TEMA 41. LAS FUENTES Y LOS ORÍGENES DE LA LITERATURA OCCIDENTAL. LA BIBLIA. LOS CLÁSICOS GRECO-LATINOS. 0. Introdu!"n.............................. Introdu!"n..................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .......................................1 ................1 1. L!t#r$tur$ %&n%r!t$ o !nd!$.................................................... !nd!$........................................................................................... ........................................' .' 1.1. L!t#r$tur$ ()d!$. *1+00-1'00 $C,......................................................................... $C,.........................................................................'' 1.'. L$ #o#$ #o#$ ou/$r........................ ou/$r............................................... .............................................. ............................................... ........................... ... 1.. L!t#r$tur$ ud!%t$.............................. ud!%t$..................................................... .............................................. ...........................................4 ....................4 1.4. S!%t#2$% 3!/o%"3!o% rodu!"n !#nt3!$ #n %&n%r!to...................................... %&n%r!to......................................44 1.+. L!t#r$tur$ no r#/!5!o%$.................................... r#/!5!o%$........................................................... .............................................. ..................................4 ...........4 '. L!t#r$tur$ 6#r#$7 /$ B!/!$........................................ B!/!$............................................................... ....................................................+ .............................+ '.1. L$ B!/!$........................................ B!/!$............................................................... .............................................. .................................................. ...........................++ $, Tor&................ Tor&....................................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ...................................+ ............+ , N#!2 *ro3#t$%,............................. *ro3#t$%,.................................................... ...................................................................... ...............................................88 , 9#tu!2 *#%r!to%,.................................... *#%r!to%,........................................................... .............................................................8 ......................................8 d, E/ NUE:O TESTAMENT TESTAMENTO.................. O......................................... .............................................. ....................................... .................8 .8 '.'. Otro% t#;to%................................... t#;to%.......................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................8 .....8 A. Lo% 2$nu%r!to% d#/ 2$r 2u#rto.......................................... 2u#rto............................................................. ................................ .............88 B. T#;to% T#;to% $"r!3o%............................. $"r!3o%.................................................... .............................................. ................................................ .........................<< C. L!t#r$tur$ =ud#o6#/#n%t!$.......................... =ud#o6#/#n%t!$................................................. .............................................. ...................................< ............< D. E/ T$/2ud.............. T$/2ud..................................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................................... ...........................< ...< '.. L$ /!t#r$tur$ %#3$rd */o% =udo% #n E%$>$,........................................................ E%$>$,........................................................<< . L!t#r$tur$ &r$#.................................... &r$#........................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................? .....? .1. @r#!%/&2!$ *+00-8'',......... * +00-8'',................................ .............................................. .................................................... ..................................... ........?? .'. L$ #;$n%!"n *8''-<+0,......... * 8''-<+0,................................ .............................................. .............................................. ...................................? ............? .. L$ /!t#r$tur$ &r$# #n Or!#nt#........................................................ Or!#nt#................................................................................. .........................?? .4. L!t#r$tur$ $r&!5o-#%$>o/$................. $r&!5o-#%$>o/$........................................ .............................................. ............................................ ..................... 4. L$ /!t#r$tur$ 5r!#5$............................................. 5r!#5$.................................................................... .............................................. .................................. ...........10 10 4.1. M!to M!t o /##nd$ or$/!d$d.................................. or$/!d$d......................................................... .....................................................10 ..............................10 4.'. L$ #o#$.......................... #o#$................................................. .............................................. .............................................. ....................................10 .............10 4.. L$ /r!$......................................... /r!$................................................................ .............................................. .................................................11 ..........................11 4.4. E/ t#$tro........................................... t#$tro.................................................................. .................................................................... ..............................................1' .1' 4.+. @ro%$.................................. @ro%$......................................................... .............................................. ............................................................ .....................................1 1 +. LITERAT LITERATURA ROMANA Y EN LENGUA LATINA.......................................... LATINA...............................................14 .....14 +.1. LA RE@BLICA................................. RE@BLICA........................................................ .............................................. ..........................................14 ...................14 +.1.1. E/ t#$tro....................................... t#$tro.............................................................. .............................................................. ...........................................14 ....14 +.1.'. @o#%$.............................. @o#%$..................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .................................14 ..........14 +.1.. @ro%$............................... @ro%$...................................................... .............................................. ........................................................ .................................14 14 +.'. EL IM@ERIO.................................... IM@ERIO........................................................... .............................................. .............................................1+ ......................1+ +.'.1. :!r5!/!o............. :!r5!/!o.................................... .............................................. .............................................. ................................................1+ .........................1+ +.'.'. or$!o............................... or$!o...................................................... .............................................. ................................................. .............................1+ ...1+ B!/!o5r$3$7...................................... B!/!o5r$3$7............................................................. .............................................. .............................................. .................................18 ..........18
0. Introducción. D#$ o%# @!=o$n #n %u tr$du!"n d# /$ 2$5n$ or$ d# @r$2o/!n! u# todo u$nto #/ 6o2r# 6$ #n%$do %#nt!do %# #nu#ntr$ on%!5n$do #n /$ /!t#r$tur$H. L$ /!t#r$tur$ #% /$ 6!%tor!$ d# /$ #(o/u!"n d# /$ ($r!#d$d d#/ #n%$2!#nto #/ %#nt!2!#nto 6u2$no #% /$ 6!%tor!$ d#/ $/2$ 6u2$n$ ont$d$ d# 2!/ 2$n#r$% d!3#r#nt#% or #//$ 2!%2$. D#%d# )o$% r#2ot$% #/ 6o2r# %# 6$ #%3or$do or on%!5n$r #n %2o/o%
%!5no% *u# $$$ron or %#r /#tr$%, todo /o u# !#n%$ %u3r# 5o$ o!n$ !2$5!n$... L$ 6!%tor!$ d# /$ /!t#r$tur$ #% /$ 6!%tor!$ d# tod$% /$% 6!%tor!$% /$ 5#o5r$3$ d#/ #%r!tu7 %$#2o% /o u# %o2o% $/ $r#!$r #nt#nd#r /o u# otro% 3u#ron %u!#ron. L$ !n3/u#n!$ d# /$% /!t#r$tur$% r!2!5#n!$% /$% u/tur$% u# /$% r#$ron %or# tod$ /$ #;r#%!"n $rt%t!$ o%t#r!or #% #nor2# /$ o2r#n%!"n d#/ $rt# d## $rt!r d# un ono!2!#nto &%!o d# $u#//o% r!2#ro% $utor#%. No #% #;tr$>o u# B$t//" @)r# 6$$n od!do #%tud!$r /$ #r(!(#n!$ d# !#rto% t#2$% /&%!o% #n #/ !n# ont#2or&n#o ont#2or&n#o La semilla inmortal , * La , t$/ o2o 6!o or #=#2/o Curt!u% on /o% t"!o% /!t#r$r!o% 5r#o/$t!no% #n /$ /!t#r$tur$ o!d#nt$/. E% $ tr$()% d# un$ no!"n &%!$ d# /$% r$#% 2&% ro3und$% $nt!5u$% d# nu#%tr$ tr$d!!"n /!t#r$r!$ "2o r#$/2#nt# od#2o% //#5$r $ #nt#nd#r #%$ tr$d!!"n /$% or$% $utor#% u# #n #//$ %# 6$n !n%r!to u# d# #//$ 6$n #!do. $r$ u# (!$=$r 6$%t$ #/ 2&% $nt!5uo E5!to #/ d# /$% r!2#r$% !r&2!d#% d# Jo%#r S$$r$ o 6$%t$ /o% r!2#ro% t#;to% 2#%oot&2!o% 2#%oot&2!o% Kon /o% u# %# !n(#nt" /$ #%r!tur$ un#!3or2#K $r$ 6$//$r /$% 2&% ro3und$% r$#% d# #%$ tr$d!!"n. @odr$2o% %u2#r5!rno% #n /$% 2t!$% /#5#nd$r!$% !(!/!$!on#% u# n$!#ron $ or!//$% d#/ T!5r!% #/ Eu3r$t#% or un /$do d#/ N!/o or otro. D#// t#r D# t#r#r #r 2!/# 2!/#n! n!oo d$t$ d$t$ #/ r!2 r!2#r #r o#2 o#2$$ %u2# %u2#r!o r!o $ /$ r#$ r#$! !"n "n77 r#$ r#$! !on on#% #% o%2o/"5!$% r#/!5!o%$% #n torno $ /u5$r#% 2t!o% o2o /$ !ud$d d# Ur. D#/ %#5undo 2!/#n!o d$t$ #/ r!2#r t#;to /#5$/ ono!do7 #/ "d!5o d# $22ur$! t$2!)n #n #%o% $>o% 6$//$2o% $ o2/#to #/ 5r$n o#2$ )!o $!/on!o7 #/ Enuma Elish o Poema de la creación. No 2u6o d#%u)% d#%u)% $/r#d#dor $/r#d#dor d#/ N!/o %# d#%$rro//$ d#%$rro//$ /$ otr$ 5r$n !(!/!$!"n !(!/!$!"n un$ d# o!d#nt# on %u ro!$ #%r!tur$ !d#o5r&3!$ o !to5r&3!$7 /o% 3uturo% =#ro5/3!o% u# $$$r&n %!#ndo un$ 3or2$ 2!;t$ d# !d#o5r$2$ %!5no% 3on)t!o% %!/&!o% d#t#r2!n$t!(o%. A /o /$r5o d#/ I2#r!o :!#=o M#d!o Nu#(o E5!to d#%$rro//$r& un$ /!t#r$tur$ r!$ #n o#%$ r#/!5!o%$ #/#5$$ (ot!($ $d#2&% d# rodu!on#% n$rr$t!($% !o5r&3!$% /#5$/#% /#5$/#% 3!/o%"3!$%...
1. Literatura sánscrita o india. @r$2o/!n! /$ $u%#n!$ d# rono/o5$ o/!5$ $ d!(!d!r #n 5)n#ro%7 /!t#r$tur$ ()d!$ #o#$ ou/$r /!t#r$tur$ ud!%t$ =$!n!%t$ /!t#r$tur$ %&n%r!t$ *u# d!(!d# #n $rt%t!$ 3!/o%"3!$, /!t#r$tur$% n#o!nd$% /!t#r$tur$% dr$(d!$%. B$=o #/ $d=#t!(o !ndoH !n/u!2o% un$ $nt!d$d !n5#nt# d# rodu!on#% /!t#r$r!$% d# 2u6$% )o$% 2u6$% /#n5u$%. Co2$rt#n r$%5o% o2un#%7 r#do2!n!o d#/ t#2$ r#/!5! r#/!5!o%o o%o ($r!# ($r!#d$ d$dd d# 5)n 5)n#ro #ro% % 2#/ 2#/$$ t#2&t! t#2&t!$ $ d# /o ur$2 ur$2#nt #nt## /!t#r$ /!t#r$r!o r!o on on /o r#/!5!o%o /o 3!/o%"3!o o /o !#nt3!o 2#/$ d# ro%$ (#r%o r#$!"n d# #%u#2$% r5!do%. I2ort$n!$ 6!%t"r!o-u/tur$/ d# r!2#r ord#n $r$ o!d#nt#7 no 6$ dud$ Kd#=$ndo $$rt# /$ $d2!r$!"n or #%t$ /!t#r$tur$ tr$% %u d#%ur!2!#nto $ r!n!!o% d#/ IK d# u# /$% 3&u/$% #uro#$% %# !n%!r$n $ tr$()% d# #r%$% &r$#% #n /!ro% !ndo% o2o #/ Panchatantra. T$2!)n T$2!)n #% !ndud$/# /$ !n3/u#n!$ d# 3!/"%o3o% !nd!o% #n #/ #n%$2!#nto 5r!#5o.
1.1. Literatura védica. (1500-1200 aC) En %u or!5#n #% /!t# r#/!5!o%$ K6!2no% /#5$r!$% 3"r2u/$% 2&5!$%K d# d!3#r#nt#% )o$% r#un!d$ or r$62$n#% #n /o% %$26!t$H o r#o!/$!on#%. A /o% :#d$% %# 6$ !do $>$d $>$d!# !#nd ndoo %u# %u#%! %!($ ($2# 2#nt nt## un$ un$ $2/ $2/!$ !$ /!t# /!t#r$ r$tu tur$ r$ #n ro% ro%$$ d# !nt# !nt#r rr# r#t$ t$! !"n "n o2#nt$r!o. @#ro @r$2o/!n! !n%!%t# #n d!%t!n5u!r #ntr# /o :)d!o /o r$62&n!o o2o #ntr# /o 2!to/"5!o /o 6!%t"r!o.
A,
B,
C, D,
E,
E/ RIG: RIG:ED EDA A o : :##d$ d# /o% /o% 6!2no 6!2no%% d# /o$H /o$H 10'? 10'? $nt $nto% o% d# d!3# d!3#r# r#nt nt#% #% )o$% r#un!do% #n 11 2$nd$/$ */!ro%,. E% un$ r#o!/$!"n %or# #/ $nt#"n d# d!o% d!o%##% !ndo !ndo%% n$d$ n$d$ ou ou/$ /$rr %!no %!no #/$ #/$or or$d $d$$ K$ (## (##%% on on #nor #nor2# 2# o2/# o2/#=!d =!d$d $dKK or %$#rd %$#rdot# ot#%% u/to u/to%. %. Ad Ad#2 #2&% &% d# #%to% #%to% $nto% $nto% # 6!2no 6!2no%% r!tu$/#% %# r#o5#n t$2!)n $/5uno% d# t#2$ ro3$no 3!/o%"3!o o )!o. Otro Otro%% (#d$ (#d$%% %on %on #/ SAMA SAMA:EDA EDA o : :##d$ d# /$% /$% 2#/o 2#/od d$% $%H H r##r r##rto tor! r!oo d# $nto% $r$ #/ ud5&t$rH o $ntor #n /$% o3r#nd$%. E/ YAUR:EDA o :#d$ d# /$% 3"r2u/$% $r$ /o% %$r!3!!o% (#r%o% r#un!do% $r$ 3!n#% #r#2on!$/#% u# #r2!t#n ono#r $ 3ondo /o% r!to% r$62&n!o%. E/ ATAR: AR:A:EDA or /t!2o /t!2o r#o5# r#o5# %u#r% %u#r%t! t!!on !on#% #% $nt!u $nt!u%! %!2$ 2$%% #n 3or2$ 3or2$ 2&% 2&% o ou/$ u/$rr u# #/ R!5(#d$ #ro t$2!)n #/$or$d$7 !n/u# (#r%#!//o% 3"r2u/$% 2&5!$% on #n3#r2#d$d#% #n3#r2#d$d#% !$dur$% %#r#% 2$/!5no%... Lo% BRAMA BRAMANAS NAS %on %on or$% or$% #n ro% ro%$$ $r$ $r$ #%/ #%/$r# $r#!2 !2!#n !#nto to o2# o2#nt$ nt$r!o r!o d# /o% :#d$%. C$d$ un$ d# #%t$% (o/u2!no%$% or$% orr#%ond# $ un :#d$ $%! $d$ %$26!t$H t!#n# 2&% d# uno d# d!3#r#nt#% #%u#/$% r$62&n!$%. r$62&n!$%. L$% L$% :EDA :EDANT NTA A u# u# !n/ !n/u u#n #n /$% ARA ARANI NIAC ACA A /$% /$% U@A U@ANIS NISAD AD77 %on %on t#;to% r$62&n!o% %or# #/ t#r#r #%t$d!o d# (!d$ d#/ ro#%o r$62&n!o u# 2$r$n #/ $2!no 6$!$ /$ 2#d!t$!"n. R#d$t$d$% #n (#r%o $/5un$% #n ro%$ otr$ /$% U$n!%6$d %on %!n"n!2$% d# dotr!n$ 2!%t#r!o%$ %#r#t$ $ u# $o5#n todo /o u# %#$ oo $#%!/# $ /$ 2$or$7 %2o/o% $/#5or$% #/uur$!on#% #/uur$!on#% 2%t!$% #n$nt$2!#nto%... #n$nt$2!#nto%... Lo% :EDAN :EDANGA GA o t#;to% t#;to% $u;! $u;!/!$ /!$r#% r#% d# d# /o% /o% :# :#d$% d$% r#o5# r#o5#nn #/ r!tu r!tu$/ $/ *$ *$/$ /$H, H, /$ 3on)t!$ o r#!t$!"n *%6!%6$H, /$ 5r$2&t!$ *(!$$r$n$H, #t!2o/o5$ 2)tr!$ $%trono2$... @#ro %! !#n r#3!#r#n $ /o% (#d$% no %# on%!d#r$n r#(#/$d$% no #rt#n##n $/ do52$. Lo% 9AL@A t!#n#n ($/or $$rt# u#% r#o5#n /o% SUTRA *o2#nd!o% 2$nu$/#%H, %# d!%t!n5u#n or %u tono $3or%t!o% %#nt#n!o%o $ 2#nudo o%uro on un #%t!/o o2/#=o *$%$do #n /$r5$ /$r5$%% $/$ $/$r$% r$% o2u# o2u#%t$ %t$% % $r$ $r$ $6o $6orr$ rr$rr #%$! #%$!o,. o,. Uno Uno%% %utr$% %utr$% %on r#%r!!on#% r#/$t!($% $ /o% 5r$nd#% %$r!3!!o% r!tu$/#%. otro% r#5u/$n /$ (!d$ d#/ r##nt# 2#/$ndo d#r#6o !(!/ r#/!5!o%o otro% %on r#/$t!(o% $ u%o% o%tu2r#% ot!d!$n$% 5#nu!n$2#nt# ou/$r#% t#n!#ndo #nor2# !nt#r)% o2o dou2#nto 6!%t"r!o d# /$ (!d$ ot!d!$n$.
1.2. La epopeya popular. E/ or!5#n d# /$% do% 5r$nd#% #o#$% !nd!$% %# !#rd#n #n /o r#2oto d# /o% t!#2o% %! !#n $r## /$ro u# $2$% %# $%$n #n un !n2#n%o $nt!u%!2o $tr!2on!o d# n$rr$!on#% #n (#r%o #n ro%$ u# //#5$ron $ %#r d# do2!n!o /!o 5r$!$% $ uno% $rdo% *%ut$H, Ku# 3or2$$n un$ $%t$ #%#!$/K d# $ntor#% ou/$r#% *u%6!/$($H,. A, E/ MAA MAAB BAR ARA ATA or$ or$ 5!5$n 5!5$nt# t#% %$$ u# r#o r#o! !/$ /$ 2&% 2&% d# !#n !#n 2!/ (#r%o (#r%o%% #n torno $ un n/#o n$rr$t!(o on%t!tu!do or /$ 5#%t$ 5u#rr#r$. In/u#7 /##nd$% )!$% u# t!#n#n o2o rot$5on!%t$% $ otro% 6)ro#% $ort$ $o rt$!o !on#% n#% r$62 r$62&n! &n!$% $% #n 3or2$ 3or2$ d# /##nd /##nd$% $% $rt#% $rt#% d!d& d!d&t! t!$% $% 5/or!3!$!on#% d# d!o%#%... $ort$!on#% d# $%#t$% %or# /##nd$% d# %$nto% 3&u/$% $r&o/$%.... No #% %"/o u#% un$ or$ )!$ t$2!)n #% d# 2or$/ d# )t!$ d# d#r#6o d# 3!/o%o3$... E% u#% un$ ($%t$ 6#t#ro5)n#$ #n!/o#d!$ #n!/o#d!$ d# %$#r ou/$r u/to ro3$no %$5r$do. L$ $!"n )!$ r#o5# /o% ($/or#% 3#ud$/#% /o% !d#$/#% $$//#r#%o%. $$//#r#%o%. A$r## tod$ /$ 2!to/o5$ !nd!$ /$ dotr!n$ 2or$/... • •
•
B,
C,
Lo% @URANA @URANA %on 2#/ 2#/$% $% d# d# /o )!o )!o /o r#/! r#/!5!o 5!o%o %o todo% todo% #//o #//o%% on%$ on%$5r$ 5r$do do%% $/ d!o% :!%6n o S!($ on !nt#n!on#% #d!3!$nt#% o 2or$/!$nt#%. Dur$nt# 2u6o t!#2o 3u# #/ /!ro d# t#;toH d# 2u=#r#% %6udr$H /#ro 6u2!/d# u# no od$n $#d#r $ /o% :#d$%. Son (#rd$d#r$% #n!/o#d!$% d# %$!dur$ ou/$r. ou/$r. L$% AGAMA AGAMA %on t#;to% %$5r$do% %$5r$do% d# o2un!d$d#% no ortodo;$% u# #n 3or2$ 3or2$ d# (#r%o% (#r%o% d!$/o5 d!$/o5$do $do% % d#%r d#%r!# !#nn r!to% r!to% #r#2 #r#2on! on!$% $% r&t! r&t!$% $% #%ot)r!$% !2r#5n$d$% d# 2$5!$%. Lo% 2&% 3$2o%o% %on /o% T$ntr$%. E/ RAMA RAMAY YANA #% 2u6 2u6oo 2#nor 2#nor u# u# #/ M$6$ M$6$6$ 6$r$t r$t$ $ #ro #ro 2$o 2$orr un!d$d un!d$d d# $!" $!"nn $utor $utor ono ono!do !do77 :$/2!. /2!. E/ 2$t#r 2$t#r!$/ !$/ d# or!5#n or!5#n %on /##nd /##nd$% $% ou/$r#% #;/!$r /$ 6!%tor!$ d# R$2$ #n$rn$!"n d# :!%6n :!%6n 6onr$do o2o %#2!d!o%. E/ Ramayana #% 2#no% (!5oro%o ($r!$do u# #/ otro #ro 2&% r!o #n %u d#%r!!"n d#/ 2undo 2&% r#3!n$do #n /o% %#nt!2!#nto% 2&% d$do $/ 6u2or. @or %uu#%to %u r#%#n!$ #n #/ !2$5!n$r!o ou/$r !nd! #% $n 6o on%t$nt#.
1.3. Literatura budista.
A2$% t#nd#n!$% n$#n o2o r#$!"n $ /$ t!r$n$ r$62&n!$ #n #/ %!5/o I: $C 3und$n un$ /!t#r$tur$ $%$d$ #n un 2undo )t!o u# n$d$ t!#n# u# (#r on #/ $nt#r!or. R#d$t$do% #n /#n5u$% !nd!$% !n$u5ur$n un$ nu#($ tr$d!!"n. L$ or$ 3und$2#nt$/ d# ud!%2o $n"n!o #% #/ TIPITAKA dou2#nto% u# r#o5#n /$% $%#% 2&% $nt!5u$% d#/ ud!%2o K$ no %"/o #n %&n%r!to #/ $non #%t& #n $/!K u# r#o5# /$% $%#% d# #%t$ t#nd#n t#nd#n!$ !$ r#/!5! r#/!5!o%$ o%$ on #no #nor2# r2# ($r!#d ($r!#d$d $d d# #%t!/o #%t!/o%% r#ur% r#ur%o% o%.. D#%t$ D#%t$$n $n 3or2$ 3or2$%% #%tr #%tr"3 "3! !$% $% 2u 2u rt2 rt2! !$% $% #/ u%o u%o d# %2 %2o/ o/o% o% $r& $r&o o/$ /$% % %2! %2!/# /#% % !2&5 !2&5#n #n#% #% 2u 2u /&%t!$%... L$ /!t#r$tur$ ud!%t$ r#o5# or otro /$do =$t$$%Ho 3&u/$% tr$d!!"n u#nt%t!$ u# //#5$r& tr!un3$r& #n #/ 2#d!#(o o!d#nt$/ #o#$ o2o /$ d#/ !$do%o rn!# :#%$nt$r$ /!t#r$tur$ $3or%t!$. $3or%t!$.
1.4. Sistemas filosóficos y producció ciet!fica e s"scrito. Nu2#ro%$ #% t$2!)n /$ /!t#r$tur$ !#nt3!$ #n %&n%r!to $rt!u/$d$ $/r#d#dor d# d$r%6$n$H o %!%t#2$% u# 3un!on$n o2o dotr!n$ d# un 2$#%tro r#do d# un$ #%u#/ #%u#/$. $. L$ /!t#r$ /!t#r$tur tur$$ %&n%r %&n%r!t$ !t$ $/$n $/$n"" todo% todo% /o% t#2$% t#2$% $% #nont #nontr$2 r$2o% o% or$% or$% /#;!o /#;!o5r& 5r&3! 3!$% $% u# r#o5# r#o5#nn $/$ $/$r$% r$% !2ort !2ort$nt $nt#% #% o r$r$% r$r$% o) o)t! t!$% $% un tr$t$d tr$t$doo d# dr$2$ dr$2$tur tur5!$ 5!$ or$% or$% %or# %or# 2)tr! 2)tr!$ $ r#t"r! r#t"r!$ $ o) o)t! t!$ $ 5r$2& 5r$2&t! t!$. $..... Un Un$$ d# /$% or$% or$% 3und$2#nt$/#% d# #%t# 5ruo 6#r#d#r$ d# /o% %utr$H ()d!o% #% #/ M$n-S2r!t!H o LEYES DE MAN Kon%!d#r$do #/ $dr# d# /$ 6u2$n!d$dK or$ u$% #n%#>$n$% 2or$/#% )t!$% r#%u/t$n (&/!d$% $n 6o d$ %# t!#n# #n u#nt$ #n 2u6o% /u5$r#% d# /$ Ind!$. @or otr$ /$do #;!%t#n t$2!)n tr$t$do d# #r"t!$ * Kamasutra, 5u$% d# u#n Kautiliya-Arthashastra, nu2# 5o!#r 5o !#rno no * Kautiliya-Arthashastra nu2#ro ro%o %o%% t#;t t#;to% o% d# 2$t# 2$t#2& 2&t! t!$ $ $r!t $r!t2) 2)t! t!$ $ &/5#r$ $%trono2$...
1.5. Literatura o reli#iosa. D#=$ndo $$rt# /$ rodu!"n o)t!$ d# 9$/!d$%$ *%. I: dC, /$ on%!d#r$/# rodu!"n dr$2&t!$ $%$d$ #n /$ $nt!5u$ /!t#r$tur$ %&n%r!t$ #% 3und$2#nt$/ 2#n!on$r Kor %u #nor2# !n3/u#n!$ #n /$ /!t#r$tur$ 2#d!#($/ #uro#$K /$ rodu!"n n$rr$t!($ %&n%r!t$ $ tr$()% d# /$ u$/ %# tr$n%2!t# //#5$ 6$%t$ o!d#nt# un ($%to $tr!2on!o ou/$r u# r#o5# 2u 6#t#ro5)n#o% 6#t#ro5)n#o% 2$t#r!$/#% #ntr# /o% u# 6$//$2o% u#nto% r#/$to% 6!%t#% ro3$no% n$rr$!on#% d# ro$5$nd$ r#/!5!o%$ r#o!/$!on#% d# r#/$to% on 3!n#% d!d&t!o% u#nto% d!(#r%o%. A, E/ @A @ANCA NCATANTRA NTRA *C!n *C!no o $t $tu/o u/o%H, %H, d#/ u# u# %"/o %"/o on%# on%#r($ r($2o% 2o% o! o!$% $% !n/u# + /!ro% $rt!u/$d$% $d$ uno d# #//o% #n torno $ un $r5u2#nto #ntr$/
#n #/ u# u# %# !nt# !nt#r ro/ o/$n $n 2u6 2u6$% $% 6!%t 6!%tor or!$ !$%% %#u %#und nd$r $r!$ !$% % $%! $%! tod$ tod$%% #//$ #//$%% rot$5on!$d$% rot$5on!$d$% or $n!2$/#% *3&u/$% *3&u/$% $"/o5o%,. D# /$ tr$du!"n #n #/(! #/(! K 6o #rd!d$ K %# 6!o un$ tr$du!"n %!r!$ u# 3u# tr$du!do $/ &r$# #n #/ <+0 <+0 or or In In A/-Mu /-Mu$3 $3$ $ $=o $=o #/ ttu ttu/o /o d# Kalilah wa Dimnah. D# #%t$ tr$du!"n %# d#r!($n /$% %u#%!($% #uro#$%7 $/ $%t#//$no #n 1'+1 6$!$ 1100 #n 6#r#o oo 2&% t$rd# $/ /$tn #n 14?0 $/ $/#2&n... @or otro /$do un$ tr$du!"n d# /$ (#r%!"n &r$# $/ 5r!#5o d#/ 10?0 #;$nd# #/ /!ro #n %u#%!($% tr$du!on#% $ A%!$ o!d#nt$/ ($ or /$ u# //#5$ #n otr$ (#r%!"n $/ 3r$n)% $/ $/#2&n $/ 6n5$ro $/ 6o/$nd)%...
2. Literatura hebrea: la Biblia. S! !#n #ntr# /$% /!t#r$tur$% %#2t!$% /$ 6#r#$-!%r$#/!t$ d## #d#r #/ r!2#r /u5$r rono/"5!o $ /$ 2#%oot&2!$ 2#r## un /u5$r r##2!n#nt# or %u #nor2# !n3/u#n!$ #n /$ #(o/u!"n u/tur$/ d#/ 2undo. L$ 5r$n or$ /!t#r$r!$ d# /$ u/tur$ 6#r#$ #/ Ant!5uo T#%t$2#nto u# ono#2o% on #/ no2r# 5r!#5o Biblia u# #n 6#r#o %# d#no2! d#n o2!n$ n$nn Torá */# */#, ebin *ro3#t$ *ro3#t$%, %, Ketubim *#%r!to%,. Su #%tud!o o2o or$ /!t#r$r!$ r#%u/t$ d!3!/ oru#% #%t& ro3und$2#nt# !ntr!n$do on /$% r$#% #%!r!tu$/#% r#/!5!o%$% d# o!d#nt# or %u on%!d#r$!"n 6!%t"r!o-2t!$ o2o $/$r$ %$5r$d$ o r#(#/$d$H. L$ o2o%!!"n d# /o% '4 /!ro% %$nto% u# /$ 3or2$n #% #/ r#%u/t$do d# un$ $t!(!d$d o/#t!($ $n"n!2$ u# udo !r d#%d# #/ %!5/o :III 6$%t$ # II $.C. @r!2# @r!2#r$% r$% r#3#r# r#3#r#n! n!$% $% 6!%t"r 6!%t"r!$ !$%% %or# %or# #/ u# u#/o /o d# I%r$#/ I%r$#/ d$t$n d$t$n d#/ 1100 1100 $.C.7 $.C.7 2on$ru$ on $!t$/ #n #ru%$/)n. Su or!5#n #% %#2!t$ o2o #/ d# /o% &r$#% $2$% u/t u/tur ur$% $% d#! d#!#r #ron on (!(! (!(!rr 2u6 2u6$% $% d)$ d)$d$ d$%% o2o o2o #du #du!n !no% o% n"2$ n"2$d$ d$%% d#d! d#d!$ $do do%% $/ $%tor#o. Ar$6$2 Ar$6$2 d#!" %#r ont#2or&n#o ont#2or&n#o d# $22ur$!. L$ 6u!d$ d# E5!to d$t$ 2&% d#/ 100 $.C.. D#%d# %u //#5$d$ $ C$n$$n #/ n$!2!#nto d#/ u#/o d# I%r$#/ %#5u!r&n d)$d$% d# /u6$% on%t$nt#% on /o% #n#2!5o% u# /#% rod#$$n r#(#% /$%o% d# ro%#r!d$d #%/#ndor 6$%t$ /$ d#%tru!"n d# #ru%$/)n /$ d#ort$!"n $ B$!/on!$ #n #/ +?< $.C. L!#r$do% $/ $o d# +0 $>o% or /o% #r%$% /o% 6#r#o% (o/(#r$n #ru%$/)n (!(!r$n #n $ 6$%t$ /$ onu!%t$ d# A/#=$ndro /$ )o$ 5r#orro2$n$ d# /$ u# d$t$n /$ %#5und$ rodu!"n /!t#r$r!$ 6#r#$ d# !2ort$n!$7 /o% t#;to% $"r!3o% /o% t#;to% =ud#o6#/#n%t!o% #/ T$/2ud. T$/2ud.
2.1. La $i%lia. '4 t#;to% t#;to% ro$ ro$/#2 /#2#nt #nt## r#o! r#o!/$d /$do% o% dur$n dur$nt# t# #/ $ut!( $ut!(#r! #r!oo $ $!/" !/"n! n!o o #n tr#% tr#% 5ruo%7 a) Torá
E% /$ /# o #n%#>$n$ /o% !no r!2#ro% /!ro% o @ENTATEUCO7 r#/$to d# /$ r#$!"n o or5#n#% d#/ 2undo d# /$ 6u2$n!d$d # 6!%tor!$ d# /o% $tr!$r$% /o% 6#r#o% 6$%t$ %u //#5$d$ $ /$ t!#rr$ ro2#t!d$. E% un on=unto d# t#;to% 6!%t"r!o2t!o% uo o2!/$dor no %# r#ou" #n #;#%o or /$ o6#r#n!$ !nt#rn$ $ u# #;!%t#n #ntr# #//o% nu2#ro%$% ontr$d!!on#% r##t!!on#%. E/ n/#o d# /o% !no /!ro% %on %or# todo nor2$% d# on(!(#n!$ %o!$/ /##% !(!/#% r#/!5!o%$% $/r#d#dor d# /$% u$/#% %# $rt!u/" d#%u)% un$ r#/$!"n d# /$ 6!%tor!$ d#/ u#/o 6#r#o. E/ 6#t#ro5)n#o 2$t#r!$/ u# !n/u# #/#2#nto% 2t!o% 3$u/o%o 6!%tor!o5r&3!o% /#5$/#% =u%t!3!$!on#% d# o%tu2r#% o%tu2r#% #%t& r#/$t!($2#nt# r#/$t!($2#nt# o6#%!on$do o6#%!on$do or un$ !d#$ %u$#nt# %u$#nt# $ todo #/ t#;to7 =u%t!3!$r /$ 2!%!"n d!(!n$ d# I%r$#/.
b) Nebim (ro!etas)
Son o6o /!ro%7 ISTPRICOS ISTPRICOS77 /o% r!2#ro% r!2#ro% %!5u#n /$ t"n!$ t"n!$ d#/ Deuteronomio */t!2o d# /$ Tor&, Tor&, tr$t$n d# d$r un$ r#/$!"n %!%t#2&t!$ d# /$ 6!%tor!$ d# I%r$#/ d#%d# /o% or5#n#% 6$%t$ %u% t!#2o% */$ do2!n$!"n #r%$,. I%r$#/ #% on Gr#!$ #/ n!o u#/o $nt!5uo u# u/t!($ /$ 6!%tor!$ #n %#nt!do #%tr!to. E%to% /!ro% %# $r$t#r!$n or #/ d#t$//!%2o d# /$ n$rr$!"n /$ dr$2$t!$!"n #n #%t!/o /$ro d!r#to... @#ro /o #%#n! #%#n!$/ $/ d# #%t$ #%t$ 6!%tor 6!%tor!o5 !o5r$3 r$3$ $ 6#r# 6#r#$$ #% %u $r& $r&t#r t#r ro(!d ro(!d#n #n!$/ !$/!%t !%t$7 $7 todo% todo% /o% $ont#!2!#nto% 6u2$no% #%t&n r#5!do% or /$ (o/unt$d d!(!n$. @ROFQTICOS. Lo% otro% u$tro K $/5uno% d#/ 9#tu!2K r#o5#n /$% ro3#$% K//#n$% d# !nt#ro/$!on#% $not$!on#% $>$d!do% d!5r#%!on#%K d# /o% 5r$nd#% ro3#t$% 6#r#o% I%$$% #r#2$% E#u!#/... c) "etubim (escritos)
Con=unto Con=un to 6#t#ro 6#t#ro5)n 5)n#o #o d# 2$t#r 2$t#r!$/ !$/#% #% o) o)t! t!o% o% n$rr$t n$rr$t!(o !(o%% 5n" 5n"2! 2!o%. o%. En #//o% #//o% 6$//$2o% d#%d# (!d$% d# ro3#t$% 6$%t$ /o% /!ro% %$!#n!$/#% o d!d&t!o% * Pro!erbios" Eclesiast#s" $abidur%a, t#;to% t#;to% 3!/o%"3! 3!/o%"3!o% o% o2o El libro de &ob o /o% 1+0 o#2$% tr$d!!on tr$d!!on$/2#n $/2#nt# t# $tr!u!do% $tr!u!do% $/ R# D$(!d u# o2on# o2on#nn /o% $almos u# r#o5#n d#%d# o2o%!!on#% /r!$% * 'antar de los cantares, 6$%t$ (#r%o% 3!/o%"3!o% )!o%. En #/ %!5/o I %# #2#" $ on%!d#r$r #/ 2$ro /!t#r$r!o #n u# %# !n%#rt$$ /$ B!/!$ $/ !n(#%t!5$r /$% t$/!//$% d# /o% #r%$% /o% $!/on!o%. Cono!#ndo /$ /!t#r$tur$ d# /o% u#/o% on /o% u# tu(o ont$to I%r$#/ %# d#2u#%tr$ un$ /$r$ !nt#r$!"n #ntr# #%$% u/tur$%7 /$ on(!(#n!$ tr$=o /$ 2#/$ /$ !nt#r-!n3/u#n!$ o o2o 2n!2o 3ondo% o2un#% d# tr$d!!"n /!t#r$r!$. E/ d!/u(!o $$r## $%! !d)nt!o #n #/ Enuma Elis 2u6$ d# /$ %$!dur$ d# /o% $almos d#/ Libro de &ob otro% $$r## #n /o% "d!5o% $%!r!o$!/"n!o% #n t#;to% #5!!o% $n$n#o% !nd!o%... E/ Ant!5uo T#%t$2 T#%t$2#nto #nto u#% 3or2$ $rt# d# un $#r(o u/tur$/ o2$rt!do or todo Or!#nt# r";!2o. d) #l N$#%& T#'T#NT&
S#r$ #/ r#%u2#n #%r!to d# /$ tr$d!!"n or$/ $%$d$ #n t#%t!5o% ou/$r#% d# /$ d!6o% 6#6o% d# #%%. Un$ r!2!t!($ r#d$!"n 3or2u/$r d$r$ /u5$r $ #u#>$% o/#!on#% t#2&t!$% u# /u#5o %#r$n r#o!/$d$% r##%r!t$% or $utor#% onr#to% on 3!n#% t#o/"5!o%. Todo #//o 6$!$ /$ %#5und$ 2!t$d d#/ %!5/o I. Lo% 5)n#ro% /!t#r$r!o% *$rt$% #%to/$% 6#6o% #($n5#/!o% #($n5#/!o% $o$/!%!%, %on d!3#r#nt#% d# /o% d#/ Ant!5uo #%t&n 2&% #r$no% $ /o% 6#/#n%t!o%. L$ r#/$!"n /!t#r$r!$ #ntr# /o% d!3#r#nt#% #($n5#/!o% %!5u# %!#ndo un 2!%t#r!o.
2.2. &tros te'tos. . Los manuscritos del mar muerto.
$//$do% 3ortu!t$2#nt# #n 14< #n ($r!$% 5rut$% #r$n$% $ #%# 2$r %on t#;to% $"r!3o% 2&% $nt!5uo% d# ($r!o% /!ro% d# /$ B!/!$ #ntr# /o% u# $und$ #/ tono $o$/ $o $/t t!o !o un$ not$ not$/# /# ro3un ro3und!d d!d$d $d d# #n #n%$2 %$2!#n !#nto. to. A/ $r# $r##r #r on on%t! %t!tu tu$n $n /$ dotr!n$ d# /$ %#t$ =ud$ d# /o% Con(#rt!do% o /o% @#n!t#nt#% u# r$t!$$n /$ $r!d$d 3r$t#rn$ 2#no%r#!$$n /$#r#% r!u#$% $%!r$$n $ /$ ur!3!$!"n. $ t#;to% t$nto $.C. o2o d.C. /o% $r#!do% on /$ %#t$ #%#n!$ /$% dotr!n$% d# S$n u$n B$ut!%t$ o /$ dotr!n$ r!%t!$n$ %on on%!d#r$/#%.
B. Te*tos aócri!os.
En #%t# #%t# 5ruo 5ruo %# !n/u !n/u#n #n %#5n %#5n @r$2 @r$2o/! o/!n! n! or$% or$% u# u#d$ u#d$ron ron 3u#r$ 3u#r$ d# /$ %#/#!"n u# r#$/!" #/ o2!/$dor d# /$ B!/!$ !#n or no on%!d#r$r/$% d!5n$% !#n or %u $r&t#r ro3$no !#n or no $=u%t$r%# $/ do52$. E%t$% or$% no %# d#%tru#ron %!no u# %# d#/$r$ron 5$n$%H *#%ond!d$% K $"r!3$%,. S#5n R!u#r :$/(#rd# /$ 2$or$ d# /o% $"r!3o% %on /!ro% #%r!to% on /$ !nt#n!"n d# 6$#r/o% $%$r or r#(#/$do% $tr!u!do% 3$/%$2#nt# $ ro3#t$% $tr!$r$%. L$ 2$or$ d# or!5!n$/#% %# #rd!#ron #ro #;!%t!#ron 5r$n n2#ro d# tr$du!on#% *5r!#5$% /$t!n$% #to#% #5!!$% $r2#n!$% #%/$($%, u# no% 6$ #r2!t!do ono#r/o%. D#!#ron 5o$r d# !#rt$ ou/$r!d$d %on un$ 3u#nt# $2/!$ d# /##nd$% 2!to% tr$d!!on#% u# d#!#ron Enoc" El libro de de los (ubileos" El 3#und$r /$ !2$5!n$!"n 2#d!#($/. D#%t$$r El libro de Enoc" testamento de los doce )atriarcas*
+. Literatura ,udeohelen-stica.
D#%d## #/ %!5/ D#%d %!5/oo II $.C. $.C. $$r $$r# ##n #n $uto $utor# r#%% 6#r 6#r#o #o%% u# u# #%r #%r! !## #n 5r!# 5r!#5o 5o o2o o2o Ar!%t"u/o K u# r#t#nd# r#/$!on$r $ #n #%$ )o$ /$ 3!/o%o3$ 5r!#5$ on /$ B!/!$ Ko /o% o#t$% F!"n E#u!#/ d# /o% u# %"/o no% 6$n //#5$do 3r$52#nto%K. E/ 5r$n 6#6o u/tur$/ d# #%t$ )o$ #% /$ tr$du!"n $/ 5r!#5o d# /$ B!/!$. Fund$2#nt$/ t$2!)n /$ o/# o/#!" !"nn d# 2&;!2 2&;!2$% $% La sabidura +,ohma. de $alomón u# oo $ oo %# ($ !d#nt!3!$ndo on #/ lo/os 5r!#5o. En (!d$ d# Cr!%to F!/"n d# A/#=$ndr$ /o5r$ %!nt#t!$r /$ 3!/o%o3$ 5r!#5$ on /$ t#o/o5$ =ud$!$. . #l Talmud.
A /o /$r5 /$r5oo d# /o% /o% $>o% $>o% %# ($n ($n $u2 $u2u/ u/$n $ndo do /o% /o% o2# o2#nt nt$r $r!o !o% % d#! d#!%! %!on on#% #% !nt#rr#t$!on#% d#$t#% d# /o% dotor#% d# /$ /# /o% %$!o% 6#r#o% $#r$ d# /o% r##to% d# /$ /# u# %# d#r!($$n d#/ Ant!5uo T#%t$2#nto. T#%t$2#nto. E/ on=unto d# 2$t#r!$/#% o/#t!(o% on%t!tu# /$ M!%6n& *r##t!!"n, u# #2#" $ %#r ord#n$d$ #n #/ %. I d.C. E/ T$/2ud #% #/ r#%u/t$do d# /$ o2!/$!"n d# #%o% t#;to% r#%u/t$ %#r un$ 2onu2#nt$/ r#o!/$!"n d# /$ $t!(!d$d !nt#/#tu$/ /#5!%/$dor$ 6#r#$. En #//$ $$r##n todo t!o d# d#/!#r$!on#% d#$t#% d!5r#%!on#% on%!d#r$!on#% on%!d#r$!on#% tod$ /$ $t!(!d$d !nt#/#tu$/ d# /o% dotor#% 6#r#o% r#3/#=$d$ on d#t$//# #n 6#r#o o #n $r$2#o. E% un$ 3u#nt# d# n$rr$!on#% d# 5r$n ($/or /!t#r$r!o. S$n #r"n!2o tr$du# /$ B!/!$ $/ /$tn #n #/ %!5/o I: I : * La !ul/ata, on%!d#r$d$ or /$ I5/# I5/#%! %!$$ o2o o2o $uto $utor! r!d$ d$dd 3!n$ 3!n$/. /. @r!2 @r!2#r #r$$ #d! #d!!" !"nn !2r !2r#% #%$$ #n M$5u M$5un n!$ !$ *14+ *14+''-+8 +8,. ,. :#r%!on# r%!on#%% ro2$n ro2$n#$ #$d$% d$% #n #/ %!5/o %!5/o III III o2o o2o /$ d# A/3on A/3on%o %o . @r!2# @r!2#r$ r$ (#r%!" (#r%!"nn o2/#t$ #n $%t#//$no7 La biblia de 0errara +1223. /!t#r$/ /$5$d$ d# 6#r$%2o%. L$ Biblia de los )obres #%tu(o d#%t!n$d$ $ /$ #n%#>$n$ d#/ u#/o #n /$ #d$d 2#d!$ 3u# 2&% t$rd# !2r#%$ on 5r$$do% #n 2$d#r$. L$ Biblia )ol%/lota a com)lutense *1+0'1+'0, 3u# un$ 5r$n ro#to d# /$ Un!(#r%!d$d d# A/$/& $=o #/ 2##n$5o d#/ C$rd#n$/ C!%n#ro% #% /$ r!2#r$ r#(!%!"n rt!$ d#/ t#;to d#/ R#n$!2!#nto. F#/!# II #n$r5" $ Ar!$% Mont$no /$ Biblia )ol%/lota o re/ia de Amberes $%$d$ #n /$ $nt#r!or #ro on orr#!on#% orr#!on#% $$r## #ntr# 1+80 1+< 1+< #n ? (o/%. 2.3. La literatura se!ard- (los ,ud-os en #sa/a).
L$ o2un!d$d =ud$ #%$>o/$ $/$n" un #nor2# #%/#ndor u/tur$/ #n /$ #d$d M#d!$ 6$%t$ %u #;u/%!"n #n 14'. Son nu2#ro%o% /o% o#t$% /r!o% ro3$no% %$ro% u# #%r!!#ron #n 6#r#o #n E%$>$. D#%t$$n #n #/ %!5/o I Mo%) In Er& Y#6ud& 6$-L#( uo El Ku4ar% u$% o#%$% /r!$% &u!$% %on d# 5r$n ($/or. Ad#2&% d# /$ o#%$ /o% 6#r#o u/t!($ron on 5r$n 6$!/!d$d /$ ro%$ d#%t$$ndo /o% $"/o5o% K
r#o!/$!on#% d# u#nto% r#(#% d# or!5#n &r$# u or!#nt$/ 2#d!o% d# tr$n%2!%!"n cle ricalis 3und$2#nt$/#% d# #%# #nor2# oru% u#nt%t!oK o2o #/ 3$2o%o Disci)lina clericalis d# @#dro A/3on%o. En no(#/$ d#%$rro//$n /$ 2u$2$ &r$# no(#/!t$% //#n$% d# $"/o5o% n$rr$!on#% r#(#% $n)dot$% or5$n!$d$% #n torno $ un $r5u2#nto #ntr$/ or #=. Libro de ense5an4as deleitables d# Yo%#5 In S$$r$ %or# todo El sabio d# Y#6ud& $/-$r!. D#%t$$r #/ $#/ 3und$2#nt$/ d# /o% 6#r#o% #n /o% t$//#r#% d# tr$du!"n 3o2#nt$do or A/3on%o A/3on%o .
3. Literatura árabe.
.1. reisl"mica (500-*22). S#5n %u% ro!o% 6!%tor!$dor#% #% un$ )o$ d# !5nor$n!$H. L$% rodu!on#% d# #%t$ )o$ r#/!t#r$r!$ %# on%#r($n d# 2odo d#3!!#nt# #n r##/$or$!on#% o%t#r!or#% or$/#% #%r!t$%. D$t$ $ d# #%t$ )o$ /$ $%!d$H rotot!o d# $n!"n &r$#. L$ tr$n%2!%!"n #r$ or$/ $ tr$()% d# uno% ruwat6 o r#!t$dor#% 3!5ur$% /#5#nd$r!$% K 2#/$ d# o#t$ 5u#rr#ro $nd!doK #n #/ !2$5!n$r!o d# /$ )o$ %#5n r#3/#=$n /$% o#%$%. L$ ro%$ %# /!2!t$$ $ r#(#% r#/$to% $/5un$% %#nt#n!$% $3or!%2o% ro(#r!o%. M#r## no2r# ro!o #/ r# %!n r#!no7 I2ru-/-$% *o Mu$/$$t, o#t$ $d2!r$do or M$6o2$ on%!d#r$do r#$dor d# 2u6o% d# /o% r#ur%o% d# /$ o#%$ &r$#. Ad#2&% d# o#t$% d#/ d#%!#rto o2o #/ $nt#r!or o o2o Ant$r$ 6uo t$2!)n o#t$% d# ort# o2o T$r$3$ o Ju6$!r $/5uno% d# uo% o#2$% 6$ d#(#n!do ro(#r!o% ou/$r#% d# /$ /#n5u$ &r$#.
.2. La e'pasió (*22-+50). E/ I%/$2 3und$do or M$6o2$ d$ $ /$ /!t#r$tur$ &r$# un$ 3!%ono2$ ro!$ $rt!u/$r /$ (!t$/!$ r#nu#($ /o 2&% !2ort$nt# on %u $($%$//$dor $($%$//$dor #2u=# 5u#rr#ro /$ //#($ $ t!#rr$% /#=$n$% /$ !nt#5r$ #n /$% tr$d!!on#% /!t#r$r!$% d# todo #/ M#d!t#rr&n#o A%!$ M#nor. EL CORÁN. L!ro %$5r$do $r$ #/ I%/$2 u# %# on%!d#r$ r#(#/$do d!r#t$2#nt# $ M$6o2$ *+<0-8', or D!o%. Fu# ord#n$do 3!=$do #n #/ 8+0 or d!%u/o% d#/ ro3#t$. Con%t$ d# 114 %ur$%H o $tu/o% d# d#%!5u$/ #;t#n%!"n r#d$t$do% #n (#r%u/o% r!2$do% %!n 2#d!d$ 3!=$ *#% 2&% un$ ro%$ $r2on!o%$ u# un t#;to o)t!o,. No 6$ r!t#r!o $/5uno #n #/ ord#n d# /$ %ur$% $unu# %u#/#n d!(!d!r%# #n do% 5ruo% /$% ?+ o2u#%t$% #n /$ M#$ *r#(#% $rr#$t$d$% !nt#n%$% (!o/#nt$%, /$% ' d# M#d!n$ M#d!n$ *2u6o *2u6o%% 2&% 2&% #;t#n% #;t#n%$% $% 2#%ur 2#%ur$d$ $d$% % d# $r& $r&t#r t#r 2&% 2&% #d!3! #d!3!$nt $nt## d!%ur%!(o //#n$% d# r##to% #n%#>$n$%,. En /$% r!2#r$% $und$n /o% #rodo% r#(#% #/ !2#r$t!(o #;/$2$!on#% #;/$2$!on#% #;6ort$!on#% #;6ort$!on#% %$r$%2o%... %$r$%2o%... L$% %#5und$% 2&% r#o%$d$% r#o%$d$% $un $und$n d$n #;/!$! #;/!$!on#% on#% d# o%$% o%$% o%ur$%. o%ur$%..... El 'orán 3u# dur$nt# 2u6o% $>o% /$ n!$ or$ #%r!t$ #n ro%$ #=#r!" or #//o un$ #nor2# !n3/u#n!$ #n /$ /!t#r$tur$ &r$# t$nto or /$ $nt!d$d d# #%tud!o% o2#nt$r!o% u# 2ot!(" o2o or %#r 2od#/o 5r$2$t!$/ #%t!/%t!o d#/ &r$# /&%!o d# tod$% /$% )o$%.
.. La literatura "ra%e e &riete. El 'orán $r#
un #rodo d# r#do2!n!o d# /!t#r$tur$ r#/!5!o%$. Int#rr#t$!on#% o2#nt$r!o% %or# /$ or$ d#/ ro3#t$ #;)5#%!% d# /o% t#;to% $$r!!"n d# #%u#/$% %#t$%... I2ort$nt#% /o% 2%t!o% o su7%es /$ %#t$ 6#r2$no% d# /$ ur#$H d# B$%or$ u# r#un!# r#un!#ron ron un$ on on%!d %!d#r$ #r$/# /# #n!/ #n!/o# o#d!$ d!$ 5no%t 5no%t!! !!%t$ %t$ n#o n#o/$ /$t"n t"n!$ !$ #n /$ u# $und$n 3&u/$% $"/o5o%. E%#u/$!"n 3!/o%"3!$ *A(!#n$,. E/ #%tud!o d# /$ /#n5u$
d#/ Cor&n d$ /u5$r $ !2ort$nt#% ontr!u!on#% 3!/o%"3!$% #%u#/$% 5r$2$t!$/#% o2o /$% d# B$%or$ 9u3$ B$5d$d r#$dor$ )%t$ /t!2$ d# un ur!%2o /!n5%t!o u# 2$ntu(o /$ ur#$ d#/ !d!o2$. L$ #;$n%!"n 2!/!t$r d$ /u5$r $ /$ $$r!!"n d# /$ 6!%tor!o5r$3$ &r$#. @ROSA @ROSA.. L$ ro%$ ro%$ &r$# &r$# #no #nor2# r2#2#n 2#nt# t# #nr!u #nr!u# #!d$ !d$ #n #%t$ #%t$ )o )o$ $ !%/&2 !%/&2!$ !$ %# #r3#!on$ %# 6$# r#u%$d$ r#u%$d$ $/$2!$d$ r#t"r!$ //#n$ d# r#ur%o% rt2!o% d# %ono %onor! r!d$ d$d d %# 2$n! 2$n!3!# 3!#%t %t$$ #n 3or2 3or2$$ d# r#/$ r#/$to to%% r#( r#(#% #% u# u# r#o r#o5# 5#nn tr$d tr$d! !!o !on# n#%% $nt!u $nt!u%! %!2$ 2$%% d# Or!#nt Or!#nt## u# //#5$r&n //#5$r&n $ tod$ tod$ Euro$ Euro$77 Kalila wa Dimna Libro de Barlaam y &osa7at $endebar . A$r## $d#2&% #/ u#nto o n$rr$!"n ort$ ro!$2#nt# &r$# 2u $/#=$d$ d# /o% r#3!n$2!#nto% #%t!/!%t$% d# /$ n$rr$!"n r#(#7 /$ ma8ama. A/-$2$d$n //#(" $ $o #n %u or$ or$ un$ !2ort$n !2ort$nt# t# r#no($ r#no($!" !"nn d# /$ u#nt u#nt%t! %t!$ $ on ontr! tr!u u"" $ 3!=$r 3!=$r r#/$to r#/$to%% tr$d!!on$/#% $ /o% u# $>$d!" otro% d# !n(#n!"n ro!$. Las mil m il y una noches #% #/ 2&% !2ort$nt# on=unto d# r#/$to% * Al7 laila wa-laila, $unu# no //#5" $ O!d#nt# 6$%t$ #/ %!5/o :III. R#n# u#nto% u# 6$$n !ru/$do or$/2#nt# dur$nt# %!5/o%. S# tr$t$ d# un on=unto d# u#nto% %!n 3!n$/!d$d 2or$/!$nt# n! d!d&t d!d&t!$ !$ %!no %!no d# uro uro #ntr#t #ntr#t#n! #n!2!# 2!#nto nto $%$d $%$doo #n 6!%tor 6!%tor!$% !$% d# 2$5!$ 2$5!$ $(#nt $(#ntur$ ur$% % $nd!do% $2or#% 2&% o 2#no% !d#$/!$do%... !d#$/!$do%... En #%t$ 2$5n$ o/#!"n #ntr$n tod$ %u#rt# %u#rt# d# t#2$% t#2$% d# $%unto $%unto%% d# ro# ro#d#n d#n!$ !$ !nd!$ !nd!$ #r%$ #r%$ o &r$# &r$# 2#/$n 2#/$ndo do /o 3$nt&%t!o on /$ r#$/!d$d 2&% rud$ /o ort#%$no on /o !$r#%o #n un $2/!o 2$t#r!$/ u# 6$ %!do 3u#nt# d# !n%!r$!"n $r$ todo t!o d# $utor#%. LÍRICA. E/ !%/$2!%2o no %uu%o n!n5un$ tr$n%3or2$!"n r$d!$/ d# /$ o#%$ &r$# u# %!5u!" on /o% $2!no% !n!!$do% or /o% ruwat dur$nt# dur$nt# uno% $>o%. En #/ %!5/o :II %!n #2$r5o %# on%t!tu#n do% !2ort$nt#% #%u#/$% d# /r!$ $2oro%$. Lo% udr%es u# t!#nd# $ tr$t$r #/ $2or o2o %#nt!2!#nto uro $ut)nt!o #ntr&ndo%# $ 2#nudo #n #/ t#2$ d# /$ no%t$/5!$ /$ %#$r$!"n d# /$ $2$d$ on un #%t!/o r#3!n$do. Lo% o#t$% d# L$ M#$ M#d!n$ #n $2!o d#d!$n %u o#%$ $2oro%$ $ 2u=#r#% 3&!/#% on un #%t!/o $ /$ (# t!#rno d#%(#r5on$do 2u6o 2&% %#n%u$/ %#n!//o 6$%t$ o%#no. A2$% #%u#/$% %uon#n /$ %u#r$!"n d# /$ /r!$ r#!%/&2!$ /$ 3!=$!"n d# /$ t#2&t!$ $2oro%$ Ktr$t$d$ $%t$2#nt# o %#n%u$/2#nt#K o2o #ntro d# /$ r#$!"n o)t!$. En #/ %!5/o :III $$r##n /o% 2&% not$/#% not$/#% o#t$% 2od#rno% o2o o2o Au NuV$% NuV$% A/-Mut$n$! o A/-F$r!d.
.4. Literatura ar"%i#o-espa,ola. D#%t$$n /$% or$% 3!/o%"3!$% o2o #/ n#o/$ton!%2o d# In-M$%$rr$ o d# In Tu3$/ o /$ orr!#nt# $r!%tot)/!$ d# A(#2$# A(#rro#%. En /o ur$2#nt# r#/!5!o%o d#%t$$ #/ Libro de la escala de 9ahoma tr$du!do #n /$ ort# ort# d# A/3on A/3on%o %o u# r#o5# r#o5# tr$d! tr$d!!on !on#% #% /##nd /##nd$% $% #%$to #%$to/"5 /"5!$ !$%% %ur5! %ur5!d$% d$% d# !nt#rr#t$!on#% ($r!$% d#/ Cor&n u# udo 6$#r !n3/u!do #n LD' d# d# D$nt#. Aund$ron /$% 2!%#/&n#$% *t$n t!$% d#/ r#n$!2!#nto, d# o%$% ur!o%$% t!/#% o2o #/ Arrayán de los cora4ones. Lo% $"/o5o% 3&u/$% o2!/$!on#% d# n$rr$!on#% r#(#% &r$#% tr$du!d$% $/ $%t#/ $%t#//$n /$noo o $ otr$% otr$% /#n5u$ /#n5u$%% #uro# #uro#$% $% 3or2$ 3or2$nn un$ $%# $%# n$rr$t n$rr$t!($ !($ tr$d! tr$d!!on !on$/ $/ u# !n3/u!r&n #nor2#2#nt# #n /$ ro%$ 2#d!#($/ #n #/ d#%$rro//o d# /$ ro%$ ro2$n#. Lo% r#/$to r#/$to%% d# or$% or$% o2o #/ Disci)lina 'lericalis" Libro de los en:em)los d# C/#2#nt# S&n6# :#r!$/ 'alila e Dimna" Poridat de )oridades" $endebar" Barlaam y &osa7at" otr$% 2u6$% %on tr$du!do% ont$do% #;/!$do% 2od!3!$do% r#3und!do% r##%r!to% #n tod$% /$% /#n5u$% #uro#$%. Mu6o% d# /o% #r%on$=#% u# #n #//o% $$r##n d# /o% $r5u2#nto% $r5u2#nto% u# %# #;/!$n %#r&n /$ $%# d# /$% 3utur$% n$rr$!on#% #uro#$%.
L$ o#%$ &r$# 3o2#nt$d$ rot#5!d$ or /o% %o#r$no% #rdur" $>o% #n t!#rr$% #%$>o/$% $ /$ (# u# %# 2#/" on /$% tr$d!!on#% u/tur$/#% d# /o% 2o&r$#% d$ndo /u5$r $ un$ ur!o%$ 2od$/!d$d ou/$r d# o#%$ &r$# u# on(!($ on /$ r#$r5$d$ o#%$ d# ort# /&%!o $%$d$ %or# todo #n $/$rd#% d# !n5#n!o $5ud#$. D#%t$$n D#%t$$n $/S$r!3 $/-T$/! *#/ rn!# $2n!%t!$do, In D$rr$6 In $2 *$utor d#/ tr$t$do d# $2or El collar de la )aloma,... En /$ o#%$ ou/$r no od#2o% d#=$r d# 2#n!on$r $ Mu$dd$n !n Mu$3& $/moa:a(a a Wu# 3r#nt# $ /$ /&%!$ $r $ r *#/ !#5o d# C$r$ C$r$, , r#%un r#%unto to !n(#n !n(#ntor tor d# /$ moa:a( $%!d$ 2onorr!2$ #% un on=unto d# #%tro3$% d# d!%t!nt$ r!2$ %#5u!d$% d# un r#3r&n o #%tr!!//o #%tr!!//oXX #/ 4#(el W/o W/o 2!%2o #n &r$# (u/5$rX #n $2$% #/ #%tr!!//o //$2$do (archa #%t& tot$/ o $r!$/2#nt# #n 2o&r$# 2u6$% (##% to2$do d# $n!on!//$% ou/$r#% tr$d!!on$/#%. D#%t$$ t$2!)n In-u2&n #/ 2&% !2ort$nt# d# /o% o#t$% #=#/#ro% &r$#% $utor d# 2u6o% (#r%o% d# t#2$ $2oro%o tono d#%#n3$d$do.
. La literatura riea.
4.1. ito leyeda y oralidad. o ralidad. D#$ T.S. E/!ot u# todo% %o2o% Gr#!$ /$ %u#%!"n r!5uro%$ d# $u#//$ 6#r#n!$ d# #u!/!r!o /$r!d$d ord#n 2#%ur$. Con Gr#!$ #ntr$2o% #n /$% 2&% $ut)nt!$% r$#% d# o!d#nt#. L$ u/tur$ 5r!#5$ $rt!" d# un 3ondo 2t!o /#5#nd$r!o #n u# todo /o u# #r$ d!5no d# r#u#rdo o d# #;/!$!"n #r$ on%!5n$do #n un on=unto d# tr$d!!on#% or$/#% !2r#!%$% u# %# tr$n%2!t$n d# 5#n#r$!"n #n 5#n#r$!"n. L$ on!#n!$ d# 6!%tor!$ /$ %#$r$!"n #ntr# /o 2t!o /o 6!%t"r!o no //#5$r$ 6$%t$ tr#% %!5/o% d#%u)% $ r$ d# do% 6#6o% 3und$2#nt$/#% d#/ %!5/o :III7 /$ !ntrodu!"n d#/ $/3$#to /o% r!2#ro% $5ru$2!#nto% $5ru$2!#nto% ur$no% #n 3or2$ d# )olis. Lo% 2!to% 3or2$n un $2/%!2o on=unto d# r#/$to% d# #nor2# ($/or /!t#r$r!o 6u2$no. Lo% (!#=o% t#2$% d# /$ r#6!%tor!$ 2t!$ 5r!#5$ 3u#ron r##/$or$do% or /o% $utor#% d#/ #%/#ndor u/tur$/ 5r!#5o o%t#r!or2#nt# or tod$% /$% $rt#% o!d#nt$/#%.
4.2. La epopeya. Son do% #;t#n%o% o#2$% )!o% /o% r!2#ro% 2onu2#nto% /!t#r$r!o% u# no% d#=$ /$ u/tur$ 5r!#5$7 /$ ;disea /$ Iliada* $2$% $tr!u!d$% $ Homero $unu# or$ 2$or 3u#r$ /$ !d#$ d# u# %#r$ roduto d# un$ /$r5$ tr$d!!"n or$/ o2!/$d$ or un 5ruo d# $#do%. E/ t#2$ r!n!$/ d# /$ Il%ada #% #/ $%#d!o $ Tro$ or /$% 3u#r$% $u#$% tr$% #/ r$to d# #/#n$ *#%o%$ d# M#n#/$o, or @$r!% *rn!# d# Tro$,. E/ o#t$ )!o no %# #ntr$ #n /o% d$to% 6!%t"r!o% %!no #n /$% $%!on#% 6u2$n$% #/ dr$2$t!%2o r#$do% or /$ %!tu$!"n (!o/#nt$ #n u# %# (#n %u2#r5!do% %u2#r5!do% /o% #r%on$=#% 6u2$no% 6#ro!o% %#2!d!(!no% d!(!no% u# !nt#r$t$n. Au!/#% 2#no%r#!$do or A5$2#n"n /$ "/#r$ u# #n )/ d#%!#rt$n #%# 6#6o /$ 2u#rt# d# %u $2!5o @$tro/o $ 2$no% d# )tor %on #/ #=# #ntr$/ d# /$ or$. En /$ ;disea or otro /$do %# n$rr$ /$ $(#ntur$ d# U/!%#% #n %u r#5r#%o $ Ít$$ tr$% /$ to2$ d# Tro$. En #//$ on3/u#n #/ t#2$ d#/ r#torno /$ (#n5$n$ on /$ r#$!"n d# un #r%on$=#% o2/#=o u$ $%tu!$ rud#n!$ d#(!#n#n ro(#r!$/#%. L$ #o#$ /&%!$ 5r!#5$ %# $r$t#r!$ or7 A, L$ 2# 2#/$ /$ d# /o 6u2 6u2$no $no /o d!(! d!(!no no on !nt#r( !nt#r(#n #n!on !on#% #% d!r# d!r#t$ t$%% Kd#! Kd#!%!( %!($% $% #n #n /$ $!"n n$rr$t!($K d# /$% d!(!n!d$d#% #n /o% $%unto% d# /o% 2ort$/#%. B, E/ #/#2 #/#2#n #nto to /#5#n /#5#nd$r d$r!o !o # !d#$ !d#$/! /!$do $dorr d# u!# u!#nn #%r! #%r!# #nn d#%d# d#%d# /$ d!%t d!%t$n $n!$. !$. Iliada,7 todo% /o% 6)ro#% %on no/#% $r$ #//o% /$ 2$or C, E/ #% #%r!tu 6# 6#ro!o * Iliada 5/or!$ 5/or!$ #% #/ o2$t o2$t# # d# $6 $6 /$ 2!nu 2!nu!o% !o%$$ d#%r! d#%r! !"n !"n d# /$ $t$// $t$//$ $ /o% #rtr#6o% r#$r$t!(o% 2!/!t$r#%... E/ o#nt# /#tor 5r!#5o t!#n# un /$ro
!nt#r)% or /o% ro3#%!on$/#% d# /$ 5u#rr$ (!nu/$do% $ /o /#5#nd$r!o /o d!(!no. D, L$ $(#ntur$ *;disea, /$ #r!#!$ on u!d$d$% d#%r!!on#% d#/ 2undo 2$r!no Ko2n!r#%#nt# #n /$ (!d$ ot!d!$n$ 5r!#5$K d# /o do2)%t!o. E, @#r%on @#r%on$=# $=#%% %#2!d %#2!d!(! !(!no% no% tr$t$d tr$t$do% o% on on 5r$n 5r$n ro3un ro3und!d d!d$d $d %! %!o/" o/"5! 5!$$ #r$ #r$n$ n$.. Lo% t!o% r!n!$/#% *U/!%#% Au!/#% @#n)/o# )tor, #%t&n #r3#t$2#nt# d!u=$do%. F, E%t!/o E%t!/o //#n //#noo d# #/#2# #/#2#nto nto%% dr$2 dr$2&t! &t!o% o% 3"r2u 3"r2u/$% /$% 3!=$%7 3!=$%7 d#% d#%r! r!! !on# on#%% d#t$/ d#t$//$d /$d$% $% 2!nu 2!nu! !o% o%$% $% #t #t#t #to% o% 6#ro 6#ro! !o% o% 3or2 3or2u/ u/!% !%2o 2o /$% /$%t! t!! !d$ d$dd o/o o/or!d r!do o o2$r$!on#% o2$r$!on#% 2u #/$or$d$%. G, E/ 6#;& 6#;&2# 2#tro tro )! )!oo 6o2)r 6o2)r! !oo #% #r3# #r3#to to 2u #/$o #/$or$ r$do do n$d$ n$d$ d# $/u $/u# #o% o% n! r!2 r!2!t !t!( !(!% !%2o 2o /o u$/ u$/ 6$# 6$# #n% #n%$r $r #n o%! o%!/ /#% #% rod rodu u! !on on#% #% )! )!$% $% $nt#r! $nt#r!or# or#%% $ o2#ro o2#ro 6o d#%$ d#%$$r# $r#!d !d$%. $%. L#n5u L#n5u$=# $=# /!t#r$ /!t#r$r!o r!o u/to u/to n$d$ n$d$ o/ou o/ou!$/ !$/ $un $unu# u# % ($r!$d ($r!$doo d!$/# d!$/#t$/ t$/2#n 2#nt# t# $und $und$nt $nt## #n $r$% $r$%2o% 2o% r#ur%o% #%t)t!o% ($r!o%. A o2#ro %# 6$n $tr!u!do t$2!)n un$ %#r!# d# 6!2no% #%r!to% $ %u #%t!/o #ro %!n dud$$ 2u o%t#r dud o%t#r!or !or#% #% * ,imnos hom#ricos. un t#;t t#;too $r" $r"dd!o !o d# /$ Iliada7 /$ Batracomioma8uia* Hesíodo 2&% 2&% #r #r$n $noo
$ /$ (!d$ (!d$ ot! ot!d! d!$n $n$$ d#/ d#/ 2und 2undoo $2 $2#%! #%!no no u# u# $ /o% /o% $r!%tor&t!o% 6)ro#% 6o2)r!o% #%r!!" /$ Teo/on%a %!%t#2$t!$!"n d# /o% r!n!$/#% d!o%#% 5r!#5o% d#%d# /$ r#$!"n d#/ o%2o% 6$%t$ /$ (!tor!$ d# J#u% Los traba(os y los d%as on un$ r!2#r$ $rt# on r##to% %or# 2or$/ =u%t!!$ un$ %#5und$ u# d#t$//$ #/ $/#nd$r!o $2#%!no. Lo u# #n o2#ro #% /u6$ d# 6)ro#% 5u#rr#ro% d#(!#n# #n #%odo /$ /u6$ ot!d!$n$ d#/ /$r$dor on /$ t!#rr$.
4.. La l!rica. L$ o#%$ t$nto )!$ o2o /r!$ $r## n$#r #n Gr#!$ (!nu/$d$ $/ &2!to d# /$ 3!#%t$ /$ #/#r$!"n #/ $nu#t# u# %# on!# o2o un #%#t&u/o $o2$>$do d# 2%! 2%!$ $ *d# *d# /$ /!r /!r$H $H d# dond dond## (!#n (!#n## #/ no2 no2r#, r#, d$n d$n$. $. L$% L$% r!2 r!2#r #r$% $% 2$n!3#%t$!on#% on%!%t#nt#% d# /r!$ 5r!#5$ %# d##n $ $utor#% u/to% d# no2r# ono!do. Todo% #//o% %!5u#n r#urr!#ndo $/ 2!to K#ro #2/#&ndo/o o2o r#ur%o orn$2#nt$/ d# #nor2# $$!d$d d# %u5#%t!"nK $/ 6#;&2#tro K#ro r#$ndo $d#2&% nu#($% #%tro3$%K. E/ #%tud!o d# /$ /r!$ 5r!#5$ %u#/# d!(!d!r/$ #n do% 5ruo%7 l%rica indi!idual o )ersonal . ELEGÍA %u#%!"n d# d%t!o% u# #n %u or!5#n K 6o d$K udo t#n#r un $r&t#r 3un#r$r!o o 2#/$n"/!o. C. M!r$//#% /$ r#/$!on$ on #/ $n $nu#t# u#t# o /$% 3!#%t$% 3!#%t$% r!($d$%. r!($d$%. Su#/# Su#/#nn t#n#r t#n#r un$ !nt#n!"n !nt#n!"n 2or$/!$d 2or$/!$dor$ or$ u# ontr!u# $ /$ r$!on$/!$!"n d#/ %#nt!2!#nto. S# tr$t$n t#2$% d# o/t!$ %o!#d$d !(!/ )t!$ 2or$/ 5u#rr$ #n tono 5r$(# %#nt#n!o%o. E/ o#t$ #/#5$o 2&% $nt!5uo #% C$/!no d# E3#%o. T!rt#o #/ o#t$ $tr!"t!o u# $nt" $ E%$rt$ #n t!#2o% d# 5u#rr$ o M!2n#r2o #/ (o/utuo%o 6#don!%t$ ="n!o. E/ /#5!%/$dor $t#n $t#n!# !#n% n%## So/" So/"nn t$2 t$2!) !)nn o2 o2u% u%oo #/#5 #/#5$ $%% $r$ $r$ /$ 3or2 3or2$ $!" !"nn d#/ d#/ #% #%r!t r!tuu !ud$d$no. YAMBO o#%$ //$2$d$ $% or $%$r%# #n #/ !# &2!o #% d# $r&t#r d#%d# %$tr!o ur/"n 6$%t$ $5r#%!(o o 5ro%#ro. N$!" $ /$ (# u# /$ #/#5$ #ro %"/o %# u/t!(" #n on!$ #n r#/$!"n on 3!#%t$% r!tu$/#% d# t!o d!on!%$o. Su 2&% $/to r#r#%#nt$nt# #% #/ !rr#(#r#nt# Aru/oo d# @$ro% $/ u# /o% $nt!5uo% #u!$r$ron on o2#ro u$ rodu!"n %# $%$ #n /$ %u(#r%!"n d# ($/or#% tr$d!!on$/#% o2o /$ 3$2$ d#/ %o/d$do 2u#rto #n o2$t# otr$% !d#$% d# /$ on#!"n $r!%tor&t!$ d# /$ (!d$ d#/ 5u#rr#ro 6o2)r!o. At$" on !ron$ %$/($=# /o% 2!to% /o% 2&% $/to% $r5o% d# /$ !ud$d. Mu6o 2&% /5ur# •
•
#%!2!%t$ 3u# S#2"n!d#% d# S$2o% on%!d#r$do on%!d#r$do or $/5uno% #/ 3und$dor d# /$ tr$d!!"n 2!%"5!n$. L$ ODA #% /o 2&% %u=#t!(o d# /$ o#%$ 5r!#5$ $ u# #% /$ ($ d# #;r#%!"n d# /$ (!d$ !nt#r!or d#/ o#t$. @o#%$ o2o ur$ #;r#%!"n d#/ %#nt!2!#nto $2oro%o #nontr$2o% #n S$3o d# L#%o% o2o #/#r$!"n d# /o% /$#r#% d# /$ (!d$ (!d$ #/ (!no #n An$r#ont#. An$r#ont#. El lirismo coral" #/ o#t$ %# on(!#rt# #n #%t# t!o d# o#%$ #n ort$(o d# un %#nt!2!#nto o2n r#3/#=$ #/ $/2$ d# /$ !ud$d. E% o#%$ d#%t!n$d$ $ %#r $nt$d$ or un oro $o2$>$do d# d$n$ 2%!$. En #%t$ o#%$ #ntr$n #n =u#5o no %"/o /o% ($/or#% $tr!o% /$% 6$$>$% u/to% /o$/#% t$2!)n #/ 2!to /$ 5#n#$/o5$ /$ #%t!r#... C!t$r#2o% $ A/2&n E%t#%oro #ro no% d#t#n#2o% #n @nd$ @nd$ro ro on on%!d %!d#r$ #r$do do #/ 2&% 5r$n 5r$n o# o#t$ t$ /r!o /r!o d# Gr#!$ Gr#!$.. Son 3$2o%o 3$2o%o%% %u% %u% #!n!!o% Ku# 6o d##2o% $r#!$r %!n 2%!$ n! d$n$K $ /$% (!tor!$% d# $t/#t$% #n /o% =u#5o% o/2!o% /o% 6!2no%. En %u o#%$ %# 2#/$ /$ $/$$n$ $ /$ =u(# =u(#nt ntud ud /$ 3u#r 3u#r$ $ #/ (!5o (!5orr /$ (!rt (!rtud ud d#/ d#/ 6)ro 6)ro## on on un$ un$ ro3 ro3un und$ d$ r#/!5!o%!d$d7 no #% r$ro u# (!nu/# #%$ (!rtud on /!n$=#% #%t!r#% u# /# ondu#n d!r#t$2#nt# $/ 2!to $ /o d!(!no. Su% 6!2no% tr!un3$/#% o2o %u P%tica )rimera on%!d#r$d$ %u or$ 2$#%tr$ $du!#r#n un 2$r$do ($/or d# o#%$ r#/!5!o%$ $ tr$()% d# /$ $n)dot$ d# /$ (!tor!$ d# un $t/#t$ 2ort$/ ont#2or&n#o ont#2or&n#o %# $tu$/!$ %# d$ nu#($ ($/!d# $/ 2!to.
4.4. /l teatro. Co2o #/ t#$tro 2#d!#($/ n$# #n /$ !5/#%!$ t$2!)n #/ 5r!#5o n$!" (!nu/$do $ d#t#r2!n$ d#t#r2!n$d$% d$% #/#r$!on# #/#r$!on#%% r#/!5!o%$ r#/!5!o%$%. %. S# r## u# /$ tr$5#d!$ tr$5#d!$ n$!" n$!" d#/ d!t!r$2o d!t!r$2o *6!2no d#d!$do $ D!on!%!o, u# /o% $rt!!$nt#% #n %u% r!tu$/#% &u!o% d#d!$$n $ /$% $(#ntur$% d#/ d!o% d!%3r$$do% d# %&t!ro% # !nt#r$/$ndo %u $nto on /$% $/$r$% d# un d!r#to o or!3#o. Entr# #/ %!5/o :II :I $C %# ($n d!%#>$ndo /$% r#$!on#% dr$2 dr$2&t &t! !$% $% 5r!# 5r!#5$ 5$%% %u% %u% #%$ #%$! !o% o% $r$ $r$t t#r #r% %t! t!o o% % $un $unu# u# /o% /o% r!2 r!2#r #ro% o% t#;t t#;to% o% on%#r($do% %on d#/ :. Un or!5#n $r#!do d#!" t#n#r /$ o2#d!$ #ro #n $2!#nt#% 2&% rur$/#%7 %# !ntrodu# #n /$ 3!#%t$ #n #/ 4?8 $.. TRAGEDIA . E% u!& /$ 2&% #t#rn$ d# /$ r#$!on#% 5r!#5$% oru# $ #%$r d# %u or!5#n /#5#nd$r!o d# %u $2!#nt$!"n 2t!$ $r!%tor&t!$ /$ tr$5#d!$ 2u#%tr$ $ nu#%tro% o=o% $%!on#% 6u2$n$% on%t$nt#% $ tr$()% d# /o% t!#2o% #t#rn$%7 #n #//$ #%t&n /o% 5r$nd#% t#2$% u# tod$% /$% $rt#% 6$n !nt#rr#t$do r##%r!to r##/$or$do $ /o /$r5o d# /o% %!5/o%. L$% $%!on#% r$d!$/#% d# #r%on$=#% 2!/ (##% r##%r!to% o2o Ed!o Ant5on$ E/#tr$ Or#%t#% F#dr$ t$nto% otr$% 3or2$n $rt# d#/ $#r(o u/tur$/ #2o!on$/ d# tod$% /$% )o$% /u5$r#%. Lo% tr&5!o% 5r!#5o% /o5r$ron $ur$r K//#($r $/ /2!t# /2!t#KK /o% 2&% 2&% &%! &%!o% o% on on3/! 3/!to to%% !nt#rn !nt#rno% o% d#/ %#r 6u2$no 6u2$no /o% 2&% 2&% t#rr! t#rr!/#% /#% ro/#2$% 2or$/#% #n /o% 2&% $n5u%t!$nt#% d!/#2$% %!n %o/u!"n. L$ /u6$ d#/ 6o2r# ontr$ /o !rr#2#d!$/#% ontr$ /o u# no t!#n# #n2!#nd$ on%t!tu# /$ #%#n!$ d# /$ tr$5#d!$ /&%!$. D# /$ !n5#nt# rodu!"n t#$tr$/ 5r!#5$ %"/o on%#r($2o% $/5un$% or$% d# tr#% d# %u% $utor#% 2&% r#r#%#nt$t!(o% #ro #//o% no% #r2!t#n 6$#rno% /$ !d#$ d# "2o #/ dr$2$tur5o 5r!#5o r#o5$ #/ 2$t#r!$/ 2t!o d# /o% d!3#r#nt#% !/o% /o% r##/$or$$ $ %u 5u%to K%!n $$rt$r%# nun$ #n #;#%o d# /$ tr$d!!"nK %$!#ndo u# #/ t#2$ K#/ $r5u2#nto %u% $u%$% on%#u#n!$%K #r$n 6$rto ono!do% or %u /!o u# 6$$n %!do o od$n %#r 2$n#=$do% or %u% o2#t!dor#%. D# E%u!/o d#%t$$ /$ tr!/o5$ d# /$ ;rest%ada #/ Prometeo encadenado. E% #/ 2&% $nt!5uo on%#r($dor d# /o% tr#% #n )/ %# tr$%!#nd# /o 2t!o o /#5#nd$r!o $r$ on(#r on (#rt!r t!r $ %u% #r%on #r%on$=# $=#%% #n %2o/ %2o/o% o% d# ($/or ($/or#% #% tr$%# tr$%#nd# nd#nt# nt#%% o ro/# ro/#2$ 2$%% d# on!#n!$ o d#r#6o.
L$% tr$5#d!$% d# S"3o/#% #/ u# 2&% (##% 5$n" #/ 3#%t!($/ $u%$n un$ 2$or r#ou$!"n #%)n!$ un r!n!!o d# 6u2$n!$!"n 6u2$n!$!"n d# /o% #r%on$=#% Ku# o2/#t$r& Eur!d#%K. Lo% t#2$% %$/#n d#/ 2!%2o 3ondo 2t!o #ro S"3o/#% r#$ on #//o% tr$2$% 2&% d#n%$% #/$or$d$% 2&% ($r!$d$% $2/!$ndo /o% unto% d# (!%t$ /o% 2$t!#% %!o/"5!o% d# /o% #r%on$=#%. M&% u# /$ /u6$ ontr$ un d#%t!no !2u#%to or /o% 6$do% o /o% $nt#$%$do% $ S"3o/#% /# !nt#r#%$ #/ on3/!to nt!2o #/ !nd!(!duo #n %. Fr#nt# $ /o% #r%on$=#% 2$=#%tuo%o% /#=$no% 6#ro!o% d# E%u!/o )%to% %on 2&% Ayante" Ant%/ona" Edi)o Edi)o Rey" Electra" 0iloctetes . #r$no% 2&% 6u2$no%. D#%t$$n Ayante" Eur!d#%. S#5n Ar!%t"t#/#% d#$ S"3o/#% u# )/ r#r#%#nt$$ $ /o% 6o2r#% o2o d##n %#r Eur!d#% o2o %onH. Eur!d#% #% #/ unto 3!n$/ d#/ ro#%o u# o2#n" on /o% #r%on$=#% 2t!o% /#=$no% d# E%u!/o %!5u!" on /$ $%!2!/$!"n 6u2$n!$dor$ d# S"3o/#% u/2!n$ on /$ 6u2$n!$!"n r$d!$/ d# Eur!d#%7 /$ 2$t#r!$ #% /$ 2!%2$ /o% 2!to% tro$no% $r5!(o% t#$no%... #ro #/ tr$t$2!#nto #% 2&% #r%on$/ 2&% #%)t!o %orr#nd#nt# r#no($dor r#no($dor or!5!n$/. @$r$ Eur!d#% /$% d!(!n!d$d#% /o% 2ort$/#% o2$rt#n d#3#to% (!rtud#% no 6$ d#%t!no% !n#;or$/#% %!no un$ r##/!"n ontr$ /$ !n=u%t!!$ !n=u%t!!$ u# (!#n# d#/ 2&% $//&. Lo u# /o% #r%on$=#% #r%on$=#% d# Eur!d#% !#rd#n #n 5r$nd#$ )!$ /o 5$n$n #n 6u2$n!d$d. Su% $%!on#% on3/!to% $/$n$n $ (##% /o 6u2$n$2#nt# $to/"5!o #ro //#($do $ /$ d#%2#%ur$ 6$%t$ //#5$r !n/u%o $ /$ $r!$tur$. Lo% $nt!5uo% 6)ro#% 6$n $%$do $ %#r 2!%#r$/#% 6u2$no% /o u# #n E%u!/o S"3o/#% udo %#r d#%2#%ur$ #% $to/o5$ #n Eur!d#%H. D#%t$$n 9edea Alcestis Electra" ,i)ólito" ,#cuba* COMEDIA. @oo @oo u# u#d$ d$ d# /o $nt#r! $nt#r!or or $ ARIST ARISTPF PFA ANES NES ont# ont#2 2or& or&n#o n#o d# S"3o/#% Eur!d#% 5r$n $rod!$dor d# todo% /o% ($/or#% d# /$ tr$5#d!$. Lo u# #n $u)//$ 6$ d# 5r$(# tr$%#nd#nt# %# on(!#rt# $u #n ur/$ # !ron$ #n d#%#n3$do 6u2or #n rt!$ r!%$. En /$ o2#d!$ #/ $utor no t!#n# or u) $ud!r $/ 2!to %! /o 6$# #% $r$ tr$t$r $ /o% #r%on$=#% 2t!o% o2o tr$%unto% d# #r%on$% r#$/#% ono!d$% or #/ /!o. @#ro /o 6$!tu$/ #n Ar!%t"3$n#% #% tr$%/$d$r $ /$ #%#n$ #/ 2undo r#$/ d# /$ $//# d# At#n$% on(!rt!#ndo /$ (!d$ ot!d!$n$ /o% #r%on$=#% ou/$r#% #n un #%#t&u/o u# 6$r& r#r $/ /!o. unto $ /$ d#%r!!"n %$r&%t!$ 2&% o 2#no% r#$/!%t$ $$r##n tr$2$% %u#%o% !n(#ro%2!/#% #r$no% $/ $%urdo. @#r%on$=#% %#r#% 3$nt&%t!o% #/ 2undo $/ r#()% /o% #r%on$=#% /!o% d#n!5r$do% r!d!u/!$do% 6$%t$ /$ %$!#d$d un /#n5u$=# //#no d# =u#5o% d# $/$r$% %$/!d$% 5rot#%$% 6!%t#% ur/$% 3$r%$% #/#2#nto% #%$to/"5!o%... #%$to/"5!o%... L$ 3!n$/!d$d #% /$ r!%$ #ro o2o d!# C. M!r$//#% $=o #%$ ur/$ 6$ un 3ondo d# $2$r5ur$ d# %#r!#d$d. Tr$% /$% rou#%t$% 3$nt&%t!$% $%urd$% tr$% /$ r!%$ #/ %$r$%2o %# $d(!#rt# un do/oro%o d#%on!#rto $nt# /$ r#$/!d$d tr$% /$ ro2$ %# #%ond# /$ rt!$ d#tr&% d# todo #//o un$ (!%!"n d#%#n$nt$d$ d#%#n$nt$d$ d#%#%#r$n$d$ d#%#%#r$n$d$ d# /$ (!d$ u# r#!(!nd!$ uno% ($/or#% onr#to%.
4.5. rosa. Mu o%t#r!or $ /$ o#%$ #/ t#$tro. L$ 6!%tor!$ *#r"doto #no3ont#, /$ 3!/o%o3$ *@$r2)n!d#% @/$t"n Ar!%t"t#/#%, %on /o% do% 5)n#ro% 2&% on%!d#r$/#% d# /$ ro%$ /&%!$ 5r!#5$ $ %# %$# /$ #nor2# !n3/u#n!$ d# /o% FILPSOFOS 5r!#5o% #n #/ #n%$2!#nto o!d#nt$/ o!d#nt$/ $# $# on%!d#r$r $d#2&% $d#2&% /$ ORAT ORATORIA *D#2"%t#n#%,. *D#2"%t#n#%,. ESOPO. L$% 3&u/$% %on r#/$to% r#(#% #n ro%$ rot$5on!$do% or $n!2$/#% dot$do% d#/ don d#/ 6$/$ u# r$on$n ro#d#n o2o /o% 6o2r#% u# #/ 3$u/!%t$ 6$# $tu$r $r$ #=#2/!3!$!"n )%to% o2o /#!"n 2or$/. Son #u#>$% $/#5or$% n$rr$t!($2#nt# 2u on#ntr$d$% on !nt#n!"n 2or$/!$nt#. E% o%!/# u# #%$% 3&u/$% t#n5$n un 3ondo o2n on /$ u#nt%t!$ !nd!$ u# tod$% #//$% %# r#2ont#n $ un$ $nt!u%!2$ tr$d!!"n 2#%oot&2!$. Y$ #n t!#2o d# @/$t"n /$% 3&u/$% d# E%oo #r$n ono!d$% or tod$ Gr#!$ d#%d# #/ u/to 6$%t$ #/ $n$/3$#to d#%d# #/ !ud$d$no
ur$no 6$%t$ #/ $2#%!no. Y %u !n3/u#n!$ #n /$ /!t#r$tur$ o%t#r!or #% o2o %# %$# #nor2#.
. LIT#T$ &N 4 #N L#N5$ LTIN.
5.1. L /$L3C .1.1. #l teatro.
Lo% #%r!tor#% /$t!no% r#rodu=#ron #n /$ tr$5#d!$ tr $5#d!$ /$ Co2#d!$ Nu#($ d# /o% 5r!#5o% to2$ndo /$% #%trutur$ /o% #r%on$=#% /$ $!"n d# or$% d# $utor#% 3$2o%o% #ro t$2!)n o2u%!#ron or$% %or# #r%on$=#% $%unto% ro2$no%. TRAGEDIA7 d!%t!n5u$n /$ 7abula cothurnata #n $/u%!"n $/ coturno K$/$do d# /o% $tor#% 5r!#5o% K $ /$ d# $%unto ro2$no 7* )raete:ta or /$ to5$ d# /o% 2$5!%tr$do%. COMEDIA. 7* )alliata or tr$t$r d# #r%on$=#% 5r!#5o% u# (#%t$n on #/ )allium *2$nto t!o, 7* to/ata or /$ to5$ ro2$n$. Plauto *%. III-II $.C., rodu=o nu2#ro%$% 3$u/$% $//!$t$% #ro 2u /#=o% d# /$ !2!t$!"n !ntrodu$ $%unto% #r%on$=#% /o$/#%. Tr$2$% !ntr!n$d$% d# $!"n r&!d$ $r$ 2$nt#n#r /$ !ntr!5$ #n #/ /!o. E/ o2#d!"5r$3o %u#/# $$r##r #n /$ or$ # !n/u%o !nt#rru2!r/$ $r$ d!r!5!r%# $/ /!o. @r#%#nt$ un$ %o!#d$d d# /$%# 2#d!$ (!!o%$ d#$d#nt# 5rot#%$ on #r%on$=#% %$$do% d# /$ r#$/!d$d ro2$n$ u# 6$/$n %!n $r$r on un$ (#rorr#$ //#n$ d# 6!%t#% =u#5o% d# $/$r$% #;r#%!on#% $//#=#r$%... Su !nt#n!"n no #% 2or$/!$dor$7 /o% #r%on$=#% d#$d#nt#% d#%r#!$/#% d#%r#!$/#% u# u#/$n %u or$ %on $r$ d!(#rt!r no 6$ n$d$ 2&% u# un$ !#rt$ rt!$ n#5$t!($ %$r&%t!$. D#%t$$n El An7itrión y La ;lla* Terenc renco o *1?4-1+ $.C., M&% r#3/#;!(o 3!no u# @/$uto %u% o2#d!$% %on 2&% !ud$d$n$% %#nt!2#nt$/#% d# 2$or ro3und!d$d %!o/"5!$. E2/#$$ un /#n5u$=# 2&% u/to r#3!n$do u#% $ #%# t!o d# /!o %# d!r!5$. Lo% t#2$% #r$n un oo /o% d# @/$uto7 #nr#do% #u(oo% $2or#% ro6!!do% n!>o% ro$do% # !n(#ro%2!/2#nt# r#ono!do% #%/$(o% /!%to% !$r#%o% #ro no r#$r5$ t$nto /$ $!"n n! %# d#d!$ $ r!d!u/!$r 5rot#%$2#nt# $ %u% #r%on$=#% u#% /o5r$ !nd!(!du$/!$r/o% 5r$!$% $ un$ 2$or ro3und!d$d #n /$ $r$t#r!$!"n %!o/"5!$. In3/u#n!$ #n La celestina* .1.2. 6oes-a.
D#%t$$n #n #/ %.I $.C. Lucreco or De la naturale4a #o#$ !#nt3!o-3!/o%"3!$ #n /$ u# d#%$rro//$ #n (#r%o 6#;&2#tro /$% !d#$% #!r#$% d# 3or2$ $$%!on$d$ (!%#r (!%#r$/. $/. Catulo d#/ u# %# r#u#rd$n $/5uno% d# o#2$% %$tr!o% 2&% $5r#%!(o% o%#no% d# todo% /o% t!#2o% #ro t$2!)n $/5un$% d# /$% o#%$% $2oro%$% K#n /$ tr$d!!"n d# S$3oK 2&% #//$%. Su $n!on#ro #% o2o #/ d!$r!o d# %u% r#/$!on#% on L#%!$ #n #/ u# $$r##n (#r%o% d#%d# /o 2&% d#%$rn$do n!o 6$%t$ /o 2&% #2ot!(o %!n#ro $ /$ (# u# un$ $2/!$ 5$/#r$ d# t!o% d# /$ %o!#d$d ro2$n$. ro2$n$. .1.3. 6rosa.
D#%t$$ %or# todo /$ or$tor!$ d# C!#r"n #n #/ u# %# d$n /$% $ut$% d# /o u# d##r$ %#r #/ $rt# d# 6$/$r #n /!o *$!"n #/ou!on, /$ 6!%tor!$ *u/!o C)%$r T!to L!(!o S$/u%t!o,.
5.2. /L 3/3&. .2.1. %irilio.
L$% Bucólicas %on d#/!$do% u$dro% d# /$ (!d$ $%tor!/ tr$% /o u# %# ou/t$n #n r#$/!d$d #r%on$=#% u/to% u# %# #;r#%$n on %ut!/!d$d r#!o%!%2o. E/ r#tr$to !d/!o d# /$ n$tur$/#$ d# :!r5!/!o /$% on(#n!on#% 3!=$d$% #n %u t#;to %#r&n 3u#nt# d# !n%!r !n%!r$! $!"n "n $r$ $r$ 5r$n 5r$n $rt# $rt# d# /$ /!t#r$ /!t#r$tur tur$$ o%t#r o%t#r!or !or !t$2 !t$2o% o% .#. .#. /$% )5/o5$ )5/o5$%% d# G$r!/$%o. L$%
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Bibliora!-a: G!$o2o G!$o2o @r$2o/!n! @r$2o/!n! ,istoria >ni!ersal de la literatura. UTEA Bu#no% A!r#% 1+. To2o% I II. R!u#r :$/(#rd# ,istoria uni!ersal de la literatura* @/$n#t$ BCN 1?4 To2o% I II. ::AA ,istoria uni!ersal de la literatura* Or!% Bn 1?'. :o/ I.
