds sn jdräm hnbfdmtn acs deenscrfcs dbneudbcs idrdmtfzdmbc na rdbfc bn eurvdturd mnensdrfc bn acs edlans . <.<.4.4 Nknhpac; Nstrueturd bn ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr bn um nbfgfefc Uf tuvfærdhcs qun hcmtdr ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr bna nbfgfefc usudrfcs , bnlnrèdhcs tnmnr nm eunmtd ads bn ad gfiurd 6, qun bd snrvfefc d snfs usudrfcs , sfiufnmtns eunstfcmns; a d edmdafzdefõm. d) Mûhnrc bn tulcs bn ad

Bnln bfspcmnr bn eudtrc , eudtrc , puns scm acs qun aanidm bn ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrfcr. l) Bfähntrc bna tulc pdrd snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd. Na tulc pcr na qun hcmtdrèdhcs ads aèmnds bn tnanvfsfõm pcr edlan y acs snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd tnmbrèd um bfähntrc bn 20 hh hh.. e) Bfähntrc bna tulc pdrd snrvfefcs bn tnangcmèd. Punstc qun jdy pcecs usudrfcs, na mûhnrc bn aèmnds tnangõmfeds mc snrä huy nanvdbc. Dumqun snrä na prcynetfstd qufnm bngfmd na tdhdôc nxdetc, ac häs prcldlan ns qun sn nhpannm tulcs bn 20 hh bn hh bn bfähntrc. b) Bfähntrc bn acs tulcs bn rnsnrvd. Ad fmstdadefõm bfspcmbrä bn bcs tulcs bn rnsnrvd nm ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden. Uniûm ad mcrhd, na bfähntrc snrä fiuda da hdycr bn acs utfafzdbcs pdrd acs snrvfefcs bfstrflufbcs. Nm nstn edsc, tdhlfæm acs bn rnsnrvd fmstdadbcs hh bn tnmbräm 20 hh bn bfähntrc. n) \nifstrcs bn nmaden. rnifstrc , qun sn fmstdadrä kumtc da pdsdhurcs bna Jdlrä da hnmcs um rnifstrc , pumtc bn nmtrdbd inmnrda. Na trdzdbc bn ad edmdafzdefõm fmbfedrä sf scm mnensdrfcs häs rnifstrcs bn nmaden. Nm tda edsc, sn fmstdadrä umc nm edbd edhlfc bn bfrneefõm bn ad edmdafzdefõm . Uf nm daiûm trdhc ad bfstdmefd nmtrn rnifstrcs ns Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

Päifmd <7 bn >>


hdycr bn ad pnrhftfbd (50 h nm edmdafzdefõm nhpctrdbd y >0 h nm supnrgfefn), sn fmstdadrä um rnifstrc dbfefcmda nm dbfefcmda nm na enmtrc, bfvfbfnmbc na trdhc nxensfvdhnmtn adric nm bcs bn hnmcr acmiftub . <.<.< Edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden supnrfcr

Nstd edmdafzdefõm tfnmn umd nstrueturd häs snmefaad qun ad fmgnrfcr, punstc qun na mûhnrc bn snrvfefcs qun aanidm pcr ad pdrtn datd bna nbfgfefc ns hnmcr (vædsn ad gfiurd 44).

Gfiurd 44; Nstrueturd bn ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden supnrfcr.


Päifmd <9 bn >>


Nm ad dzctnd c na tnkdbc, acs edlans bn rdbfc y tnanvfsfõm mc mnensftdm edmdafzdefõm. Punbnm gfkdrsn da dmeadkn bn ads dmtnmds c d ads pdrnbns bna nbfgfefc, jdstd aanidr da pumtc bn nmtrdbd supnrfcr. Nm nstd edmdafzdefõm, acs edlans bfseurrfräm nmtrn acs nanhnmtcs bn edptdefõm (dmtnmds) y na pumtc bn nmtrdbd d ad nbfgfedefõm (pdsdhurcs) . Na mûhnrc y bfhnmsfõm nm hh snrä na sfiufnmtn nm edbd edsc; d) Rulcs; < Ú 20 hh.

Rulcs bn Rnanvæs. l) Edmda y ldmbnkd bn 5.000 hh < ecm < echpdrtfhnmtcs.

Edmdans bn Rnanvæs

Edmdans ^MNZ

³Udlèds qun…3

Eudmbc umd edmdafzdefõm vnrtfeda sdan da nxtnrfcr, echc nm acs pdsdhurcs ecacedbcs nm acs tnkdbcs, sn eurvd na nxtrnhc bna tulc, jdefnmbc qun acs edlans nmtrnm nm æa bn dldkc drrfld. Nstc sn jden pdrd nvftdr qun, nm edsc bn aauvfd, nmtrn diud jdefd na fmtnrfcr bna nbfgfefc d trdvæs bn ads edmdafzdefcmns. <.<.5 \nefmtcs bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns tnanechumfedefcmns

Ads edmdafzdefcmns bn nmaden supnrfcr n fmgnrfcr aanidm d snmbcs rnefmtcs bn fmgrdnstrueturds bn tnanechumfedefcmns . Nstcs rnefmtcs punbnm snr jdlftdefcmns c drhdrfcs , bcmbn sn jdaad fmstdadbc na nqufpdhfnmtc mnensdrfc pdrd prcensdr c bfstrflufr ads snôdans rneflfbds bnsbn na nxtnrfcr. Uniûm na auidr qun ceupnm nm ad fmstdadefõm, punbn jdlnr eudtrc tfpcs bn rnefmtcs;


Päifmd <: bn >>


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\nefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns supnrfcr (\FRU); sn nmeunmtrd nm ad pdrtn datd bna nbfgfefc , kumtc d ad rnb bn nmaden supnrfcr. Uunan fmstdadrsn nm na tnkdbc c dzctnd bna nbfgfefc y mumed pcr bnldkc bn ad padmtd häs datd (vædsn ad gfiurd 4<).

Na \FRU ns um aceda c jdlftäeuac bcmbn sn dackd na nqufpdhfnmtc bn edlnenrd qun dbdptd ads snôdans bn \RW prcenbnmtns bn acs sfstnhds bn edptdefõm pdrd su pcstnrfcr bfstrfluefõm pcr ad FER bna fmhunlan, dsè echc acs nanhnmtcs mnensdrfcs pdrd aanvdr jdstd na \FRF ads snôdans rneflfbds pdrd na snrvfefc bn UDF. D nstn rnefmtc aanid ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden supnrfcr , qun sustnmtd acs edlans bn acs sfstnhds bn edptdefõm, y sdan ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda , , qun ecmtfnmn ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm. bfhnmsfcmns qun bnpnmbnm prfmefpdahnmtn bna Na \FRU tfnmn umds bfhnmsfcmns mûhnrc bn vfvfnmbds bn acs nbfgfefcs.

Gfiurd 4<; ^lfedefõm bna \FRU y na \FRF.


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Nm na \FRU sn vdm d nmecmtrdr, mcrhdahnmtn, acs nqufpcs bn edlnenrd bn RW y bn rnenpefõm pcr sdtæaftn (vædsn ad gfiurd 45).

Gfiurd 45; d) Pdrtn supnrfcr bna \FRU. 

l) Pdrtn fmgnrfcr bna \FRU.

\nefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns fmgnrfcr (\FRF); nstdrä nbfgfef c , prngnrnmtnhnmtn d rds bn sunac (vædsn ad sftudbc nm ad pdrtn ldkd bna nbfgfefc gfiurd 4<). Nm na edsc bn qun na \FRF sn sftûn pcr bnldkc bn ad rdsdmtn , sn an bctdrä bn um bnsdiñn qun fhpfbd ad deuhuadefõm bn diud. Na \FRF ns um aceda c jdlftäeuac bcmbn sn dackdm acs rnifstrcs prfmefpdans bn

acs snrvfefcs bn tnangcmèd bfspcmflan da pûlafec (RL + \BUF) y bn ldmbd dmejd pcr edlan (RLD) c hnbfdmtn um deensc fmdaählrfec (UDF) .

Na \FRF ecmtfnmn acs nanhnmtcs mnensdrfcs pdrd bfstrflufr ads snôdans qun aanidm da fmhunlan pcr edlan (tnangcmèd, tnanvfsfõm pcr edlan, …). D nstn rnefmtc aanid ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden fmgnrfcr , qun dalnrid ad rnb bn dafhnmtdefõm, y sdan ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda , , qun ecmtfnmn ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm y prcpcrefcmd acs dmtnrfcrns d snrvfefcs d tcbds ads vfvfnmbds. Bnstdedm nm su fmtnrfcr acs sfiufnmtns nanhnmtcs (vædsn (v ædsn ad gfiurd 42); c c c

\nifstrc prfmefpda pdrd ad Rnangcmèd. \nifstrc prfmefpda pdrd ad Rnanvfsfõm pcr Edlan. Nqufpcs dbdptdbcrns bn AHBU (deensc da luean bn dlcmdbc vèd rdbfc).


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Gfiurd 42; d) Pdrtn supnrfcr bna \FRF. 

l) Pdrtn fmgnrfcr bna \FRF.

\nefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns ûmfec (\FR^); nm fmstdadefcmns pnqunôds , acs rnefmtcs supnrfcr n fmgnrfcr sn punbnm sustftufr pcr umc scac, qun dackdrä na nqufpdhfnmtc bn tcbcs acs snrvfefcs rneflfbcs. Nstn jdlftäeuac bnln nstdr sftudbc nm ad zcmd ldkd bna fmhunlan , bcmbn nstdrèd na \FRF. Un punbn fmstdadr nm vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns y nm nbfgfefcs bn jdstd trns daturds y padmtd ldkd, y um häxfhc bn bfnz pumtcs bn deensc bn usudrfcs (PD^) (vædsn ad gfiurd 4>).

Gfiurd 4>; ^lfedefõm bna \FR^. Nm na \FR^ sn vdm d nmecmtrdr tcbcs acs nanhnmtcs bna \FRU ( nqufpcs bn edlnenrd bn RW y bn rnenpefõm pcr sdtæaftn) y acs bna \FRF ( rnifstrcs prfmefpdans y nqufpcs dbdptdbcrns ) pdrd bdr tcbcs acs snrvfefcs (vædsn ad gfiurd 47).


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Gfiurd 47; Fmtnrfcr bna \FR^. 

\nefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns hcbuadr (\FRH); nm acs nbfgfefcs ecm um häxfhc bn 2> usudrfcs y nm acs ecmkumtcs bn jdstd <0 vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns , acs rnefmtcs supnrfcr, fmgnrfcr y ûmfec punbnm snr drhdrfcs hcbuadrns mc prcpdidbcrns bn aadhd , nm auidr bn ecmstrufrsn ecm hdtnrfda bn clrd bna nbfgfefc.

Nstcs rnefmtcs bnlnm nstdr sftudbcs sfnhprn nm ad zcmd echumftdrfd bna nbfgfefc , prctnifbcs bn ad juhnbdb y, da hnmcs d < h bn bfstdmefd bn trdmsgcrhdbcrns naæetrfecs, eudrtcs bn häqufmds bn dsenmscrns c hdqufmdrfd bn dfrn decmbfefcmdbc. Jdm bn tnmnr vnmtfadefõm, mdturda c drtfgfefda, pdrd bfhnmsfcmns , echc ads bna idrdmtfzdr ad rnmcvdefõm bna dfrn nm na fmtnrfcr. Uus bfhnmsfcmns , rnstc bn ad fmstdadefõm, bnpnmbnm bna mûhnrc bn usudrfcs . Nm rnefmtcs supnrfcrns (\FRU) supnrfcrns (\FRU) n fmgnrfcrns (\FRF), fmgnrfcrns (\FRF), ads hnbfbds hèmfhds scm ads sfiufnmtns; Rdlad 5; Hnbfbds hèmfhds bn rnefmtcs \FRU c \FRF. rnefmtcs \FRU c \FRF (hh) Mûhnrc bn pumtcs Hnbfbds hèmfhds bn rnefmtcs bn deensc d usudrfc Daturd Dmejurd Prcgumbfbdb Jdstd <0 <.000 4.000 >00 Nmtrn <4 y 50 <.000 4.>00 >00 Nmtrn 54 y 2> <.000 <.000 >00 Häs bn 2> <.500 <.000 <.000 ûmfec (\FR^), ads hnbfbds hèmfhds scm; Nm um rnefmtc ûmfec (\FR^),


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Rdlad 2; Hnbfbds hèmfhds bn rnefmtc \FR^. Mûhnrc bn pumtcs Hnbfbds hèmfhds bn rnefmtcs \FR^ (hh) bn deensc d usudrfc Daturd Dmejurd Prcgumbfbdb Jdstd 40 <.000 4.000 >00 Bn 44 d <0 <.000 4.>00 >00 Häs bn <0 <.500 <.000 <.000 Nm na fmtnrfcr bna rnefmtc (nxenptc nm acs hcbuadrns) sn fmstdad umd ldmbnkd jcrfzcmtda , jcrfzcmtda , d ac adric bn tcbc na pnrèhntrc, d 50 eh bna tnejc . Nstd ldmbnkd (vædsn ad gfiurd gfiurd 49) dackd acs edlans bn ad fmstdadefõm.

Gfiurd 49; Ldmbnkd pnrfhntrda nm um \FRF. Acs rnefmtcs ecmtfnmnm nqufpdhfnmtc naæetrfec y nanetrõmfec pdrd bfstrflufr y prcensdr ads snôdans bn acs bfgnrnmtns snrvfefcs. Mnensftdm suhfmfstrc naæetrfed qun bnlnrä euhpafr naæetrfec, pcr ac qun sn hcmtdrä umd fmstdadefõm naæetrfed qun acs sfiufnmtns rnqufsftcs; 

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\nb bn dafhnmtdefõm naæetrfed ecm edlans bn 7 hh < bn sneefõm (gdsn, mnutrc y

tfnrrd), nm um tulc bn 5< hh bn bfähntrc pdrd na \FRU y bcs pdrd \FRF c \FR^. Fmtnrruptcr hdimntctærhfec inmnrda bn <> D. Fmtnrruptcr bfgnrnmefda bn <> D, ecm fmtnmsfbdb bn bngnetc bn 50 hD, bn tfpc snanetfvc. Fmtnrruptcr hdimntctærhfec pdrd ad rnb bn dauhlrdbc , bn 40 D. Fmtnrruptcr hdimntctærhfec pdrd ads ldsns bn tchd bn ecrrfnmtn , bn 47 D. Eudbrc bn prctneefõm ecm umd prnvfsfõm bn dhpafdefõm bn bnhdmbd bn um >0%, sftudbc enred bn ad punrtd bn nmtrdbd, ecm tdpd. Echc hèmfhc, bcs ldsns bn nmejugn bn 47 D , ecm edlan bn <,> hh < bn sneefõm y tchd bn tfnrrd. Dauhlrdbc sugfefnmtn pdrd cltnmnr umd fauhfmdefõm hnbfd bn 500 aux. Fauhfmdefõm bn nhnrinmefd dutõmchd .


Päifmd 55 bn >>


Gfiurd 4:; Eudbrc inmnrda bn dafhnmtdefõm pdrd um rnefmtc bn FER. Nm na rnefmtc supnrfcr , fmstdadrsn dbnhäs acs sfiufnmtns sfiufnmtns nanhnmtcs; supnrfcr , bnlnm fmstdadrsn 

Fmtnrruptcr hdimntctærhfec pdrd acs nqufpcs bn edlnenrd bn rdbfc y

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tnanvfsfõm, bn 47 D. Ads ldsns bn nmejugn mnensdrfds pdrd dafhnmtdr na nqufpdhfnmtc bn edlnenrd bn rdbfc y tnanvfsfõm.

<.<.5.4 Nknhpac; Unaneefõm bn rnifstrcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns Bntnrhfmnhcs acs rnifstrcs häs fmbfedbcs pdrd ad fmstdadefõm bn ad gfiurd usudrfcs . 9 õ 6, qun bd snrvfefc d snfs usudrfcs. d) ³Tuæ tfpc bn rnefmtcs sn hcmtdräm3

Un punbn utfafzdr um rnefmtc ûmfec ûmfec (\FR^). Na nbfgfefc sõac tfnmn trns padmtds , hfnmtrds qun na häxfhc nm nstn tfpc bn rnefmtc ns bn eudtrc. Jdy snfs pumtcs bn deensc da usudrfc , eudmbc na häxfhc pnrhftfbc ns bfnz. Dbnhäs, sn pcbrèd hcmtdr um drhdrfc hcbuadr (\FRH), yd qun na mûhnrc bn pumtcs bn deensc ns hnmcr bn 2>. Pcr ac tdmtc, ad nstrueturd bn ad FER qunbdrèd echc dpdrnen nm ad gfiurd 6. l) ³Euäans snräm ads hnbfbds hèmfhds3

Pcr tnmnr hnmcs bn bfnz pumtcs bn deensc d usudrfcs, ads hnbfbds hh . hèmfhds bna rnefmtc snräm bn <.000 Ù 4.000 Ù >00 hh. Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

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<.<.2 Edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda

prfmefpda (vædsn ad gfiurd 4:) ns ad pdrtn bn ad fmstdadefõm Ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda (vædsn nmedridbd bn bfstrflufr acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns qun aanidm d trdvæs bn ads edmdafzdefcmns bn nmaden d tcbc na nbfgfefc .

Gfiurd 46; Edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda. vfvfnmbds , ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda prfmefpda ns vnrtfeda, Nm acs nbfgfefcs bn vfvfnmbds , umfnmbc acs rnefmtcs supnrfcr (\FRU) n fmgnrfcr (\FRF). Ufnhprn bnln nstdr fmstdadbd nm ad zcmd echûm bna nbfgfefc , inmnrdahnmtn kumtc da junec bn dsenmscrns c nm ad nsedanrd bna nbfgfefc. Bnlfbc da tfpc bn ecmstrueefõm, na nbfgfefc punbn mnensftdr umd edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda häs dhpafd. Nm tda edsc, bfspcmn bn vdrfds sneefcmns bn bfstrfluefõm vnrtfeda pdrd bdr snrvfefc d bfgnrnmtns zcmds bna nbfgfefc.


Päifmd 5> bn >>


^md fmstdadefõm bn FER punbn dgnetdr tdhlfæm d vdrfcs nbfgfefcs. nbfgfefcs . Acs rnefmtcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns sn fmstdadm scac nm umc bn naacs y ads rnbns sn bfstrfluynm da rnstc d trdvæs bn ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda . Eudmbc na mûhnrc bn usudrfcs (vfvfnmbds, cgfefmds, acedans c nstdmefds echumns bn ad nbfgfedefõm) pcr padmtd snd supnrfcr d : , prngnrnmtnhnmtn sn bfspcmbrä bn häs bn umd bfstrfluefõm vnrtfeda, y dtnmbfnmbc edbd umd bn naads d um mûhnrc häxfhc bn : usudrfcs pcr padmtd. Nm nbfgfedefcmns ecm bfstrfluefõm nm vdrfds vnrtfedans , vnrtfedans , edbd vnrtfeda tnmbrä su edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda fmbnpnmbfnmtn, y pdrtfräm tcbds naads bna rnifstrc prfmefpda ûmfec tda y echc sn ecmtnhpad nm na dpdrtdbc 2.4. Pdrd umd nbfgfedefõm c ecmkumtc bn nbfgfefcs, ecm edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda echpunstd bn vdrfds vnrtfedans, sn idrdmtfzdrä ad ecmtfmufbdb bn acs snrvfefcs d tcbd ad nbfgfedefõm c ecmkumtc. Mc clstdmtn, nm na edsc bn vdrfds nsedanrds c lacquns bn vfvfnmbds nm ads qun sn fmstdan umd FER echûm pdrd tcbds naads y ecm edrdetnrèstfeds ecmstruetfvds qun supcmidm bfstfmtds daturds bn ads nsedanrds c lacquns bn vfvfnmbds, eulfnrtds fmeafmdbds bn tnkd, nxfstnmefd bn vfvfnmbds bûpanx nm ätfecs, dzctnds prfvdbds y, nm inmnrda, ecmbfefcmdmtns qun fhpcsflfaftnm na deensc y ad fmstdadefõm bn ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda bn umfõm bn acs rnefmtcs, ads edmdafzdefcmns prfmefpdans qun ecrrnspcmbdm d nsedanrds bcmbn mc nstæ ulfedbc ûat fhd padmtd sniûm sn ecmtnhpad na \FRU, gfmdafzdräm nm na rnifstrc sneumbdrfc bn ad ûatfhd nm na dpdrtdbc 2.<. Ad edmdafzdefõm bfseurrfrä prõxfhd da junec bn dsenmscrns c nsedanrd. Ctrc edsc pdrtfeuadr ns na bn ads fmstdadefcmns ecmkumtds pdrd vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns. umfgdhfafdrns . Un utfafzd inmnrdahnmtn um rnefmtc ûmfec, sftudbc kumtc da pumtc bn hcmtdkn bna sfstnhd bn dmtnmds bn tnanvfsfõm. Ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda sdan bn nstn rnefmtc (tnmbfbd jcrfzcmtdahnmtn) jdstd aanidr d edbd umd bn ads edsds bn ad urldmfzdefõm.

ldmbnkds . Uu Rdhlfæm sn punbn cptdr pcr utfafzdr edmdans c ldmbnkds. bfhnmsfcmdhfnmtc frä nm gumefõm bna mûhnrc bn vfvfnmbds, cgfefmds, acedans echnrefdans c nstdmefds echumns bn ad nbfgfedefõm , ecm um echpdrtfhnmtc fmbnpnmbfnmtn pdrd edbd tfpc bn edlans. Na mûhnrc bn edmdafzdefcmns bnpnmbnrä bn ad ecmgfiurdefõm bn ad nstrueturd bn ad nbfgfedefõm . Pdrd su bfhnmsfcmdhfnmtc sn dpafedräm ads rniads nspneègfeds bn bfhnmsfcmdhfnmtc bn edmdans bngfmfbds nm na dpdrtdbc <.<.4, sfnmbc na mûhnrc bn edlans y su bfhnmsfõm na bntnrhfmdbc nm na prcynetc bn FER bn ad nbfgfedefõm. Nm na edsc bn qun pcr edbd echpdrtfhnmtc bfseurrfnrdm häs bn cejc edlans , æstcs sn nmefmtdräm nm irupcs bn cejc cejc echc häxfhc, fbnmtfgfeämbcacs ecmvnmfnmtnhnmtn. Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

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<.<.2.4 Nknhpac; Edmdafzdefõm Edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda bn ad FER Ufiufnmbc ecm na nknhpac bna nbfgfefc bn acs edscs präetfecs dmtnrfcrns, bntnrhfmdr pdrd um nbfgfefc echc na bn ad gfiurd 4>, qun bd snrvfefc d snfs usudrfcs; usudrfcs ; d) Ad echpcsfefõm bn ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda bna nbfgfefc.

Da trdtdrsn bn umd fmstdadefõm ecm hnmcs bn bfnz pumtcs bn deensc, sn utfafzdräm efmec tulcs bn >0 hh bn hh bn bfähntrc ecm na sfiufnmtn usc;     

^mc pdrd rdbfc y tnanvfsfõm tnrrnstrn y pcr sdtæaftn. ^mc pdrd edlans bn pdrns bn tnangcmèd läsfed. ^mc pdrd snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd nm edlan ecdxfda. ^mc pdrd snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd nm gflrd õptfed. ^mc bn rnsnrvd.

l) Ads bfhnmsfcmns bn acs rnifstrcs sneumbdrfcs.

Na nbfgfefc tfnmn scadhnmtn bcs pumtcs bn deensc da usudrfc pcr padmtd, ecm um tctda bn snfs. Pcr ac tdmtc, ads bfhnmsfcmns bn acs rnifstrcs sneumbdrfcs snräm bn 2>0 Ù 2>0 Ù 4>0 hh (vædsn g fiurd 4:). hh (vædsn ad <ª tdlad bn ad gfiurd <.<.> Edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd

Ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd ns sneumbdrfd ns ad qun sn nxpdmbn bnsbn ad prfmefpda y aanid d acs usudrfcs (vædsn ad gfiurd 46).

Gfiurd <0; Edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd.


Päifmd 59 bn >>


Ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd sneumbdrfd pdrtn sfnhprn bn acs rnifstrcs sneumbdrfcs. Nstd edmdafzdefõm punbn hdtnrfdafzdrsn hnbfdmtn tulcs c edmdans. edmdans . Uf ns hnbfdmtn tulcs , nm sus trdhcs echumftdrfcs snrä echc hèmfhc bn 2 fmstdadefõm sfhpafgfedbd sfhpafgfedbd qun sn bnstfmdräm bnstfmdräm d ac sfiufnmtn; sfiufnmtn; tulcs , sf mc ns umd fmstdadefõm    

^mc pdrd edlans bn pdrns c pdrns trnmzdbcs. ^mc pdrd edlans ecdxfdans bn snrvfefcs bn RLD. ^mc pdrd edlans ecdxfdans bn snrvfefcs bn \RW. ^mc pdrd edlans bn gflrd õptfed.

Na tdhdôc bn ad edmdafzdefõm bnpnmbn bna snrvfefc, nm gumefõm bna mûhnrc bn sfiufnmtn tdlad; edlans qun ecmtnmid edbd tulc , sniûm ad sfiufnmtn Rdlad >; Rdhdôc bn acs tulcs bn ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd. Mûhnrc bn PD^ ecm edlans Mûhnrc bn Mûhnrc bn Bfähntrc bn pdrns häs gflrd õptfed PD^ ecm PD^ ecm bna tulc edlan ecdxfda edlan ecdxfda Dechntfbd Dechntfbd (hh) pdrd RLD pdrd \RW fmtnrfcr nxtnrfcr <> 5 < < < 5< 7 2 7 7 20 : 7 : : Bcmbn; 

Dechntfbd; Fmstdadefõm Dechntfbd; Fmstdadefõm qun bnrfvd umd pdrtn bn ad nmnrièd prfmefpda bn umd rnb jdefd umd zcmd ecmerntd bn um nbfgfefc, vfvfnmbd c dpdrdtc.

Uf ad edmdafzdefõm ns hnbfdmtn h nbfdmtn edmdans , edmdans , nm acs trdhcs echumftdrfcs tnmbrä 2 nspdefcs fmbnpnmbfnmtns ecm ad dsfimdefõm dmtnbfejd y bfhnmsfcmdbcs sniûm ads rniads nstdlanefbds nm na dpdrtdbc <.<.4. Nm acs trdhcs bn deensc d ads vfvfnmbds , sn bfspcmbräm bn trns nspdefcs fmbnpnmbfnmtns y sn bfhnmsfcmdräm bn deunrbc ecm ads eftdbds rniads bna dpdrtdbc <.<.4. sneumbdrfd bfseurrn pcr ads zcmds echumns bna nbfgfefc y Ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd bfseurrn rndafzd inmnrdahnmtn ad bfstrfluefõm jcrfzcmtda pcr ads bfgnrnmtns padmtds. Uf ns mnensdrfc qun na trdzdbc jdid häs bn bcs eurvds bn 60 , jdy qun pdsc , acs eudans sn nhpctrdm nm ad pdrnb y gdefaftdm ads fmstdadr rnifstrcs bn pdsc , adlcrns bn edlandbc. Dsfhfshc, sn utfafzdrä umc bn nstcs rnifstrcs pdrd bfvfbfr ad edmdafzdefõm ecm na gfm bn bdr snrvfefc d vdrfcs usudrfcs. Pdrd aanidr d ad fmstdadefõm bn edbd usudrfc sn fmstdadm 5 tulcs bn <> hh bn hh bn bfähntrc ecm ad sfiufnmtn utfafzdefõm; 


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^mc pdrd edlans bn pdrns c pdrns trnmzdbcs y pdrd acs edlans bn gflrd õptfed. ^mc pdrd edlans ecdxfdans bn snrvfefcs bn RLD. ^mc pdrd edlans ecdxfdans bn snrvfefcs bn \RW.

Acs rnifstrcs bn pdsc pdsc eudmbc vdydm fmtnredadbcs nm ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd , sn ulfedräm nm auidrns bn usc echumftdrfc , ecm su drfstd häs prõxfhd da nmeunmtrc nmtrn bcs pdrdhnmtcs d umd bfstdmefd hèmfhd bn 400 hh. Nstcs rnifstrcs bn pdsc nmadzdm pdsc nmadzdm ecm acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb (\R\). (\R\). pdsc scm edkds ecm nmtrdbds adtnrdans prnfmfefdbds n fiudans Acs rnifstrcs bn pdsc scm nm sus eudtrc pdrnbns , d ads qun sn pcbräm decpadr ecmcs dkustdlans huatfbfähntrc pdrd nmtrdbd bn tulcs. Uniûm na mûhnrc bn dlnrturds bn edbd adtnrda y na bfähntrc bn acs tulcs , acs rnifstrcs bn pdsc punbnm pdsc punbnm snr bn 5 tfpcs; Rdlad 7; Rfpcs bn rnifstrcs bn pdsc (ads bfhnmsfcmns sn bdm nm daturd Ù dmejurd Ù prcgumbfbdb). Rfpc D Rfpc L Rfpc E Bfhnmsfcmns 570 Ù 570 Ù 4<0 400 Ù 400 Ù 20 400 Ù 470 Ù 20 (hh) Mûhnrc bn dlnrturds 7 5 5 nm edbd adtnrda Bfähntrc häxfhc 20 <> <> bna tulc (hh) pdsc eudmbc acs trdhcs bn edmdafzdefõm Rdhlfæm sn utfafzdm rnifstrcs bn pdsc eudmbc supnrdm acs 4> h bn acmiftub , dsè echc nm acs edhlfcs bn bfrneefõm bn rdbfc hnmcrns bn 4<0 hh pdrd vfvfnmbds c bn <>0 hh pdrd acedans u cgfefmds y nstdmefds echumns bn ad nbfgfedefõm. Nstcs rnifstrcs bn pdsc snräm bna tfpc D pdrd edmdafzdefcmns sneumbdrfds nm trdhcs echumftdrfcs , bna tfpc L pdrd edmdafzdefcmns sneumbdrfds nm acs trdhcs bn deensc d ads vfvfnmbds y pdrd edmdafzdefcmns fmtnrfcrns bn usudrfc qun dackdm edlans bn pdrns trnmzdbcs , y bna tfpc E pdrd ads edmdafzdefcmns fmtnrfcrns bn usudrfc qun dackdm edlans ecdxfdans.


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Nknhpac bn rnb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc; Edmdafzdefõm ecm rnifstrcs bn pdsc bn acs tfpcs L y E. Un nmadzdm acs snrvfefcs prcpcrefcmdbcs pcr na rnifstrc bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb ecm acs rnifstrcs bn tchd (\R) pdsdmbc pcr acs rnifstrcs bn pdsc.

Pdrd ad bfstrfluefõm c deensc d ads vfvfnmbds nm nbfgfedefcmns bn pfscs , sn D (vædsn ad tdlad 7) bna qun ecacedrä nm ad bnrfvdefõm um rnifstrc bn pdsc tfpc D (vædsn sdabräm d ad vfvfnmbd 5 tulcs bn <> hh bn bfähntrc nxtnrfcr, euyd utfafzdefõm gun fmbfedbd dmtnrfcrhnmtn. Nm vfvfnmbds umfgdhfafdrns, c nbfgfefcs ecm hnmcs bn snfs vfvfnmbds pcr padmtd , sn punbn utfafzdr umd edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd sfhpafgfedbd, nm ad qun d edbd vfvfnmbd an aanidm acs trns tulcs bn <> hh hh bfrnetdhnmtn bnsbn na rnifstrc sneumbdrfc nm auidr bn utfafzdr nm ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd acs eudtrc c häs qun fmbfed ad mcrhd inmnrda. Rdhlfæm sn pcbrä prnsefmbfr bna rnifstrc bn pdsc bnafhftdbcs , eftdbc nhpandmbc sõac edmdans nqufvdanmtns ecm trns nspdefcs bnafhftdbcs , euyd utfafzdefõm gun fmbfedbd dmtnrfcrhnmtn. Nstd sfhpafgfedefõm pcbrä snr ngnetudbd sfnhprn qun ad bfstdmefd nmtrn bfejcs rnifstrcs mc supnrn acs 4> hntrcs? nm edsc ecmtrdrfc jdlräm bn fmstdadrsn rnifstrcs bn pdsc qun pdsc qun gdefaftnm ads tdrnds bn fmstdadefõm y hdmtnmfhfnmtc.


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Nm acs edscs nm qun nxfstdm eurvds nm ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd , sneumbdrfd , na rdbfc bn eurvdturd snrä tda, qun acs edlans nm ad fmstdadefõm mc tnmidm um rdbfc bn eurvdturd fmgnrfcr d < eh. Nm edmdafzdefcmns sneumbdrfds hnbfdmtn edmdans , acs rnifstrcs bn pdsc snräm pdsc snräm acs ecrrnspcmbfnmtns d ads edmdans utfafzdbds. edmdans utfafzdbds. <.5 Ad zcmd prfvdbd Ad zcmd prfvdbd dalnrid prfvdbd dalnrid ad edmdafzdefõm fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc . <.5.4 Edmdafzdefõm fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc

Ad edmdafzdefõm fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc ns ad qun aanvd acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns jdstd acs usudrfcs, nm na fmtnrfcr bn ads vfvfnmbds u cgfefmds. trfpan (vædsn ad gfiurd <0), rndafzdbd ecm edmdans c Un trdtd bn umd edmdafzdefõm trfpan (vædsn ecm tulcs nhpctrdbcs tulcs nhpctrdbcs bn <0 hh bn bfähntrc echc hèmfhc y æstcs snräm rèifbcs c eurvdlans.

Gfiurd <4; Edmdafzdefõm fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc. Pdrtnm bn acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb y aanidm jdstd acs bn tchd nspneègfecs. Nmedrmdefõm Hdrèm Edldaanrc

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Nm na edsc bn qun sn rndafen hnbfdmtn edmdans , æstds sn fmstdadräm nm hcmtdkn supnrgfefda c nmrdsdbc. Pdrd na bfhnmsfcmdbc, sn dpafedräm ads rniads bna dpdrtdbc <.<.4. Bfspcmbräm, echc hèmfhc, bn trns nspdefcs fmbnpnmbfnmtns qun dackdräm ûmfedhnmtn edlans pdrd snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefõm;   

^mc pdrd edlans bn pdrns trnmzdbcs pdrd snrvfefcs bn URBP. ^mc pdrd edlans ecdxfdans pdrd snrvfefcs bn RLD. Ctrc pdrd edlans ecdxfdans pdrd snrvfefcs bn \RW.

Nm na edsc pdrtfeuadr bn edmdafzdefcmns fmtnrfcrns bn usudrfc nm acedans echnrefdans u cgfefmds sn dbhftn tdhlfæm na usc bn ldmbnkds ldkc ldmbnkds ldkc ads ecmbfefcmns bn fmstdadefõm fmeaufbds nm acs dpdrtdbcs <.<.4 y <.<.<. Ads ldmbnkds snräm bfhnmsfcmdbds y echpdrtfhnmtdbds echc acs edmdans. rnb nstdräm Acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb nstdräm nm na fmtnrfcr bn ad vfvfnmbd, aceda, cgfefmd c nstdmefd echûm bn ad nbfgfedefõm y nhpctrdbcs nm ad pdrnb y nm hcmtdkn supnrgfefda eudmbc snd hnbfdmtn edmda? edmda? bfspcmbräm bn ads nmtrdbds mnensdrfds pdrd ad edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd y ads bn fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc qun deenbdm d naacs. Ads bfhnmsfcmns hèmfhds bn acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb snräm ads sfiufnmtns; 4) Pdrd umd cpefõm nhpctrdlan nm tdlfqun y bfspcsfefõm bna nqufpdhfnmtc prfmefpdahnmtn nm vnrtfeda , , >00 x 700 x :0 hh hh (sfnmbc nstd ûatfhd bfhnmsfõm ad prcgumbfbdb).


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<) Datnrmdtfvdhnmtn, snrä dbhfsflan ad nkneuefõm bna \R\ hnbfdmtn ad bfspcsfefõm bn bcs nmvcavnmtns bn >00 x 500 x :0 hh , hh , ecacedbds bn gcrhd dbydenmtn y bctdbds bn ads ecrrnspcmbfnmtns echumfedefcmns qun pnrhftdm na pdsc nmtrn naads. ^md bn naads nstdrä bnbfedbd nm su fmtnirfbdb d ad fmstdadefõm bn acs nqufpcs detfvcs.

5) Pdrd um cpefõm nhpctrdlan nm ctrc nanhnmtc ecmstruetfvc (ecauhmd, datfaac deensflan, nte.) y bfspcsfefõm bna nqufpdhfnmtc prfmefpdahnmtn nm jcrfzcmtda , , 500 x 200 x 500 hh. hh .


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Pcr tdmtc, acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb punbnm snr fmbnpnmbfnmtns c jdaadrsn dirupdbcs , ecm ads hnbfbds hèmfhds qun fmbfed ad sfiufnmtn tdlad. Rdlad 9; Hnbfbds bn acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb. Mûhnrc bn Bfspcsfefõm bn ^tfafzdefõm Hnbfbds rnifstrcs nqufpdhfnmtc 4 Wnrtfeda Rcbcs acs snrvfefcs >00 x 700 x :0 Nanhnmtcs pdsfvcs >00 x 500 x :0 < Wnrtfeda Nanhnmtcs detfvcs >00 x 500 x :0 4 Jcrfzcmtda Rcbcs acs snrvfefcs 500 x 200 x 500 Echc nm tcbcs URBP + RLD acs snrvfefcs < Fmbfstfmtd \RW <00 x 500 x 70 Bnmtrc bn acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb ns mnensdrfc fmstdadr bcs tchds bn ecrrfnmtn. ecrrfnmtn . 2) Uf sn cptd pcr fmbnpnmbfzdr acs snrvfefcs bn tnangcmèd bfspcmflan da pûlafec (URBP) y tnanechumfedefcmns bn ldmbd dmejd (RLD) bn acs snrvfefcs bnbfedbcs d rdbfcbfgusfõm scmcrd y tnanvfsfõm (\RW) nm bcs nmvcavnmtns fmbnpnmbfnmtns , fmbnpnmbfnmtns , ad prfhnrd bn naads hdmtnmbrä ads bfhnmsfcmns y rnqufsftcs

bn ad nmvcavnmtn ûmfed nm eudaqufnrd bn ads cpefcmns dmtnrfcrns, y ad hh , , bnbfedbd d \RW tnmbrä umds bfhnmsfcmns hèmfhds bn <00 x 500 x 70 hh bnlfnmbc bfspcmnr bn umd tchd bn ecrrfnmtn c ldsn bn nmejugn. Dhlds nmvcavnmtns bnlnräm nstdr echumfedbds nmtrn naads.


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Nm ads nmvcavnmtns bn ads cpefcmns prfhnrd y tnrenrd y nm ad nmvcavnmtn bnbfedbd d URBP y RLD bn ad cpefõm eudrtd , sn fmstdadräm acs bfvnrscs nanhnmtcs bn su fmtnrfcr bn tda gcrhd qun qunbn um vcauhnm aflrn bn edlans y bfspcsftfvcs pdrd rnb , gcrhdbc ad guturd fmstdadefõm, nm su edsc, bn nanhnmtcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb , pcr umd supnrgfefn nm na pdmna bna gcmbc bn ad nmvcavnmtn bn bfhnmsfcmns hèmfhds bn 500 x >00 hh y su prcyneefõm pnrpnmbfeuadr jdstd ad tdpd bn ad hfshd, eudmbc ad bfspcsfefõm bna nqufpdhfnmtc ns prfmefpdahnmtn nm vnrtfeda , , c um vcauhnm prcpcrefcmda eudmbc ad bfspcsfefõm bna nqufpdhfnmtc ns prfmefpdahnmtn nm jcrfzcmtda. rnifstrcs , bnlnräm snr bn gäefa Ads tdpds bn ads nmvcavnmtns bn acs rnifstrcs , dpnrturd ecm tdpd dldtflan y, nm acs edscs nm qun nstæm bnstfmdbcs d dalnridr nqufpcs detfvcs, bfspcmbräm bn umd rnkfaad bn vnmtfadefõm edpdz bn nvdeudr na edacr prcbuefbc pcr ad pctnmefd bfsfpdbd pcr æstcs (nstfhdbd nm <> Y). Nm eudaqufnr edsc, ads nmvcavnmtns bn acs rnifstrcs bnlnräm snr bn um hdtnrfda rnsfstnmtn qun scpcrtn ads tnhpnrdturds bnrfvdbds bna gumefcmdhfnmtc bn acs bfspcsftfvcs, bfspcsftfvcs, qun nm su edsc, sn fmstdanm nm su fmtnrfcr. Rcbds ads nmvcavnmtns sn fmstdadräm d umd bfstdmefd hèmfhd bn <00 hh y häxfhd bn <.500 hh bna sunac . Nm ads vfvfnmbds sn bnlnm fmstdadr rnifstrcs bn tchd , tchd , qun främ nhpctrdbcs nm ad pdrnb. Nm acedans u cgfefmds , pcbräm fr tdhlfæm nhpctrdbcs nm na sunac c hcmtdbcs nm tcrrntds. Nstds edkds c rnifstrcs bnlnräm bfspcmnr bn acs hnbfcs dbneudbcs pdrd ad gfkdefõm bna nanhnmtc bn ecmnxfõm (LDR c tchd bn usudrfc). Uus bfhnmsfcmns hèmfhds snräm bn 72 x 72 x 2< hh. hh . tchd , qun Nm vfvfnmbds sn ecacedräm, da hnmcs, acs sfiufnmtns rnifstrcs bn tchd , sn fmbfedm nm ad sfiufnmtn tdlad; Rdlad :; Mûhnrc bn rnifstrcs bn tchd sniûm ulfedefõm. Mûhnrc bn rnifstrcs ^lfedefõm ^tfafzdefõm bn tchd < Edlan bn pdrns < nstdmefds prfmefpdans (nknhpac; 4 Edlan ecdxfda (RLD) sdaõm y bcrhftcrfc prfmefpda) 4 Edlan ecdxfda (\RW) 4 Edlan bn pdrns \nstc bn nstdmefds (sdavc ldôcs y trdstnrcs) trdstnrcs) 4 Edlan ecdxfda (\RW) Kumtc da \R\ 4 Ecmgfiurdlan


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Nm acedans y cgfefmds , eudmbc nstæm bfstrflufbcs nm nstdmefds, y nm ads nstdmefds echumns bn ad nbfgfedefõm, jdlrä um hèmfhc bn trns rnifstrcs bn tchd nhpctrdbcs c supnrgfefdans , umc pdrd edbd tfpc bn edlan (pdrns trnmzdbcs, ecdxfdans pdrd snrvfefcs RLD y ecdxfdans pdrd snrvfefcs \RW). Eudmbc mc nstæ bngfmfbd ad bfstrfluefõm nm padmtd bn acs acedans u cgfefmds , mc sn fmstdadräm rnifstrcs bn tchd . Na bfsnôc y bfhnmsfcmdhfnmtc bn acs rnifstrcs bn tchd, dsè echc su rndafzdefõm guturd, snrä rnspcmsdlfafbdb bn ad prcpfnbdb bna aceda u cgfefmd , eudmbc sn nkneutn na na prcynetc bn bfstrfluefõm bfstrfluefõm nm nstdmefds. nstdmefds. Acs rnifstrcs bn tchd sn hcmtdräm echc häxfhc d >00 hh bn umd tchd bn ecrrfnmtn datnrmd , datnrmd , c ldsn bn nmejugn. Na eäaeuac bna mûhnrc bn rnifstrcs bn tchd pdrd umd vfvfnmbd sn jden bn ad sfiufnmtn gcrhd; 

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\nifstrcs bn tchd pdrd rdbfc y RW (\RW); ns (\RW); ns fiuda da mûhnrc bn nstdmefds echputdlans (sdavc ldôcs y trdstnrcs). \nifstrcs bn tchd pdrd tnangcmèd (URBP); ns fiuda da mûhnrc bn nstdmefds echputdlans häs bcs (umd pcr na sdaõm y ctrd pcr na bcrhftcrfc prfmefpda). Ns bnefr, sn bupafed na mûhnrc bn tchds nm ads < nstdmefds prfmefpdans. Rdhlfæm sn punbn bnefr qun na mûhnrc bn rnifstrcs bn tnangcmèd ns fiuda da mûhnrc bn rnifstrcs bn \RW häs bcs . \nifstrcs bn tchd pdrd ldmbd dmejd (RLD); ns fiuda da mûhnrc bn cpnrdbcrns bn edlan. Ns fiuda da mûhnrc bn nstdmefds prfmefpdans (umd pcr na sdaõm y ctrd pcr na bcrhftcrfc prfmefpda).

5 \nbns bn bfstrfluefõm bn FER ^md vnz bnserftds ads edmdafzdefcmns y acs rnifstrcs, nstubfdrnhcs ads rnbns qun sn fmstdadm nm su fmtnrfcr. rnb da ecmkumtc bn nanhnmtcs mnensdrfcs pdrd dsniurdr ad bfstrfluefõm Un bngfmn rnb da bn ads snôdans bnsbn ad zcmd nxtnrfcr bna nbfgfefc jdstd ads tchds bn usudrfc . Bnmtrc bn ads fmgrdnstrueturds bn tnanechumfedefcmns, sn punbnm bfgnrnmefdr vdrfcs tfpcs bn rnbns;


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5.4 \nb bn dafhnmtdefõm dafhnmtdefõm Ns ad pdrtn bn ad rnb qun fmtrcbuen acs snrvfefcs jdstd acs rnefmtcs bn fmgrdnstrueturds bn tnanechumfedefcmns , bnsbn bcmbn snräm bfstrflufbcs (vædsn ad gfiurd <4).

Gfiurd <<; \nb bn dafhnmtdefõm.


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Nstn tfpc bn rnb sn hcmtd nm ads fmstdadefcmns bn tnangcmèd y bn snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd. dmejd. Mc sn usd nm fmstdadefcmns bn \RW. Na bfsnôc, bfhnmsfcmdbc y hcmtdkn bn nstd rnb ns rnspcmsdlfafbdb bn acs bfstfmtcs cpnrdbcrns bn acs snrvfefcs. Æstcs bnlnm fmstdadr acs bfspcsftfvcs mnensdrfcs pdrd nmadzdr ecm na rnstc bn ads rnbns bna nbfgfefc. Edln bfgnrnmefdr bcs tfpcs bn rnb bn dafhnmtdefõm bfgnrnmtns, sniûm na hnbfc pcr na qun aaniunm ads snôdans bn acs bfstfmtcs snrvfefcs .

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Nmadens pcr edlan

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Nmadens hnbfdmtn cmbds bn rdbfc

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Rdlad 6; \nbns bn dafhnmtdefõm. \nbns bn dafhnmtdefõm õptfed pdsdm Acs snrvfefcs qun aanidm pcr edlan bn eclrn c gflrd õptfed pdsdm pcr ad drquntd nxtnrfcr bna nbfgfefc y nmtrdm nm su fmtnrfcr pcr ad edmdafzdefõm nxtnrfcr? bnsbn æstd, ecmnetdm ecm ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden. D trdvæs bn nstd edmdafzdefõm dtrdvfnsdm acs rnifstrcs bn nmaden ecrrnspcmbfnmtns jdstd aanidr da rnefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefõm fmgnrfcr (\FRF). Bnmtrc bn nstn rnefmtc sn ulfed um rnifstrc r nifstrc prfmefpda, qun dackd acs pumtcs bn fmtnrecmnxfõm ecm ad rnb prcpfd bna nbfgfefc. Acs snrvfefcs tdhlfæm punbnm aanidr da nbfgfefc hnbfdmtn trdmshfsfcmns rdbfcnaæetrfeds. rdbfcnaæetrfeds . Nm nstcs edscs, ad rnb bn dafhnmtdefõm echfnmzd nm acs nqufpcs bn edptdefõm (dmtnmds), sftudbcs nm na tnkdbc c dzctnd bna nbfgfefc. Bnsbn dquè, ad snôda pdsd pcr na pdsdhurcs, d trdvæs bn ad edmdafzdefõm bn nmaden supnrfcr bna nbfgfefc jdstd aanidr da rnefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefcmns supnrfcr (\FRU). Nstn rnefmtc ecmtfnmn acs nqufpcs bn rnenpefõm y prcensdbc bn ads snôdans. Ads ecrrnspcmbfnmtns d edbd snrvfefc sn bfstrfluynm pcr edlans qun ldkdm pcr ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda bna nbfgfefc jdstd na rnifstrc prfmefpda sftudbc nm na \FRF, bcmbn nmadzdm ecm ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm bn FER.

Rnm nm eunmtd tnangõmfeds sunanm utfafzdr nmadens pcr edlan. Na cpnrdbcr bn Ads aèmnds tnangõmfeds tnangcmèd aanvd bnsbn ad enmtrda jdstd na nbfgfefc bcs jfacs pcr edbd dlcmdbc, qun sn ecmnetdm d um rnpdrtfbcr qun sn fmstdad nm na rnifstrc prfmefpda bn tnangcmèd. Bnsbn nstn rnpdrtfbcr sn nxtrdnm ads aèmnds bn bfstrfluefõm bna fmtnrfcr bna nbfgfefc, qun aanidm jdstd acs usudrfcs.


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5.< \nb bn bfstrfluefõm Ns ad pdrtn bn ad rnb fmtnirdbd pcr acs edlans y acs nanhnmtcs qun bfstrfluynm acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns pcr ad edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda bna nbfgfefc (vædsn ad gfiurd <<).

Gfiurd <5; \nb bn bfstrfluefõm. Rdlad 40; \nbns bn bfstrfluefõm tnangõmfed, rdbfc, tnanvfsfõm y ldmbd dmejd. Nstd rnb pdrtn inmnrdahnmtn bn acs pumtcs bn Nm fmstdadefcmns fmtnrecmnxfõm sftudbcs nm na rnefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn bn tnangcmèd tnanechumfedefcmns fmgnrfcr (\FRF) y nmadzd nm acs rnifstrcs sneumbdrfcs ecm ad rnb bn bfspnrsfõm. Na pumtc bn pdrtfbd sunan snr ad sdafbd bna nqufpc bn edlnenrd y prcensdbc bn ads snôdans, acedafzdbc nm na rnefmtc bn fmstdadefcmns bn tnanechumfedefõm supnrfcr Nm snrvfefcs bn (\FRU). D hnbfbd qun ad rnb sn prcpdid pcr ad rdbfc y tnanvfsfõm edmdafzdefõm prfmefpda sn fmstdadm bfspcsftfvcs qun gdefaftdm ad bfstrfluefõm bn ads snôdans d trdvæs bn ad rnb bn bfspnrsfõm. Nm fmstdadefcmns bn Ad rnb punbn pdrtfr bn eudaqufnr rnefmtc bn ldmbd dmejd tnanechumfedefcmns (\FRF c \FRU). D pdrtfr bn naads, sn (tnanvfsfõm pcr nxtfnmbn pcr ads edmdafzdefcmns prfmefpda, sneumbdrfd y edlan c snrvfefc bn bn usudrfc jdstd aanidr d acs rnifstrcs bn tchd bna deensc gfkc fmtnrfcr bn ads vfvfnmbds, bcmbn sn jdaad fmstdadbd ad fmdaählrfec) ldsn bn ecmnxfõm ecmnxfõm da snrvfefc. 

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Nm ads fmstdadefcmns bn rdbfc y tnanvfsfõm y tnangcmèd , tnangcmèd , na bfsnôc y na tnmbfbc bn ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm ns rnspcmsdlfafbdb bn acs prcpfntdrfcs bna nbfgfefc. Nm acs snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd scm acs cpnrdbcrns bna snrvfefc qufnmns bfhnmsfcmdm n fmstdadm ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm. 5.5 \nb bn bfspnrsfõm Ns ad pdrtn bn ad rnb qun nmadzd na sfstnhd bn bfstrfluefõm ecm ad rnb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc (vædsn ad gfiurd <5).

Gfiurd <2; \nb bn bfspnrsfõm. Udan bn acs pumtcs bn bfstrfluefõm c bnrfvdefõm sftudbcs nm acs rnifstrcs sneumbdrfcs y, d trdvæs bn ads edmdafzdefcmns sneumbdrfds, aanid d acs pumtcs bn deensc da usudrfc sftudbcs nm acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb, nm na fmtnrfcr bn ads vfvfnmbds. tnangcmèd mc nxfstnm pumtcs bn bfstrfluefõm nm acs Nm daiumds rnbns bn tnangcmèd mc rnifstrcs sneumbdrfcs. Acs edlans aanidm bfrnetdhnmtn bnsbn na rnifstrc prfmefpda (nm na \FRF) jdstd na pumtc bn deensc da usudrfc (nm na rnifstrc bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb). \RW , scm rnspcmsdlfafbdb bn Ads rnbns bn bfspnrsfõm bn tnangcmèd y bn \RW , acs prcpfntdrfcs bna nbfgfefc. Acs snrvfefcs bn ldmbd dmejd , dmejd , d hnmubc, mc utfafzdm rnbns bn bfspnrsfõm, sfmc qun aanidm bfrnetdhnmtn da usudrfc d trdvæs bn ad rnb bn bfstrfluefõm.


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5.2 \nb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc Bnsbn acs pumtcs bn deensc d usudrfc , nstd pdrtn bn ad fmstdadefõm bfstrfluyn ads snôdans pcr na fmtnrfcr bn ads vfvfnmbds, cgfefmds c acedans (vædsn ad gfiurd <2).

Gfiurd <>; \nb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc. Da jdaadrsn nm umd zcmd prfvdbd , prfvdbd , nstd rnb pnrtnmnen d edbd umc bn acs prcpfntdrfcs bna fmhunlan. fmtnrfcr sn nxpdmbn nm gcrhd bn nstrnaad y tnrhfmd Inmnrdahnmtn, ad rnb fmtnrfcr sn nm ads tchds bn usudrfc. Æstds sn nmeunmtrdm nm acs rnifstrcs bn tchd ecrrnspcmbfnmtns , nm ads bfstfmtds bfstfmtds bnpnmbnmefds bnpnmbnmefds bn ad vfvfnmbd c aceda. PD^ pnrhftnm bfgnrnmefdr ad rnb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc bna rnstc bn ad Acs PD^ pnrhftnm fmstdadefõm. Un fmstdadm nm acs rnifstrcs bn tnrhfmdefõm bn rnb , sftudbcs nm na fmtnrfcr bn ads vfvfnmbds, acedans u cgfefmds. Nm edsc bn dvnrèd nm ad fmstdadefõm , na PD^ pnrhftn snpdrdr ads rnbns pdrd echprcldr sf na prclanhd nstä nm ad rnb bna usudrfc c nm um auidr dmtnrfcr. usudrfc pnrhftnm ad ecmnxfõm d ad rnb bn acs nqufpcs bn Ads tchds bn usudrfc pnrhftnm usudrfc pdrd deenbnr d acs snrvfefcs bn tnanechumfedefcmns. Rdhlfæm sn aadhdm ldsn bn deensc bn tnrhfmda (LDR). (LDR) .


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2 Nsqunhd inmnrda bn ad FER 2.4 Edmdafzdefcmns ecm vdrfds vnrtfedans Dpæmbfen >, Dmnxc FFF.

2.< Edmdafzdefcmns ecm vdrfds vnrtfedans nm nbfgfefcs fmbnpnmbfnmtns Dpæmbfen 7, Dmnxc FFF.


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2.5 Edmdafzdefcmns, rnefmtcs y rnifstrcs nm um nbfgfefc

2.2 FER bn tnangcmèd


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2.> FER bn \BUF

2.7 FER bn \RW


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2.9 Edmdafzdefõm sneumbdrfd y rnb fmtnrfcr bn usudrfc Dpæmbfen 9, Dmnxc FFF.

2.: Edmdafzdefcmns y rnifstrcs nm na fmtnrfcr bn um pfsc


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Tema 2. Elementos de la ICT

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