Tema 3. Sistemas Operativos

Xdoj =1 ]lstdojs @pdrjtlv`s.

ÏKHLMD :. ]L]XDOJ LKC@ÔÊXLM@ 4 :.:. M`kmdpt`s M `kmdpt`s nêslm`s .................................................................................................................................... 3 :.:.:. Ur`grjoj :.:.>. Cukml`kjoldkt` hdf `rhdkjh`r

3 3

>. ]L]XDOJ @UD^JXLS@ 7 >.:. Hdclklmlýk Hdclk lmlýk ................................................................................................................................................... 7 >.>. Cukmlýk prlkmlpjf prlkmlp jf ...................................................................................................................................... 2 >.=. Sdktjaj hdf ].@. dk hlsm` ..................................................................................................................... 2 >.8. Dv`fumlýk Dv`fuml ýk .................................................................................................................................................... 2 >.4. Xlp`s X lp`s hd h d dkt`rk`s dkt`r k`s ................................................................................................................................... < >.3. Mfjslclmjml Mfjslc lmjmlýk ýk .............................................................................................................................................. < >.3.:. Xldop` hd rdspudstj >.3.:.:. Ur`mdsjoldkt` p`r f`tds >.3.:.>. Lktdrjmtlv`s >.3.:.=. Xldop` rdjf >.3.>. Kñodr` hd usujrl`s >.3.>.:. O`kùsujrl` >.3.>.>. Ouftlusujrl` >.3.=. Kñodr` hd pr`mds`s >.3.=.:. O`k`pr`grjojmlýk >.3.=.>. Ouftlpr`grjojmlýk >.3.8. Kñodr` hd pr`mdsjh`rds >.3.8.:. O`k`pr`mds` >.3.8.>. Ouftlpr`mds` >.3.4. Xrjnja` dk rdh >.3.4.:. Mdktrjflzjh`s >.3.4.>. Dk rdh >.3.4.=. Hlstrlnulh`s

:5 :5 :: :> :> :> :> := := := :8 :8 :4 :4 :4 :4 :4

>.7. Mòp`kdktds Mòp`kdkt ds ........................................................................................................................................... :3 >.2. ^dqudrloldkt`s hd bjrhwjrd pjrj slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s ............................................................ :3 >.<. Xlp`s hd s`ctwjr s `ctwjrdd ................................................................................................................................. :7 >.<.:. Mfjslclmjmlýk hd fjs jpflmjml`kds lkc`roêtlmjs jtdkhldkh` j su tlp` hd flmdkmlj >.<.>. Mfjslclmjmlýk hd fjs jpflmjml`kds lkc`roêtlmjs jtdkhldkh` j su c`roj hd hlstrlnumlýk Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

Uêglkj : hd 72

:7 :7


=. CTKML@KD] HDF ].@. :7 =.:. Gdstlýk Gdstlý k hd h d Ur`mds`s Ur `mds`s .............................................................................................................................. :2 =.:.:. Ur`mds`s =.:.>. ]drvlml`s =.:.=. Jfg`rlto`s hd pfjklclmjmlýk

:2 >5 >5

=.>. Gdstlýk Gdstlý k hd odo`rlj .............................................................................................................................. >: =.>.:. Odo`rlj cïslmj =.>.>. Odo`rlj vlrtujf =.>.=. Crjgodktjmlýk =.>.=.:. Crjgodktjmlýk dxtdrkj =.>.=.>. Crjgodktjmlýk lktdrkj =.>.=.=. Hdscrjgodktjmlýk

>: >> >= >8 >8 >4

=.=. Gdstlýk Gdstlý k hd D/] ...................................................................................................................................... >3 =.8. Gdstlýk hd Jrmblv`s ............................................................................................................................ >< =.8.:. Jrmblv`s =.8.>. Jtrlnut`s =.8.=. @pdrjml`kds =.8.8. Dxtdksl`kds

=5 =: => =>

8. HL]M@ HT^@ == 8.:. Dstrumturj cïslmj y fýglmj ................................................................................................................... =8 8.:.:. Dstrumturj cïslmj 8.:.>. Dstrumturj fýglmj

=8 =4

8.>. ]lstdoj hd jrmblv`s ............................................................................................................................ =4 8.>.:. CJX 8.>.>. SCJX 8.>.=. CJX=> 8.>.8. KXC] 8.>.4. DRX >, DRX = y DRX 8 8.>.3. MHC] 8.>.7. THC 8.>.2. BC] 8.>.<. BC]+

Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

=7 =7 =2 =2 =2 =< =< =< =<

Uêglkj > hd 72


8.=. Ujrtlml`kds Ujrtlm l`kds .............................................................................................................................................. =< 8.=.:. S`fñodkds 8.=.>. U`r quì pjrtlml`kjr uk hlsm` hur` 8.=.=. Ttlflh jhds ‖chlsi‟ y ‖Ujrtltl`k Ojglm‟ 8.=.8. C`rojtd` 8.=.4. ON^

8> 8> 8> 8= 88

4. MJ^GJ HDF ].@. 84 4.:. ]dmudkmlj hd jrrjkqud hdf `rhdkjh`r ............................................................................................ 83 3. WLKH@W] 7 82 3.:. Dv`fumlýk Dv`fuml ýk .................................................................................................................................................. 82 3.>. Oda`rjs ................................................................................................................................................... 45 3.=. Sdktjaj .................................................................................................................................................... 45 3.8. Dhlml`kds Dhlml `kds ................................................................................................................................................. 45 3.4. ^dqulslt`s hdf slstdoj pjrj fj lkstjfjmlýk ..................................................................................... 4: 3.3. Lkstjfjmlýk hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws.................................................................................. 4: 3.3.:. Lkstjfjmlýk hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdshd ukj prdlkstjfjmlýk 3.3.>. Lkstjfjmlýk hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdshd MH-^@O/HSH

4> 4=

3.7. Bdrrjoldktjs hd m`kclgurjmlýk ....................................................................................................... 48 3.7.:. Hdscrjgodktjh`r hd hlsm` 3.7.>. ^dstjurjr slstdoj 3.7.=. Flndrjh`r hd dspjml` dk hlsm` 3.7.8. Mòpr`njmlýk hdf hlsm` 3.7.4. ^dglstr` hd Wlkh`ws 3.7.3. Osm`kclg 3.7.7. Lklml` dk o`h` sdgur` ` j prudnj hd drr`rds

48 44 42 4< 35 3> 3=

7. FLKTR 34 7.:. Dv`fumlýk Dv`fuml ýk .................................................................................................................................................. 34 7.>. ]lstdoj hd jrmblv`s ............................................................................................................................ 34 2. OÊZTLKJ SL^XTJF 33 2.:. Slrtujflzjmlýk ......................................................................................................................................... 33 2.:.:. Hdclklmlýk 2.:.>. Sdktjajs


33 37

Uêglkj = hd 72


2.>. Oêqulkj vlrtujf ...................................................................................................................................... 37 2.>.:. Cukml`kjoldkt` 2.>.>. °Ujrj quì od slrvd ukj oêqulkj vlrtujf0

3< 3<

<. ]L]XDOJ] @UD^JXLS@] DK ^DH 75 <.:. Hdclkl H dclklmlýk mlýk ................................................................................................................................................ 75 <.>. Mòp`kdktds Mòp`kdkt ds ........................................................................................................................................... 7: <.>.:. Mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd uk mfldktd <.>.>. Mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd uk sdrvlh`r <.>.=. Xlp`s hd sdrvlh`rds

7: 7: 7>

<.=. ]`ctwjrd ]`ctw jrd hd h d rdh ................................................................................................................................... 7= <.8. Mjrjmtdrïstlmjs ..................................................................................................................................... 7= <.4. ]dfdmmlýk hd uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh .................................................................................... 74 <.4.:. °Zuì slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh ds df jhdmujh` pjrj ol rdh0 <.4.:.:. ]lstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh Wlkh`ws <.4.:.>. ]lstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh TKLR/Flkux

73 73 77

<.3. Lktdgrjmlýk hd slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdhds olxtjs ............................................................... 72


Uêglkj 8 hd 72


:. ]L]XDOJ LKC@ÔÊXLM@


Uêglkj 4 hd 72


:.:. M`kmdpt`s nêslm`s :.:.:. Ur`grjoj

Tk pr`grjoj ds df m`kaukt` hd lkstrumml`kds hdstlkjhjs j rdjflzjr ukj tjrdj m`kmrdtj . Df `rhdkjh`r jfojmdkj f`s pr`grjojs mò` m`fdmml`kds hd nlts.

Dadopf`1 Fj lkstrummlýk 5::5:5:5 p`hrïj slgklclmjr suoj h`s kñodr`s. Dadopf` tïplm`s hd lkstrumml`kds1 





Fdd uk kñodr` hd fj odo`rlj. Jfojmìkjf` dk `trj p`slmlýk hd fj odo`rlj. ]jftj j `tr` fugjr hdf pr`grjoj.

:.:.>. Cukml`kjoldkt` hdf `rhdkjh`r

Df oìt`h` sdgulh` pjrj df pr`mdsjoldkt` hd fj lkc`rojmlýk m`kslstd dk jfojmdkjr uk` ` vjrl`s pr`grjojs dk fj odo`rlj prlkmlpjf , hd h`khd fj MUT vj tòjkh` fjs lkstrumml`kds pjrj ffdvjr j mjn` fjs `pdrjml`kds m`rrdsp`khldktds .


Uêglkj 3 hd 72


>. ]L]XDOJ

@UD^JXLS@

>.:. Hdclklmlýk Df ]lstdoj @pdrjtlv` (].@.) ds uk m`kaukt` hd pr`grjojs qud sd lklmljk jf jrrjkmjr df `rhdkjh`r y qud jyuhjk j f`s usujrl`s j dxpf`tjr uk `rhdkjh`r , slopflclmjkh` p`r uk fjh` su us` y pdroltldkh` p`r `tr` fjh` `ntdkdr uk nudk rdkhloldkt` . ]u pr`pýslt` ds dadmutjr pr`grjojs hd ojkdrj mýo`hj y dclmldktd . Dclmldktd p`rqud pdroltd ouftlpr`grjojmlýk . Mýo`hj p`rqud cjmlfltj jf pr`grjojh`r df us` hdf `rhdkjh`r . 




Uêglkj 7 hd 72


>.>. Cukmlýk prlkmlpjf Fj cukmlýk prlkmlpjf hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` ds jnstrjdr fj mòpfdalhjh hdf bjrhwjrd jf usujrl` y, jhdoês, gdstl`kjr y hlstrlnulr f`s rdmurs`s hdf hdf `rhdkjh`r .

>.=. Sdktjaj hdf ].@. dk hlsm` Fj vdktjaj hd tdkdr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk hlsm` ds qud k`s pdroltd mjonljr hd slstdoj `pdrjtlv` ` tdkdr vjrl`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk df olso` hlsm` . ]l sd usjrj odo`rlj ^@O sd kdmdsltjrïj oumbj odo`rlj, qud ds mjrj, y k` p`hrïjo`s mjonljr hd slstdoj `pdrjtlv`.

>.8. Dv`fumlýk


Uêglkj 2 hd 72


>.4. Xlp`s hd dkt`rk`s Fj lktdrcjz hd usujrl` ds fj c`roj dk qud df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` pdroltd qud df usujrl` sd mòuklqud m`k fj oêqulkj . Fj lktdrcjz hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` pudhd sdr hd h`s tlp`s1 O`h` tdxt`. Ts` hd mòjkh`s. Dadopf`1 MU/O, SO], O]-H@], Tklx. 

O]-H@]

]bdff hd Tnuktu

Df usujrl` sd mòuklmj m`k df `rhdkjh`r dsmrlnldkh` df kònrd hd fjs ýrhdkds m`k df tdmfjh` . 

O`h` grêclm`. Ds ukj lktdrcjz jolgjnfd hd mjrj jf usujrl` p`rqud cjmlfltj fjs tjrdjs j f`s usujrl`s k` dxpdrt`s. Dadopf`s1 Wlkh`ws (=.:, <4, <2, Od, >555, RU, Slstj, 7 y :5), Flkux, Ojm

@] y @] >.

Wlkh`ws :5

Tnuktu

Df usujrl` sd mòuklmj m`k df `rhdkjh`r j trjvìs hd lm`k`s, vdktjkjs, odkñs, mujhr`s hd hlêf`g`s, dtm., m`k df rjtýk ` df tdmfjh` . Dk f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s qud utlflzjk lktdrcjmds grêclmjs sldoprd ds p`slnfd utlflzjr ukj sl cudrj prdmls`. lktdrcjz dk o`h` tdxt` sl

>.3. Mfjslclmjmlýk ]d pudhdk mfjslclmjr f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s hdpdkhldkh` hd mýo` jholklstrjk f`s rdmurs`s bjrhwjrd hdf `rhdkjh`r y mýo` `crdmdk sdrvlml`s j f`s usujrl`s . Tk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdnd trjtjr sldoprd hd olklolzjr df tldop` hd rdspudstj hd mjhj pr`mds`, ds hdmlr, hdshd qud df usujrl` f` ojkhj j dadmutjrsd bjstj qud `ntldkd f`s rdsuftjh`s . Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

Uêglkj < hd 72












U`hdo`s bjmdr hlvdrsjs mfjslclmjml`kds hd slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s jtdkhldkh` jtdkhldkh` j mldrt`s mrltdrl`s1 Xldop` hd rdspudstj. Kñodr` hd usujrl`s. Kñodr` hd pr`mds`s. Kñodr` hd pr`mdsjh`rds. Xrjnja` dk rdh.

>.3.:. Xldop` hd rdspudstj

Df tldop` hd rdspudstj ds df qud trjksmurrd hdshd qud uk pr`mds` hd uk usujrl` ffdgj jf slstdoj bjstj qud df usujrl` `ntdkgj ukj rdspudstj ` uk`s rdsuftjh`s . ]dgñk dstd mrltdrl`, dxlstd fj slguldktd mfjslclmjmlýk hd slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s1 Ur`mdsjoldkt` p`r f`tds. Lktdrjmtlv`s. Xldop` rdjf. 





>.3.:.:. Ur`mdsjoldkt Ur`mdsjoldkt`` p`r f`tds

F`s pr`mds`s sd dadmutjk sdmudkmljfodktd, uk` trjs `tr`. Df usujrl` k` `ntldkd f`s rdsuftjh`s hd c`roj lkodhljtj y k` dxlstd lktdrjmmlýk m`k df usujrl`. Gdkdrjfodktd, sudfdk tdkdr uk jft` tldop` hd rdspudstj , p`r f` qud jmtujfodktd k` s`k utlflzjh`s, jukqud mujfquldr tjrdj, s`nrd t`h` tjrdjs qud k` rdquldrdk lktdrjmmlýk m`k df usujrl` y qud rdquldrjk uk grjk tldop` hd dadmumlýk, sd pudhdk dadmutjr dk uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` jmtujf slguldkh` dstj tìmklmj.


Uêglkj :5 hd 72


Dadopf`1 M`pljs hd sdgurlhjh hdf slstdoj ` mujfquldr `trj tjrdj qud jcdmtd j uk kñodr` grjkhd

hd jrmblv`s.

Dadopf`1 LNO :85: ” LNO 75<81

j) n) m) h) d) c)

F`s pr`grjojh`rds ffdvjk tjradtjs. Fj :85: fdd uk f`td hd tjradtjs y f`s f` s grjnj dk fj mlktj. Tk `pdrjh`r ffdvj fj mlktj j fj 75<8. Fj 75<8 rdjflzj f`s mýoput`s. Tk `pdrjh`r ffdvj fj mlktj j ukj :85:. Fj :85: loprlod fjs sjflhjs.

>.3.:.>. Lktdrjmtlv`s

F`s pr`mds`s sd dadmutjk y pudhdk pdhlr lkc`rojmlýk jf usujrl` j trjvìs hd fj pjktjffj y rdmlnlrfj p`r tdmfjh`. Dk dst`s tlp`s hd slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s df tldop` hd rdspudstj ds odk`r qud df jktdrl`r p`rqud sd utlflzj fj tìmklmj qud sd m`k`md mò` tldop` mòpjrtlh` (tlod sbjrlkg) , qud m`kslstd dk qud df pr`mdsjh`r hlvlhd su tldop` dktrd t`h`s f`s pr`mds`s , hd ojkdrj qud pjrdmd qud mjhj pr`mds` ds df ñklm` qud sd dadmutj dk dsd oòdkt` dk df slstdoj J dstd tlp` hd slstdoj `pdrjtlv` tjonlìk sd fd m`k`md m` k`md mò` tldop` mòpjrtlh`.


Uêglkj :: hd 72


>.3.:.=. Xldop` rdjf

F`s pr`mds`s rdquldrdk uk tldop` hd rdspudstj ouy nja` , ds hdmlr, lkodhljt`. Dst`s slstdojs sd utlflzjk dk mjop`s h`khd uk tldop` hd rdspudstj jft` lopflmjrïj grjvds m`ksdmudkmljs, mò` grjkhds pìrhlhjs dm`kýolmjs ` hd vlhjs buojkjs. ]d utlflzjk dk df trêclm` jìrd`, dk pr`mds`s lkhustrljfds, dk slstdojs dspjmljfds, dk slstdojs oìhlm`s hd o`klt`rlzjmlýk hd pjmldktds mrïtlm`s, dk slstdojs njkmjrl`s, dtm. Dadopf`1 ]lstdoj oìhlm` hd o`klt`rlzjmlýk hd pjmldktds mrïtlm`s.

>.3.>. Kñodr` hd usujrl`s

]dgñk df kñodr` hd usujrl`s qud pudhdk utlflzjr slouftêkdjodktd df slstdoj lkc`roêtlm`, p`hdo`s hlvlhlr f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk1 O`kùsujrl`. Ouftlusujrl`. 



>.3.>.:. O`kùsujrl`

]ýf` uk usujrl` pudhd utlflzjr df slstdoj lkc`roêtlm` , pjrj df qud dstêk hlsp`klnfds t`h`s f`s rdmurs`s tjkt` bjrhwjrd mò` s`ctwjrd. K` lop`rtj df kñodr` hd pr`mds`s y pr`mdsjh`rds hdf slstdoj. Dadopf`1 O]-H@]. >.3.>.>. Ouftlusujrl`

Sjrl`s usujrl`s slouftêkdjodktd pudhdk utlflzjr df slstdoj lkc`roêtlm` , f` qud m`kffdvj qud sd tdkgjk qud rdpjrtlr f`s rdmurs`s dktrd dff`s. Dadopf`1 Wlkh`ws RU, Tklx. Dst`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s s`k mjpjmds hd hjr sdrvlml` j oês hd uk usujrl` j fj vdz, yj sdj j trjvìs hd vjrl`s tdrolkjfds m`kdmtjh`s j fj mòputjh`rj ` ` p`r odhl` hd sdsl`kds rdo`tjs dk ukj rdh hd mòuklmjml`kds . Ds lop`rtjktd qud pjrj qud uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` sd m`kslhdrd ouftlusujrl` ds qud f`s usujrl`s f` pudhjk utlflzjr j fj vdz . Ds hlstlkt` qud bjyj vjrl`s usujrl`s y mjhj uk` f` utlflmd dk uk oòdkt` hdtdrolkjh`. Dkt`kmds k` sdrïj ouftlusujrl`. Dadopf`1 ]l dk uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` bjy oês hd uk usujrl` hjh` hd jftj dk df dk df slstdoj, pdr` k` pudhdk trjnjajr hd c`roj slouftêkdj, df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` ‖k`‟ sdrïj m`kslhdrjh` ouftlusujrl`.


Uêglkj :> hd 72


>.3.=. Kñodr` hd pr`mds`s

Df kñodr` hd pr`mds`s bjmd rdcdrdkmlj j f`s pr`mds`s , ds hdmlr, pr`grjojs qud pudhdk dstjr dadmutêkh`sd slouftêkdjodktd . ]dgñk dstd mrltdrl`, p`hdo`s hlvlhlr f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk1 O`k`pr`grjojmlýk. Ouftlpr`grjojmlýk. 



>.3.=.:. O`k`pr`grjojmlýk

Xjonlìk ffjojh`s o`k`tjrdjs. ]ýf` pdroltdk qud df usujrl` dadmutd uk s`f` pr`grjoj mjhj vdz . Fj MUT dstê hlsp`klnfd pjrj mjhj tjrdj bjstj qud clkjflmd su dadmumlýk, y mujkh` dopldmd fj slguldktd tjrdj fj MUT dstê t`tjfodktd hlsp`klnfd pjrj fj tjrdj kudvj. Dadopf`1 O]-H@], Wlkh`ws =.: y <4.

>.3.=.>. Ouftlpr`grjojmlýk

Xjonlìk ffjojh`s ouftltjrdj. Udroltdk dadmutjr vjrl`s pr`grjojs j fj vdz . Dk rdjflhjh, sl df slstdoj sýf` tldkd uk pr`mdsjh`r fjs tjrdjs ` pr`grjojs sd lrïjk dadmutjkh` p`r tldop`s, hd c`roj qud df pr`mdsjh`r kukmj dstì pjrjh`. Hd mjrj j f`s usujrl`s fjs tjrdjs sd dadmutjrïjk slouftêkdjodktd, pdr` dk rdjflhjh df tldop` hd fj MUT sd lrïj hlstrlnuydkh` dktrd fjs tjrdjs j odhlhj qud cudrj kdmdsjrlj ` utlflzjkh` jfgñk jfg`rlto` hd pfjklclmjmlýk hd fjs tjrdjs ` pr`mds`s.


Uêglkj := hd 72


Dadopf`1 Wlkh`ws <2 y slguldktds, Tklx.

>.3.8. Kñodr` hd pr`mdsjh`rds

Df kñodr` hd pr`mdsjh`rds bjmd rdcdrdkmlj j f`s pr`mdsjh`rds qud tdkgj lkstjfjh` df dqulp` lkc`roêtlm` . ]lk donjrg`, jukqud df dqulp` tdkgj oês hd uk pr`mdsjh`r, ds kdmdsjrl` qud tdkgj lkstjfjh` uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` qud f`s pudhj utlflzjr pjrj jpr`vdmbjr dsj vdktjaj. Dadopf`1 ]l s`nrd uk supdr`rhdkjh`r lkstjfjo`s uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` o`k`tjrdj, sýf` dadmutjrê uk pr`mds` mjhj vdz. ]dgñk dstd mrltdrl`, p`hdo`s hlvlhlr f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk1 O`k`pr`mds`. Ouftlpr`mds`. 



>.3.8.:. O`k`pr`mds`

F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s o`k`pr`mds` sýf` pudhdk trjnjajr m`k uk ñklm` pr`mdsjh`r , lkmfus` sl df slstdoj lkc`roêtlm` s`nrd df qud vj o`ktjh` tldkd oês hd uk pr`mdsjh`r, jukqud dstj `pmlýk k` sudfd sdr ouy crdmudktd dk fj jmtujflhjh. Dadopf`1 O]-H@].


Uêglkj :8 hd 72


>.3.8.>. Ouftlpr`mds`

F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s ouftlpr`mds` pudhdk trjnjajr m`k vjrl`s pr`mdsjh`rds pjrj hlstrlnulr fj mjrgj hd trjnja` . Dadopf`1 ]l uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` ouftlpr`mds` dstê o`ktjh` s`nrd uk slstdoj lkc`roêtlm` qud tldkd uk s`f` pr`mdsjh`r, jukqud df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` pudhj jpr`vdmbjr fjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd trjnjajr m`k oês hd uk pr`mdsjh`r, sd mòp`rtjrïj mò` uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` o`k`pr`mds` . ]l df slstdoj lkc`roêtlm` tldkd oês hd uk pr`mdsjh`r, uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` ouftlpr`mds` pudhd utlflzjr vjrl`s pr`mdsjh`rds slouftêkdjodktd, p`r f` qud dadmutjrïj vjrl`s pr`mds`s hd ojkdrj slouftêkdj. 







F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s ouftlpr`mds` pudhdk sdr hd h`s tlp`s1 ]loìtrlm`s (dqulflnrl` hd mjrgjs). Df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` trjnjaj lkhlstlktjodktd m`k mujfquldr pr`mdsjh`r . Df pr`mds` ` pjrtd hd ìf, ds dkvljh` j mujfquldr pr`mdsjh`r qud dstì hlsp`klnfd. M`k f` mujf sd pudhd tdkdr ukj mjrgj mjrg j hd trjnja` oês ýptloj. Jsloìtrlm`s (ojdstr` ” dsmfjv`s). Df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` sdfdmml`kj j uk` hd f`s pr`mdsjh`rds j f`s qud fd jslgkj uk pjpdf prlo`rhljf ` hd ojdstr` y qud sdfdmml`kjrê j f`s hdoês pr`mdsjh`rds pjrj lr hlstrlnuydkh` df trjnja` .

>.3.4. Xrjnja` dk rdh

Hdpdkhldkh` hd fj c`roj dk qud df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` pudhj trjnjajr y utlflzjr f`s rdmurs`s hd fj rdh, p`hdo`s dkm`ktrjr f`s slguldktds tlp`s hd slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s1 Mdktrjflzjh`s. Dk rdh. Hlstrlnulh`s. 





>.3.4.:. Mdktrjflzjh`s

Dk f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s mdktrjflzjh`s df dqulp` lkc`roêtlm` k` mòpjrtd klkgñk rdmurs` kl utlflzj rdmurs`s hd `tr`s `rhdkjh`rds p`r fj rdh . ]d utlflzj mò` ukj oêqulkj jlsfjhj qud k` dstê dk rdh. >.3.4.>. Dk rdh

F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh pdroltdk mòpjrtlr rdmurs`s y m`kdmtjr m`kdmtjr vjrl`s dqulp`s dktrd sï hdktr` hd ukj rdh hd `rhdkjh`rds . >.3.4.=. Hlstrlnulh`s

F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s hlstrlnulh`s cukml`kjk hd ojkdrj qud pjrj df usujrl` fj dxlstdkmlj hd fj rdh pjsj hdsjpdrmlnlhj , cjmlfltjkh`, p`r tjkt`, df jmmds` j f`s rdmurs`s dk rdh hdf slstdoj, yj qud df usujrl` f`s utlflzj hd fj olsoj ojkdrj qud utlflzj f`s rdmurs`s f`mjfds hd su dqulp` lkc`roêtlm`. Dst`s slstdojs cjmlfltjk fj gdstlýk y df jmmds` hd f`s usujrl`s .


Uêglkj :4 hd 72


>.7. Mòp`kdktds 





Dxlstdk nêslmjodktd trds mòp`kdktds1 Ur`grjojs, hjt`s y hrlvdrs. Kñmfd` ` Idrkdf, qud sd dkmjrgj hd gdstl`kjr pr`mds`s, odo`rlj, jrmblv`s y D/] . Jhdoês, rdjflzj fjs pdtlml`kds jf bjrhwjrd. Lktìrprdtd hd mòjkh`s ` ]bdff , qud sd dkmjrgj hd lktdrprdtjr fjs ýrhdkds hd f`s usujrl`s pjrj qud fj oêqulkj oêqulkj fjs dktldkhj .

>.2. ^dqudrloldkt ^dqudrloldkt`s `s hd bjrhwjrd pjrj slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s Ujrj lkstjfjr uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk uk `rhdkjh`r, m`kvldkd sjndr f`s rdqulslt`s kdmdsjrl`s hd bjrhwjrd pjrj qud cukml`kd m`rrdmtjodktd y df dqulp` sdj cljnfd, dstjnfd y sdgur` . Dk fj slguldktd tjnfj rdfjml`kjo`s f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s oês usujfds y fjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs nêslmjs rdmòdkhjnfds hd bjrhwjrd qud prdmlsjk.


Uêglkj :3 hd 72


>.<. Xlp`s hd s`ctwjrd Ujrj p`hdr `ntdkdr ukj cukml`kjflhjh jhdmujhj j kudstrjs kdmdslhjhds, jhdoês hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, s`k kdmdsjrl`s ukj sdrld hd pr`grjojs ` jpflmjml`kds . U`hdo`s mfjslclmjr fjs jpflmjml`kds sdgñk df tlp` hd flmdkmlj y su hlstrlnumlýk . >.<.:. Mfjslclmjmlýk hd fjs jpflmjml`kds lkc`roêtlmjs jtdkhldkh` jtdkhldkh` j su tlp` hd flmdkmlj 

]`ctwjrd pr`pldtjrl`. Ds mujfquldr jpflmjmlýk lkc`roêtlmj h`khd df usujrl` tldkd floltjhjs fjs p`slnlflhjhds hd o`hlclmjrf`s y/` rdhlstrlnulrf`s , yj qud su mýhlg` cudktd k` dstê hlsp`klnfd jf

pñnflm` dk gdkdrjf.



]`ctwjrd flnrd. Ds jquìf dk df qud df mýhlg` cudktd dstê hlsp`klnfd pjrj t`h`s f`s usujrl`s y

pdroltd sdr m`pljh`, o`hlclmjh` y rdhlstrlnulh` hd jmudrh` j su flmdkmlj.

>.<.>. Mfjslclmjmlýk hd fjs jpflmjml`kds lkc`roêtlmjs jtdkhldkh` j su c`roj hd hlstrlnumlýk 



]`ctwjrd Crddwjrd. ]`k jpflmjml`kds lkc`roêtlmjs qud sd hlstrlnuydk slk m`std jfguk` y p`r tldop` lfloltjh` . ]udfd lkmfulr ukj flmdkmlj hd us`. ]`ctwjrd ]bjrdwjrd. Ds ukj vdrslýk grjtultj hd hd ukj jpflmjmlýk lkc`roêtlmj qud pdroltd su us` pjrj prudnjs hurjktd uk tldop` floltjh` ` m`k jfgukjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs nf`qudjhjs . Ujsjh` dsd

tldop` ` pjrj hlscrutjr hd t`hj su p`tdkmlj, prdmlsj fj jhqulslmlýk hd fj flmdkmlj hdf pr`humt`.



]`ctwjrd Jhwjrd. ]`k pr`grjojs grjtult`s dk su t`tjflhjh , pdr` qud lkmfuydk punflmlhjh . Tk

dadopf` hd dstd tlp` hd hlstrlnumlýk ds df pr`grjoj Odssdkgdr hd Olmr`s`ct, qud ffdvj punflmlhjh j o`h` hd njkkdrs dk su dadmumlýk.

=. CTKML@KD] HDF ].@. 









Fjs prlkmlpjfds cukml`kds hd uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` `pdr jtlv` s`k fjs slguldktds1 Gdstl`kjr y pfjklclmjr pr`mds`s, odo`rlj, jrmblv`s y hlsp`sltlv`s hd D/]. M`ktr`fjr y hdtdmtjr drr`rds. @muftjr fj mòpfdalhjh hdf bjrhwjrd jf usujrl`. Ur`tdgdr f`s hjt`s hd jmmds`s lkhdnlh`s p`r usujrl`s ` pr`grjojs. Jslgkjr rdmurs`s.


Uêglkj :7 hd 72


=.:. Gdstlýk hd Ur`mds`s =.:.:. Ur`mds`s

Tk pr`mds` ds ukj lkstjkmlj hd uk pr`grjoj pr`grjoj dk dadmumlýk . ]l k` dstuvldrj dk dadmumlýk, sýf` dstjrïjo`s bjnfjkh` hd uk pr`grjoj unlmjh` dk ukj uklhjh hd jfojmdkjoldkt` y k` hd uk pr`mds`. Mjhj vdz qud sd ojkhj j dadmutjr uk pr`grjoj sd mrdjrïj uk pr`mds`. Df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdnd rdjflzjr ukj gdstlýk jhdmujhj hd f`s rdmurs`s hdf slstdoj pjrj pjrj fj m`rrdmtj dadmumlýk hd f`s pr`mds`s. Mjhj vdz qud sd dadmutj uk pr`grjoj sd mrdj ukj dstrumturj hd hjt`s ffjojhj Nf`qud hd M`ktr`f hd Ur`mds` (NMU) ` Ur`mdss M`ktr`f Nf`mi (UMN) qud m`ktldkd fj slguldktd lkc`rojmlýk1 ULH (Ur`mdss Lhdktlclmjt`r) qud ds uk kñodr` dktdr` ñklm` y hlcdrdktd pjrj mjhj pr`mds` , dstjh` dk qud sd dkmudktrj (flst`, nf`qudjh` ` dk dadmumlýk), prl`rlhjh, rdmurs`s jslgkjh`s, vjf`rds hd f`s rdglstr`s hdf pr`mdsjh`r, pr`pldtjrl`, pdrols`s, dtm.

Df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` lhdktlclmj j mjhj pr`mds` m`k dstj dstrumturj hd c`roj ukïv`mj.


Uêglkj :2 hd 72


Hdpdkhldkh` hd sl df pr`mds` f` bj fjkzjh` uk usujrl` ` ds uk pr`mds` hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` , p`hdo`s hlstlkgulr dktrd1 Ur`mds`s hdf slstdoj. ]`k pr`mds`s qud gdkdrjfodktd sd dadmutjk dadmutjk jf lklmljr df slstdoj y sudfdk dstjr dk dadmumlýk pjrj pr`p`rml`kjr sdrvlml`s j f`s usujrl`s hdf slstdoj . Ur`mds`s hd usujrl`. ]`k f`s pr`mds`s qud ojkhj dadmutjr df usujrl` qud dktrd dk df slstdoj . ]l df slstdoj ds ouftlusujrl`, pudhd bjndr vjrl`s pr`mds`s hd hlstlkt`s usujrl`s dadmutêkh`sd j fj vdz. 



Dadopf`1 Dk df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws , sd pudhdk vdr f`s pr`mds`s hdshd df Jholklstrjh`r hd tjrdjs, qud sd jmmdhd pufsjkh` slouftêkdjodktd fjs tdmfjs hd jmmds` rêplh` MX^F + JFX + ]TU^ ` MX^F + ]BLCX + D]M, ` nldk bjmldkh` mflm m`k df n`týk hdrdmb` hdf rjtýk s`nrd df odkñ hd Lklml`

rêplh` y sd dflgd ‖Lklmljr

df Jholklstrjh`r hd tjrdjs‟.

Tk pr`mds` tldkd mò` oïklo` ukj bdnrj, pdr` pudhd qud tdkgj oês hd ukj pjrj oda`rjr df rdkhloldkt` . Uuds sl df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` ds ouftlpr`mds`, sd pudhdk dadmutjr fjs hlcdrdktds bdnrjs hd uk olso` pr`mds` pjrjfdfjodktd , `ntdklìkh`sd uk ojy`r tldop` hd rdspudstj .


Uêglkj :< hd 72


=.:.>. ]drvlml`s

F`s sdrvlml`s hd uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` s`k pr`mds`s qud pr`p`rml`kjk ukj hdtdrolkjhj cukmlýk j f`s usujrl`s . Mujfquldr slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, pjrj dopdzjr j cukml`kjr y pjrj tdrolkjr , kdmdsltj f`s sdrvlml`s hd jrrjkqud y pjrjhj. Jmtujfodktd, s`k pr`mds`s sdkmlff`s dk f`s qud uk`s clmbdr`s hd m`kclgurjmlýk m`ktr`fjk df lklml` y jrrjkqud hdf slstdoj . Jrrjkqud. Odhljktd df jrrjkqud sd prdpjrj df slstdoj pjrj qud pudhj sdr dxpf`tjh` y utlflzjh` p`r f`s usujrl`s . Ujrjhj. Df sdrvlml` hd pjrjhj hdnd hdajr jf slstdoj hd ojkdrj qud sd pudhj v`fvdr j jrrjkmjr slk pr`nfdojs. Jhdoês hd dst`s sdrvlml`s, uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` jmtujf pr`p`rml`kj oumb`s oês sdrvlml`s sdrvlml`s . 



=.:.=. Jfg`rlto`s hd pfjklclmjmlýk

Dk slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s ouftltjrdj f`s pr`mds`s jpjrdktdodktd sd dadmutjk j fj vdz, pdr` sl sýf` bjy uk ñklm` pr`mdsjh`r, ìstd sd tldkd qud hlstrlnulr dktrd t`h`s f`s pr`mds`s qud sd dstìk dadmutjkh` . J fj c`roj dk qud fj MUT sd hlstrlnuyd pjrj dadmutjr f`s pr`mds`s sd fd ffjoj pfjklclmjmlýk. Dxlstdk hlstlkt`s jfg`rlto`s hd pfjklclmjmlýk , mò` CLC@ (prlodr` (prlodr` dk dktrjr, prlodr` dk sjflr), ]AC (prlodr` df oês m`rt`) y ^ùkh ^`nlk (`pdrjmlýk (`pdrjmlýk p`r r`khjs). Df pfjklclmjh`r j m`rt` pfjz` (hlspjtmbdr) hdmlhd quì pr`mds` hd f`s qud dstêk prdpjrjh`s pjrj dadmutjrsd pjsj j utlflzjr df pr`mdsjh`r . Df pfjklclmjh`r hdnd lktdktjr olklolzjr df tldop` hd rdspudstj, ojxlolzjr fj mjktlhjh hd pr`mds`s qud sd dadmutdk y dvltjr qud uk pr`mds` qudhd p`stdrgjh` lkhdclklhjodktd . Hdnd lktdktjr trjtjr j f`s pr`mds`s p`r lgujf , sjfv` dk mjs` hd qud bjyj pr`mds`s qud tdkgjk ojy`r prl`rlhjh, jukqud tjonlìk hdnd dvltjr qud pr`mds`s ouy prl`rltjrl`s p`sp`kgjk lkhdclklhjodktd pr`mds`s odk`s prl`rltjrl`s, odhljktd tìmklmjs mò` dkvdadmloldkt` (jglkg). F`s dstjh`s dk f`s qud sd pudhd dkm`ktrjr uk pr`mds` s`k1 Flst`. Df pr`mds` dstê prdpjrjh` pjrj dadmutjrsd, ds hdmlr, dstê dk dspdrj hd qud df pr`mds` qud sd dstê dadmutjkh` hdad flnrd fj MUT. Nf`qudjh`. Df pr`mds` dstê dspdrjkh` uk rdmurs` qud dstê sldkh` utlflzjh` p`r `tr` pr`mds` dk dsd oòdkt`. Dk dadmumlýk. Df pr`mds` dstê dadmutjkh` sus lkstrumml`kds dk dsd oòdkt`, ds hdmlr, dstê `mupjkh` fj MUT. 






Uêglkj >5 hd 72


=.>. Gdstlýk hd odo`rlj Tk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdnd sdr mjpjz hd gdstl`kjr fj odo`rlj hdf slstdoj dclmjzodktd . F`s pr`mds`s qud sd dadmutjk dk df slstdoj kdmdsltjk qud sd fds jslgkd ukj z`kj hd odo`rlj pjrj su dadmumlýk , qud sd fd pr`tdaj dstj z`kj hd `tr`s jmmds`s ` p`hdrfj mòpjrtlr sl cudrj kdmdsjrl` y ukj vdz qud tdrolkjk df slstdoj hdnd flndrjr fj odo`rlj qud fd jslgký jf pr`mds`.

F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s tldkdk h`s mfjsds hd odo`rlj qud p`kdk j hlsp`slmlýk hd fjs jpflmjml`kds1 fj odo`rlj cïslmj y fj odo`rlj vlrtujf.

=.>.:. Odo`rlj cïslmj

Tk slstdoj lkc`roêtlm` tldkd ukj odo`rlj cïslmj ` m`k`mlhj mò` odo`rlj prlkmlpjf (qud ds fj odo`rlj ^JO) h`khd sd mjrgjrê df pr`grjoj qud vj j dktrjr j dadmutjrsd . Df jmmds` j f`s mblps hd odo`rlj ^JO ds dxtrdojhjodktd rêplh` dk df `rhdkjh`r .


Uêglkj >: hd 72


=.>.>. Odo`rlj vlrtujf

]urgd df m`kmdpt` hd odo`rlj vlrtujf pjrj p`hdr dadmutjr pr`grjojs qud k` dstìk mjrgjh`s t`tjfodktd dk odo`rlj , y p`hdr jsï mjrgjr vjrl`s pr`mds`s j fj vdz muy`s tjojú`s sdjk supdrl`rds j fj odo`rlj cïslmj ` nldk uk pr`mds` muy` tjojú` sdj supdrl`r supdr l`r j fj odo`rlj cïslmj hdf slstdoj. Fj odo`rlj vlrtujf dstê vlkmufjhj j uk hlsp`sltlv` hd jfojmdkjoldkt` ojslv` oumb` oês fdkt` (mò` df hlsm` hur`) qud mòpdksj su rdfjtlvj fdktltuh m`k uk dspjml` hd jfojmdkjoldkt` oumb` ojy`r .

Fj odo`rlj vlrtujf m`kslstlrïj dk mjrgjr dk odo`rlj prlkmlpjf fj pjrtd hdf pr`mds` qud sd dstì dadmutjkh` dk dsd oòdkt` y fj pjrtd hdf pr`mds` qud k` sd dadmutd sd mjrgjrê dk fj odo`rlj sdmukhjrlj.

ODO@^LJ ^JO + HL]M@ HT^@ ? ODO@^LJ SL^XTJF

Df jmmds` j fj odo`rlj vlrtujf ds ouy fdkt` m`k m`k rdspdmt` j fj odo`rlj prlkmlpjf.


Uêglkj >> hd 72


Dadopf`1 Dk df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws , sd pudhd o`hlclmjr df tjojú` hd fj odo`rlj vlrtujf dk Ur`pldhjhds hdf slstdoj, qud sd jmmdhd hdshd Dsmrlt`rl` bjmldkh` mflm m`k df n`týk hdrdmb` hdf

rjtýk s`nrd Dqulp` y sd dflgd

‖Ur`pldhjhds‟. Tkj vdz hdktr` k`s vjo`s jf ‖M`kclgurjmlýk jvjkzjhj hdf slstdoj‟ . Jb`rj, hdktr` hd ^dkhloldkt`,

odkñ lzquldrh` y sd dflgd pufsjo`s s`nrd df n`týk M`kclgurjmlýk. J m`ktlkujmlýk, sdfdmml`kjo`s fj pdstjúj @pml`kds jvjkzjhjs y bjmdo`s mflm s`nrd df n`týk Mjonljr hd Ur`grjojs.

=.>.=. Crjgodktjmlýk

Fj crjgodktjmlýk `murrd mujkh` df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` k` jslgkj suclmldktd dspjml` m`ktlgu` pjrj jfojmdkjr uk jrmblv` mòpfdt` mò` ukj uklhjh , slk` qud, dk mjonl`, p`kd pjrtds hd ìf dk budm`s dktrd `tr`s jrmblv`s (usujfodktd dst`s budm`s dxlstdk p`rqud jktds m`ktuvldr`k uk jrmblv` qud p`stdrl`rodktd cud n`rrjh` p`r df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, ` p`rqud dstd dk prlodr fugjr jslgký hdojsljh` dspjml` pjrj uk jrmblv`). F`s jrmblv`s oês grjkhds y y df ojy`r kñodr` hd jrmblv`s tjonlìk tjonlìk m`ktrlnuydk j fj crjgodktjmlýk y, dk m`ksdmudkmlj, j fj pìrhlhj hd rdkhloldkt`. Fj hdscrjgodktjmlýk lktdktj jflvljr dst`s pr`nfdojs . K@XJ1 F`s hjt`s crjgodktjh`s tjonlìk sd dxtldkhdk p`r df hlsm` oês hd f` kdmdsjrl`. U`r f` tjkt`, uk` pudhd hdscrjgodktjr pjrj jgrupjr f`s hjt`s dk ukj z`kj, jktds hd hlvlhlr ukj pjrtlmlýk dk h`s ` oês (p`r dadopf`, m`k GKT Ujrtdh ` Ujrtltl`kOjglm). U`r tjkt`, fj crjgodktjmlýk ds fj odo`rlj qud qudhj hdspdrhlmljhj jf usjr f`s oìt`h`s hd gdstlýk hd odo`rlj . Dxlstdk h`s tlp`s hd crjgodktjmlýk1 lktdrkj y dxtdrkj.


Uêglkj >= hd 72


=.>.=.:. Crjgodktjmlýk dxtdrkj

Fj crjgodktjmlýk dxtdrkj ds gdkdrjhj mujkh` hurjktd df rddopfjz` hd pr`mds`s qudhjk budm`s dktrd h`s ` oês pr`mds`s hd ojkdrj k` m`ktlguj y mjhj budm` k` ds mjpjz hd s`p`rtjr klkgñk pr`mds` hd fj flstj hd dspdrj . Xjf vdz dk m`kaukt` sl sdj dspjml` suclmldktd, pdr` sd rdqudrlrïj hd uk pr`mds` hd hdscrjgodktjmlýk hd odo`rlj ` mòpjmtjmlýk pjrj f`grjrf`. U`r tjkt`, fj crjgodktjmlýk dxtdrkj ds mujkh` fj pjrtlmlýk hd uk hlsm` ds tjk pdqudúj qud k` mjnd dk dffj klkgñk pr`mds`, p`r f` qud dsd dspjml` sd dstê hdspdrhlmljkh` . Dadopf`1

=.>.=.>. Crjgodktjmlýk lktdrkj

Fj crjgodktjmlýk lktdrkj ds gdkdrjhj mujkh` sd rdsdrvj oês odo`rlj hd fj qud df pr`mds` vj rdjfodktd j usjr . ]lk donjrg`, j hlcdrdkmlj hd fj dxtdrkj, dst`s budm`s k` sd pudhdk mòpjmtjr pjrj sdr utlflzjh`s. ]d hdnd hd dspdrjr j fj clkjflzjmlýk hdf pr`mds` pjrj qud sd flndrd df nf`qud mòpfdt` hd fj odo`rlj. U`r tjkt`, fj crjgodktjmlýk lktdrkj ds fj pìrhlhj hd dspjml` dk hlsm` hdnlh` jf bdmb` hd qud df tjojú` hd uk hdtdrolkjh` jrmblv` sdj lkcdrl`r jf tjojú` hdf mfñstdr , yj qud tdýrlmjodktd df jrmblv` dstjrïj `nflgjh` j sdr rdcdrdkmljh` mò` uk mfñstdr mòpfdt`.


Uêglkj >8 hd 72


Ìst` `murrd p`rqud f`s hlsm`s rïglh`s tldkdk uk tjojú` oïklo` hd nf`qud , qud ds ffjojh` mfñstdr. Dstd tjojú`, vjrïj sdgñk df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s, y df tjojú` t`tjf hd fj pjrtlmlýk. U`r ds`, sd sugldrd k` hlsp`kdr hd uk grjk tjojú` hd pjrtlmlýk dk d k f`s hlsm`s kudv`s h`khd fj mjpjmlhjh ds d s ouy lop`rtjktd. F`s mfñstdrds s`k m`ktlgu`s , hd c`roj qud hdshd df ñftlo` nlt hdf jrmblv` sltujh` dk df mfñstdr ‖j‟ bjstj df prlodr nlt hdf jrmblv` sltujh` dk df mfñstdr m`ktlgu` (ds hdmlr, ‖n‟) qudhj uk dspjml` s`nrjktd sldoprd tdkldkh` fj m`khlmlýk h d qud df jrmblv` hdf mfñstdr ‖j‟ cudrj oês pdqudú` qud df mfñstdr dk sï. Dadopf`1

Dadopf`1 ]l kudstr` mfustdr ds hd :3 IN (:3.=28 nytds), p`r oês qud uk jrmblv` `mupd odk`s, dk

kudstr` hlsm` `mupjrê :3 IN. Dst` sugldrd ukj pìrhlhj hd dsd dspjml` qud hlmd utlflzjr, pdr` k` utlflzj. U`r ds`, dk kudstr` dadopf`, uk jrmblv` hd = IN `mupjrê dk kudstr` hlsm` f` olso` qud uk` hd :5 IN, ` sdj :3 IN. Dsj pìrhlhj hd dspjml` sd hdkòlkj crjgodktjmlýk lktdrkj , y k` sd m`rrlgd m`k df hdscrjgodktjh`r. ]lk` jmblmjkh` df tjojú` hd fj pjrtlmlýk .

=.>.=.=. Hdscrjgodktjmlýk

Fj hdscrjgodktjmlýk pudhd juodktjr fj pr`plj vlhj hdf hlsm` hur` , jf olklolzjr df o`vloldkt` hd f`s mjndzjfds y slopflclmjr fjs `pdrjml`kds hd jmmds` j f`s hjt`s, jsï mò` juodktjr fjs p`slnlflhjhds hd rdmupdrjmlýk dk mjs` hd uk cjff`. U`r tjkt`, fj hdscrjgodktjmlýk m`kslstd dk `rhdkjr f`s tr`z`s hd lkc`rojmlýk hlstrlnulhj j trjvìs hd t`h` df hlsm`, pjrj oda`rjr fj vdf`mlhjh hd jmmds` y hlstrlnulr hd oda`r c`roj df dspjml` flnrd hdf hlsp`sltlv` . Mò` dstd pr`mds` m`kslstd dk fj rd`rgjklzjmlýk hd pjrtds hd jrmblv`s, rdquldrd hd suclmldktd odo`rlj pjrj rdjflzjr f`s o`vloldkt`s hd f`s tr`z`s hd lkc`rojmlýk . Jf o`vdr dk c`roj cïslmj fj lkc`rojmlýk, fj dstrumturj fýglmj k` sucrd jftdrjml`kds. Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

Uêglkj >4 hd 72


Ujrj ffdvjr j mjn` fj mòpjmtjmlýk ds kdmdsjrl` o`vdr pr`mds`s yj unlmjh`s hd ukjs z`kjs hd odo`rlj j `trjs , f` mujf dxlgd qud f`s pr`mds`s sdjk rdunlmjnfds dk tldop` hd dadmumlýk. Dadopf`1

Dk Wlkh`ws fj prdsdkmlj hd jrmblv`s lkjo`vlnfds hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` , bjmd qud df k` pudhj o`vdrf`s y sd pldrhj uk nudk p`rmdktjad hd oda`rj hdf rdkhloldkt` hdscrjgodktjh`r hd hlsm` k` hdf hlsm` hur`. Mldrt`s slstdojs hd jrmblv`s s`k oês susmdptlnfds j mjonl`s p`r hdscrjgodktjmlýk qud `tr`s. Dadopf`1 Tkj pjrtlmlýk hdf tlp` CJX sd crjgodktj oês rêplh` qud ukj hd pjrtlmlýk hdf tlp` KXC] (Wlkh`ws), DRX 8 (Flkux) ` BC] + (Ojm@]R).

=.=. Gdstlýk hd D/] Df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdnd gdstl`kjr f`s hlsp`sltlv`s hd D/] , mò` f`s pdrlcìrlm`s y fjs odo`rljs juxlfljrds, hd ojkdrj qud cjmlfltd su us` jf usujrl` . Fj gdstlýk hd D/] sd rdjflzj p`r df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` j trjvìs hd fjs hlrdmml`kds hd D/]. Fjs hlrdmml`kds hd D/] oês usujfds s`k1


Uêglkj >3 hd 72


Dk Wlkh`ws df Jholklstrjh`r hd hlsp`sltlv`s jfojmdkj lkc`rojmlýk jmdrmj hd f`s hlsp`sltlv`s lkstjfjh`s dk df dqulp` . Df Jholklstrjh`r hd hlsp`sltlv`s jfojmdkj fj slguldktd lkc`rojmlýk1 ]l df hlsp`sltlv` cukml`kj m`rrdmtjodktd, y hd k` sdr jsï, dkvïj odksjads hd drr`r. Hlsp`sltlv`s hd bjrhwjrd lkstjfjh`s. Uudrt`s L^Z (Lktdrrupt ^dqudst). Jslgkjml`kds hd odo`rlj. M`ktr`fjh`r hd hlsp`sltlv`s. Df Jholklstrjh`r hd hlsp`sltlv`s pdroltd dcdmtujr mjonl`s j fjs pr`pldhjhds hdf hlsp`sltlv`. 









Dadopf`1 Dk df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws , sd pudhdk vdr f`s hlsp`sltlv`s dk df Jholklstrjh`r hd hlsp`sltlv`s, qud sd jmmdhd hdshd df odkñ Lklml` y bjmdo`s mflm s`nrd Dqulp`. Hdspuìs, bjmdo`s mflm s`nrd ‖Ur`pldhjhds hdf slstdoj‟. Tkj vdz hdktr` k`s vjo`s jf odkñ lzquldrh` y sd dflgd ‖Jholklstrjh`r hd hlsp`sltlv`s‟.

Dk dstj clgurj dkm`ktrjo`s f`s hlsp`sltlv`s bjrhwjrd qud sd dkmudktrjk hlsp`klnfds dk df dqulp` dk mudstlýk, tjkt` f`s qud dstêk m`kclgurjh`s d lkstjfjh`s m`rrdmtjodktd (dk dstd mjs` t`h`s) mò` f`s qud tldkdk jfgñk pr`nfdoj , dk f`s qud jpjrdmdrïj ukj ojrmj qud sudfd sdr uk slgk` hd jholrjmlýk hdktr` hd uk trlêkguf`.


Uêglkj >7 hd 72


J m`ktlkujmlýk, sd oudstrjk t`h`s f`s hlsp`sltlv`s bjrhwjrd m`kclgurjh`s m`kclgur jh`s m`rrdmtjodktd.

Jb`rj, hdktr`, bjmdo`s mflm s`nrd df hlsp`sltlv` qud qudrjo`s vdr y m`k df n`týk hdrdmb` hdf rjtýk sdfdmml`kjo`s Ur`pldhjhds. Jquï hdktr` p`hdo`s vdr lkc`rojmlýk pr`plj hdf hlsp`sltlv` mò` fjs hlrdmml`kds hd D/] dk dk fj pdstjúj ^dmurs`s.


Uêglkj >2 hd 72


Dadopf`1

=.8. Gdstlýk hd Jrmblv`s Dadopf`1 °Mýo` jrmblvjk f`s `rhdkjh`rds0


Uêglkj >< hd 72


=.8.:. Jrmblv`s

Tk jrmblv` ` clmbdr` ds uk `nadt` qud rdprdsdktj fj uklhjh fýglmj hd jfojmdkjoldkt` hd lkc`rojmlýk . ]d rdprdsdktj odhljktd uk kònrd.

F`s hlrdmt`rl`s sd pudhdk m`kslhdrjr uk tlp` hd clmbdr` dspdmljf qud m`ktldkd j `tr`s clmbdr`s ` hlrdmt`rl`s .


Uêglkj =5 hd 72


Dadopf`1 Dk df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws , sd pudhdk vdr f`s jrmblv`s y fjs mjrpdtjs jmmdhldkh`

j Dqulp`.

=.8.>. Jtrlnut`s

F`s clmbdr`s sd mjrjmtdrlzjk odhljktd ukj sdrld hd jtrlnut`s, mò`1 df kònrd, df tjojú`, fj cdmbj hd mrdjmlýk y o`hlclmjmlýk , pr`pldtjrl`, pdrols`s (fdmturj, dsmrlturj y dadmumlýk), hlrdmmlýk ` hlrdmml`kds hd fj odo`rlj sdmukhjrlj h`khd dstê jfojmdkjh`, yj qud uk clmbdr` k` tldkd p`r quì dstjr cïslmjodktd dk hlrdmml`kds m`ktlgujs hd odo`rlj sdmukhjrlj. Dadopf`1 Ujrj o`hlclmjr f`s jtrlnut`s hd uk jrmblv` sd bjmd m`k df n`týk hdrdmb` hdf rjtýk s`nrd df jrmblv` y sd dflgd Ur`pldhjhds.


Uêglkj =: hd 72


=.8.=. @pdrjml`kds

M`k uk clmbdr` sd pudhdk rdjflzjr ukj sdrld hd `pdrjml`kds, mò`1 mrdjr, jnrlr, fddr, dsmrlnlr, mdrrjr, n`rrjr y `ntdkdr lkc`rojmlýk hd ìf . \ m`k uk hlrdmt`rl` sd pudhd rdjflzjr tjonlìk `pdrjml`kds, mò`1 mrdjr, dktrjr dk ìf, sjflr hd ìf, n`rrjrf`, jújhlr ` dflolkjr dk ìf oês jrmblv`s y hlrdmt`rl`s, fddr su m`ktdklh` . =.8.8. Dxtdksl`kds

Fjs dxtdksl`kds s`k m`kaukt`s hd mjrjmtdrds qud sd m`f`mjk sdpjrjh`s s dpjrjh`s p`r uk pukt` hdf kònrd hd uk jrmblv` . K`s slrvdk pjrj lhdktlclmjr df m`ktdklh` hdf olso`, y pdroltlr qud df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` pudhj dadmutjrf` ` lktdrprdtjrf`.

F`s jrmblv`s dadmutjnfds hdf O]-H@] m`ktldkdk f`s pr`grjojs hd jpflmjmlýk y hdndk tdkdr fjs dxtdksl`kds M@O, DRD ` NJX . F`s mòjkh`s s`k jrmblv`s hd pr`grjojs dadmutjnfds, m`k dxtdkslýk M@O , qud k` pudhdk `mupjr oês hd 38 Inytds. F`s jrmblv`s dadmutjnfds, m`k dxtdkslýk DRD , pudhdk tdkdr mò` oêxlo` uk tjojú` hd 385 Inytds. F`s jrmblv`s hd pr`mdsjoldkt` p`r f`tds , m`k dxtdkslýk NJX , m`ktldkdk ýrhdkds hd ffjojhj j `tr`s pr`grjojs. 





F`s jrmblv`s hd hjt`s hdf O]-H@] pudhdk tdkdr mujfquldr `trj dxtdkslýk , jukqud sudfd dstjr rdfjml`kjhj m`k df pr`grjoj hd jpflmjmlýk qud fj gdkdrý. Dadopf`1 XRX pjrj jrmblv`s J]MLL y H@M pjrj h`muodkt`s hd tdxt`. F`s mòjkh`s lkhlmjk jf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` fj `pdrjmlýk qud tldkd qud rdjflzjr. X`h`s f`s mòjkh`s sd jmtlvjk dsmrlnldkh` su kònrd, m`k ` slk pjrêodtr`s , y pufsjkh` fj tdmfj LKX^@. Bjy h`s tlp`s hd mòjkh`s1 F`s lktdrk`s qud s`k f`s nêslm`s y y dstêk m`ktdklh`s dk df jrmblv` ‖ mòojkh.mò ‟ . Dadopf`1 MF], mòojkh.mò ‟ SD^, HJXD, XLOD, S@F, ]\], ODO, HL^, OH, MH, ^H, HDF y M@U\. F`s dxtdrk`s qud s`k oês mòpfda`s y dstêk jfojmdkjh`s dk df hlsm` hur` dk jrmblv`s lkhdpdkhldktds . Dadopf`1 HL]IM@U\, C@ÔJX, CHL]I, MBH]I, ]MJKHL]I, RM@U\ y JXX^LN. 




Uêglkj => hd 72


8. HL]M@ HT^@ F`s hlsm`s hur`s m`kstltuydk fj uklhjh hd jfojmdkjoldkt` prlkmlpjf hdf `rhdkjh`r , h`khd sd gujrhjk pdrojkdktdodktd ukj grjk mjktlhjh hd hjt`s y pr`grjojs. M`kstltuydk fj odo`rlj hd jfojmdkjoldkt` ojslv`. Dst`s hjt`s y pr`grjojs k` f`s pudhd pr`mdsjr hlrdmtjodktd df pr`mdsjh`r, slk` qud dk uk pjs` prdvl` hdndk trjkscdrlrsd j fj odo`rlj prlkmlpjf h`khd sï f`s pudhd ojkdajr. Fj dstrumturj lktdrkj hd uk hlsm` hur` ds fj slguldktd1

Fjs uklhjhds hd hlsm` hur` m`ktldkdk : ` > hlsm`s (pfjt`s) jplfjh`s s`nrd uk dad mdktrjf y jlsfjh`s mòpfdtjodktd hdf dxtdrl`r. F`s dfdodkt`s oývlfds hd f`s hlsm`s hur`s dstêk oumb` oda`r m`kstrulh`s qud f`s hd f`s hlsqudtds, df slstdoj glrj j oês vdf`mlhjh (7.>55 (7.>55 rpo dk f`s jmtujfds) y f`s hlsm`s s`k hd ojy`r hdkslhjh . Ìst` bjmd qud fj mjpjmlhjh hd f`s hlsm`s hur`s sdj hd mldkt`s hd Gnytds (dk fj jmtujflhjh sd mòdrmljflzjk hlsm`s hd : XNytd, - : Xdrjnytd ? :5 :> nytds -). Fj mjktlhjh hd pfjt`s y fj mòp`slmlýk hdf rdvdstloldkt` ojgkìtlm` hdtdrolkjk fj mjpjmlhjh hd fj uklhjh. Mjpjmlhjh ? K±Pplstjs * K±Psdmt`rdsPp`rPplstj * 4:> * > Dk fj pjrtd lkcdrl`r hdf hlsm` hur` bjy ukj tjradtj hd mlrmult` loprds` qud rdmlnd f`s mòjkh`s hd fj m`ktr`fjh`rj hd fj pfjmj njsd , qud ds m`ktr`fjhj j su vdz p`r df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`. Dstj tjradtj trjhumd ds`s mòjkh`s dk vjrljml`kds hd tdkslýk qud cudrzjk df o`vloldkt` hd fjs mjndzjs hd fdmturj/dsmrlturj j trjvìs hd fj supdrclmld hd f`s hlsm`s. Fj tjradtj tjonlìk sd jsdgurj qud df dad hd f`s hlsm`s tdkgj ukj vdf`mlhjh m`kstjktd d lkc`roj j fj uklhjh hd muêkh` fddr y muêkh` dsmrlnlr s`nrd df hlsm`. Dadopf`1 Dk uk hlsm` LHD, df m`ktr`fjh`r hd hlsm` ds pjrtd lktdgrjf hd dstj tjradtj, o`strêkh`sd su jspdmt` j m`ktlkujmlýk.


Uêglkj == hd 72


Mujkh` df usujrl` ` df s`ctwjrd plhd jf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` qud fdj ` dsmrlnj uk hdtdrolkjh` sdmt`r hdf hlsm`, df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` `rhdkj j fj m`ktr`fjh`rj hdf hlsm` hur` qud oudvj f`s mjndzjfds hd fdmturj/dsmrlturj s`nrd fj plstj qud m`ktldkd dsd sdmt`r . F`s mjndzjfds hd fdmturj/dsmrlturj k` tldkdk oês qud dspdrjr qud dsd sdmt`r pjsd dxjmtjodktd p`r hdnja` hd dffjs, pjrj fddr ` dsmrlnlr dsmr lnlr s`nrd ìf .

8.:. Dstrumturj cïslmj y fýglmj Fj dstrumturj ds fj c`roj dk qud sd gujrhj fj lkc`rojmlýk dk df s`p`rtd y sd pudhd hlvlhlr dk h`s pjrtds1 dstrumturj cïslmj y dstrumturj fýglmj . 8.:.:. Dstrumturj cïslmj

Fj dstrumturj cïslmj ds fj c`roj dk qud dstê hlvlhlh` df odhl` hd jfojmdkjoldkt` , nldk sdj hlsm`, mlktj, dtm.9 m`rrdsp`khd j f`s fugjrds h`khd sd gujrhjrê fj lkc`rojmlýk y qud dstêk prdpjrjh`s pjrj dff`9 sd mrdj mujkh` sd m`kstruyd dk fj cênrlmj. U`r tjkt`, uk hlsm` hur` ds nêslmjodktd uk m`kaukt` hd pfjt`s rdmunldrt`s m`k uk ojtdrljf sdkslnfd j jftdrjml`kds ojgkìtlmjs qud glrjk j grjk vdf`mlhjh (muyj olslýk ds fj hd jfojmdkjr f`s hjt`s) y uk`s mjndzjfds oývlfds hd grjk prdmlslýk (f`s (f`s dkmjrgjh`s hd fddr y dsmrlnlr dk f`s pfjt`s ojgkìtlm`s).













Bjy vjrl`s m`kmdpt`s pjrj rdcdrlrsd j z`kjs hdf hdf hlsm` 1 Ufjt`. Mjhj uk` hd f`s hlsm`s qud bjy hdktr` hd fj uklhjh hd hlsm` hur`. Mjrj. Mjhj uk` hd f`s h`s fjh`s hd uk pfjt`. Mjndzjf (` mjndzj). Kñodr` hd mjndzj ` mjndzjf p`r mjhj mjrj. Ulstj. Tkj mlrmukcdrdkmlj hdktr` hd ukj mjrj9 fj plstj mdr` (5) dstê dk df n`rhd dxtdrl`r. Mlflkhr`. M`kaukt` hd vjrljs plstjs. ]`k t`hjs fjs mlrmukcdrdkmljs qud dstêk jflkdjhjs vdrtlmjfodktd (ukj hd mjhj mjrj). ]dmt`r. Mjhj ukj hd fjs hlvlsl`kds hd ukj plstj. Df tjojú` hdf sdmt`r k` ds cla`, sldkh` df dstêkhjr jmtujf 4:> nytds. Fj dstrumturj cïslmj hd uk hlsm` ds mjrjs, plstjs y sdmt`rds .


Uêglkj =8 hd 72


Tk mfñstdr ds uk m`kaukt` hd sdmt`rds m`ktlgu`s qud mòp`kdk fj uklhjh oês pdqudúj hd jfojmdkjoldkt` hd uk hlsm` . F`s jrmblv`s sd jfojmdkjk dk uk` ` vjrl`s mfñstdrs, hdpdkhldkh` hd su tjojú` hd uklhjh hd jslgkjmlýk. ]lk donjrg`, sl df tjojú` hd jrmblv` ds odk`r qud df tjojú` hd uk mfñstdr, ìstd f` `mupj mòpfdt`.

8.:.>. Dstrumturj fýglmj

Fj dstrumturj fýglmj ds fj c`roj mò` dstê gujrhjhj fj lkc`rojmlýk dk df s`p`rtd m`rrdsp`khldktd . ]d m`k`md mò` slstdoj hd jrmblv`s y dstê hlvlhlhj dk vjrljs z`kjs. Dadopf`1 Dk f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s O]-H@] ` Wlkh`ws
8.>. ]lstdoj hd jrmblv`s Df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s ds fj dstrumturj gdkdrjf m`k fj qud sd kònrj j f`s jrmblv`s, hdtdrolkjkh` fj c`roj dk qud sd jfojmdkjk y `rgjklzjk f`s hjt`s y clmbdr`s dk df hlsm` hur` . Dadopf`1 Tk jrmblvjh`r ojktldkd dk `rhdk h`muodkt`s, clmbjs u `tr`s pjpdfds.


Uêglkj =4 hd 72


Mujfquldr pjrtlmlýk hd f`s hlsm`s hur`s qud hlsp`kgjo`s dk df `rhdkjh`r, tldkd qud tdkdr jslgkjh` uk slstdoj hd jrmblv`s pjrj p`hdr trjnjajr m`k dffj , y pudhd sdr hlcdrdktd df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s dk mjhj pjrtlmlýk. Fj ojy`rïj hd f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s tldkdk uk slstdoj hd jrmblv`s hd dstrumturj adrêrqulmj, dk df qud f`s hlrdmt`rl`s pjrtdk hd uk` ffjojh` ffjojh` hlrdmt`rl` rjïz (M1 dk Wlkh`ws, / dk Flkux), y hdf qud mudfgjk t`h`s f`s hdoês dk c`roj hd êrn`f , hd jbï qud sd utlflmdk tìrolk`s mò` êrn`f hd sunhlrdmt`rl`s. Dadopf`1









F`s slstdojs hd jrmblv`s sd pudhdk mfjslclmjr dk mujtr` mjtdg`rïjs1 Hd hlsm` pjrj qud uk dqulp` pudhj trjnjajr hd c`roj f`mjf. Hd rdh pjrj qud uk dqulp` pudhj trjnjajr m`k uk slstdoj hd jrmblv`s hd `tr` dqulp` mò` sl cudrj f`mjf (kcs) ` mòpjrtlr jrmblv`s p`r fj rdh (soncs). Dspdmljfds (swjp, pjrj fj pjrtlmlýk hd lktdrmjonl` hd odo`rlj dk Flkx). Slrtujfds pjrj qud ukj hdtdrolkjhj jpflmjmlýk pudhj tdkdr jmmds` j hlcdrdktds slstdojs hd jrmblv`s (vlrtujf CT]D, vcjt,…).



















F`s slstdojs hd jrmblv`s oês utlflzjh`s s`k1 CJX. SCJX. CJX=>. KXC]. DRX >, DRX = y DRX 8. MHC]. THC. BC]. BC]+.


Uêglkj =3 hd 72


8.>.:. CJX

CJX (Clfd Jff`mjtl`k Xjnfd, Xjnfj hd F`mjflzjmlýk hd Clmbdr`s) utlflzjh` dk slstdojs O]-

H@] y Wlkh`ws dk dqulp`s hd us` hòìstlm`. Df c`rojt` hd f`s hlsqudtds y hlsm`s hur`s bjstj Wlkh`ws <2, s`k slstdojs qud f` utlflzjk. Dstd slstdoj tldkd fjs slguldktds mjrjmtdrïstlmjs nêslmjs1 Jholtd uk tjojú` oêxlo` hd pjrtlmlýk hd > GNytds . Ttlflzj dktrjhjs hd :3 nlts . Ttlflzj f` qud sd hdkòlkj kònrd m`rt` hd uk jrmblv`, qud m`kstj hd 2 mjrjmtdrds pjrj df kònrd y = mjrjmtdrds pjrj pjrj fj dxtdkslýk. Ttlflzj mfustdr hd tjojú` ouy grjkhd , m`k f` qud sd hdspdrhlmlj njstjktd dspjml` dk df hlsm` hur`. Ds mòpjtlnfd m`k fj ojy`rïj hd f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s. 









Dadopf`1 Dstrumturj nêslmj hdf slstdoj hd jrmblv`s CJX.

Ujrj hlcdrdkmljrf` hd su sumds`r, df CJX=>, sd fd ffjoý CJX:3. 8.>.>. SCJX

SCJX (Slrtujf CJX) ds df kònrd qud sd hj j·ukj CJX qud jholtd kònrds hd clmbdr`s hd bjstj >44 mjrjmtdrds , sldkh` mòpjtlnfd m`k CJX. Df tjojú` oêxlo` hd pjrtlmlýk slgud sldkh` hd > GNytds . Ttlflzj dktrjhjs hd :3 nlts.

]d mòdkzý j utlflzjr m`k Wlkh`ws <4.


Uêglkj =7 hd 72


8.>.=. CJX=>

CJX=> Dstd mjs` ds mò` CJX y SCJX, pdr` utlflzjkh` dktrjhjs hd => nlts dk fugjr hd f`s :3

nlts qud utlflzjnjk fjs jktdrl`rds. Jpjrdmlý m`k Wlkh`ws <2 . Dktrd sus mjrjmtdrïstlmjs nêslmjs tdkdo`s1 Uudhd trjnjajr m`k pjrtlml`kds hd hlsm` hur` ojy`rds hd > GNytds . Df tjojú` oês pdqudú` hd mfustdr dk df hlsm` ds odk`r qud dk CJX , m`k f` qud sd jpr`vdmbj oda`r df hlsm` hur`. K` ds mòpjtlnfd pjrj f`s slstdojs CJX, ds hdmlr, qud CJX y SCJX k` pudhdk fddr fjs pjrtlml`kds CJX=>, pdr` CJX=> sï pudhd fddr fjs pjrtlml`kds CJX y SCJX. 





8.>.8. KXC]

KXC] (Kdw Xdmbk`f`gy Clfd ]ystdo, ]lstdoj hd Clmbdr`s hd Kudvj Xdmk`f`gïj) oda`rj df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s jf lktr`humlr ojy`r sdgurlhjh, ojy`r dstjnlflhjh y ojy`r tjojú` hd f`s jrmblv`s . Ds utlflzjh` dk Wlkh`ws KX, Wlkh`ws >555, Wlkh`ws RU, Wlkh`ws Slstj y Wlkh`ws 7 . 











Dktrd sus mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hdstjmjnfds dkm`ktrjo`s1 ]`p`rtj pjrtlml`kds hd tjojú` ouy grjkhd :3 Dxjnytds (:3 · :5 :2 nytds), sldkh` fj pjrtlmlýk oïkloj hd 4 ONytds . Ds uk slstdoj hd jrmblv`s rdmupdrjnfd p`rqud ojktldkd uk rdglstr` hd fjs `pdrjml`kds dcdmtujhjs dk df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s. F`s kònrds hd f`s jrmblv`s pudhdk sdr hd bjstj >44 mjrjmtdrds hd hd f`kgltuh. Lkm`rp`rj mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd sdgurlhjh, mòprdslýk, mlcrjh` y pdrols`s dk f`s jrmblv`s , jsï mò` mu`tjs hd dspjml` dk df hlsm` hur` . K` sd pudhd jmmdhdr j ukj pjrtlmlýk KXC] hdshd Wlkh`ws <4 kl Wlkh`ws <2. Crjgodktj odk`s df hlsm` hur`.

8.>.4. DRX >, DRX = y DRX 8

DRX >, DRX = y DRX 8 s`k slstdojs hd jrmblv`s utlflzjh`s dk Flkux dk sus hlcdrdktds

vdrsl`kds. Dktrd sus mjrjmtdrïstlmjs sd pudhdk hdstjmjr1 Ds mjpjz hd trjnjajr m`k pjrtlml`kds grjkhds . Jholtd kònrds hd jrmblv`s fjrg`s (bjstj >44 mjrjmtdrds ).). ^dsdrvj jfguk`s nf`quds pjrj df supdrusujrl`, m`k prlvlfdgl`s dspdmljfds . Udroltd pr`tdgdr f`s jrmblv`s p`r usujrl`s ` grup`s. DRX > rdjflzj uk mbdqud` hdf hlsm` hur` sl sd jpjgj df `rhdkjh`r hd c`roj lkm`rrdmtj, f` qud pudhd tjrhjr oumb` tldop` dk df prýxlo` lklml`. DRX = bjmd df slstdoj oês r`nust` jktd jpjgjh`s k` jhdmujh`s (m`rtds (m`rtds hd suolklstr` dfìmtrlm` p`r dadopf`) y `ptlolzj fj vdf`mlhjh hd jmmds` j f`s jrmblv`s . Jhdoês, usj fj tìmklmj m`k`mlhj mò` aùrkjflkg, qud m`kslstd dk qud sd rdglstrj j hljrl` f`s mjonl`s dk df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s pjrj p`hdr rdmupdrjr rdmupdrjr f`s hjt`s dk mjs` hd cjff` . DRX 8 s`p`rtj hlsm`s ojy`rds y y df rdkhloldkt` hd fj MUT ds oda`r . 














Uêglkj =2 hd 72

Xdoj =1 ]lstdojs @pdrjtlv`s. 

F`s trds slstdojs hd jrmblv`s s`k mòpjtlnfds dktrd sï . ]d pudhd pjsjr hd DRX > j DRX = y DRX 8 slk tdkdr qud c`rojtdjr fj pjrtlmlýk.

8.>.3. MHC]

MHC] (MH-^@O Clfd ]ystdo, ]lstdoj hd Jrmblv`s hd MH-^@O) ds uk slstdoj hd jrmblv`s mòpjtlnfd m`k fj k`roj L]@-<335 . 8.>.7. THC

THC (Tklvdrsjf hlsi C`rojt, C`rojt` hd Hlsm` Tklvdrsjf) ds df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s hdclklh` y ds utlflzjh` p`r fjs grjnjh`rjs hd MH, HSH y Nfud ^jy. p`r fj k`roj L]@-:==83 y 8.>.2. BC]

BC] (Bldrjrqulmjf Clfd ]ystdo, ]lstdoj hd Jrmblv`s Adrêrqulm`) ds df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s hdsjrr`ffjh` p`r Jppfd pjrj su us` m`k df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Ojm @] . ]d hlsdúý pjrj sdr usjh` m`k

hlsqudtds, hlsm`s hur`s y uklhjhds hd MH-^@O. 8.>.<. BC]+

]ustltuyý jf jktdrl`r. Xldkd jfgukjs oda`rjs, mò` df aùrkjflkg, df slstdoj hd m`hlclmjmlýk hd mjrjmtdrds qud utlflzj ds df Tklm`hd pjrj df kònrd hd f`s jrmblv`s y y ìst`s pudhdk sdr hd ojy`r tjojú` qud dk df BC].

8.=. Ujrtlml`kds Fjs uklhjhds hd jfojmdkjoldkt` pudhdk prdpjrjrsd pjrj trjnjajr m`k uk sýf` slstdoj hd jrmblv`s dk df mjs` hd pdqudúj mjpjmlhjh , ` m`k vjrl`s slstdojs hd jrmblv`s dk df mjs` hd grjk mjpjmlhjh .


Uêglkj =< hd 72


Fjs pjrtlml`kds s`k hlvlsl`kds fýglmjs (k` cïslmjs) hdf hlsm` hur` . Mò` f`s hlsm`s hur`s dstêk c`rojh`s p`r mlflkhr`s, mjhj pjrtlmlýk dstê hdtdrolkjhj p`r uk m`kaukt` hd mlflkhr`s m`ksdmutlv`s .





Fjs pjrtlml`kds pudhdk hdclklrsd mò` prlojrljs ` dxtdkhlhjs. Fj pjrtlmlýk prlojrlj ds fj ñklmj hdshd fj qud pudhd jrrjkmjr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` , jquï ds h`khd df ON^ nusmjrê df pr`grjoj qud m`ktr`fj df jrrjkqud (n``t ojkjgdr). Dk O]-H@] p`hdo`s hdclklr p`r mjhj hlsm` bjstj mujtr` pjrtlml`kds prlojrljs, pdr` sýf` ukj pudhd dstjr jmtlvj . Grjmljs j ìst` p`hrïjk m`kvlvlr dk kudstr` dqulp` mujtr` slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s hlstlkt`s. Fj pjrtlmlýk dxtdkhlhj k` pudhd usjrsd mò` pjrtlmlýk hd jrrjkqud hd uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` , pdr` tldkd fj vdktjaj hd p`hdr hlvlhlrsd dk vjrl`s v`fñodkds, qud s`k m`k`mlh`s mò` uklhjhds fýglmjs. Fjs uklhjhds fýglmjs s`k dk rdjflhjh sunhlvlsl`kds hd fj dxtdkhlhj , qud pudhdk jfàjr hlstlkt`s slstdojs hd jrmblv`s .

]lk donjrg`, df usujrl` kukmj trjnjaj hlrdmtjodktd s`nrd fjs pjrtlml`kds hd uk hlsm` hur`, kl k`tjrê klkgukj hlcdrdkmlj p`r trjnjajr dk ukj prlojrlj ` dk ukj dxtdkhlhj . Ujrj trjnjajr m`k f`s hjt`s sd hdclkd df m`kmdpt` hd v`fuodk, mjhj v`fuodk ffdvj jslgkjhj ukj fdtrj hd uklhjh qud fj lhdktlclmj pjrj p`hdr trjnjajr m`k dffj dffj . Dadopf`1 Tk hlsm` hur` bj slh` pjrtlml`kjh` dk 8, qud s`k1 Wlkh`ws dstê dk fj uklhjh fýglmj M1, H`muodkt`s dk H1, Oñslmj y Sïhd`s dk C1 y Udfïmufjs dk G1.


Uêglkj 85 hd 72


hlsm`.

]l k` dxlstldrj fj pjrtlmlýk dxtdkhlhj, k` sdrïj p`slnfd utlflzjr oês hd mujtr` pjrtlml`kds dk uk

Dk uk hlsm` hur` sd pudhdk pudh dk hdclklr mò` oêxlo` bjstj mujtr` pjrtlml`kds prlkmlpjfds . Uudhd bjndr hd ukj j mujtr` pjrtlml`kds prlojrljs 9 dxtdkhlhjs sýf` ukj y k` pudhd dstjr s`fj , ds hdmlr, qud bj hd bjndr jf odk`s ukj prlojrlj. Dadopf`1

Mjhj pjrtlmlýk ds m`kslhdrjhj mò` uk ñklm` budm` h`khd sd unlmjrê uk ñklm` pr`mds`. Df grjh` oêxlo` hd ouftlpr`grjojmlýk (kñodr` oêxlo` hd pr`mds`s qud pudhdk dadmutjrsd m`kmurrdodktd) dk dst`s slstdojs ds lgujf j 8.


Uêglkj 8: hd 72


8.=.:. S`fñodkds

F`s v`fñodkds ` uklhjhds fýglmjs s`k p`rml`kds hd uk` ` vjrl`s hlsm`s hur`s qud df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` trjtj mò` sl cudrjk ukj s`fj uklhjh cïslmj, mò` sl hlaìrjo`s uk hlsm` hur` vlrtujf. Hd ojkdrj qud p`hdo`s dsmrlnlr y fddr hjt`s dk dffjs, c`rojtdjrfjs, nusmjr drr`rds, dtm. Tk v`fuodk pudhd jnjrmjr1 Tkj pjrtlmlýk prlojrlj mòpfdtj . Fj pjrtlmlýk prlojrlj sýf` pudhd jfndrgjr uk v`fuodk. Tk crjgodkt` hd ukj pjrtlmlýk dxtdkhlhj . Dk ukj pjrtlmlýk dxtdkhlhj p`hdo`s lkmfulr tjkt`s v`fñodkds mýo` qudrjo`s. 



8.=.>. U`r quì pjrtlml`kjr uk hlsm` hur`







Df bjmdr pjrtlml`kds dk uk hlsm` hur` pudhd rdprdsdktjr lktdrdsjktds vdktjajs1 Cfdxlnlflhjh. ]l tdkdo`s dk kudstr` slstdoj sýf` uk hlsm` m`k ukj s`fj pjrtlmlýk prlojrlj, k` p`hrdo`s jmmdhdr j fjs lktdrdsjktds `pml`kds qud k`s pdroltd df jholklstrjh`r hd hlsm`s, yj qud dstj pjrtlmlýk jfndrgjrê df slstdoj y k` pudhd sdr o`hlclmjhj. ]l tdkdo`s uk` ` vjrl`s hlsm`s m`k ukjs mujktjs pjrtlml`kds, p`hrdo`s mrdjr kudv`s v`fñodkds, jopfljr df dspjml` dk fjs uklhjhds dxlstdktds, mrdjr hlsm`s dspda`, dtm. @rgjklzjmlýk. Ds jhdmujh` tdkdr sdpjrjh`s f`s grjkhds nf`quds hd hjt`s dk hlstlktjs pjrtlml`kds hd ojkdrj qud kudstr` êrn`f hd hlrdmt`rl` sdj odk`s mòpflmjh` y oês lktultlv`. ^dkhloldkt`. Dk hlsm`s hur`s hd grjk tjojú` c`rojtdjh`s m`k CJX gjkjrdo`s dspjml` sl bjmdo`s uk jhdmujh` kñodr` hd pjrtlml`kds.

‖chlsi‟ y y ‖Ujrtltl`k Ojglm‟ 8.=.=. Ttlflhjhds ‖chlsi‟

Fj utlflhjh chlsi hdf O]-H@], sýf` pdroltd mrdjr ukj pjrtlmlýk prlojrlj y `trj dxtdkhlhj , jukqud m`k `trjs bdrrjoldktjs (mò` Ujrtltl`k Ojglm) p`hrdo`s mrdjr vjrljs (bjstj uk t`tjf hd 8 qud ds f` oêxlo` pdroltlh`).


Uêglkj 8> hd 72


Dadopf`1 Mrdjmlýk hd pjrtlml`kds m`k df pr`grjoj chlsi.

Dadopf`1 Mrdjmlýk hd pjrtlml`kds m`k df pr`grjoj Ujrtltl`k Ojglm .

8.=.8. C`rojtd`

Jukqud sd bjyjk hdclklh` fjs pjrtlml`kds dk fjs qud sd vj j dstrumturjr df hlsm`, t`hjvïj ìstjs k` s`k jmmdslnfds jf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`. Ujrj dff`, tdkdo`s qud c`rojtdjr mjhj ukj hd fjs pjrtlml`kds m`k uk c`rojt` rdm`k`mlnfd p`r df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` qud vjyjo`s j lkstjfjr .


Uêglkj 8= hd 72


Df pr`mds` hd c`rojtd` hd uk hlsm` hur` p`hdo`s mfjslclmjrf` dk h`s klvdfds1 c`rojtd` j nja` klvdf y j jft` klvdf . Df c`rojtd` j nja` klvdf mrdjrê dk df hlsm` hur` fjs ojrmjs hd lklml` y clk hd f`s sdmt`rds, y p`r f` tjkt` f`s sdmt`rds dk sï . Dstd tlp` hd c`rojtd` k` hdnd sdr rdjflzjh` kukmj, puds sd m`rrd df pdflgr` hd hdstrulr hd c`roj pdrojkdktd jf hlsm` hur`. Ds oês, oumb`s cjnrlmjktds jkufjk fj gjrjktïj hd sus hlsm`s hur`s sl ìst`s bjk slh` rdc`rojtdjh`s j nja` klvdf. Df c`rojtd` j nja` klvdf rdquldrd s`ctwjrd dspdmïclm` mò` ‖Bjrh hlsi ojkjgdr‟ . Df c`rojtd` j jft` klvdf sýf` mòprudnj fj lktdgrlhjh hd t`h`s f`s sdmt`rds nusmjkh` hdcdmtu`s`s , qud dk df mjs` hd jpjrdmdr sdrêk ojrmjh`s mò` ojf`s y jsï dvltjr su us`. Xjonlìk sd mrdjk f`s sdmt`rds hd jrrjkqud, fjs tjnfjs hd jslgkjmlýk hd clmbdr`s (CJX) y df hlrdmt`rl` rjïz. Tkj vdz c`rojtdjhjs p`hdo`s hdclklr df m`kmdpt` hd v`fuodk. 



8.=.4. ON^

Dk df hlsm` hur`, dxlstd uk prlodr sdmt`r hd 4:> nytds qud qud sd hdkòlkj Ojstdr N``t ^dm`rh (^dglstr` Ojdstr` hd Lklml`) ` ON^. Dk ìf sd jfojmdkj uk pdqudú` pr`grjoj muy` pr`pýslt` ds lklmljr fj mjrgj hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` , sdgulh` hd ukj tjnfj hd pjrtlml`kds . Fj lkc`rojmlýk hd fj tjnfj hd pjrtlml`kds fd lkhlmj j uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hýkhd mòldkzj y hýkhd tdrolkj df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s qud hdnd jholklstrjr .

Dadopf`1


Uêglkj 88 hd 72


4. MJ^GJ HDF ].@. Tkj vdz qud fj ^@O bj hdtdmtjh` df hlsm` hur` prlkmlpjf , fdd df prlodr sdmt`r qud sd dkmudktrj dk ìstd, hlmb` sdmt`r ds df Ojstdr N``t ^dm`rh (ON^, fltdrjfodktd ^dglstr` Ojdstr` hd Lklml`), qud m`ktldkd uk pr`grjoj dadmutjnfd y ukj tjnfj h`khd dstêk hdclklhjs fjs pjrtlml`kds hdf hlsm` . Df dadmutjnfd hdf ON^ ffjoj j su vdz j `tr` pr`grjoj m`ktdklh` dk df prlodr sdmt`r hd fj pjrtlmlýk qud ds df dkmjrgjh` hd mjrgjr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk odo`rlj. prlojrlj jmtlvj qud


Uêglkj 84 hd 72


4.:. ]dmudkmlj hd jrrjkqud hdf `rhdkjh`r Fj sdmudkmlj hd jrrjkqud hd uk `rhdkjh`r ds uk pr`mds` qud sd ffdvj j mjn` odhljktd ukj sdrld hd pjs`s. :) Dk prlodr fugjr, hdshd ukj odo`rlj k` v`fêtlf hdf tlp` DDU^@O ` odo`rlj cfjsb sd mjrgj df pr`grjoj NL@] (Njslm Lkput/@utput ]ystdo). Dstd pr`grjoj mòprudnj df dstjh` hdf bjrhwjrd y hdtdrolkj su m`kclgurjmlýk, pr`mds` qud sd hdkòlkj U@]X (U`wdr @k ]dfc Xdst) . >) U`stdrl`rodktd, sl k` bjy drr`rds, mjrgj dk odo`rlj uk mýhlg` ffjojh` n``tstrjp ` n``tf`jhdr , qud pudhd dstjr jfojmdkjh` dk uk MH/HSH, dk uk T]N, dk df hlsm` hur`, dk df ON^ (Ojstdr N``t ^dm`rh), sltujh` dk df sdmt`r 5 hd fj pjrtlmlýk hd jrrjkqud , ` nldk jmmdhdrsd j ìf trjvìs hd fj rdh. Jktdrl`rodktd, tjonlìk s`fïj dstjr dk df sdmt`r 5 hd f`s hlsqudtds, pdr` ìst`s hlsp`sltlv`s dstêk yj dk hdsus`. =) ]l jrrjkmjo`s hdshd df hlsm` hur`, df mýhlg` dk df ON^ dxjolkj fj tjnfj hd pjrtlml`kds , lhdktlclmj fj pjrtlmlýk jmtlvj, fdd df sdmt`r hd jrrjkqud (m`k`mlh` mò` n``t) hd fj pjrtlmlýk, y dadmutj df mýhlg` jfojmdkjh` dk dsd sdmt`r hd jrrjkqud . Dk df mjs` hd Wlkh`ws, df sdmt`r hd jrrjkqud n``t, m`ktldkd lkstrumml`kds pjrj f`mjflzjr hdktr` hd fj pjrtlmlýk hdf hlsm` , df jrmblv` KXFH^ , mjrgjrf` dk odo`rlj y mòdkzjr j dadmutjrf` . Fjs lkstrumml`kds hdktr` hdf sdmt`r hd jrrjkqud, s`k dspdmïclmjs pjrj df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s hdclklh` dk fj pjrtlmlýk. Ds hdmlr, qud sl fj pjrtlmlýk hd jrrjkqud tldkd c`rojt` KXC], df pr`grjoj hd lkstjfjmlýk m`f`mj jffï lkstrumml`kds dspdmïclmjs pjrj trjnjajr m`k dsd slstdoj hd jrmblv`s. 8) Df jrmblv` KXFH^ (KX F`jhdr) ds df mjrgjh`r hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` . Hurjktd fj sdmudkmlj hd lklml`, KXFH^ fdd df jrmblv` n``t.lkl . Df jrmblv` n``t.lkl , prdsdktd dk df hlrdmt`rl` rjïz hd fj pjrtlmlýk hd jrrjkqud, dstjnfdmd fjs `pml`kds y pjrêodtr`s kdmdsjrl`s pjrj df pr`mds` hd lklml` . Ds df qud lkhlmj muêf ds fj f`mjflzjmlýk hd f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s prdsdktds dk df dqulp` (dk df mjs` hd bjndr oês hd uk`), pjrj dstjnfdmdr uk odkñ hd jrrjkqud. ]l df jrmblv` n``t.lkl tldkd oês hd ukj fïkdj pjrj sdfdmml`kjr uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, k`s jpjrdmdrê ukj pjktjffj (hurjktd uk tldop` m`kclgurjhj dk dstd olso` jrmblv`) qud k`s pdroltd dfdglr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` m`k df qud qudrdo`s jrrjkmjr. ]l k` dfdglo`s klkguk`, KXFH^ mjrgjrê df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` qud p`r hdcdmt` dstì dspdmlclmjh` dk df jrmblv` n``t.lkl . 4) Hdspuìs hd mjrgjr dk odo`rlj df jrmblv` KXFH^, fj sdmudkmlj hd lklml` nusmj lkc`rojmlýk jmdrmj hdf bjrhwjrd y f`s m`ktr`fjh`rds pjrj prdpjrjr fjs cjsds hd mjrgj hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` . Ttlflzj df jrmblv` KXHDXDMX qud hdtdmtj f`s slguldktds m`ktr`fjh`rds1 Df jrmblv` KXHDXDMX prdguktj j fj NL@] hd fj pfjmj njsd p`r fj m`kclgurjmlýk nêslmj hdf dqulp`, mò`1 quì tlp` hd NT] tldkd (UML, T]N, ]JXJ, dtm.), muêkt`s hlsm`s y hd quì tlp` s`k f`s qud dstêk m`kdmtjh`s jf dqulp`, quì tlp` hd rjtýk, dtm.


Uêglkj 83 hd 72


3) Jb`rj, mjrgj dk odo`rlj df kñmfd` (idrkdf) hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` 1 kt`sirkf.dxd y bjf.hff. Dst`s ñftlo`s jrmblv`s gdkdrjfodktd sd dkmudktrjk dk df hlrdmt`rl` rjïz h`khd dstê lkstjfjh` df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`. BJF (Bjrhwjrd Jnstrjmtl`k Fjydr ` Mjpj hd Jnstrjmmlýk hd Bjrhwjrd) ds ukj lktdrcjz hd mòuklmjmlýk dktrd df dqulp` y df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`. Dstd oýhuf` pdroltd qud uk olso` slstdoj `pdrjtlv` sdj mjpjz hd cukml`kjr dk oêqulkjs hd hlcdrdktd kjturjfdzj . Dadmutj df clmbdr` KX@]I^KF, qud tldkd hlcdrdktds kònrds sdgñk fjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hdf dqulp`, y mjrgj f`s vjf`rds hdf rdglstr` gujrhjh`s dk df hlsm` hur` 1 L^Z (Lktdrrupml`kds) y f`s m`ktr`fjh`rds pjrj f`s hlsp`sltlv`s hd bjrhwjrd. Hdpdkhldkh` hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` f`s jrmblv`s hdf slstdoj qud sd mjrgjk s`k1 L@.]\] qud mjrgj f`s m`ktr`fjh`rds qud kdmdsltj df slstdoj pjrj mòuklmjrsd m`k f`s pdrlcìrlm`s. Jquï utlflzj df jrmblv` ‖ m`kclg.sys ‟ . m`kclg.sys ‟ O]H@].]\] qud m`ktldkd df m`kaukt` hd cukml`kds qud utlflzjk f`s pr`grjojs hd jpflmjmlýk (Idrkdf). [email protected]@O qud m`ktldkd df m`kaukt` hd mòjkh`s nêslm`s (mòjkh`s lktdrk`s) qud pr`p`rml`kj fj lktdrcjz dktrd df usujrl` y df `rhdkjh`r. [email protected] qud pdroltd dadmutjr pr`grjojs y m`ktr`fjh`rds jutòêtlmjodktd. 







]l t`h` dstê nldk, sd nusmjk dk df hlrdmt`rl` hlr dmt`rl` rjïz hdf v`fuodk f`s clmbdr`s clmb dr`s hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, qud dk df mjs` hd Wlkh`ws s`k L@.]\], O]H@].]\] y [email protected]@O . Dk df mjs` hdf O]-H@] slgklclmj mjrgjr df lktìrprdtd hd mòjkh`s [email protected]@O y j m`ktlkujmlýk fddr d lktdrprdtjr df m`ktdklh` hd f`s clmbdr`s M@KCLG.]\] y [email protected] . 7) Tkj vdz mjrgjh` df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, ìstd mòldkzj m`k uk tdst hdf slstdoj hd jrmblv`s , mrdj fjs dstrumturjs hd hjt`s lktdrkjs kdmdsjrljs pjrj df cukml`kjoldkt` hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` y mòldkzjk j jrrjkmjr f`s pr`mds`s hdf slstdoj. 2) Tkj vdz jrrjkmjh`s f`s pr`mds`s hdf slstdoj, ds df oòdkt` dk qud df dqulp` yj dstê dk cukml`kjoldkt` y dk dspdrj hd qud df usujrl` f` utlflmd y dopldmd j dadmutjr sus pr`pl`s pr`mds`s. Ìst` sd vd p`rqud jpjrdmd fj lktdrcjz grêclmj, qud pdroltd jf usujrl` m`ktr`fjr df slstdoj y f`s pr`grjojs hd jpflmjmlýk. Dk fj slguldktd clgurj, dkm`ktrjo`s uk dsqudoj hd f`s prlkmlpjfds jrmblv`s qud lktdrvldkdk dk fj mjrgj hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, y muêf ds su rdfjmlýk m`k f`s hdoês mòp`kdktds . Dk dstd dadopf`, sd sup`kd qud df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s hd fj pjrtlmlýk hd jrrjkqud ds KXC] .


Uêglkj 87 hd 72


Df pr`mds` hd lklmljr df slstdoj hdshd df dstjh` hd jpjgjh` sd hdkòlkj n``tstrjpplkg ` n``tlkg.

Dadopf`1 Jrmblv`s qud s`k kdmdsjrl`s dk Wlkh`ws RU pjrj mjrgjr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`.

3. WLKH@W] 7 3.:. Dv`fumlýk Fj doprdsj Olmr`s`ct M`rp`rjtl`k, prdslhlhj p`r Nlff Gjtds, tldkd dktrd sus prlkmlpjfds `nadtlv`s hdsjrr`ffjr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws . Hdshd su prlodrj vdrslýk bjstj fj jmtujflhjh fj lkc`roêtlmj bj pr`v`mjh` ukj grjk rdv`fumlýk dk fj vlhj hd fjs pdrs`kjs. Jmtujfodktd, f`s `rhdkjh`rds pdroltdk j f`s lkhlvlhu`s m`kdmtjrsd m`k mujfquldr fugjr hdf oukh` j fj vdf`mlhjh hd uk mflm, dsmumbjr oñslmj, vdr vïhd`s y jmtlvjr m`ktr`fds dk fj pjktjffj m`k uk hdh` . Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

Uêglkj 82 hd 72


Fj dv`fumlýk hd fj lkc`roêtlmj bj slh` mjusj y m`ksdmudkmlj hdf hdsjrr`ff` hd f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s, pudst` qud ìst`s bjk pdroltlh` fj dadmumlýk hd lkk`vjh`rjs jpflmjml`kds qud bjk jnldrt` kudvjs p`slnlflhjhds. Mjhj vdrslýk bj lopflmjh` uk sjft` jf cutur` .


Uêglkj 8< hd 72


3.>. Oda`rjs Fj prlkmlpjf mjrjmtdrïstlmj hd Wlkh`ws 7 ds su rjplhdz, flgdrdzj y su rdkhloldkt` `ptlolzjh` . Fj jktdrl`r vdrslýk, Wlkh`ws Slstj, rdmlnlý oumbjs mrïtlmjs p`r su hlclmuftjh hd jhjptjmlýk j dqulp`s jktlgu`s y p`r df m`ksuo` hd f`s rdmurs`s hdf `rhdkjh`r. Dstj vdrslýk sd pudhd lkstjfjr lkmfus` dk jqudff`s dqulp`s h`khd k` sd puh` lkstjfjr df Slstj . F`s mjonl`s oês vlslnfds hd dstj vdrslýk s`k1 fj lktdrcjz hd usujrl`, fjs bdrrjoldktjs qud p`kd j kudstrj hlsp`slmlýk pjrj cjmlfltjrk`s df trjnja` hljrl` (mjonl`s (mjonl`s dk fj njrrj hd tjrdjs, prdsdktjml`kds mò` c`kh`s hd pjktjffj,…) y ukj oda`rj pjrj bjmdr oês cêmlf fj m`kclgurjmlýk hd rdhds pjrj pjrj mòpjrtlr rdmurs`s m`k `tr`s `rhdkjh`rds. Mujkh` lklmljo`s Wlkh`ws, f` prlodr` qud vdo`s ds fj k`vdhjh dk fj njrrj hd tjrdjs. ]l tdkdo`s vjrljs vdktjkjs jnldrtjs, jpjrdmdrêk dk dffj, y sl k`s sltujo`s m`k df murs`r dkmloj hd dff`s, vdrdo`s ukj rdprdsdktjmlýk dk olkljturj hdf m`kaukt` hd fjs vdktjkjs , qud k`s jyuhjk j vdr oês mfjr` quì dfdodkt` kdmdsltjo`s dk mjhj oòdkt`. Dk df mjop` hd fjs jpflmjml`kds, ukj hd fjs kudvjs hd dstj vdrslýk y hd oumbj utlflhjh ds uk pr`grjoj hd jk`tjml`kds , K`tjs rêplhjs . ]u utlflzjmlýk cêmlf y sdkmlffj k`s pdroltd mrdjr jk`tjml`kds s`nrd df dsmrlt`rl` mò` sl m`f`mêrjo`s p`s-lt. Fj mjfmufjh`rj vldkd m`k kudv`s c`rojt`s y tjonlìk lkmfuyd ukj sdrld hd cukml`kds pjrj rdjflzjr mêfmuf`s hd us` mòñk mò` mò` m`kvdrsl`kds hd uklhjhds, mêfmuf`s m`k cdmbjs, hd prìstjo`s d blp`tdmjs... Xjonlìk dstj vdrslýk lkmfuyd ukj kudvj jpflmjmlýk pdksjhj pjrj pdrs`kjs m`k pdrclf mldktïclm`, sd ffjoj Ujkdf hd dktrjhj ojtdoêtlmj, qud pdroltd hlnuajr dk pjktjffj mòpfdajs dxprdsl`kds ojtdoêtlmjs pjrj fudg` utlflzjrfjs dk `tr`s pr`grjojs mò` pudhd sdr W`rh.

3.=. Sdktjaj Tkj vdktjaj hd dstj vdrslýk ds fj cjmlflhjh pjrj m`kclgurjr rdhds , yj qud ds mòpfdtjodktd jutòêtlmj y f`s usujrl`s k` tdkdo`s p`r quì prd`mupjrk`s p`r klkgukj hd sus m`kclgurjml`kds. Jsï qud t`h` dst` bjmd qud Wlkh`ws 7 sdj ukj bdrrjoldktj ouy ñtlf tjkt` pjrj pr`cdsl`kjfds mò` pjrj kudstr`s `rhdkjh`rds hòìstlm`s.

3.8. Dhlml`kds Dstd kudv` slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, tldkd mujtr` prdsdktjml`kds hlstlktjs, m`k hlcdrdktds cukml`kds pjrj jaustjrsd j kudstrjs kdmdslhjhds. Wlkh`ws 7 ]tjrtdr Dhltl`k. Ujrj pdqudú`s dqulp`s p`rtêtlfds. ^dhumd df tldop` hd dspdrj y df kñodr` hd `pdrjml`kds qud sd kdmdsltjk pjrj rdjflzjr fjs cukml`kds nêslmjs hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`. Dstê pdksjh` pjrj p`hdr dadmutjr uk t`tjf hd trds jpflmjml`kds slouftêkdjodktd. Wlkh`ws 7 Bòd Urdoluo Dhltl`k. Cjmlfltj fj mrdjmlýk hd rdhds hòìstlmjs pjrj p`hdr mòpjrtlr rdmurs`s ouftlodhlj1 loêgdkds, vïhd`s y oñslmj. Hlsp`kd hd tdmk`f`gïj têmtlf y rdm`k`mloldkt` hd rjsg`s hd dsmrlturj. Wlkh`ws 7 Ur`cdssl`kjf Dhltl`k. Lkmfuyd t`h` f` kdmdsjrl` tjkt` pjrj df b`gjr mò` pjrj df trjnja`. Lkmfuyd dkmrlptjmlýk y rdmupdrjmlýk hd hjt`s j trjvìs hd m`pljs hd sdgurlhjh jutòêtlmjs. ]d m`kdmtj cêmlfodktd j fjs rdhds y tldkd tjonlìk t`hjs fjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd dktrdtdkloldkt` hd Wlkh`ws Bòd Urdoluo. Wlkh`ws 7 Tftlojtd Dhltl`k. Xldkd t`hjs fjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd fjs `trjs vdrsl`kds y jhdoês sd pudhd trjnjajr dk mujfquldrj hd f`s =4 lhlòjs qud tldkd hlsp`klnfds. Dxlstdk `trjs h`s vdrsl`kds qud k` sd hlstrlnuydk hd c`roj gdkìrlmj1 Bòd Njslm, vdrslýk slopflclmjhj pjrj odrmjh`s dodrgdktds, y Dktdrprlsd, hlrlglhj j grjkhds doprdsjs. 








Uêglkj 45 hd 72


3.4. ^dqulslt`s hdf slstdoj pjrj fj lkstjfjmlýk 





























]l qudrdo`s dadmutjr Wlkh`ws 7 dk kudstr` dqulp`, f`s rdqulslt`s oïklo`s qud kdmdsltjo`s s`k1 Ur`mdsjh`r hd => nlts (x23) ý 38 3 8 nlts (x38) j : GBz ` oês. Odo`rlj ^JO hd : GN (=> nlts) ` odo`rlj ^JO hd > GN (38 nlts). Dspjml` hlsp`klnfd dk hlsm` hd :3 GN (=> nlts) ` >5 GN (38 nlts). Hlsp`sltlv` grêclm` HlrdmtR < m`k m`ktr`fjh`r WHHO :.5 ` supdrl`r. F`s rdqulslt`s jhlml`kjfds pjrj usjr mldrtjs cukml`kds1 Jmmds` j Lktdrkdt (pudhd (pudhd tdkdr m`stds jhlml`kjfds). ]dgñk fj rds`fumlýk, fj rdpr`hummlýk hd vïhd` pudhd rdqudrlr odo`rlj jhlml`kjf y bjrhwjrd grêclm` jvjkzjh`. Ds p`slnfd qud jfguk`s audg`s y pr`grjojs rdquldrjk tjradtjs grêclmjs mòpjtlnfds m`k HlrdmtR :5 ` supdrl`r pjrj pjrj uk rdkhloldkt` ýptlo`. Ujrj jfgukjs cukml`kjflhjhds hd Wlkh`ws Odhlj Mdktdr, ds p`slnfd qud kdmdsltdo`s uk slkt`klzjh`r hd XS y bjrhwjrd jhlml`kjf. Wlkh`ws Xùmb y Xjnfdt UMs rdquldrdk rdquldrdk bjrhwjrd dspdmïclm` . Grup` B`gjr rdquldrd rdquldrd ukj rdh y dqulp`s qud dadmutdk Wlkh`ws 7. Ujrj fj mrdjmlýk hd HSH/MH sd sd kdmdsltj ukj uklhjh ýptlmj mòpjtlnfd . NltF`midr rdquldrd df Oýhuf` hd pfjtjc`roj sdgurj (XUO) :.>. NltF`midr X` G` rdquldrd ukj uklhjh cfjsb T]N . Wlkh`ws RU O`hd rdquldrd : GN jhlml`kjf hd odo`rlj ^JO y :4 GN jhlml`kjfds hd dspjml` hlsp`klnfd dk hlsm` hur`. Ujrj dsmumbjr oñslmj y s`klh`s sd kdmdsltj ukj sjflhj hd juhl` .

3.3. Lkstjfjmlýk hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws Fj lkstjfjmlýk sd pudhd ffdvjr j mjn` hdshd uk MH-^@O ` HSH qud lkm`rp`rj df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, f` qud tjrhjrê uk pròdhl` dktrd odhlj b`rj y ukj b`rj , hdpdkhldkh` hd fj vdf`mlhjh hdf fdmt`r hd MH-^@O/HSH y hdf `rhdkjh`r. Ujrj `ptlolzjr df tldop` hd lkstjfjmlýk, Olmr`s`ct bj hlsdújh` uk slstdoj hd prdlkstjfjmlýk hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` , hdstlkjh` jf cjnrlmjktd hdf dqulp`, ` sdj, df @DO (@rlglkjf Dqulpodkt Ojkucjmturdr, Cjnrlmjktd @rlglkjf hdf Dqulp`). Dstj c`roj hd lkstjfjmlýk pdroltd p`hdr prdpjrjr ukj grjk mjktlhjh hd oêqulkjs lgujfds m`k Wlkh`ws prdlkstjfjh`, gjkjkh` oumb` tldop` hd trjnja` y jhdoês sd tldkd fj p`slnlflhjh hd lkmfulr f`g`tlp`s hdf cjnrlmjktd y fj lkc`rojmlýk hd s`p`rtd @DO hdf olso`. Fj hlcdrdkmlj dktrd uk slstdoj lkstjfjh` y uk` prdlkstjfjh`, ds qud dk df prlodr mjs`, fj flmdkmlj hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` yj sd bj mjrgjh`, jsï mò` df kònrd hdf tltufjr hd fj olsoj , oldktrjs qud dk df sdgukh` mjs` k` .


Uêglkj 4: hd 72


3.3.:. Lkstjfjmlýk hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdshd ukj prdlkstjfjmlýk

Ìstd ds df mjs` oês sdkmlff` y j su vdz ouy bjnltujf mujkh` mòprjo`s uk `rhdkjh`r kudv` pjrj uk `rgjklso` pñnflm`. Tk slstdoj prdlkstjfjh` sd mòdrmljflzj slk sjndr df kònrd hdf mfldktd . Jsï, mujkh` df slstdoj prdlkstjfjh` sd lklmlj p`r prlodrj vdz, p`r df usujrl` clkjf, df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` fd s`flmltj jf olso` fj lhdktlclmjmlýk y df kñodr` hd flmdkmlj hdf pr`humt` , qud vldkd dk ukj pdgjtlkj jhbdrlhj jf olso` dqulp`, slolfjr j fjs o`strjhjs jnja`, dk fj qud p`hdo`s vdr df kñodr` hd sdrld (Ur`humt Idy) jsï jsï mò` ukj sdrld hd m`ktr`fds hd sdgurlhjh, mò` ojrmjs hd jguj, fêolkj, dtm.

Jf dkmdkhdr df dqulp`, mòdkzjrê fj lkstjfjmlýk hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` , mjsl slk lktdrvdkmlýk hdf usujrl` , yj qud sýf` k`s s`flmltj jfguk`s hjt`s rdfjtlv`s j fj rdglýk h`khd dstjo`s unlmjh`s, df kònrd hd usujrl` y fj m`ktrjsdúj qud vjo`s j utlflzjr, fj m`kclgurjmlýk hd rdh f`mjf FJK y uk`s mujkt`s pjrêodtr`s oês. Fj prdlkstjfjmlýk sd lkm`rp`rj dk ukj pjrtlmlýk hdf hlsm` hur` qud dstê pr`tdglhj pjrj qud k` pudhj utlflzjrsd j klvdf hd usujrl`, sýf` mujkh` sd ffdvj j mjn` fj prlodrj lkstjfjmlýk ` mujkh` qudrdo`s hdv`fvdr df `rhdkjh`r j sus m`khlml`kds hd cênrlmj, f` qud lopflmj pdrhdr t`h`s f`s hjt`s hd fj pjrtlmlýk qud tldkd df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`. K` p`hdo`s dflolkjr hlmbj pjrtlmlýk. Ds lop`rtjktd qud ukj vdz lkstjfjh` df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, bjgjo`s ukj m`plj hd sdgurlhjh dk HSH, yj qud sl sd dstr`pdjsd df hlsm` hur`, k`s qudhjrïjo`s slk m`plj vêflhj pjrj p`hdr lkstjfjr dk df `rhdkjh`r. Ujrj dff`, mjhj cjnrlmjktd tldkd su pr`pl` s`ctwjrd qud k`rojfodktd sd dkmjrgj hd jvlsjrk`s sl jñk k` fj bdo`s bdmb`.


Uêglkj 4> hd 72


3.3.>. Lkstjfjmlýk hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdshd MH-^@O/HS MH-^@O/HSH H

Dk dstd mjs`, kdmdsltjrdo`s df s`ctwjrd hd lkstjfjmlýk hd Wlkh`ws qud vdkhrê dk s`p`rtd MH- ^@O ` dk HSH , hdpdkhldkh` hd fj vdrslýk utlflzjhj. Ujrj mòdkzjr m`k fj lkstjfjmlýk, dkmdkhdrdo`s df `rhdkjh`r d lksdrtjrdo`s df MH-^@O ` HSH dk fj uklhjh m`rrdsp`khldktd. Jf lklmljr, jpjrdmdrê ukj vdktjkj slolfjr j fjs o`strjhjs jnja`, dk fj qud dfdglrdo`s sdfdmml`kjr fj uklhjh hd jrrjkqud ` lklml` p`r sl k` dstuvldrj fj hd MH-^@O/HSH dk prlodr fugjr.

Tkj vdz dfdglhj, pjsjrdo`s j `trj vdktjkj. U`hdo`s vdr qud t`h` dstê dk lkgfìs. Tkj vdz qud pufsjo`s fj tdmfj m`rrdsp`khldktd, jpjrdmdrê ukj vdktjkj slolfjr j fj o`strjhj jnja`. Dk dffj p`hrdo`s dfdglr fj uklhjh qud lklmljrê dk prlodr fugjr sl hlsp`kd hd hlsm` hd lklml` . Dk kudstr` mjs`, sdfdmml`kjo`s df MH/HSH h`khd bjyjo`s lksdrtjh` df hlsm`.


Uêglkj 4= hd 72


3.7. Bdrrjoldktjs hd m`kclgurjmlýk J m`ktlkujmlýk, dstuhljrdo`s mýo` sd rdjflzj fj m`kclgurjmlýk hd `tr`s pjrêodtr`s y `pml`kds hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` qud ds kdmdsjrl` m`k`mdr pjrj tdkdr uk nudk m`ktr`f hdf dqulp` . Jsï, vdrdo`s df Hdscrjgodktjh`r hd hlsm`, mýo` rdstjurjr df slstdoj, flndrjr dspjml` dk hlsm` y mòpr`njr df hlsm`, jsï mò` fj utlflhjh osm`kclg pjrj pjrj m`kclgurjr df slstdoj. Jhdoês, vdrdo`s fj lop`rtjkmlj hdf ^dglstr` mujkh` sd lkstjfjk y m`kclgurjk f`s hlsp`sltlv`s. ]lk donjrg`, sl sd pr`humd jfgñk drr`r dk hd Wlkh`ws mujkh` fj m`kclgurjmlýk hd jfgñk hlsp`sltlv`, p`hdo`s jmmdhdr m`k C2 dk o`h` sdgur` . 3.7.:. Hdscrjgodktj Hdscrjgodktjh`r h`r hd hlsm`

Fj crjgodktjmlýk hdf hlsm` sumdhd hdspuìs hd qud df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` bj dsmrlt` hlcdrdktds vdrsl`kds hd f`s jrmblv`s vjrljs vdmds, dst` ds, uk jrmblv` hdspuìs hd sdr o`hlclmjh`, jf gujrhjrsd k` `mupj uk dspjml` m`ktlgu` dk df hlsm`. Xdkldkh` dk mudktj fj grjk mjktlhjh hd jrmblv`s qud ojkdaj uk `rhdkjh`r, fj crjgodktjmlýk sd m`kvldrtd dk uk pr`nfdoj, yj qud ds kdmdsjrl` nusmjr dk df hlsm` hýkhd sd dkmudktrjk f`s tr`z`s hd f`s hlstlkt`s jrmblv`s m`k f`s qud dstjo`s trjnjajkh` , f` qud gdkdrj uk tldop` hd jmmds` mjhj vdz ojy`r . Df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hlsp`kd hd ukj utlflhjh pjrj hdscrjgodktjr df hlsm` hur`. Ds kdmdsjrl` hdscrjgodktjr m`k crdmudkmlj , m`k f` qud sd k`tjrê ukj oda`rj dk df rdkhloldkt` hdf hlsm` sl dstê ouy crjgodktjh` . Fj crjgodktjmlýk hd jrmblv`s ds sýf` ukj hd fjs c`rojs dk qud df hlsm` sd vudfvd fdkt`. @trj c`roj ds mujkh` sd mjrgj oês hd uk jrmblv` j fj vdz p`r ukj jpflmjmlýk ` p`r hlstlktjs jpflmjml`kds, dstjkh` ìst`s ouy sdpjrjh`s dk df hlsm`. Dstjs sdpjrjml`kds sumdhdk m`kc`rod sd mrdjk y n`rrjk jrmblv`s. Ds oda`r tdkdr cïslmjodktd aukt`s dk df hlsm` j f`s jrmblv`s rdfjml`kjh`s . Dk Wlkh`ws, df pr`grjoj pjrj hdscrjgodktjr tldkd df slguldktd jmmds`1 bjmdo`s mflm m`k df n`týk hdrdmb` hdf rjtýk dk fj uklhjh fýglmj, sdfdmml`kjo`s Ur`pldhjhds y jmmdhdo`s j fj vdktjkj qud sd oudstrj dk df jpjrtjh` m) dk fj qud bjmdo`s b jmdo`s mflm dk Mòpr`njr jb`rj. ]u us` ds ouy sdkmlff`.


Uêglkj 48 hd 72


]u jspdmt` ds df slguldktd1





Dk dffj p`hdo`s hlcdrdkmljr h`s z`kjs1 Dk fj prlodrj, ds p`slnfd sdfdmml`kjr fj uklhjh qud qudrdo`s hdscrjgodktjr dktrd fjs hlsp`klnfds y sd k`s hj lkc`rojmlýk jmdrmj hd dffjs . Dk fj sdgukhj, sd vd uk grêclm` qud rdprdsdktj j f`s sdmt`rds hd fj uklhjh jktds hd hdscrjgodktjr y `tr` qud rdprdsdktj df jspdmt` hdspuìs hd rdjflzjr fj hdscrjgodktjmlýk .

Ds ouy rdmòdkhjnfd dadmutjr dstj utlflhjh mjhj vdz qud bjgjo`s lkstjfjml`kds ` hdslkstjfjml`kds hd s`ctwjrd y gujrhdo`s ` n`rrdo`s grjk mjktlhjh hd jrmblv`s . Ds kdmdsjrl` rdjflzjr ukj rdvlslýk pdrlýhlmj hd fj supdrclmld hdf hlsm` pjrj pr`njr mjhj p`slmlýk hd jfojmdkjoldkt` , ojrmjkh` jquìffjs qud k` sdjk m`rrdmtjs, puds df dsmrlnlr uk hjt` dk hlmbj p`slmlýk pudhd tdrolkjr m`k fj pìrhlhj hdf olso` y su m`kslguldktd pdraulml`. Wlkh`ws mudktj m`k ukj bdrrjoldktj hd mòpr`njmlýk j fj qud sd jmmdhd slguldkh` df olso` pr`mds` jktdrl`r, fj mujf rdvlsj fj dstrumturj hd jrmblv`s, hlrdmt`rl`s y fj supdrclmld hdf hlsm` qud sd fd lkhlqudk . 3.7.>. ^dstjurjr slstdoj

Ìstj ds ukj bdrrjoldktj lop`rtjktd pjrj fj rdmupdrjmlýk hdf dqulp`. M`kslstd dk rdstjurjr df `rhdkjh`r j uk pukt` jktdrl`r ` nldk ukj cdmbj jktdrl`r , dk fj qud k` dstjrê df ñftlo` ` ñftlo`s pr`grjojs lkstjfjh`s. Ìst` k` jcdmtj j f`s jrmblv`s hdf usujrl`, sýf` jf s`ctwjrd s` ctwjrd lkstjfjh` . ]l jfguk` hd f`s jrmblv`s hdf slstdoj bj rdsuftjh` hjújh`, dadmutjrdo`s dstj utlflhjh. Ujrj dff`, dk Wlkh`ws Slstj, jnrlo`s fj jpflmjmlýk bjmldkh` mflm dk df odkñ Lklml`, X`h`s f`s pr`grjojs, Jmmds`rl`s, Bdrrjoldktjs hdf slstdoj y ^dstjurjr slstdoj , mò` sd oudstrj j m`ktlkujmlýk. Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

Uêglkj 44 hd 72


Jquï p`hdo`s dfdglr dktrd rdjflzjr ukj rdstjurjmlýk rdmòdkhjhj ` dfdglr `tr` pukt` hd rdstjurjmlýk , mò` sd pudhd vdr sdgulhjodktd1

]l dfdglo`s fj rdstjurjmlýk rdmòdkhjhj y bjmldkh` mflm dk df n`týk ]lguldktd, sd k`s oudstrj ukj vdktjkj h`khd k`s lkhlmj df pukt` dk df qud sd rdstjurjrê df dqulp`. ]dfdmml`kjkh` df n`týk Clkjflzjr, sd ffdvjrê j mjn` df pr`mds`, mò` sd pudhd vdr dk df jpjrtjh` n). ]l dk mjonl`, dsm`gdo`s fj `pmlýk hd dfdglr `tr` pukt` hd rdstjurjmlýk, jpjrdmdrê ukj vdktjkj h`khd k`s o`strjrê hlstlktjs cdmbjs y pukt`s hd rdstjurjmlýk, hd f`s qud p`hdo`s dfdglr df qud k`s lktdrdsd, mò` sd pudhd vdr dk df jpjrtjh` m). Dk dstd pukt`, df `rhdkjh`r sd rdlklmljrê y mòdkzjrê df pr`mds` , hd tjf c`roj qud ukj vdz tdrolkjh`. Lklmljrê df `rhdkjh`r y k`s lkhlmjrê f`s mjonl`s rdjflzjh`s p`r sl hdsdjo`s ojktdkdrf`s ` v`fvdrf`s j hdsbjmdr. Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

Uêglkj 43 hd 72


]l hdsdjo`s mrdjr uk pukt` hd rdstjurjmlýk, dk fj vdktjkj o`strjhj dk df jpjrtjh` j), bjmdo`s mflm dk ‖jnrj Ur`tdmmlýk hdf slstdoj ‟ y jpjrdmdrê fj slguldktd vdktjkj. Dk dstd mjs`, dfdglo`s fj uklhjh hd fj qud hdsdjo`s mrdjr uk pukt` hd rdstjurjmlýk, qud gdkdrjfodktd ds fj qud m`ktldkd df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, bjmdo`s mflm dk df n`týk ]lguldktd y fd hjo`s uk kònrd jf pukt` hd rdstjurjmlýk, fudg` sdfdmml`kjo`s mrdjr, hd tjf c`roj qud sd rdjflzjrê df pukt` hd rdstjurjmlýk . Hdspuìs, p`hdo`s mòpr`njrf`.

Wlkh`ws RU y vdrsl`kds slguldktds utlflzjk pjrtd hdf hlsm` hur` pjrj grjnjr lkc`rojmlýk m`k m` k mldrtj pdrl`hlmlhjh y y mjhj vdz qud sd bjgjk mjonl`s lop`rtjktds dk df slstdoj (mò` (mò` fj lkstjfjmlýk hd uk sdrvlmd pjmi ` hd uk pjqudtd hd s`ctwjrd lop`rtjktd, mò` @cclmd). Dstj lkc`rojmlýk sd hdstlkj j qud, dk uk oòdkt` hdtdrolkjh`, sl sd pr`humd uk ojf cukml`kjoldkt` hdf slstdoj hdnlh` j cjff`s dk df s`ctwjrd ` dk jfgñk hlsp`sltlv` ` m`ktr`fjh`r lkstjfjh` , p`hjo`s v`fvdr j ukj sltujmlýk jktdrl`r j fj mjusj qud pr`v`mj df cjff` y, hd dstj c`roj, rdmupdrjr df nudk cukml`kjoldkt` hdf slstdoj .


Uêglkj 47 hd 72


Jhdoês, p`hdo`s hdsjmtlvjr dstj utlflhjh ` mjonljr df tjojú` hdf dspjml` hdstlkjh` j gujrhjr fj lkc`rojmlýk hd rdstjurjmlýk hdshd Dsmrlt`rl` bjmldkh` mflm m`k df n`týk hdrdmb` hdf rjtýk s`nrd Dqulp` y sd dflgd ‖Ur`pldhjhds‟. Tkj vdz hdktr` k`s vjo`s jf odkñ lzquldrh` y sd dflgd ‖Ur`tdmmlýk hdf slstdoj‟. Jb`rj, sdfdmml`kjo`s fj uklhjh fýglmj y pufsjo`s s`nrd df n`týk M`kclgurjr. Tkj vdz rdjflzjhj dstj sdfdmmlýk, jpjrdmdrê fj slguldktd slgul dktd vdktjkj1

3.7.=. Flndrjh`r hd dspjml` dk hlsm`

Wlkh`ws jfojmdkj grjk mjktlhjh hd jrmblv`s dk df hlsm` hur` , mò`1 jrmblv`s tdop`rjfds hd Lktdrkdt ` jrmblv`s qud sd mrdjk jf trjnjajr m`k jpflmjml`kds, jrmblv`s hd pr`grjoj hdsmjrgjh`s hd pêglkjs Wdn (mò` (mò` m`ktr`fds Jmtlvd R y rutlkjs AJSJ), jrmblv`s hd rdglstr` hd lkstjfjmlýk ` fj pr`plj Ujpdfdrj hd rdmlmfjad . ]l pdksjo`s dk df dcdmt` qud pr`humdk t`h`s dst`s bdmb`s j fj vdz, k`s hjrdo`s mudktj hd qud sd pudhd ffdgjr j hdspdrhlmljr grjk mjktlhjh hd dspjml` dk hlsm`, hdnlh` jf dxmds` hd lkc`rojmlýk lkkdmdsjrlj . Odhljktd fj dadmumlýk hd dstj jpflmjmlýk sltujhj dk df odkñ Lklml`, X`h`s f`s pr`grjojs, Jmmds`rl`s, Bdrrjoldktjs hdf slstdoj y Flndrjh`r hd dspjml` dk hlsm` , p`hdo`s rdmupdrjr hd c`roj sdgurj dsd dspjml` pdrhlh`.


Uêglkj 42 hd 72


Hdspuìs hd jpflmjr dstj bdrrjoldktj, p`hrês mòpr`njr qud bjs gjkjh` ukj grjk mjktlhjh hd dspjml` dk tu hlsm`. Df slstdoj, mò` m`ksdmudkmlj hd dff`, cfulrê m`k oês s`fturj. Dstd pr`mds` sd hdnd dcdmtujr m`k rdfjtlvj crdmudkmlj, dk cukmlýk hdf us` qud fd hds jf `rhdkjh`r. Dk mujfquldr mjs`, hdnd bjmdrsd jf odk`s ukj vdz jf ods . 3.7.8. Mòpr`njmlýk hdf hlsm`

Dk Wlkh`ws, pjrj bjmdr fj mòpr`njmlýk hdf hlsm` bjmdo`s mflm m`k df n`týk hdrdmb` hdf rjtýk dk fj uklhjh fýglmj, sdfdmml`kjo`s Ur`pldhjhds y jmmdhdo`s j fj pdstjúj Bdrrjoldktjs y hdspuìs bjmdo`s mflm dk Mòpr`njr jb`rj.

Jktds hd lklmljr sd rdmòldkhj sldoprd sdfdmml`kjr fj mjslffj ‖^dpjrjr jutòêtlmjodktd drr`rds df slstdoj hd jrmblv`s‟. Fj sdgukhj mjslffj ‖Dxjolkjr d lktdktjr rdmupdrjr f`s sdmt`rds hdcdmtu`s`s‟ sd rdmòldkhj usjrf` sýf` dk mjs` hd qud qudrjo`s rdmupdrjr f`s sdmt`rds hdcdmtu`s`s , dstj `pmlýk tòj oês tldop`, pdr` vjfd fj pdkj sl s`spdmbjo`s hd jfgñk pr`nfdoj dk fj uklhjh.


Uêglkj 4< hd 72








Fjs `pml`kds qud df usujrl` pudhd dfdglr mujkh` sd oudstrj uk drr`r s`k fjs slguldktds1 ^dpjrjr dstd drr`r. Zud ds f` olso` qud hdajr j Wlkh`ws qud f` rdpjrd jutòêtlmjodktd. M`kvdrtlr f`s crjgodkt`s pdrhlh`s dk uk jrmblv` ` Dflolkjr df jrmblv` jcdmtjh`. Dk dstd mjs`, hdmlhlo`s dflolkjr df jrmblv` jcdmtjh` hdclkltlvjodktd. Df drr`r sd s`fuml`kj, pdr` df m`ktdklh` hdf jrmblv` f` pdrhdo`s. Lgk`rjr dstd drr`r y m`ktlkujr. Dvlhdktdodktd, sjndo`s qud dxlstd uk drr`r, pdr` k` bjmdo`s kjhj pjrj s`fuml`kjrf`.

Dk Wlkh`ws RU y vdrsl`kds supdrl`rds, s`fjodktd p`hrdo`s mbdqudjr df hlsm` odhljktd df mòjkh` mbihsi, lkmfuydkh` f`s pjrêodtr`s hdsdjh`s, dk fj m`ks`fj hd mòjkh`s hd O]-H@]. Dk mujfquldr mjs`, dk dstjs vdrsl`kds hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, df mbdqud` hd fj lktdgrlhjh hd f`s jrmblv`s y fj supdrclmld hd hlsm`, sd dadmutjrê trjs df rdlklml` hdf dqulp` . Kukmj p`hrdo`s mbdqudjr df hlsm` dk fj sdslýk hd trjnja` jmtujf. Dadopf`1 Dk O]-H@] sd pudhd dadmutjr df mòjkh` ‖MBIH]I x1 /C /^‟ qud td pdroltlrê rdjflzjr uk jkêflsls mòpfdt` qud qud lkmfuyd j t`h`s f`s sdmt`rds hjújh`s, jhdoês f`s trjtjrê hd rdpjrjr. ¡Ds ouy ñtlf! 3.7.4. ^dglstr` hd Wlkh`ws

Df ^dglstr` hd Wlkh`ws ds h`khd sd gujrhj lkc`rojmlýk s`nrd m`kclgurjml`kds y jaustds nêslm`s hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws . Xjonlìk jfojmdkj y mdktrjflzj hjt`s s`nrd pr`grjojs, hlsp`sltlv`s, usujrl`s y bjrhwjrd hdf dqulp`. Ìstjs s`k jfgukjs hd fjs prlkmlpjfds1 Hjt`s s`nrd quì jpflmjml`kds dstêk lkstjfjhjs, sus m`kclgurjml`kds, f`s jrmblv`s qud pudhdk mrdjr y m`k quì pr`grjoj jnrlr mjhj tlp`. Ur`grjojs qud sd lklmljk m`k Wlkh`ws y dk quì `rhdk ` m`k quì prl`rlhjh. Hjt`s hd jaustds y gdstlýk hd f`s hlsp`sltlv`s hd bjrhwjrd hdf UM, mò` fj loprds`rj. \ m`ktr`fjh`rds y rdmurs`s qud utlflzjk. Lkc`rojml`kds s`nrd fjs m`kclgurjml`kds pr`pljs hd fjs mudktjs hd usujrl` hlstlktjs qud pudhj bjndr dk Wlkh`ws ` qud bjyjs mrdjh` tñ. Jspdmt` y `trjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd fjs mjrpdtjs, fjs vdktjkjs ` df Dsmrlt`rl` hd h d Wlkh`ws. 









J trjvìs hd fj `pmlýk Dadmutjr hdktr` hdf odkñ Lklml`, df usujrl` pudhd jmmdhdr jf ^dglstr` hd Wlkh`ws hd hd ojkdrj hlrdmtj. Ujrj dff`, dsmrlnd rdgdhlt y pufsj LKX^@. Wlkh`ws m`ksuftj dstj lkc`rojmlýk y fj jmtujflzj mujkh` sd bjmdk mjonl`s dk df dqulp`. Dadopf`1 Mujkh` sd lkstjfj uk kudv` pr`grjoj, sd mrdj uk pdrclf hd usujrl` ` sd jgrdgj bjrhwjrd. K`rojfodktd, k` ds kdmdsjrl` bjmdr mjonl`s dk dk df ^dglstr` hd Wlkh`ws. Df ^dglstr` m`ktldkd lkc`rojmlýk mòpfdaj hdf slstdoj, cukhjodktjf pjrj df dqulp` , p`r f` qud uk mjonl` lkm`rrdmt` dk df ^dglstr` hdf dqulp` p`hrïj bjmdr qud df dqulp` hdajrj hd dstjr ds tjr `pdrjtlv` . K` `nstjktd, uk jrmblv` hdf ^dglstr` hjújh` p`hrïj rdqudrlr mjonl`s. ]d rdmòldkhj dkmjrdmlhjodktd bjmdr ukj m`plj hd sdgurlhjh hdf ^dglstr` jktds jktds hd rdjflzjr klkgñk mjonl`. Xjonlìk sd rdmòldkhj mjonljr ñklmjodktd f`s vjf`rds hdf ^dglstr` qud sd mòprdkhjk ` mujkh` sd fd bjyj s`flmltjh` . Tkj jftdrkjtlvj oês lktdrdsjktd ds dadmutjr MMfdjkdr ` uk s`ctwjrd slolfjr pjrj bjmdr ukj y pr`njr hd kudv` fj lkstjfjmlýk hdf s`ctwjrd hdf hlsp`sltlv` dk mudstlýk. flopldzj hdf rdglstr` y


Uêglkj 35 hd 72


Dadopf`1 Mò` ds hlcïmlf hdtdrolkjr fj cudktd hd pr`nfdojs dk f`s hlsp`sltlv`s, yj qud f`s m`ktr`fjh`rds (` hrlvdrs) y m`kclgurjml`kds sd dkmudktrjk dk df ^dglstr` hd Wlkh`ws. Dk jfguk`s

mjs`s, fj ñklmj s`fumlýk ds c`rojtdjr d lkstjfjr hd kudv` df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, lkstjfjkh` j m`ktlkujmlýk df m`ktr`fjh`r hdf hlsp`sltlv`, jktds hd mujfquldr `trj jpflmjmlýk.

Ujrj `ptlolzjr df ^dglstr` hd Wlkh`ws (jfg` qud hdndo`s bjmdr pdrlýhlmjodktd), tdkdo`s utlflhjhds mò` MMfdjkdr (bttp1//www.mm:djkdFmò) y Jhvjkmdh Tklkstjffdr Ur` (bttp1//www.lkk`vjtlvd-s`f.mò/uklkstjffdr) dktrd `trjs, qud pdroltdk dflolkjr jrmblv`s tdop`rjfds, dktrjhjs hd rdglstr` k` vêflhjs, dtm., hd tjf c`roj qud df dqulp` cukml`kd hd c`roj oês rêplhj . Dadopf`1 p`hdo`s vdr fjs pjktjffjs qud jpjrdmdk m`k fj utlflhjh Mmfdjkdr, qud sd utlflzj pjrj `ptlolzjr df ^dglstr` hd Wlkh`ws, hdslkstjfjr jpflmjml`kds y dflolkjr jrmblv`s qud yj k` sd utlflzjk y jrmblv`s tdop`rjfds.


Uêglkj 3: hd 72


Dadopf`1 J m`ktlkujmlýk, sd oudstrjk fjs pjktjffjs hd pr`grjoj pr`gr joj Jhvjkmdh Tklkstjffdr Ur` .

Dadopf`1 Dk df mjs` hd Flkux, dk su hlstrlnumlýk Tnuktu, tdkdo`s uk s`ctwjrd qud rdjflzj fj olsoj cukmlýk qud f`s dstuhljh`s jktdrl`rodktd, y sd trjtj hd ‖Dkmjrgjh` hd flopldzj ‟, qud jkjflzj df

hlsm` hur` nusmjkh` pjqudtds qud yj k` sd utlflzjk y pdroltd qud df usujrl` f`s hdslkstjfd.

3.7.3. Osm`kclg

J trjvìs hd fj `pmlýk Dadmutjr hdktr` hdf odkñ Lklml`, df usujrl` pudhd jmmdhdr j jpflmjml`kds hd ojkdrj hlrdmtj , lkhlmjkh` su rutj hdktr` hd fj dstrumturj hdf êrn`f hd hlrdmt`rl`s (mjrpdtjs). Hdktr` hd dsj `pmlýk, jf dsmrlnlr osm`kclg sd jmmdhd j uk odkñ tltufjh` Ttlflhjh hd m`kclgurjmlýk hdf slstdoj , mò` sd vd j m`ktlkujmlýk1


Uêglkj 3> hd 72


Dstj bdrrjoldktj pdroltd vlsujflzjr y dhltjr df m`ktdklh` hd jrmblv`s y sdrvlml`s hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, mò` tjonlìk f`s pr`grjojs qud p`hdo`s dadmutjr hurjktd df lklml` hdf olso` .

Mò` p`hdo`s vdr dk fjs loêgdkds, fj lkc`rojmlýk dstê hlvlhlhj dk pdstjújs. Fj prlodrj pdstjúj, ffjojhj Gdkdrjf, pdroltd dspdmlclmjr ukj ]dfdmmlýk ]dfdmmlýk hd Lklml` . Ìst` slgklclmj qud jquï ds p`slnfd lkhlmjrfd jf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` fj c`roj dk fj mujf lklmljflzjrê df `rhdkjh`r. Fj o`hlclmjmlýk hd dst`s vjf`rds pudhd sdrvlrk`s pjrj lhdktlclmjr uk drr`r dk fj mjrgj hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, yj qud p`r hdsmjrtd sjnrdo`s hýkhd bjy uk pr`nfdoj sl ds qud dxlstd. Fjs `trjs pdstjújs k`s pdroltdk vlsujflzjr y o`hlclmjr fj c`roj hdf lklml` y f`s jrmblv`s lopflmjh`s , lkmfus` p`hdo`s jkufjr jfguk`, hd tjf c`roj qud p`hdo`s pr`njr qultjkh` jquìf qud s`spdmbdo`s qud mjusj df pr`nfdoj. 3.7.7. Lklml` dk o`h` sdgur` ` j prudnj hd drr`rds

Tk pr`nfdoj njstjktd mòñk qud pudhd jcdmtjr tjkt` j Wlkh`ws RU y slguldktds vdrsl`kds, ds qud df `rhdkjh`r bjnïj jrrjkmjh` pdrcdmtjodktd fj ñftloj vdz y hd fj k`mbd j fj ojújkj mòldkzj j qudhjrsd ‖ nf`qudjh` ‟ dk dk df jrrjkqud . nf`qudjh` ‟


Uêglkj 3= hd 72


Dk dstd mjs` bjy qud tdkdr dk mudktj f`s slguldktds pukt`s1 :) Hdndo`s prdguktjr sl sd bj lkstjfjh` s`ctwjrd ` bjrhwjrd rdmldktdodktd qud pudhj dstjr pr`v`mjkh` dstd cjff`. K`rojfodktd, sl jfgñk m`ktr`fjh`r ` sdrvlml` dktrj dk m`kcflmt` m`k df slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, pudhd pr`v`mjr dstd mòp`rtjoldkt` y Wlkh`ws k` tdrolkjrê hd lklmljr m`rrdmtjodktd. @trjs vdmds df rdsuftjh` ds hlstlkt` y sdrê df pr`pl` slstdoj `pdrjtlv` df qud, trjs tdrolkjr hd mjrgjrsd, fjkmd jfgñk odksjad jhvlrtldkh` qud sd bj prdsdktjh` uk pr`nfdoj dk df jrrjkqud. >) ^dlklmlj df `rhdkjh`r y ojktìk pufsjhj fj tdmfj C2 ukj vdz qud fj NL@] bjyj rdjflzjh` t`hjs sus mòpr`njml`kds kdmdsjrljs y jktds hd qud Wlkh`ws mòldkmd j mjrgjrsd. Jpjrdmdrê ukj vdktjkj dk fj qud sd k`s o`strjrêk hlstlktjs `pml`kds hd jrrjkqud hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv`. Xjkt` dk Wlkh`ws RU mò` dk fjs vdrsl`kds supdrl`rds, dxlstdk ukj sdrld hd jftdrkjtlvjs mòukds1 Lklml` dk o`h` sdgur`1 jmtlvjkh` ñklmjodktd jqudff`s sdrvlml`s y m`ktr`fjh`rds prlkmlpjfds. Lklml` dk o`h` sdgur` m`k cukml`kds hd rdh. Lklml` dk o`h` sdgur` m`k sïon`f` hdf slstdoj1 qud mjrgj hd kudv` f`s m`ktr`fjh`rds prlkmlpjfds y dadmutj fj m`ks`fj hd mòjkh`s (vdktjkj hdf H@]). Bjnlfltjr df rdglstr` hd jrrjkqud1 qud qud mrdjrê uk clmbdr` m`k dxtdkslýk ‖f`g‟ dk df qud jpjrdmdrêk t`h`s f`s m`ktr`fjh`rds qud sd mjrgjk jf lklml` y, p`r tjkt`, df ñftlo` hd dff`s jktds hd `rlglkjrsd df drr`r. Bjnlfltjr o`h` SGJ1 mjrgj mjrgj fj pjktjffj dk o`h` nêslm`. Ñftloj m`kclgurjmlýk m`k`mlhj1 ouy ñtlf mujkh` qudrdo`s rdstjurjr f`s vjf`rds hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` aust` jktds hd pr`humlrsd df drr`r. O`h` hd rdstjurjmlýk hd sdrvlml`s hd hlrdmt`rl`. O`h` hd hdpurjmlýk. Lklmljr Wlkh`ws k`rojfodktd. `

`

`

`

`

`

`

`

`

Dk Wlkh`ws Slstj, sd bjk lktr`humlh` `trjs h`s `pml`kds oês1 Hdsbjnlfltjr df rdlklml` jutòêtlm`1 qud loplhd qud df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` sd rdlklmld hdspuìs hd pr`humlrsd uk drr`r ` nf`qudjrsd. Hdsbjnlfltjr df us` `nflgjt`rl` hd m`ktr`fjh`rds clrojh`s1 grjmljs jf mujf sd p`hrê mjrgjr mujfquldr tlp` hd hrlvdr slk rdstrlmml`kds, lkmfuydkh` jqudff`s qud p`sdjk clrojs lkjhdmujhjs. `

`

Lklmljkh` dk o`h` sdgur` , dk jfgukj hd sus hlstlktjs `pml`kds, p`hdo`s mòpr`njr sl df

`rhdkjh`r jrrjkmj m`rrdmtjodktd y k`s hjrdo`s mudktj hdf cjff`.


Uêglkj 38 hd 72


7. FLKTR 7.:. Dv`fumlýk

7.>. ]lstdoj hd jrmblv`s


Uêglkj 34 hd 72


2. OÊZTLKJ SL^XTJF 2.:. Slrtujflzjmlýk 2.:.:. Hdclklmlýk

Dk mòputjmlýk, vlrtujflzjmlýk sd rdcldrd j mrdjr ukj vdrslýk vlrtujf hd mujfquldr m`sj , jsï sdj uk hlsp`sltlv` hd jfojmdkjoldkt`, rdmurs`s hd rdh ` uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` . Dstd tlp` hd prêmtlmjs k` s`k s`f` ñtlfds pjrj pr`cdsl`kjfds y jojktds hd fj tdmk`f`gïj, yj qud `crdmd s`fuml`kds pjrj t`h` tlp` hd usujrl`s, pdroltlìkh`td pr`njr hlstlktjs m`sjs dk uk s`f` `rhdkjh`r.

Tkj hd fjs c`rojs oês mòukds dk fjs qud sd usj fj vlrtujflzjmlýk ds pjrj dadmutjr h`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s fjh` j fjh`, grjmljs jf us` hd fjs ffjojhjs ‖oêqulkjs vlrtujfds‖ .


Uêglkj 33 hd 72


2.:.>. Sdktjajs 









Fj vlrtujflzjmlýk k`s pdroltd sdpjrjr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdf bjrhwjrd . @ptlolzj df rdkhloldkt` dk dqulp`s hd grjkhds prdstjml`kds , mò` ds df mjs` hd f`s sdrvlh`rds, yj qud jf dadmutjr vjrljs oêqulkjs slouftêkdjodktd sd m`kslgud sjmjr uk oda`r rdkhloldkt` qud jf dadmutjr uk ñklm` slstdoj. Lkhdpdkhdkmlj hd bjrhwjrd. K` lop`rtj sl lkstjfjo`s fj oêqulkj vlrtujf dk ukj jrqultdmturj hd => nlts, 38 nlts ` lkmfus` dk uk dqulp` OJM. ]`k cêmlfds hd jholklstrjr , yj qud p`hdo`s jújhlr hlsp`sltlv`s ouy vjrljh`s mò` T]N, hlsm`s hur`s, MHs, tjradtjs hd rdh, dtm., slopfdodktd jslgkêkh`fjs dk fj m`kclgurjmlýk hd fj oêqulkj, lkmfus` slk tdkdrfjs cïslmjodktd. U`hdo`s tòjr c`t`s hdf dstjh` jmtujf hd fj oêqulkj pdroltldkh` rdgrdsjr j uk dstjh` m`kmrdt` hd fj olsoj. Ds hdmlr, p`hdo`s jpflmjr uk pjrmbd jf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` y, sl k`tjo`s qud mjusj m`kcflmt`s, rdgrdsjr jf pukt` jktdrl`r j fj lkstjfjmlýk hd hlmb` pjrmbd.

2.>. Oêqulkj vlrtujf Tkj oêqulkj vlrtujf sd mrdj m`k uk s`ctwjrd dspdmljf qud doufj j uk `rhdkjh`r rdjf m`k t`h`s sus rdmurs`s y mòp`kdktds . X`h` ìst` sumdhd dk ukj vdktjkj hdktr` hd tu slstdoj `pdrjtlv` jmtujf mò` mujfquldr `tr` pr`grjoj qud usds.

Fj lhdj hd dstd tlp` hd s`ctwjrd ds qud pudhjs dadmutjr slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s mò` sl cudsdk ukj jpflmjmlýk, oldktrjs ìstd mrdd qud dstê usjkh` df bjrhwjrd hd uk `rhdkjh`r cïslm` mòñk . Mjhj vdz qud quldrjs usjr dstd slstdoj `pdrjtlv` pudhds jnrlr df s`ctwjrd hd vlrtujflzjmlýk y ‖dkmdkhdr‟ tu

oêqulkj.


Uêglkj 37 hd 72


Dktrd df s`ctwjrd oês hlcukhlh` qud pdroltd mrdjr oêqulkjs vlrtujfds tdkdo`s1 SOWjrd y SlrtujfN`x . SOWjrd

SlrtujfN`x


Uêglkj 32 hd 72


2.>.:. Cukml`kjoldkt`

Mujkh` mrdjs ukj oêqulkj vlrtujf pjrj lkstjfjr `tr` slstdoj `pdrjtlv` tdkhrês qud jslgkjr t`h`s f`s rdmurs`s qud kdmdsltjs1 muêkt` dspjml` hd hlsm` hur`, muêktj odo`rlj ^JO, mujktj odo`rlj grêclmj, hdmlhlr dk quì fugjr sd tdkhrê tdkhrê df hlsm` hur` vlrtujf , dtm. X`h` ìst` sdrê tòjh` hd f`s rdmurs`s qud tdkgjs dk tu `rhdkjh`r. Hdspuìs hd bjmdr dstd pr`mds`, fj oêqulkj vlrtujf dstjrê flstj pjrj rdmlnlr uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv`. Dadopf`1 ]l tldkds :3 GN hd ^JO y quldrds ukj oêqulkj vlrtujf m`k 3 GN hd ^JO, pudhds bjmdrf`. Udr`, df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` `rlglkjf sýf` tdkhrê hlsp`klnfd :5 GN hd ^JO mujkh` fj oêqulkj vlrtujf dstì dkmdkhlhj. F` olso` pjsj m`k df hlsm` hur`. ]l fd hdslgkjs =5 GN hd dspjml` dk hlsm`, dsd dspjml` qudhjrê mfjusurjh` y sdrê usjh` ñklmjodktd p`r fj oêqulkj vlrtujf. 2.>.>. °Ujrj quì od slrvd ukj oêqulkj vlrtujf0

:) Uudhds lkstjfjr slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s pjrj pr`njr ` dxpdrlodktjr m`k dff`s. Ds ukj nudkj s`fumlýk sl quldrds pr`njr ukj vdrslýk lkdstjnfd ` kudvj hd Wlkh`ws jktds hd jmtujflzjr tu `rhdkjh`r. >) Uudhds dadmutjr jpflmjml`kds vldajs , hd dsjs qud kukmj jmtujflzjr`k y s`f` cukml`kjk dk Wlkh`ws RU ` jfg` lkmfus` oês jktlgu`. ]l tu slstdoj `pdrjtlv` jmtujf ds oumb` oês o`hdrk` y dxlstdk lkmòpjtlnlflhjhds, dkt`kmds pudhds mrdjr ukj oêqulkj vlrtujf pjrj dstd tlp` hd pr`grjojs. =) Uudhds bjmdr prudnjs m`k jmtujflzjml`kds hd s`ctwjrd dk fj oêqulkj vlrtujf jktds hd lkstjfjrf` dk tu slstdoj `pdrjtlv` jmtujf. Tsujfodktd fjs jmtujflzjml`kds s`k pjrj oda`rjr uk pr`grjoj, pdr` dk jfguk`s mjs`s s`f` pudhdk dopd`rjr fj dxpdrldkmlj hd usujrl`. Kukmj sd pudhd sdr ouy prdmjvlh`. 8) Lkstjfj ukj hlstrlnumlýk hd Flkux qud sldoprd bjs qudrlh` pr`njr . M`k fj oêqulkj vlrtujf t`h` sdrê oês sdgur` p`rqud p`hrês dflolkjr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` m`k cjmlflhjh dk mjs` hd qud k` td gustd y k` tdkhrês pr`nfdojs hd lkmòpjtlnlflhjh hd bjrhwjrd. 4) ]l drds usujrl` hd Flkux, pdr` kdmdsltjs jfgñk pr`grjoj ` audg` qud sýf` cukml`kj dk Wlkh`ws , pudhds bjmdrf` j trjvìs hd ukj oêqulkj vlrtujf. Hd dstj ojkdrj, td dvltjs tdkdr qud lkstjfjr f`s h`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk df `rhdkjh`r.


Uêglkj 3< hd 72


<. ]L]XDOJ] @UD^JXLS@] DK ^DH <.:. Hdclklmlýk F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh , tjonlìk ffjojh`s K@] (hdf lkgfìs, Kdtw`ri @pdrjtlkg ]ystdo), s`k jqudff`s slstdojs qud ojktldkdk j h`s ` oês dqulp`s uklh`s j trjvìs hd jfgñk odhl` hd mòuklmjmlýk (cïslm` ` k`), m`k df `nadtlv` prlo`rhljf hd p`hdr mòpjrtlr f`s hlcdrdktds rdmurs`s bjrhwjrd y s`ctwjrd .

F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh oês jopfljodktd usjh`s s`k1 K`vdff Kdtwjrd, FJK Ojkjgdr, Wlkh`ws ]drvdr, TKLR, Flkux, FJKtjstlm, Fl, dtm. Jf lgujf qud uk dqulp` k` pudhd trjnjajr slk uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv`, ukj rdh hd dqulp`s k` pudhd cukml`kjr slk uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh . ]l k` sd hlsp`kd hd klkgñk dqulp` qud o`ktd uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh, k` dxlstlrê ukj gdstlýk mdktrjflzjhj hd rdmurs`s, p`r f` qud fj rdh sd m`kvdrtlrê dk f` qud bdo`s hdkòlkjh` grup` hd trjnja`. ]l dxlstd uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh, f`s rdmurs`s hd fj rdh sd gdstl`kjrêk sldoprd j trjvìs hdf `rhdkjh`r prlkmlpjf hd c`roj mdktrjflzjhj. Fj m`kclgurjmlýk hd ukj rdh m`k dstd tlp` hd slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s tldkd sus vdktjajs d lkm`kvdkldktds . U`r tjkt`, kudstr` trjnja` mò` pr`cdsl`kjfds ds hdtdrolkjr fj m`kclgurjmlýk qud oda`r sd jhjptd j fjs kdmdslhjhds hd kudstrj rdh .


Uêglkj 75 hd 72


<.>. Mòp`kdktds 



Dk uk dkt`rk` hd rdh p`hdo`s hlcdrdkmljr mfjrjodktd h`s mòp`kdktds1 Mfldktds. Dqulp`s k`rojfodktd m`kclgurjh`s m`k slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s o`k`pudst`, qud sd m`kdmtjk y vjflhjk jf sdrvlh`r pjrj p`hdr dopdzjr j trjnjajr dk fj rdh. ]drvlh`rds. Dqulp`s m`kclgurjh`s m`k slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s hd rdh qud pr`p`rml`kjk rdmurs`s j y df s`ctwjrd hd rdh hdf mfldktd pdroltd qud dst`s rdmurs`s dstìk hlsp`klnfds pjrj f`s mfldktds y f`s dqulp`s mfldktds. Fj rdh y df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdf mfldktd dstêk m``rhlkjh`s hd c`roj qud t`h`s f`s dfdodkt`s hd fj rdh cukml`kdk m`rrdmtjodktd.

Dstj jrqultdmturj m`kslstd nêslmjodktd dk uk mfldktd qud rdjflzj pdtlml`kds j `tr` pr`grjoj (df (df sdrvlh`r) qud fd hj rdspudstj . Jb`rj, vjo`s j vdr fj lkstjfjmlýk, m`kclgurjmlýk y jholklstrjmlýk hd f`s hdkòlkjh`s sdrvlh`rds, qud lkm`rp`rjk slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s hd rdh. <.>.:. Mjrjmtdrïstlmj Mjrjmtdrïstlmjss hd uk mfldktd









Fjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd uk mfldktd s`k1 Df mfldktd ds quldk lklmlj s`flmltuhds ` pdtlml`kds, tldkd p`r tjkt` uk pjpdf jmtlv` dk fj mòuklmjmlýk (hlsp`sltlv` ojdstr` ` jo`). Dspdrj y rdmlnd fjs rdspudstjs hdf sdrvlh`r. U`r f` gdkdrjf, pudhd m`kdmtjrsd j vjrl`s sdrvlh`rds j fj vdz. K`rojfodktd, lktdrjmtñj hlrdmtjodktd m`k f`s usujrl`s clkjfds odhljktd ukj lktdrcjz grêclmj hd usujrl`.

<.>.>. Mjrjmtdrïstlmj Mjrjmtdrïstlmjss hd uk sdrvlh`r









Fjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs hd uk mfldktd s`k1 Jf lklmljrsd dspdrjk j qud ffdgudk fjs s`flmltuhds hd f`s mfldktds, hdsdopdújk dkt`kmds uk pjpdf pjslv` dk fj mòuklmjmlýk (hlsp`sltlv` dsmfjv`). Xrjs fj rdmdpmlýk hd ukj s`flmltuh, fj pr`mdsjk y fudg` dkvïjk fj rdspudstj jf mfldktd. U`r f` gdkdrjf, jmdptjk m`kdxl`kds hdshd uk grjk kñodr` hd mfldktds (dk mldrt`s mjs`s df kñodr` oêxlo` hd pdtlml`kds pudhd dstjr floltjh`). K` ds crdmudktd qud lktdrjmtñdk hlrdmtjodktd m`k f`s usujrl`s clkjfds.


Uêglkj 7: hd 72


<.>.=. Xlp`s hd sdrvlh`rds 

]drvlh`r hd jrmblv`. Ds df qud jfojmdkj vjrl`s tlp`s hd jrmblv`s y f`s hlstrlnuyd j `tr`s

mfldktds dk fj rdh. 



]drvlh`r hd loprdslýk. ]drvlh`r hd m`rrd`. Jfojmdkj, dkvïj, rdmlnd, dkrutj y rdjflzj `trjs `pdrjml`kds rdfjml`kjhjs

m`k dojlf pjrj f`s mfldktds hd fj rdh.



]drvlh`r hd cjx. Jfojmdkj, dkvïj, rdmlnd, dkrutj y rdjflzj `trjs cukml`kds kdmdsjrljs pjrj fj

trjksolslýk, fj rdmdpmlýk y fj hlstrlnumlýk jpr`pljhjs hd f`s cjx.



]drvlh`r hd fj tdfdc`kïj. ^djflzj cukml`kds rdfjml`kjhjs m`k fj tdfdc`kïj, mò` ds fj hd

m`ktdstjh`r jutòêtlm`, rdjflzjkh` fjs cukml`kds hd uk slstdoj lktdrjmtlv` pjrj fj rdspudstj hd fj v`z, jfojmdkjkh` f`s odksjads hd v`z, dkmjolkjkh` fjs ffjojhjs y m`ktr`fjkh` tjonlìk fj rdh ` df Lktdrkdt, mò` fj dktrjhj dxmdslvj hdf LU hd fj v`z (S`LU), dtm.



]drvlh`r pr`xy. ^djflzj uk mldrt` tlp` hd cukml`kds j kònrd hd `tr`s mfldktds dk fj rdh pjrj

juodktjr df cukml`kjoldkt` hd mldrtjs `pdrjml`kds.



]drvlh`r hdf jmmds` rdo`t` (^J]). M`ktr`fj fjs fïkdjs hd oýhdo hd f`s o`klt`rds u `tr`s

mjkjfds hd mòuklmjmlýk hd fj rdh pjrj qud fjs pdtlml`kds m`kdmtdk m`k fj rdh hd ukj p`slmlýk rdo`tj, rdsp`khdk ffjojhjs tdfdcýklmjs dktrjktds ` rdm`k`mdk fj pdtlmlýk hd fj rdh y rdjflzjk f`s mbdqud`s kdmdsjrl`s hd sdgurlhjh y `tr`s pr`mdhloldkt`s kdmdsjrl`s pjrj rdglstrjr j uk usujrl` dk fj rdh. 

]drvlh`r hd us`. ^djflzj fj pjrtd fýglmj hd fj lkc`roêtlmj ` hdf kdg`ml` hd uk us` hdf mfldktd,

jmdptjkh` fjs lkstrumml`kds pjrj qud sd rdjflmdk fjs `pdrjml`kds hd uk sltl` hd trjnja` y slrvldkh` f`s rdsuftjh`s j su vdz jf sltl` hd trjnja`, oldktrjs qud df sltl` hd trjnja` rdjflzj df lktdrcjz `pdrjh`r ` fj p`rmlýk hdf GTL hdf pr`mds` (ds hdmlr, fj fýglmj hd fj prdsdktjmlýk) qud sd rdquldrd pjrj trjnjajr m`rrdmtjodktd.



]drvlh`r wdn. Jfojmdkj h`muodkt`s BXOF, loêgdkds, jrmblv`s hd tdxt`, dsmrlturjs, y hdoês

ojtdrljf Wdn mòpudst` p`r hjt`s (m`k`mlh`s m`fdmtlvjodktd mò` m`ktdklh`), y hlstrlnuyd dstd m`ktdklh` j mfldktds qud fj plhdk dk fj rdh.



]drvlh`r hd Njsd hd Hjt`s. Ur`vdd sdrvlml`s hd njsd hd hjt`s j `tr`s pr`grjojs u `trjs

mòputjh`rjs, mò` ds hdclklh` p`r df o`hdf` mfldktd-sdrvlh`r. 

]drvlh`r hd rdsdrvj. Xldkd df s`ctwjrd hd rdsdrvj hd fj rdh lkstjfjh` y tldkd mjktlhjhds

grjkhds hd jfojmdkjoldkt` hd fj rdh dk hlsm`s hur`s u `trjs c`rojs hdf jfojmdkjoldkt` (mlktj, dtm.) hlsp`klnfds pjrj qud sd utlflmd m`k df clk hd jsdgurjrsd hd qud fj pìrhlhj hd uk sdrvlh`r prlkmlpjf k` jcdmtd j fj rdh. Dstj tìmklmj tjonlìk ds hdkòlkjhj h dkòlkjhj mfustdrlkg.


Uêglkj 7> hd 72


Dadopf`1

<.=. ]`ctwjrd hd rdh Dk mujkt` jf s`ctwjrd hd rdh kdmdsjrl` pjrj trjnjajr m`k dst`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s tdkdo`s qud m`kslhdrjr1 Df s`ctwjrd dk f`s mfldktds. Dk fj jmtujflhjh, k`rojfodktd sd utlflzjk slstdojs m`k Wlkh`ws RU, Slstj, 7 ý :5 mò` mfldktds hd fjs lkcrjdstrumturjs hd rdh. Dst`s slstdojs vldkdk prdpjrjh`s pjrj k` kdmdsltjr lkstjfjr dk dff`s klkgñk s`ctwjrd jhlml`kjf pjrj m`kdmtjr m`k sdrvlh`rds. ]`fjodktd j vdmds, mujkh` sd quldrdk m`kdmtjr dst`s mfldktds j sdrvlh`rds TKLR/Flkux, sdrê kdmdsjrl` lkstjfjr (k` sldoprd) s`ctwjrd hd m`kdxl`kds rdo`tjs mò` ]]B ` slolfjrds. 



Df s`ctwjrd dk f`s sdrvlh`rds. F`s ].@.“s sdrvlh`rds trjdk lkm`rp`rjh` t`h` df s`ctwjrd

kdmdsjrl` pjrj qud f`s mfldktds pudhjk m`kdmtjrsd j dff`s, jsï mò` `tr` tlp` hd s`ctwjrd dspdmïclm` pjrj suolklstrjr sdrvlml`s j dst`s mfldktds.

<.8. Mjrjmtdrïstlmjs Tk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh tldkd jfgukjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs qud f` mjtjf`gjk. Jfgukjs hd dffjs s`k fjs slguldktds1 M`kdmtj t`h`s f`s dqulp`s y rdmurs`s hd fj rdh. M``rhlkj fjs cukml`kds hd t`h`s f`s pdrlcìrlm`s y rdmurs`s. Ur`p`rml`kj sdgurlhjh m`ktr`fjkh` df jmmds` j f`s hjt`s y rdmurs`s. @ptlolzj fj utlflzjmlýk hd f`s rdmurs`s. Fj gdstlýk hd rdmurs`s y dqulp`s hd fj rdh sd rdjflzj hd c`roj mdktrjflzjhj. 










Uêglkj 7= hd 72


Dk gdkdrjf, f`s ].@.“s dk rdh sd utlflzjk s`nrd t`h` pjrj rdjflzjr ukj gdstlýk mdktrjflzjhj hdf s`ctwjrd y hd t`h`s f`s rdmurs`s bjrhwjrd qud sd pudhdk gdstl`kjr dk ukj rdh . U`r f` qud uk ]@ dk rdh sd lkstjfj dk uk dqulp` qud tdkhrê uk rjkg` supdrl`r jf rdst` hd dqulp`s hd ukj rdh . Hlmb` f` jktdrl`r, tdkdo`s qud tdkdr dk mudktj qud pjrj fj gdstlýk hd dstd tlp` hd lkcrjdstrumturjs lkc`roêtlmjs jpjrdmd fj clgurj hdf jholklstrjh`r hd rdh, clgurj qud k` dstjnj prdsdktd mujkh` gdstl`kênjo`s rdhds hd lgujf j lgujf, ds hdmlr, dk grup`s hd trjnja`. Fjs mjrjmtdrïstlmjs qud jp`rtjk f`s ].@. dk rdh s`k fjs slguldktds1 Mòpjrtlr rdmurs`s. Mòpjrtlr ds df tìrolk` utlflzjh` pjrj hdsmrlnlr f`s rdmurs`s qud pñnflmjodktd dstêk hlsp`klnfds pjrj mujfquldr usujrl` hd fj rdh. Fj ojy`rïj hd f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s hd rdh k` sýf` pdroltdk mòpjrtlr, slk` tjonlìk hdtdrolkjr df grjh` hd mòpjrtlmlýk. Fjs `pml`kds pjrj fj mòpjrtlmlýk hd rdmurs`s lkmfuydk1 Udroltlr hlstlkt`s usujrl`s m`k hlcdrdktds klvdfds hd jmmds` j f`s rdmurs`s (prlvlfdgl`s). M``rhlkjmlýk dk df jmmds` j f`s rdmurs`s jsdgurjkh` qud h`s usujrl`s k` utlflmdk df olso` rdmurs` dk df olso` lkstjktd. Dadopf`1 Lkhlmjr qud dk dstd pukt` bjnrê usujrl`s hd fj rdh qud p`hrêk jmmdhdr j hdtdrolkjh`s h`muodkt`s, s`fjodktd pjrj p`hdr fddrf`s. Dk mjonl`, `tr`s jhdoês hd fddrf`s, p`hrêk o`hlclmjrf`s d lkmfus` bjnrê usujrl`s qud k` tdkgjk kl pdrols`s pjrj p`hdr fddr ds`s jrmblv`s. Dst`s prlvlfdgl`s ` pdrols`s s`k m`kmdhlh`s p`r df jholklstrjh`r j f`s usujrl`s hd fj rdh. 

`

`



Gdstlýk hd usujrl`s. F`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s hd rdh pdroltdk jf jholklstrjh`r hd fj rdh

hdtdrolkjr fjs pdrs`kjs, ` grup`s hd pdrs`kjs, qud tdkhrêk fj p`slnlflhjh hd jmmdhdr j f`s rdmurs`s hd fj olsoj. Df jholklstrjh`r hd ukj rdh pudhd utlflzjr df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh pjrj1 Mrdjr, n`rrjr ` o`hlclmjr usujrl`s y grup`s hd usujrl`s. @t`rgjr ` qultjr pdrols`s hd usujrl` j f`s rdmurs`s hd fj rdh m`ktr`fjh`s p`r df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hd rdh. Jslgkjr ` hdkdgjr pdrols`s hd usujrl` dk fj rdh. \j vdrdo`s oês jhdfjktd qud, pjrj slopflclmjr fj tjrdj hd fj gdstlýk hd usujrl`s dk ukj grjk rdh, df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hd rdh pdroltd fj mrdjmlýk hd grup`s hd usujrl`s. Odhljktd fj mfjslclmjmlýk hd f`s usujrl`s dk grup`s, df jholklstrjh`r pudhd jslgkjr pdrols`s jf grup`. X`h`s f`s oldonr`s hd uk grup` tdkhrêk f`s olso`s pdrols`s, jslgkjh`s jf grup` mò` ukj uklhjh. Mujkh` sd ukd j fj rdh uk kudv` usujrl`, df jholklstrjh`r pudhd jújhlr df kudv` usujrl` jf grup` jpr`pljh`, m`k sus m`rrdsp`khldktds pdrols`s y hdrdmb`s. Dst` k` lopflmj qud pjrtlmufjrodktd mjhj usujrl` pudhj tdkdr sus pr`pl`s prlvlfdgl`s s`nrd f`s rdmurs`s hdf slstdoj. `

`

`



Gdstlýk hd fj rdh. Jfguk`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh jvjkzjh`s lkmfuydk bdrrjoldktjs hd gdstlýk qud jyuhjk j f`s jholklstrjh`rds j m`ktr`fjr df mòp`rtjoldkt` hd fj rdh . Mujkh` sd

pr`humd uk pr`nfdoj dk fj rdh, dstjs bdrrjoldktjs hd gdstlýk pdroltdk hdtdmtjr sïktòjs hd fj prdsdkmlj hdf pr`nfdoj y prdsdktjr lkc`rojmlýk s`nrd f`s olso`s. M`k dstjs bdrrjoldktjs, df jholklstrjh`r hd fj rdh pudhd tòjr fj hdmlslýk m`rrdmtj jktds hd qud df pr`nfdoj sup`kgj rldsg`s sdrl`s ` ukj mjïhj hd fj rdh.


Uêglkj 78 hd 72


<.4. ]dfdmmlýk hd uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh Mujkh` pfjklclmjo`s fj lkcrjdstrumturj hd ukj rdh, fj sdfdmmlýk hdf ].@. dk rdh sd pudhd slopflclmjr hd c`roj slgklclmjtlvj sl prlodr` sd hdtdrolkj fj jrqultdmturj hd rdh (mfldktd/sdrvlh`r ` grup` hd trjnja`) qud qud oda`r sd jaustj jaustj j kudstrjs kdmdslhjhds kdmdslhjhds . Ujrj hdmlhlr quì tlp` hd lkcrjdstrumturj qudrdo`s o`ktjr k`s njsjrdo`s dk vjrl`s pjrêodtr`s1 Klvdf hd sdgurlhjh hd fj rdh. Dstj hdmlslýk sd njsj dk f`s tlp`s hd sdgurlhjh qud sd m`kslhdrjk oês jhdmujh`s. Fjs rdhds njsjhjs dk sdrvlh`r pdroltdk lkmfulr oês p`slnlflhjhds rdfjtlvjs j fj sdgurlhjh qud fjs qud k`s `crdmd uk slopfd grup` hd trjnja`. U`r `tr` fjh`, mujkh` fj sdgurlhjh k` ds ukj pr`pldhjh j m`kslhdrjr, pudhd rdsuftjr oês jpr`pljh` uk dkt`rk` hd rdh hdf tlp` grup` hd trjnja`. 



Kñodr` hd usujrl`s hd fj rdh. Mujkh` df kñodr` hd usujrl`s ds pdqudú`, j vdmds rdsuftj oês

prêmtlm` y cêmlf hd jholklstrjr uk grup` hd trjnja` qud ukj rdh dk dkt`rk` mfldktd/sdrvlh`r yj qud df ojktdkloldkt`, jmtujflzjmlýk y gdstlýk hd f`s rdmurs`s sdrê pdqudú`. 

Kñodr` hd dqulp`s hd fj rdh. Jf lgujf qud dk df mjs` jktdrl`r y p`r f`s olso`s o`tlv`s, sl

hlsp`kdo`s hd p`m`s dqulp`s dk fj rdh, tjf vdz sdrê oda`r trjnjajr dk uk grup` hd trjnja` qud dk uk dkt`rk` hd rdh mfldktd/sdrvlh`r. 

Dvjfujr fj lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh hd fj rdh. Hdspuìs hd lhdktlclmjr fjs kdmdslhjhds hd sdgurlhjh,

usujrl`s y dqulp`s hd fj rdh, df slguldktd pjs` ds hdtdrolkjr f`s tlp`s hd lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh kdmdsjrlj dk fj rdh pjrj qud sd mòp`rtd mò` ukj uklhjh. Fj lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh ds fj mjpjmlhjh hd mòuklmjmlýk dktrd hlcdrdktds pr`grjojs y oêqulkjs hd hlstlkt`s cjnrlmjktds . Mjhj slstdoj `pdrjtlv` dk rdh m`kslhdrj fj lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh hd c`roj hlcdrdktd y, p`r ds`, rdsuftj ouy lop`rtjktd rdm`rhjr kudstrjs pr`pljs kdmdslhjhds hd lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh mujkh` sd dvjfñd mjhj slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hd rdh. ]l fj `pmlýk ds grup` hd trjnja`, hlsolkulrêk fjs `pml`kds hd sdgurlhjh y hd lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh hdnlh` j fjs floltjml`kds pr`pljs hd dstj jrqultdmturj . ]l fj `pmlýk sdfdmml`kjhj sd njsj dk fj utlflzjmlýk hd uk dkt`rk` mfldktd/sdrvlh`r, ds kdmdsjrl` rdjflzjr dstlojml`kds cuturjs pjrj hdtdrolkjr sl fj lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh vj j sdr m`kslhdrjhj mò` uk sdrvlml` dk df sdrvlh`r hd fj rdh ` mò` ukj jpflmjmlýk mfldktd dk mjhj dqulp` m`kdmtjh` j fj rdh. `

`

Fj lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh njsjhj dk sdrvlh`r ds oês sdkmlffj hd gdstl`kjr pudst` qud, jf lgujf qud `tr`s sdrvlml`s, sd f`mjflzj hd c`roj mdktrjflzjhj. Fj lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh njsjhj dk mfldktd rdquldrd fj lkstjfjmlýk y m`kclgurjmlýk dk mjhj dqulp`. Dst` lopflmj qud fj lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh sdj oumb` oês hlcïmlf hd gdstl`kjr.

]dfdmml`kjh` df ].@. dk rdh qud qudrdo`s lkstjfjr, j m`ktlkujmlýk sd hdtdrolkjk f`s sdrvlml`s hd rdh qud sd rdquldrdk. F`s sdrvlml`s hd rdh s`k pr`grjojs qud sd dadmutjk hd c`roj pdrojkdktd dk f`s ].@. y qud hdtdrolkjk quì ds f` qud sd pudhd bjmdr s`nrd df slstdoj . Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

Uêglkj 74 hd 72


@tr`s sdrvlml`s jhlml`kjfds qud sd pudhdk lkmfulr j fj b`rj hd m`kclgurjr y gdstl`kjr uk ].@. dk rdh s`k s`p`rtds hd lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh pjrj m`kdxl`kds m`k `tr`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s, sdrvlml`s hd gdstlýk hd rdh, p`fïtlmjs p`fïtlmjs hd sdgurlhjh, jutòjtlzjmlýk jutòjtlzjmlýk hd pr`mds`s , dtm. <.4.:. °Zuì slstdoj `pdrjtlv` `pdrjtlv` dk rdh ds df jhdmujh` pjrj ol rdh0

J hlcdrdkmlj hdf slstdoj `pdrjtlv` KdtWjrd, qud k` vdrdo`s dk dstj `nrj p`r sdr uk ].@. dk rdh p`m` dxtdkhlh`, Wlkh`ws mònlkj df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hdf dqulp` y hd rdh dk uk olso` slstdoj . Olmr`s`ct suolklstrj vdrsl`kds hd ].@ .“s mfldktds y vdrsl`kds hd ].@ .“s hd sdrvlh`r. Dktrd fjs vdrsl`kds mfldktd , k`s dkm`ktrjo`s Wlkh`ws RU Ur`cdssl`kjf ` Wlkh`ws Slstj Nuslkdss. Dk mujkt` j fjs vdrsl`kds hd sdrvlh`r, Olmr`s`ct k`s `crdmd vdrsl`kds mò` Wlkh`ws >555 ]drvdr, >55= ]drvdr ` >552 ]drvdr dk hlcdrdktds hlstrlnuml`kds. U`r `tr` fjh`, df ].@. Flkux, y dk pjrtlmufjr fjs hlstrlnuml`kds hd Hdnljk, `crdmdk tjonlìk vdrsl`kds hd mfldktd mò` Tnuktu Hdsit`p ` vdrsl`kds hd sdrvlh`r mò` Tnuktu ]drvdr. Hd mjrjmtdrïstlmjs mò` fjs vlstjs jktdrl`rodktd dk df jpjrtjh` jktdrl`r hdpdkhdrê kudstrj hdmlslýk pjrj lkstjfjr uk` u `tr` hd dst`s ].@ .“s. 



<.4.:.:. ]lstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh Wlkh`ws

Wlkh`ws ]drvdr ds uk ].@. hlsdújh` pjrj dkt`rk` hd sdrvlh`rds qud trjnjaj s`nrd uk o`hdf` hdkòlkjh` hòlkl`. Tk hòlkl` ds ukj m`fdmmlýk hd dqulp`s (mfldktds y sdrvlh`rds) qud mòpjrtdk ukj p`fïtlmj hd sdgurlhjh y ukj njsd hd hjt`s mòñk . Mjhj hòlkl` tldkd uk kònrd ñklm`. Dadopf`1 Dk df slstdoj `pdrjtlv` Wlkh`ws , pjrj c`rojr pjrtd hd uk hòlkl` sd jmmdhd hdshd Dsmrlt`rl` bjmldkh` mflm m`k df n`týk hdrdmb` hdf rjtýk s`nrd Dqulp` y hdktr` hd ‖Sdr lkc`rojmlýk nêslmj jmdrmj hdf dqulp` ‟ plkmbj s`nrd df n`týk Mjonljr m`kclgurjmlýk. Tkj vdz hdktr` p`hdo`s mjonljr df kònrd hdf dqulp` y sdr oldonr` hd uk hòlkl` ` grup` hd trjnja`.


Uêglkj 73 hd 72


F`s sdrvlml`s oês bjnltujfds qud k`s pr`p`rml`kjk dstd tlp` hd ].@ .“s pjrj fj gdstlýk hd fj rdh s`k f`s slguldktds1 ]drvlml`s hd mòpjrtlmlýk hd rdmurs`s. Dstd sdrvlml` ds m`k df qud p`hdo`s p`kdr j hlsp`slmlýk hd f`s usujrl`s hd fj rdh jrmblv`s, mjrpdtjs, loprds`rjs, ` mujfquldr `tr` rdmurs`, hd c`roj mdktrjflzjhj y m`k uk klvdf hd sdgurlhjh hdtdrolkjkh` y hdmlhlh` p`r k`s`tr`s. 



]dgurlhjh. Jf lgujf qud f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh oês lop`rtjktds, Wlkh`ws ]drvdr

pr`p`rml`kj sdgurlhjh pjrj mujfquldr rdmurs` hd fj rdh. Df sdrvlh`r hd rdh Wlkh`ws ojktldkd t`h`s f`s rdglstr`s hd fjs mudktjs hd usujrl` y gdstl`kj f`s pdrols`s y hdrdmb`s hd usujrl`. Ujrj jmmdhdr j mujfquldr rdmurs` hd fj rdh, df usujrl` hdnd tdkdr f`s hdrdmb`s kdmdsjrl`s pjrj rdjflzjr fj tjrdj y f`s pdrols`s jhdmujh`s pjrj utlflzjr df rdmurs`.



]drvlml`s hd loprdslýk. Dk ukj rdh Wlkh`ws ]drvdr, mujfquldr sdrvlh`r ` mfldktd pudhd

cukml`kjr mò` sdrvlh`r hd loprdslýk. Fj hlcdrdkmlj ds qud sl df sdrvlml` hd loprdslýk dstê o`ktjh` dk uk mfldktd, df jholklstrjh`r hd fj rdh k` tdkhrê m`ktr`f t`tjf s`nrd df olso`. F` k`rojf ds lkstjfjr dst`s sdrvlml`s dk df sdrvlh`r y gdstl`kjrf`s hdshd dstd dqulp`.



]drvlml`s hd rdh. Wlkh`ws ]drvdr pr`p`rml`kj hlcdrdktds sdrvlml`s hd rdh qud jyuhjk j fj

gdstlýk gf`njf hd uk dkt`rk` hd rdh. Jfguk`s hd dst`s sdrvlml`s s`k1 ]drvlml` hd odksjadrïj. O`klt`rlzj fj rdh y rdmlnd odksjads dodrgdktds pjrj df usujrl`. ]drvlml` hd jfjroj. Dkvïj fjs k`tlclmjml`kds rdmlnlhjs p`r df sdrvlml` hd odksjadrïj. ]drvlml` hd dxpf`rjmlýk. Ur`p`rml`kj ukj flstj hd sdrvlh`rds hlsp`klnfds dk f`s hòlkl`s y dk f`s grup`s hd trjnja`. ]drvlml` hd dstjmlýk. ]d dadmutj s`nrd ukj dstjmlýk hd trjnja` y ds rdsp`ksjnfd hd fjs m`kdxl`kds m`k df sdrvlh`r. ]drvlml` hd sdrvlh`r. Ur`p`rml`kj jmmds` hd rdh j f`s rdmurs`s hd uk dqulp`. `

`

`

`

`



Lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh. F`s hlcdrdktds pr`t`m`f`s y sdrvlml`s hd rdh qud gdstl`kj uk slstdoj

Wlkh`ws ]drvdr slrvdk pjrj m`kclgurjr uk dkt`rk` hd rdh olxt` ` cêmlfodktd lktdr`pdrjnfd. Mò` dadopf` sd lkm`rp`rj df pr`t`m`f` hd rdh KWFlki hlsdújh` pjrj qud Wlkh`ws ]drvdr sdj mòpjtlnfd m`k `tr`s sdrvlh`rds k` Wlkh`ws, mò` K`vdff KdtWjrd.

<.4.:.>. ]lstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdh TKLR/Flkux

TKLR/Flkux ds uk slstdoj `pdrjtlv` hd pr`pýslt` gdkdrjf, ouftlusujrl` y ouftltjrdj .

Fjs vdrsl`kds oês m`k`mlhjs hd dst`s ].@ .“s s`k1 Flkux Hdnljk y TKLR ]`fjrls hd ]uk Olmr`systdo. K`rojfodktd, uk slstdoj TKLR/Flkux dstê m`kstltulh` p`r uk dqulp` mdktrjf y oñftlpfds tdrolkjfds pjrj f`s usujrl`s . Dstd slstdoj `pdrjtlv` lkmfuyd fjs prdstjml`kds hd rdh , hlsdújh` dspdmïclmjodktd pjrj grjkhds rdhds, pdr` tjonlìk prdsdktj jfgukjs jpflmjml`kds pjrj dqulp`s pdrs`kjfds . TKLR/Flkux trjnjaj nldk s`nrd uk dqulp` jutýkò` y, mò` m`ksdmudkmlj hd sus p`slnlflhjhds hd ouftltjrdj, tjonlìk f` bjmd pdrcdmtjodktd dk uk dkt`rk` hd rdh. Dkmjrkjmlýk Ojrïk Mjnjffdr`

Uêglkj 77 hd 72


J hlcdrdkmlj hd f`s slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s Olmr`s`ct, TKLR/Flkux dk mujfquldrj hd sus vdrsl`kds pudhd cukml`kjr mò` mfldktd ` mò` sdrvlh`r . Mldrt` ds qud, dk pjrtlmufjr, Flkux Hdnljk dk su hlstrlnumlýk Tnuktu hlstrlnuyd h`s vdrsl`kds, pdr` nêslmjodktd tldkdk fj olsoj jrqultdmturj y sd gdstl`kjk y m`kclgurjk lgujf. Fj hlcdrdkmlj rjhlmj prlkmlpjfodktd dk qud f`s mfldktds lkm`rp`rjk odk`s sdrvlml`s qud f`s sdrvlh`rds y dspdmljfodktd qud df trjnja` s`nrd f`s sdrvlh`rds k`rojfodktd k` sd hdsjrr`ffj dk dkt`rk` grêclm` .

<.3. Lktdgrjmlýk hd slstdojs `pdrjtlv`s dk rdhds olxtjs Xdkdo`s qud sjndr qud mujkh` qudrdo`s o`ktjr ukj lkcrjdstrumturj hd rdh sldoprd p`hrdo`s odzmfjr dqulp`s hd uk` y `tr` tlp` slk klkgñk tlp` hd pr`nfdoj , sjnldkh` quì mjrjmtdrïstlmjs k`s `crdmd mjhj uk` hd dff`s y df hlsdú` y kdmdslhjhds qud tdkgjo`s dk kudstrj rdh. Dadopf`1 J m`ktlkujmlýk, p`hrdo`s vdr uk slstdoj lkc`roêtlm` dk rdh dk df qud dxlstd ukj lktdr`pdrjnlflhjh t`tjf dktrd slstdojs mfldktds y sdrvlh`rds.

F`s mfldktds hd ukj rdh pudhdk sdr dqulp`s m`k ]@ hdf tlp` Wlkh`ws RU, Wlkh`ws Slstj ` TKLR/Flkux. \, p`r `tr` fjh`, f`s sdrvlh`rds pudhdk sdr Wlkh`ws ]drvdr ` TKLR/Flkux.


Uêglkj 72 hd 72

Tema 3. Sistemas Operativos

Recommend Documents