To be – Present Negative Affirmative Singular:
Plural:
- I am - You are - He is - She is - It is
- we are - you are - they are
Singular:
Plural:
- I am not not - You am not not - He is not not - She is not - It is not
- We are - You are - they are
Interrogative Singular:
- Am I ? - Are you? - Is he? - Is she? - Is it?
Plural:
- Are we? - Are you? - Are they?
Exemplos: Affirmative
Negative
I am Rodrigo He is not tall She is Cassandra She is not from Minas Gerais He is Pedro I am not good singer They are very happy We are not the champion We are a good soccer player They are not riches Interrogative
How are you? Who is he? Who is she? Who is a good man? Who is the tall boy ?
Simple present tense Usa-se o presente simples para indicar: •
Um fato. My Classes start at seven o’clock.
•
Uma ação habitual, um acontecimento , é geralmente usado com advérbios de tempo. Always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, never, every day, on Monday, etc. I always listen to the radio.
Forma Afirmativa
Para as primeiras e segundas pessoas( I,you, we, they), o verbo fica igual à forma infinitiva (mas sem a partícula “to”), nas terceiras pessoas do singular (he,she,it) , há a necessidade de adicionar S ao fim do verbo . Verbos terminados em o, ch, s, ss, sh, x ou z Acrescenta "ES"
Exemplos: GO (ir) = GOES CATCH (pegar) = CATCHES PASS (passar) = PASSES BRUSH (escovar) = BRUSHES, FIX (consertar) = FIXES BUZZ (zumbir) = BUZZES
Macete: Se esquecer as terminações lembre-se:
O Seu SHampoo CHeiroso da Xuxa EStragou!
Verbos terminados em Y precedidos de consoante, troca o Y por I e acrescenta "ES" Exemplos: TRY (tentar) = TRIES STUDY (estudar) = STUDIES Forma Interrogativa Para
fazer frases interrogativas, vamos usar o auxiliar DO (ou DOES, para as terceiras pessoas) antes do verbo. Exemplos: - Do you go to school ? (Você vai para a escola ?) - Does she work ? (Ela trabalha? ) Formas negativa Para
tornar uma frase negativa, é só adicionar o “ NOT” depois do DO ou DOES:
Exemplos:
- I Do not (don’t) work (eu não trabalho) - She does not (doesn’t) work (ela não trabalha) Affirmative
I walk You walk She walks He walks It walks We walk You walk They walk
Negative
Interrogative
I don’t walk You don’t walk She doesn’t walk He doesn’t walk It doesn’t walk We don’t walk You don’t walk They don’t walk
Do I walk ? Do you walk? Does she walks? Does he walks? Does it walks? Do we walk? Do you walk? Do they walk?
Don’t = Do not Doesn’t = Does not
Present Continuous tense Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
- I am + verb+ing - You are + verb+ ing - He is + verb+ ing - She is + verb+ ing - It is + verb+ ing - we are + verb+ ing - you are + verb+ ing - they are + verb+ ing
- I am not + verb+ ing - You am not + verb+ ing - He is not + verb+ ing - She is not + verb+ ing - It is not + verb+ ing - We are not + verb+ ing - You are not + verb+ ing - they are not + verb+ ing
- Am + verb+ ing I ? - Are + verb+ ing you? - Is + verb+ ing he? - Is + verb+ ing she? - Is + verb+ ing it? - Are + verb+ ing you? - Are + verb+ ing they?
Exemplos: Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I am sleeping You are cooking They are visiting We are walking You is playing baseball
I am not helping He is not cooking She is not visiting They are not studying We are not fining
Are you reading letter? Is he a good cooking? Is she good singer? Are we tall? Are they beautiful woman?
Indica que uma ação está acontecendo no momento em que se fala, ou na atualidade: We are writing a letter now. Jeniffer is reading a book. O Present Continuous pode ser empregado também em frases que denotam um futuro provável, ações que pretendemos realizar ou que temos certeza de que irão acontecer. Estrutura do Present Continuous:
VERBO TO BE + VERBO PRINCIPAL + TERM. ING Forma afirmativa We are speaking English now. I am looking for a teacher.
Forma interrogative Are you felling bad at this moment? Is she studing French?
Forma negative It is not raining anymore.
ATENÇÃO! to study – studying mantém-se o “y” antes do “-ing to try – trying to carry – carrying, etc. Mas, to play – playing Nos verbos abaixo , substitui-se o “ie” pelo “y" e acrescenta-se o “-ing”. to die – dying to lie – lying to tie - tying Dobra-se a última consoante quando houver a seqüência: CVC (consoante –vogal- consoante) to put – putting
to sit – sitting
to swim – swimming, etc.
Quando a sílaba tônica for a última, dobra-se a última consoante também. begin – beginning prefer – preferring Em verbos terminados em “e”, substitui-o pelo “-ing”. to take – taking to have – having
occur - ocurring, etc.
EXCEÇÕES: to be – being
to see - seeing
Os demais verbos que não participam das exceções acima citadas mantém sua forma acrescida do –ing. •
Certos verbos não são flexionados no Present Continuous. São verbos que geralmente indicam um estado ou condição. Alguns deles são: agree (concordar) believe (acreditar) belong (pertencer) disagree (discordar)
forget (esquecer) hate (odiar) have (possuir) hear (ouvir)
hope (esperar) know (saber) love (amar)
· O present do verbo TO BE (is/am/are) + going to é uma estrutura muito usada antes do infinitivo de um verbo que expressa uma ação futura planejada, quando falamos sobre ações que já estão planejadas: “... I am finally going to retire.” (Finalmente vou me aposentar
To be - Simple past Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
- I was - You were - He was - She was
- I was not - You were not - He was not - She was not
- Was I? - Were you? - Was she? - Was he?
- It were - We were - You were - They were
- It were not - We were not - You were not - They were not
- Was it? - Were we? - Were you? - Were they?
Exemplos: Interrogative
Affirmative
Negative
I was one She was marking reports She was busy the police station It was awful School was out earlier today
I was not a gardener My brothers where not a plumber Those boys were not painters She was not a nurse She was not a bus driver
When was the girl at the par Where were the two friends l Sunday? Who was at home last night When were the girls in Paris Who was at school yesterda
Past Continues tense Indica ações que estavam ocorrendo no momento em que outra ação ocorreu. Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
- I was + verb + ing - You were + verb + ing - He was + verb + ing - She was + verb + ing - It were + verb + ing - We were + verb + ing - You were + verb + ing - They were + verb + ing
- I was not + verb + ing - You were not + verb + ing - He was not + verb + ing - She was not verb + ing - It were not + verb + ing - We were not + verb + ing - You were not + verb + ing - They were not + verb + ing
- Was + verb + ing I? - Were + verb + ing you? - Was + verb + ing she? - Was + verb + ing he? - Was + verb + ing it? - Were + verb + ing we? - Were + verb + ing you? - Were + verb + ing they?
Exemplos: Affirmative
I was playing soccer He was reading a book They were swimming He was sleeping They were helping mom
Interrogative
Negative
Was the girl writing yesterday? I was not cooking Was the boy sleeping? He was not dancing Were the girls studying? She was not eating Was Simon singing at 10 We were not playing basketball o’clock? They were not talking on Was Sandra teaching telephone Portuguese?
Simple future Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
- I Will - You Will - He will
- I will not - You will not - He will not
- Will I? - Will you? - Will he?
- She will - It will - We will - You will - They will
- She will not - It will not - We will not - You will not - They will not
- Will she? - Will it? - Will we? - Will you? - Will they? Exemplos:
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I will buy a bike She will go to beach He will go tomorrow He will go to garage We will ho next week
I will not a operator She will not a cashier He will not a librarian We will not an electrician They will not watch TV
Where will they try? Where will she go? When will he go? Where will Sonia go? Where will Ruan go?
•
Expressa fatos e acontecimentos que provavelmente ocorrerão:
They will arrive tomorrow. •
Indica decisões tomadas no momento em que se fala:
The cell phone is ringing. I’ll answer it. •
Oferecer ou pedir ajuda:
Who will help me? I will help you.
1. Formação: SUJEITO + WILL + VERBO PRINCIPAL (no infinitivo sem o TO)
2. Formas abreviadas: ´ll (will) won´t (will not) 3. Forma negativa: I will not drink it. I won’t drink it.
4. Forma interrogative: Will they drink it?
5. Going to •
•
Essa forma expressa a intenção do sujeito de realizar uma ação no futuro. Esta intenção é sempre premeditada e planejada; expressa também a idéia de que alguma preparação para esta ação já foi feita; Ações expressadas pelo going to são mais prováveis de acontecer:
He is going to be a dentist when he gets the graduation. (Ele será um dentista quando se formar) I´m going to to meet Tom at the station at six o´clock. (Encontrarei Tom na estação na estção às seis horas) Observações: •
O will pode ser substituído por shall na primeira pessoa do singular e do plural (I/ We) em sentenças mais formais:
I shall do everything and we shall live in peace. •
O auxiliar will expressa fomente uma intenção que não está certo que vai acontecer, enquanto que o going to denota uma probabilidade maior de que a ação aconteça.
Simple Past Forma afirmativa
Na construção de frases afirmativas no passado simples, os verbos podem ser divididos em duas categorias: Regulares e Irregulares. Verbos regulares
Formam o passado acrescentando "ED" ao final I You He She It We You They
worked worked worked worked worked worked worked worked
Eu trabalhei Você trabalhou Ele trabalhou Ela trabalhou (Ele/ela) trabalhou (coisas ou animais) Nós trabalhamos Vocês trabalharam Eles trabalharam Verbos irregulares
Não possuem nenhuma regra para serem conjugados no passado. Cada verbo tem sua própria forma. Forma interrogativas
Para a construção de frases interrogativas no passado precisamos utilizar o verbo auxiliar "DID". Observe que o "DID" estando presente na frase, a mesma já se encontra no passado, e o verbo não precisa ser conjugado, ficando no presente.
Interrogative
Negative
- Did I +verb? - Did you + verb? - Did he + verb? - Did she + verb? - Did it + verb? - Did we + verb? - Did you + verb? - Did they + verb?
- I did not + verb - You did not + verb - He did not + verb - She did not + verb - It did not + verb - We did not + verb - You did not + verb - They did not+ verb
Present perfect tense Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
- I have - You have - He has - She has - It has - We have - You have - They have
- I have not - You have not - He has not - She has not - It has not - We have not - You have not - They have not
- Have I? - Have you? - Has he? - Has she? - Has it? - Have we? - Have you? - Have they?
O Present Perfect, embora contenha no nome a palavra "present", refere-se sempre ao passado e geralmente é utilizado nas seguintes situações Ações que acabaram de ocorrer Se não for mencionado, na frase, quando a ação ocorreu
Ex: I have cut myself! (Eu me cortei!)
They have arrived (Eles chegaram)
Exemplos: Frases no passado contendo as seguintes palavras: She's just arrived from work (Ela acabou de chegar do trabalho Have you already washed the car? JUST ALREADY YET ALWAYS EVER NEVER
(Você já lavou o carro?)
I haven't gone there yet (Eu não fui lá ainda) I've always lived in London (Eu sempre morei em Londres) Have you ever gone to New York? (Você já foi a New York?) ATENÇÃO: "EVER" aqui tem o sentido de "alguma vez" I've never gone to New York (Eu nunca fui a New York) Exemplos:
Frases contendo palavras que I haven't seen Ana recently (Eu não tenho visto Ana indicam período de tempo recentemente) passado: RECENTLY FOR A LONG TIME SINCE SO FAR
I haven't seen him for a long time (Eu não o vejo há muito tempo I haven't gone there since 1999 (Eu não vou lá desde 1999) We haven't had problems so far (Não temos tido problemas até agora)
Frases que se referem a um período de tempo que ainda não terminou no momento da fala: TODAY THIS MORNING THIS AFTERNOON THIS YEAR Frases que indicam a ordem de ocorrência de uma ação no passado: THE FIRST TIME THE SECOND TIME Etc
Exemplos: I haven't seen John today (Eu não ví John hoje) Have you seen Jane this morning? (Você viu Jane esta manhã
It was the first time I've gone there (foi a primeira vez que eu fui lá)
Quando NÃO utilizar o Present Perfect
Se, na frase, for mencionado o tempo da ocorrência, Em frases onde, mesmo não sendo mencionado o tempo da ocorrência, é evidente que a ação ocorreu há muito tempo
Ex: They arrived yesterday (Eles chegaram ontem)
Ex: Shakespeare wrote many plays (Shakespeare escreveu muitas peças)
Fonte: AMOS, Eduardo, Simplified grammar book,2ª ed, São Paulo, Moderna,2001 Disponível em : . Acesso em 02 de outubro de 2010 Disponível em . Acesso em 02 de outubro de 2010
