Grammar Art Online (Book Edition)
by: Joshua Palacios
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This book is dedicated to my sisters because they have helped me so much throughout this process. It is also because they don’t like the anime I chose as well.
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Introduction Joshua J. Palacios was born in Los Angeles, California during the year 2001. As a child he attended Arroyo Seco Museum Science Magnet School. This vital time in his life had provided him with a love for both science and math, which had led to him applying to Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School. During his first year in high school, with the guidance of his teacher, Ms. O’Sullivan, he had developed the knowledge and experience to cohesively write. He is currently a Junior at Bravo working to sharpen his skills in English with the help of Mr. Rodriguez. On his free time, he spends his time serving as an active member member of the Boy Scouts of America, where he is the leader of his local troop. He is planning on attending a college that provides chemical engineering as a major, and hopes to pursue a career in the engineering field. The subject of the grammar book project is an anime called, Sword Art Online. I chose this as my topic because it was one of the first anime that I had ever watched. In the anime, all the players who were using the game SAO were trapped in it by the person who created it. It keeps track of the battles that the protagonist faces on his quest to free everyone from the game. This anime not only opened my eyes to the vast world of anime but, it had also sparked a lasting interest in engineering for me. I have watched this anime over 20 times entra trance nced by the the vivid use use of color lors and by the inten tensity ity of the the dange angerrous batt battlles that the protagonist, Kirito faces. By setting the time in the close future, it had increased my anticipation that the plot in the anime could occur in real life as well. The interest that this anime created in me had caused me to chose this as my topic.
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Table of Contents Section 1 - Parts of Speech ……………………………………………....4 Section 1 Quiz………………………………………………………………..20 Section 2 - Phrases……………………………………………...................21 Section 2 Quiz………………………………………………………………..22 Section 3 - Clauses……………………………………………...................23 Section 3 Quiz………………………………………………………………..25 Section 4 - Sentences ……………………………………………..............26 Section 4 Quiz………………………………………………………………..33 Section 5 - Paragraphs……………………………………………............34 Section 5 Quiz………………………………………………………………..37 Section 6 - Essays……………………………………………......................38 Section 6 Quiz………………………………………………………………..39 Section 7 - Capitalization Capitalization……………………………………………........40 Section 7 Quiz………………………………………………………………..42 Section 8 - Punctuation……………………………………………...........42 Section 8 Quiz………………………………………………………………..44 Section 9 - Commonly Misused Words………………………………….45 Section 9 Quiz………………………………………………………………..
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Grammar is the structure and system of a language that governs how it works. It depends heavily upon syntax, which is word order, and morphology, which is how words happen. GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 1 PARTS OF SPEECH 1. Parts of Speech – Speech – All Eight (8) Parts i. Nouns are people, places, or things
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
1. Types (5) 2. Iden Identi tifi fier erss (5) (5) 3. Func Functi tion onss (13) (13) Pronouns 1. Personal 2. Relative 3. Inte Interr rrog ogat ativ ive e 4. Reflective 5. Demo Demons nstr trat ativ ive e 6. Ind Indefin efinit ite e Verbs 1. End Ending ings (3) (3) 2. Tense (1 (11) 3. Forms (3 (3) 4. Types (1 (11) 5. Voice (2) 6. Verb Verbal alss (3) Adjectives 1. Kinds (3) 2. Endings 3. Con Convers versio ion ns 4. Articles 5. Comp Compar arat ativ ives es// Superlatives Adverbs 1. Endings 2. Con Convers versio ion ns 3. Types 4. Con Conjun junctiv ctive e 5. Inte Inten nsifi sifie ers 6. Comp Compar arat ativ ives es// Superlatives Conjunctions 1. Coor Coordi din natin ating g 2. Corr Corre elati lativ ve
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3. Subo Subord rdin inat ate e 4. Rela Relati tive ve Pron Pronou oun n vii. Prepositions viii. Interjections b.
Key Associated Terms
i. Ante Antece cede dent ntss ii. ii. Comp Comple leme ment ntss iii. ii. Objec jects 1. Direct 2. Indirect iv. Modifiers iers v. Tran ransiti sition onss vi. vi. Expl Exple etive tivess vii. ii. Agre Agreem eme ents nts 1. Subj Subjec ectt-Ve Verb rb 2. Noun Noun-P -Pro ron noun oun
NOUNS Types of nouns: Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea. Ex: swords, fields, monsters, swordsmen, shield s hield
Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). Ex: Sword Art Online, Nerve Gear, Kayaba Akihiko.
Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Ex: software, nightmare, blacksmith .
Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Ex: axe, cloak, flower.
Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. Ex: bravery, despair, deceit.
Noun identifiers: Noun endings: 6
greatness greatness attitude attitude monster
motivation motivation confinement confinement sensory
criticism criticism duelist duelist arrogance arrogance commence commence volunteer livelihood
adventure reality reality
Following a noun marker (NM): a, all, an, both, oth, each ach, every, her, his, is, my, our, seve severa ral, l, some some,, that that,, thei theirr, thes these, e, this this,, thos those, e, one one, two, two, thre hree, etc. tc. Embold Emboldene ened d words words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they act as adjectives, i.e., Some floo floors rs are diff ifficul icultt . (“Some” acts as an adjective, so it’s a noun marker). Some are difficult. difficult. (“Some” acts as a noun so it’s not a noun marker). NM
N
This sword i sword iss sharp.
NM
N
This black sharp sword is sword is incredibly heavy.
Plural form: for example: “players” players” or “levels “levels” Possessive form: for example: “player’s “player’s level” or “players’ “players’ levels” levels” Following a preposition: A player bravely fought against the terrifying monster . (preposition) These are some common prep repositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, aft after, against, along, alongsid side, alongsid side of, alo along with, ami amid, amo among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, befo before re,, behi behind nd,, belo below, w, bene beneat ath, h, besi beside de,, betw betwee een, n, beyo beyond nd,, but but (exc (excep ept) t),, by, by, by mean meanss of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for, from, from from amon among g, from from betw betwe een, en, from from unde under, r, in, in addi additi tion on to, to, in beha behallf of, of, incl inclu uding ding,, in fron frontt of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outsid side, outsid side of, over ver, over to, owing to, past ast, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without. Note: Sometimes Note: Sometimes the above words are used as adverbs. The swordsman hesitantly rose up.
(adverb)
Functions (How nouns are used ): Subject (comes before the verb) Kirito left his party. Kirito reluctantly left his party at the boss room, after taking on the face of an inconsiderate and intelligent cheater.
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Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) Examples: Asuna made sandwiches made sandwiches for her husband. (made what?) Players slowly and tirelessly obtained items from items from defeating incredibly strong dungeon monsters, which rarely drop anything valuable.(obtained what?)
Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Lisbeth fixes weapons for her clients. clients. Laughing Coffin viciously tortured players by first paralyzing them, then laughing at the terrified victim screaming while simultaneously getting stabbed.
Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) Examples: Klein noticed in the afternoon, afternoon, a problem with the game.(noticed when?) The winter ingame event that occurred at night under under the enormous fir tree was a deadly and terrifying battle between beater, Kirito and the enormous boss, Nicholas the Renegade. (occurred when?)
Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition) Examples: He began at the Town of Beginnings (arrived where?) The Front Lines went to the dungeon in order to locate the bossroom, quickly defeat it, and open the entrance to the next floor. (to what?)
Subject Complement (following a linking verb) verb) Commander Heathcliff is the leader Knights leader Knights of the Blood Oath. (leader renames renames Commander Heathcliff )
Asuna is extremely relieved extremely relieved after she manages to reach Kirito and heal him before he gets killed by a red player. (SC can also be an adjective. Relieved describes Asuna) Asuna )
Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it) The Knight of the Blood Oath elected Asuna vice commander. 8
The players angrily titled Kirito beater because because of his overwhelmingly superior knowledge of the game, which was revealed in the boss battle with him recognizing the skill pattern that matches certain weapons.
Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) Suguha, Kirito’s cousin, cousin, helped him rescue Asuna at a t the World Tree by supporting him with healing magic as he fought the guards.Kirito explained to Silica the name of people who kill other players, red players, red players. players.
Adjectival (describes noun following following it) Asuna arrived at the weapon shop weapon shop in hopes of finding Kirito there, but was shocked to see that he had acquired an astonishingly rare item from his battle. Kirito and Asuna were ordered to go to the K.B.O guild center to discuss details on the next raid with Heathcliff.
Noun in Direct Address “Kirito, survive until the end please..." “ Sinon, destroy that horse with your gun.”
Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund) gerund) Losing the quick duel against duel against Heathcliff forced Kirito to join the Knights of the Blood Oath. (losing what?) Defeating Kayaba in Kayaba in the final battle fought in the death game resulted in the remaining players being able to logout of the game for the first time in 2 years.(defeating who?)
Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle) During the challenging fight with s words at fight with the Salamander’s general, Kirito used two swords the same time. (challenging what?) At the end of the fishing competition, a large orange lungfish with legs and webbed feet suddenly surfaced and attempted to rapidly attack nearby people. (fishing what?)
Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive) infinitive) 9
Kirito was determined to beat the game’s Battle of Bullets in order to prevent the deaths of more innocent people who had unknowingly crossed paths with Deathgun. (to beat what?)
Sinon wanted to defeat Kirito, but instead tied with him. (to defeat who?)
I.
PRONOUNS
Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Explain each kind and use as many of each of the six types of pronouns in TWO SENTENCES PER TYPE, so just twelve total sentences in this section. 1. Personal: Pronouns that are used in the first person point of view. Nominative (s (subjects) Objective (o (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s
our, ours your, yours their, theirs
Ex: He wanted to work as part of the group to help clear the floors, but to them he was a cheater. Sword Art Online is one of my favorite anime because of its well thought out plot, and because of how it showed Kirito defeating all of his enemies in the game.
2. Relative: Pronouns that are use to join together clauses in order to create a detailed coherent sentence. Nominative Objective Possessive who whom whose That that of that those/ this Ex) Knowing that it that it was Titans Hand who were who were killing the players, he found it necessary to put them in jail. Those red Those red players were led by a woman named Rosalia who gathered who gathered intel on weaker guilds by joining them. 3. Interrogative: Pronouns Interrogative: Pronouns that are used in order to address questions in an easier manner. who, which, what, whatever, whoever
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Ex) What could What could have prevented Kirito from putting on the Nerve Gear in the first episode. Who owns Who owns the Gun Gale Online game in the United States. suffix –self or –selves or –selves)) 4. Reflexive: (personal Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self Used only: A. when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: i. Kirito blamed himself for himself for the massacre of his entire guild do to him keeping his level a secret. B. to intensify a point: i. Kirito himself went himself went all alone to the next floors. When he was stopped by Asuna, he said,”I have to do this myself ”. 5. Demonstrative: Pronouns Demonstrative: Pronouns that indicate the noun that the person is talking about. It can also be used for the description of nouns as well. this, these that, those Ex)While wandering through the forest, Kirito claimed that he he had seen a ghost in there. The ghost said that she was their daughter, but this was a lie that she came to believe was true. 6. Indefinite: Pronouns Indefinite: Pronouns that do not refer to a singular noun. all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody, someone, such. Ex) Anyone who Anyone who wanted to clear the game had to meet at the colosseum to prepare for a raid. Nobody was supposed to die in the raid, but unfortunately, the raid leader did due to his selfishness.
II. VERBS Verbs show the time, time, action, and state of being being of a subject. Explain each kind of verb. Give examples of each types of verb using words related to your subject. No sentences, sentences, just example example words. words. A. How verbs are identified: 1. Verb ending: - s, -ed, -ing are the basic ones. Show the others, as well. Ex)challenged, winning, plays
2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses : 1. simp simple le past past Ex)walked, sulked, lifted 11
2 . pa s t Ex)began, met, lost 3. past past pe perfe rfect Ex)had been, had had, had gone 4. past past prog progre ressi ssive ve Ex)was fighting, was searching, were dying 5. simp simple le pres presen entt Ex) finish, hopes, look 6. present Ex)run, battle, survive 7. pres presen entt perfe perfect ct Ex)arrive, see, leave 8. pres presen entt prog progre ressi ssive ve Ex)am trying, is moving, am trusting 9. presen presentt perfe perfect ct prog progres ressiv sive e Ex)have been searching, have been earning, has been crying 10.future Ex)is certain, am leaving, shall overcome 11. future future perfect perfect Ex)will have done, will have made, will have taken
3. Forms: a. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or verbs or main verbs. When used as main verb, they are always linking verbs – true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem) seem). Ex)Kirito and Asuna are planning to bring Yui into the real world. Sinon and Kirito were struggling were struggling to defeat Death Gun due to his vast arsenal of tricks.
b. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). Ex)He did not did not plan to be trapped in the game, but regardless he was. Kirito does not show an eagerness to depart from the game, but after marrying Asuna he finds motivation.
c. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs). Ex)He had given Asuna some cream to put on her bread.
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In SAO he has a unique ability, only available to him that allows him to use two sword skill simultaneously in battle.
4. Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: a. auxiliary auxiliary verbs (helping (helping verbs) Ex) is, are, am, was, did b. linking linking verbs verbs (verbs (verbs that do not describe describe action, action, but but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) Ex) become, remain, appear, look c. lexica lexicall verbs verbs (mai (main n verbs verbs)) Ex) looks, found, became, surprised d. dynami dynamic c verbs (indic (indicate ate action action)) Ex)achieving, coordinating,collecting e. stative verbs (describe (describe a conditio condition) n) Ex) understand, value, promise f. fini finiti tive ve verb verbss (indi (indica cate te tens tense) e) Ex) ate, see, go g. nonfinitive nonfinitive verbs verbs (infini (infinitives tives or or participles participles)) Ex)agree, choose, be able h. regula regularr verbs verbs (wea (weak k verbs) verbs) Ex) ceases, hates, refrains i. irre irregu gula larr v ver erbs bs (st (stro rong ng verb verbs) s) Ex) invite, travel, become j. transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) Ex) reassure, change, deceive k. intransitive intransitive verbs (verbs (verbs that do not take direct direct objects) objects) Ex) stand, adapt, expand
5. Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Kirito and Asuna dominated Kayaba’s challenge of Sword Art Online. Kayaba’s challenge of Sword Art Online was dominated by Kirito and Asuna. The first sentence has a verb in an active voice because the subject was doing the action. The second sentence has a verb in a passive tone because the subject is receiving the action.
6. Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)
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Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. noun . Ex. Jibril loves constantly analyzing information from the technology of the unknown world. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Ex. Sora and Shiro’s previous living place living place seemed worthless compared to enormous castle they now lived in. The worthless mines to the Emanity were a wanted territory wanted territory to the Warbeasts. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs Sora and Shiro had to win the battle against against Jibril Jibril in order to get get valuable informa information tion . (noun: direct object – had what?) Emanity has a small kingdom to live in live in which has very little resources. (adjective: modifies kingdom– what kingdom?)
III.
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify identify nouns and pronouns. Explain what each kind of adjective is and answer the questions below. Kinds: Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper Proper . Demonstrative adjectives are adjectives used to direct the noun. Common adjectives are used to describe a noun. Proper adjectives are capitalized and explicity describe a noun. Ex: those, that, these; new, large, big; Japanese, English, Endings: Endings: -able/ible, -al, -ful, -ic, -ive, -less, -ous Ex: unbeatable; cynical, careful, dramatic, effective, fearless,
courageous
Conversions: Conversions: By adding a suffix to a word from a different part of speech it is possible to convert that word into an adjective. Ex) Hate + -ful = hateful ; point + -less = pointless ; bravely - -ly = brave Articles: Articles: There are three articles used in sentences: s entences: the, a, and an. an. Articles are meant to come before an adjective or noun. Ex) Kirito managed to beat the difficult minigame by using the gun’s position as an unexpected way to avoid the bullets.
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Comparatives/Superlatives: These are adjectives that are used when comparing nouns. Comparatives are formed by adding the suffix s uffix -er to adjectives while superlatives are made after adding -est. Root
Comparative
Superlative
Quick
Quick er er
Quick est est
Strong
Stronger Stronger
Strongest Strongest
Smart
Smarter Smart er
Smartest Smartest
IV.
ADVERBS
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. a. Endings : –ly, -wards, -wise Ex: cowardly, afterwards, likewise Conversions - by adding a suffix to an adjective, it can become an adverb. Ex: kind + -ly = kindly , thoughtless + -ly = thoughtlessly, thoughtlessly, careful + -ly = carefully carefully Types: Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Conjunctive Ex) therefore, however, nonetheless Intensifiers Ex) extremely, incredibly, strikingly Comparatives/ Superlatives - These are adverbs adverbs used to compare actions. They are used in between both actions with the words “as” next to it or the word “more” before it. Ex) as quickly as, more thoughtfully Example Types: Manner – Sinon kindly offered to help Kirito. After Kirito skillfully Kirito skillfully beat the minigame, Sinon went up to him and kindly offered to help Kirito pick a weapon for battle. (How did she offer?)
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Time – Kirito and Sinon had to leave immediately. Once Kirito had purchased the weapons, he and Sinon immediately left on a motorcycle to the main building.(When building. (When will he leave?) Place – Kirito was awkwardly there with Sinon. Once at the main building Kirito was awkwardly there in the changing room trying to avoid seeing Sinon undress for the battle. (Where was he?) Degree – Degree – Kirito’s incredibly honed incredibly honed skills helped him win. After Kirito appeared on the battlefield he used his incredibly honed incredibly honed skills to locate, charge, and defeat his opponent. (How good are they?) Frequency – Kirito constantly attacks constantly attacks his opponents. Kirito constantly charges constantly charges at his opponents recklessly at the start of the round while rapidly destroying the bullets shot at him (How often does he charge?)
V.
CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating: Conjunctions used when connecting two clauses that are equal. (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, or, yet, so Ex) Sinon shot yet she yet she could not kill Kirito. Sinon angrily shot a barrage of bullets at Kirito yet h yet he stood still while avo avoiding all the bullets coming in his direction. Correlative: Correlative: Conjunctions that are used as a couple in the sentence. Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Ex) Both Kirito Both Kirito and Sinon wanted to win. At the sta start of the final match both Kirito and Sino Sinon n want wanted ed to defe defeat at all all the the oppo oppone nent ntss and become the champion. Subordinate: Subordinate: Conjunctions that are used when connecting two clauses that are not equal. after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while. Ex) Kirito swam while swam while Deathgun hid. Kirito swam under water con concea cealing his posit sition on the map while Deat Deathg hgun un used used an ability to hide from the cameras as well.
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Relative pronouns: Pronouns that act as a conjunction by connecting a clause to a pronoun. who who (ref (refer erss to peop people le), ), whic which h (ref (refer erss to nonl nonliv ivin ing g obje object ct or anim animal als) s),, that that (may (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) Ex) Deathgun was a person who could kill people. The The play playe er Deat Deathg hgun un was a homi homici cida dall mani maniac ac who kill kille ed any any play player er that that caus caused ed him him to be upset in the game.
VI.
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. prepositions . These are some common some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, b etween, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. Ex) After coming across a player who Kirito assumed to be Deathgun, he found out without a doubt that his accusation was beyond incorrect. incorrect. Prior to this he sent Sinon to go toward the player beside the building near the near the center of the city. Shocked by this concerning discovery, Kirito ran until he was within shooting range of Deathgun and shot him.
VII.
INTERJECTIONS
Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and include an alphabetical list. Then, write three sentences using as many interjections as possible without repeating any of them. Sentences must be on your subject and interjections must be underlined underlined or emboldened.)ah, emboldened.)ah, a-ha, ahem, alas, amen, aw, awesome, bada bing, bah, baloney, big deal, bingo, boo, boo hoo, booya, boy (boy oh boy), bravo, brillliant, brrr, bull, bye (bye-bye), cheers, come on (c'mon), cool, cowabunga, dang, darn (darn it), dear me, duck, duh, eh, enjoy, excellent, fabulous, fantastic, fiddle dee dee, finally, for heaven's sake, fore, foul, freeze, gee (gee whiz), giddyap, golly (good golly, golly willikers), goodbye, good grief, good heavens, gosh, great, great balls of fire , ha, hallelujah, heavens (heavens above, heavens to betsy), heigh ho, hello, help, hey (hey there), hi (hi ya), hip, hip, hooray, hmm, ho ho ho, holy mackerel (holy moley, holy Moses, holy 17
smoke), ho hum, hooray (hurray), howdy (howdy do), huh, ick, indeed, jeez, kaboom, kapow, lordy (lordy lordy), mama mia, man, marvelous, my, my goodness (my stars, my word), nah, no problem, no way (no way Jose), nope, nuts, oh (oh boy, oh dear, oh my gosh, oh my, oh my goodness, oh no, oh well), OK, ouch, ow, please, poof, sh, super, swell, welcome, well, whoop-de-doo, woo-hoo, wow, yabba dabba do, yadda yadda, yippee,yummy Ex) Kirito got chased by Deathgun who was on an awesome mechanical horse. Sinon made a great shot, hitting the gas tank on the bus. There was a cool explosion “kaboom” kaboom” which was fantastic for them because they needed to get away. away .
Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech: Antecedents are words that precede a noun that determines if it is singular or plural. p lural. Ex)Kirito created his own strategy to defeat Deatgun. Complements are any words that act as a noun or adjective that follows an object. They can modify or refer to a direct object. Ex) The game named Kirito and Sinon BoB Champions since they won. Objects Direct are the nouns that receives the action of the verb. Indirect are the nouns that name the person to whom the action of the verb is directed. Ex) Kirito drove to Sinon’s apartment. Modifiers are optional elements that modify the meaning of another element in the sentence. Transitions (Chart Below) Expletives are words that take the part of the subject referring to the real subject later. Ex) It is having the right skills that matter. Agreements - Subject-Verb agreement is when the subject and verb agrees agrees in numbers Ex) Some of the monsters have been destroyed. Noun-Pronoun agreement is when the pronoun must agree a gree with the antecedent. Ex) Kirito thought that he should introduce Sinon to his friends.
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Addition
Comparison
Contrast
Milder
Stronger
a further x and and then then also too next another other nor
further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last
just as ... so too a similar x another x like
but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather
similarly comparable in the same way likewise
however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely
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Time
then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow
meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future
Purpose
to do this so that
to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x
Place
there here beyond nearby next to
at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back
Result
so and so then
hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence
Example
that is specifically in particular for one thing
for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in
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Summary and Emphasis
in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose
in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly
Grammar Quiz
1) Which Which one of these these words words is an adve adverb? rb? a) walk walk b) smar smartt c) quic quickl kly y d) vis viscou couss 2) Which word word is an adjective? adjective? a) defeat b) strong c) run d) monster 3) In the sentence “Kirito saved Asuna from the torturous treatment given by the king.” What word is the direct object? a)Kirito b)Asuna c)treatment d)king
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4) Which word is a proper noun? a) swor sword d b) food food c) Kaya Kayaba ba d) shie shield ld 5) Which word is an abstract noun? a)bed b)despair c) axe d) tree
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 2 : PHRASES 2. Phrases a. b. c.
Prepositional Appositive Verbal (3)
i. Gerund ii. ii. Par Partici ticipl ple e iii iii. Infi Infini niti tive ve
Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech. Prepositional: Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. Ex: Kazuto ran inside the apartment. After hearing Shino screaming, Kazuto ran inside the inside the apartment to apprehend the mad stricken Kyouji before b efore he injected her with poison. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. Ex: Sinon went to the “Dicey Cafe”, Cafe”, Agil’s bar. Kir Kirito ito brou brough ghtt Sino Sinon n to the the “Di “Dicey cey Cafe Cafe”, ”, Agil’s bar, in order to help her get over her problematic fear of guns. Verbal: A group of words words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun . Gerund word ending in “ing” used as a noun. noun . 22
Ex) Fighting is what Sinon does on missions. missions. missiions ons with with them them on a Fighting is what Kirito and his friends convinced Sinon to do on miss new game that was built. Participle word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Ex) They saw the monster fighting with the enemies. enemies . Their part arty found the giant white monster fighting with the enem enemie iess unde undern rnea eath th the the World Tree and decided to save it. Infinitive verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs Ex) He wanted to let the monster die monster die.. Kiri Kirito to want wanted ed to let the monster die, not knowing that it would unlock an exciting quest for Excalibur.
Phrases Quiz 1)Which of the following is an infinitive? a) to be b) ran ran c) had had d) swor sword d 2)Fighting is what Kirito and his friends convinced Sinon to do on missions with them on a new game that was built. What is the highlighted word? a) infini infinitiv tive e b) Geru Gerund nd c) Verb Verbal al d) Apposi Appositiv tive e 3)Which of the following is a verbal? a) Fiel Field d b) Deat Death h c) Boss oss d) None of the above above 4)Gerund is a word ending in “ing” used as a adjective . a) true true b) fals false e 5)Participle word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective a) True True b) False False 23
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 3 CLAUSES 3.
Clauses – Clauses – Explain each kind of clause and give two (2) labeled examples of each. a. Independent b. Subordinate (7) i. ii. iii. iv.
Noun Adjective Adverb Essen sential
v. None Noness ssen enti tial al vi. Relative vii vii. Elli Ellipt ptic ical al
Clauses are groups of words with a subject and a verb. A. INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Ex. Kirito went on a quest for Excalibur. Kirito quickly went on a quest for Excalibur leading him to the bottom of the World Tree. CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence B. SUBORDINATE (Dependent) – CANNOT stand and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. CONJUNCTION. 1. Noun Clause: Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. a. Where[subject] Where[subject] b. Kindly give whoever calls an answer. [Indirect obj.] c. That the teacher was happy was totally obvious. [Subject] d. Mr. Flores wisely checked what he had for supplies. [Direct obj.] e. Gladly restoring old cars is what Mr. Jimenez enjoys the most. [Predicate noun] f. Redeem this coupon quickly at whichever store you want. want. g. Our hope that you still happily stay at Bravo has not diminished. [Appositive] Ex) Grabbing her tail is what Kirito likes to do. Grabbing Sinon’s light blue and furry tail ta il is what Kirito greatly takes joy in doing while running down stairs. Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. 2. Adjective Clause: A. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: a. This is the school where students triumphantly do well. (“where” is an introductory word) b. There is the suit that I absolutely needed. needed. B. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: a. Olivia is obviously the one who got the most votes. (ONE is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the 24
adjective clause.) b. There goes the teacher whose class is usually biology. biology. (TEACHER is the antecedent of whose and is modified by the adjective clause.) c. Science class informatively teaches how relative humidity is the amount of water vapor that the air contains. d. NOTE: The NOTE: The relative pronoun has two functions. It introduces the clause and it and it is used as a sentence-part within the clause. i. Is this the book that you so vehemently want? (that is that is the direct object of want) want) ii. Tina is the girl whom he shyly asked to the dance. (whom is whom is the direct object of asked.) asked.) iii. The recommendation letter to which you refer has sadly been lost. (which is the object of the preposition to.) to.) iv. Samantha is an athlete who easily shrugs off criticism. (who is who is the subject of shrugs of shrugs.) .) Ex) The sword that Kirito wanted was clearly within his grasp. Ex2) The legendary sword that Kirito wanted had a blade resembling gold and an aquamarine piece that tha t connected the blade and handle together. 3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession . a. Modifying verbs: i. They unfortunately put the bus sign where a few could see it. it. (place) ii. ii. When the bell finally rang, rang , everyone left. (time) iii. We sluggishly left the library because b ecause we were tired. tired . (purpose) iv. The ASB president talked as if she were passionately running for re-election. re-election . (condition) b. Modifying adjectives: i. Winter coldly seems twice as long as it used to be. be. (how much) ii. Mr. Foster is as amusingly funny as his uncle. uncle. (to what extent) c. Modifying adverbs: i. Suzy worked harder than harder than her sisters typically did. did. (condition)
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Ex) Before they reached the room, there was a woman in a cage. Before they reached the room, they found a caged woman in the long corridor they were running through. Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. pronoun. 4. Relative Clauses: Ex) The player who defeats the boss first will earn a reward. The outstanding player who defeats the ice god Thrym first will receive the opportunity to pull out the sword Excalibur as a reward. 5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. Ex) While running, running , Klein suddenly stops in his tracks. While running, Klein suddenly stops in his tracks in order to release the caged woman from her captivity against the wills of his team member. Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. 6. Essential Clauses: Ex) The thing that most interests Kirito was obtaining the sword. The greatest outcome that most interests Kirito was defeating the boss and being the first player to claim Excalibur.
7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Ex) The power of the woman, who was locked in a cage, helped Kirito. The unrealistic magic of the princess, who was locked in an icy cage, aided Kirito and his friends before battle by increasing their health bars substantially.
Review Quiz on Clauses 1) a) b) c) d)
What kind of of clauses clauses are not necessary necessary to the the meaning meaning of a sentence? sentence? relati relative ve clause clausess ellipt elliptica icall clause clausess essent essential ial clause clausess noness nonessent ential ial claus clauses es
2) The sentence “Grabbing Sinon’s light blue and furry tail is what Kirito greatly takes joy in doing while running down stairs.” stairs.” is an example of what clause? a) noun noun clau clause se b) adject adjective ive clause clause c) rela relati tive ve clau clause se d) adve adverb rb cla claus use e 3) What is the name for clauses that are necessary to the meaning of a sentence? a) essent essential ial clause clausess b) meanin meaningfu gfull claus clauses es 26
c) really really nece necessar ssary y clauses clauses d) import important ant clauses clauses 4) The sentence “The outstanding player who defeats the ice god Thrym first will receive the opportunity to pull out the sword Excalibur as a reward.” is an example of what clause? a) essent essential ial clause clausess b) noun noun clau clause sess c) relati relative ve clause clausess d) ellipt elliptica icall clause clausess 5) How many different types of subordinate clauses are there? a) 3 b) 1 c ) 12 d) 7 ANSWER KEY: 1)d
2)a
3)a
4)c
5)d
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 4 SENTENCES 4. Sentences – Explain each sentence types and patterns and give two (2) examples of each (one basic and one advanced). a.
b.
Sentence Parts i. Subj Subje ect (3) (3) 1. Complete 2. Simple 3. Compound
ii. ii. Pred Predic icat ate e (3) (3) 1. Complete 2. Simple 3. Compound
Sentence Types (4) i. Decl Declar arat ativ ive e ii. ii. Inte Interr rrog ogat ativ ive e
c.
iii iii. Impe Imperrati ative iv. Excl Exclam amat ato ory
Sent Senten ence ce Erro Errors rs (Inc (Incom ompl plet ete/ e/In Inco corr rrec ectt Type Types) s) (with correction guidelines) i. ii. ii. iii. iii. iv. iv. v. vi. vi.
Fragment RunRun-on on/R /Ram ambl blin ing g Fuse Fused d Sent Senten ence ce Misp Mi spla lace ced d Modi Modifi fier er Com Comma Spl Splice ice Doub Double le Nega Negati tive ve 27
d.
Sentence Pa Patterns (13) i. ii. iii. ii. iv. v. vi. vi. vii. vii. viii viii.. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii.
Simple Complex Com Compou pound Comple plex/ Compound Loos Loose e Sent Senten ence ce Peri Period odic ic Sent Senten ence ce Bala Balanc nced ed Sent Senten ence ce Para Parallllel el Str Struc uctu ture re Chiasm asmus Asyndeton Polysyndeton Anaphora Epistrophe
Sentence Parts 1. Subject a. Complete: Complete: The who or what what of the sentence sentence including including all the modifie modifiers. rs. Ex: The cautious players waited players waited for the door to open. The cautious players silently waited for the gigantic doors of the boss room to open. b. Simple: Simple: The noun noun that the the entire entire sentence sentence refers refers to Ex: Kirito saw a room filled with a large amount of gold. Once Kirito entered the boss room, he noticed that there was a vast amount of gold piling against the long walls. c. Compound: Compound: Two subjects subjects connecte connected d together together by the use use of a conjunction conjunction.. Ex: Asuna and Kirito were Kirito were surprised by the boss. Asuna and Kirito were both surprised at the boss’s imposing strength which was substantially stronger than their owns.
2. Pred Predic icat ate e (3) (3) a. Complete: Complete: the verb verb and the informa information tion connecte connected d with it. Ex) Kirito attacked the attacked the boss with his two swords. swords. Kirito rapidly attacked the attacked the large ice boss with his two different magical blades simultaneously. simultaneously. b. Simple Simple:: the verb verb in the the sentenc sentence e Ex) The boss’s attack against them was incredibly was incredibly strong. The boss’s attack against his challengers was so overwhelmingly strong it blew them back. 28
c. Compound: Compound: a predicat predicate e with with two or more more verbs verbs Ex) They first distracted the boss and then they looked for looked for the hammer. The group first had to distract the boss while searching frantically searching frantically for the giant golden hammer.
Sentence Types 1. Declarative: Declarative: Sentence Sentencess that state or or declare declare something. something. They They end with with a period period and do not show feelings. Ex) They found the hammer in the gold. They found the hammer under a pile of gold on the left side of the room. 2. Interrogat Interrogative: ive: A sentence sentence that insights insights a response. response. It is usually usually written written in a question format. Ex) “Who is that guy?” Why did that woman turn into a man only after retrieving the hammer? 3. Impera Imperativ tive: e: a comm command and or requ request est Ex: Stop attacking the players. Do not use your power against the players who have set me free from your wretched prison. 4. Exclamatory: Exclamatory: A sentence sentence that is an exclamation exclamation.. It shows shows a strong feeling. feeling. Ex) I will defeat you! I will defeat you and send you back to where you came!
Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 1. Run-On/Rambl Run-On/Rambling: ing: when when there are two two or more independe independent nt clauses which which have not been connected by a conjunction in a sentence. Inc)He attacked him with the hammer that was given to him by his allies that found it under the pile of gold while trying to protect themselves from the boss at the same time because his attacks could defeat them easily while their attacks did hardly anything due to his incredible defense and multiple health bars. Correct) He attacked the boss with the hammer that was given to him by his allies. They had found it under the pile of gold while trying to protect themselves from the boss at the same time. The reasoning behind it was that his attacks could defeat them easily while their attacks did hardly anything due to his incredible defense and multiple health bars.
2. Fused: Fused: Two independent independent clauses clauses combined combined without without the proper proper conjunction conjunction..
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Inc) They managed to finally defeat the boss Kirito couldn’t lift the sword s word and take it with him. Correct) They managed to finally defeat the boss but, Kirito couldn’t lift the sword and a nd take it with him.
3. Fragment: Fragment: A sentence sentence that that is incomplete incomplete as a result result of missing missing the subject subject or or the verb. Inc) Shot the sword using her bow and arrow. Correct) Sinon calmly shot the sword using her bow and arrow, and was able to lift it up.
4. Misplaced Misplaced Modifier: Modifier: A modifier modifier that modifie modifiess something something different different then your your intentions. Inc) Kirito stood on the gigantic monster mons ter holding his sword. Correct) Kirito holding his sword stood on the gigantic monster. 5. Double Negati Negative: ve: The use use of two negative negative words words that that results results in the opposite opposite of the the writer’s intentions. Inc) Kirito didn’t want to cause trouble with nobody so he just smiled. Cor) Kirito didn’t want to cause trouble with anyone so he just smiled at them while trying to change the conversation.
6. Comma Splice: Splice: The incorre incorrect ct placing placing of a comma to connect connect two two independen independentt clauses without using a conjunction. Inc) Klein wanted to date the princess, princess , he asked for her personal information. Cor) Klein wanted to date the princess, princess , so he asked for her personal information. Cor) Klein wanted to date the princess; princess ; he asked for her personal information.
Sentence Patterns 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Simple Complex Compound Comp Comple lex/ x/Co Compo mpoun und d Loos Loose e Sen Sente tenc nce e Peri Period odic ic Sent Senten ence ce Bala Balance nced d Sent Senten ence ce
8. Paral Paralle lell Str Struc uctu ture re 9. Chiasmu smus 10.Asyndeton 11.Polysyndeton 12.Anaphora 13.Epistrophe
1. Simple Sentence: Sentence: A sentenc sentence e that is just just one Independen Independentt clause. clause. 30
Ex) This season was the worst compared to the previous ones. The Calibur arc sadly contained a duller plot compared to the previous arcs shown. 2. Compound Compound Sentence: Sentence: A sentence sentence with with multiple multiple indepen independent dent clauses, clauses, but but no dependent clauses. Ex) I wanted to be surprised by a sudden turn of events, but I was disappointed when it didn’t happen. I desired immensely for an abrupt change cha nge in the mellowness of their situation, but I was deeply offended by the everlasting mildness presented. 3. Complex Complex Sentence: Sentence: A sentence sentence with with one independ independent ent clause clause and at least least one dependent clause. Ex) Since Sinon was there, I continued to watch the episodes. Since Sinon appeared in this arc, I managed to keep a slight interest in the episodes to come later. 4. Complex-Comp Complex-Compound ound Sentence Sentence:: A sentence with with multiple multiple independent independent clauses clauses and at least one dependent clause. Ex) Kirito didn’t have dual wielding, but he had ha d two swords, because he was use to it. Though Kirito no longer had the ability of dual wielding, he carried two different sword with him, and he used them when facing enemies. 5. Loos Loose e Sent Senten ence ce:: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase). phras e). Ex) He was weaker, filling my heart with despair, angering the SAO fanbase fanba se breaking the respect I had for it. Kirito was now weaker than before, causing ca using me to lose interest, upsetting a large amount of the audience, and losing the previous respect I had for the anime. 6. Peri Period odic ic Sent Senten ence ce:: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. Ex) Because of how sloppily the first arc was presented, I hated it the most. The Caliber arc, which had many references to the Greek mythology but was sloppily presented to its viewers, was a disgrace to their popular title. 7. Balanced Balanced Sentence: Sentence: A sentence sentence where where phrases phrases or clauses clauses parallel parallel each each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length 31
Ex) This arc was not terrible, but it was planned unsuccessfully in my opinion. This lengthy arc was not entirely terrible, but it was continuously unfulfilling and difficult to watch. 8. Parall Parallel el Stru Structu cture: re: A senten sentence ce using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written Ex) To deliberately watch this arc is to confine yourself in garbage. By steadily progressing through this arc you are surrounding yourself in garbage made up of fanservice and a mediocre storyline. 9. Chiasmus: Chiasmus: A sentence sentence that include includess a repetition repetition of ideas ideas (words, (words, phrases, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order Ex) Kirito’s quest ended poorly and ended poorly was Kirito’s quest. Kirito’s quest left us wanting more and a nd leaving us wanting more was Kirito’s quest. 10.Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Ex) It was an uneventful, difficult to watch, poorly designed arc. The arc was unable to create a desirable setting, properly use Greek in an appealing fashion, earn my appreciation. 11.Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Ex) Suguha laughed and cried and sighed and cheered. In the arc Suguha laughed and cried and cheered and sighed and fought and won. 12.Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. Ex) He fought for greed; he fought for adventure; he fought to win. He fought for greed; he fought for friends; he fought for fun; he fought for love; he fought whenever push came to shove. 13.Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Ex) The opening song was great; the character designs were great; and the 32
colors and backgrounds were great. The arc has finished; the arc dreaded by so very many: the arc of which had no relevance to the next has brought b rought a foreshadowed fate on it.
Sentence Patterns Quiz 1) What What kind kind of senten sentence ce is a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense? a) b) c) d)
Polysyn Poly synde dett tton on Comp Co mpou ound nd Peri Pe riod odic ic Comp Co mple lexx
2) A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is a(n) a) b) c) d)
Anap Anapho hora ra Comple Complex x Senten Sentence ce Compou Compound nd Senten Sentence ce Loos Loose e Senten Sentence ce
3) The sentence, “The arc has finished; the arc dreaded by so very many: the arc of which had no relevance to the next has brought a foreshadowed fate on it.”, is an example of what? a) b) c) d)
Epist Epistro rophe phe Asynd Asynden ento ton n Poly Polysyn synde dent nton on Anap Anapho hora ra
4) The sentence, ”Though Kirito no longer had the ability of dual wielding, he carried two different sword with him, and he used them when facing enemies.” enemies.” is what kind of sentence? a) b) c) d)
Simp Simple le Comp Comple lexx Comp Compou ound nd Comple Complex-c x-compo ompound und
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5) Which of the following is an example of a simple sentence? a) He fought fought for greed; greed; he fought for adventu adventure; re; he fought fought to win. b) Suguha Suguha laughed laughed and cried cried and sighed sighed and cheered cheered.. c) I wanted to be surprised surprised by a sudden sudden turn of events, events, but I was disappointe disappointed d when it didn’t happen. d) This season was the worst compared to the previous ones.
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 5 PARAGRAPHS 5. Paragraphs – a. Introductory Introductory Paragraphs Paragraphs i. Hook/lead 1. Anec Anecdo dota tall
2. Quer Query y Base Based d
ii. Thesis Thesis statem statement ent (7 types) types) 1. Assertion (Claim) 5. Generalization 2. Fact 6. Document Based 3. Opinion 7. Theory 4. Belief b. Body Paragraph Paragraphss i. Topi Topic c sent senten ence ce ii. ii. Sent Senten ence cess with with examp example less 1. Quotes Quotes (5 ways to to integrat integrate e quotes quotes INTO INTO sentenc sentences) es) a. MLA MLA Cita Citati tion on 2. Par Paraphr aphras ase e 3. Summary 4. Anec Anecdo dote tess 5. Conc Concre rete te exam exampl ples es 6. Abstr Abstrac actt exam exampl ples es iii. iii. Closi Closing ng sent senten ence cess c. Closing Closing Paragraphs Paragraphs i. Statem Statement ent extend extending ing the thesis thesis ii. Consequ Consequenc ences es of disreg disregard arding ing the the thesis thesis iii. iii. Establi Establishi shing ng the the signifi significan cance ce of thesis thesis iv. Final sentence sentence (“Smoky (“Smoky the the Bear”/”D Bear”/”Drop rop the mic”/dot mic”/dot dot dot dot moment…)
1. Introducto Introductory ry Paragrap Paragraphs hs (Introducti (Introductions) ons) a. Hook Hook (Lea (Lead) d) i. Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and a nd intro the topic)
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1. Ex. When Ex. When Sinon was a child, she had a traumatizing experience. As she was at a bank with her mom, a robber came in with a gun. As a result of him threatening her her mom with death, Sinon attacked him and took his gun. She shot him three times until until he finally died. Thinking that her mom would look at her with sympathy sympa thy she found her sitting there in terror. ii. Query Based (Questi (Question on that brings brings the reader reader to the the topic) topic) 1. Ex. Does Ex. Does fighting for someone you love allow you to kill your enemy in the process? b. Thesis Statemen Statements ts (the purpose purpose of a piece of writing writing – usually usually one sentence sentence in length – and something that is arguable) i. Assertion (claim) 1. Ex. It Ex. It is okay to kill someone if you do it to save someone you love. ii. Fact (empirically verifiable) 1. Ex. Thousands Ex. Thousands of people die each day. iii. iii. Opinio Opinion n (perso (personal nal posit position ion on on a topic) topic) 1. Ex. People Ex. People who are a danger to society deserve to be killed. iv. Belief Belief (social, (social, religio religious, us, or politic political al in nature nature – an opinio opinion n held by by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 1. Ex. Killing Ex. Killing anyone for any reason is a sin. v. Gene Genera raliliza zati tion on (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement) 1. Ex. Everyone Ex. Everyone who plays GGO is a male. vi. Document Document Based Based (cites (cites a specific specific source source and its its position position on a topic) topic) 1. Ex. In the manga Sword Sword Art Online, the Nurse argues that it is okay for him to have killed his enemies as long as he remembered who they were. vii. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 1. Ex. The Ex. The majority of people who play Gun Gale Online are males.
2. Body Paragraphs Paragraphs (must (must have echoes of of the thesis in each and and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) a. Topic Sentence Sentencess (must specificall specifically y indicate indicate the topic of the paragraph paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) i. Ex. Multiple sources additionally indicate that sometimes it is necessary to kill in in order to save others. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between fast food and health) b. Evidence Evidence from Quotation Quotationss (quotes should should NEVER be used used as individual individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) i. Ex. Several people agree, “ It’s OK to kill if someone’s trying to kill
you.”(Alexander 1) 35
ii. Ex. “It’s OK to kill if someone’s trying to kill you.” according to several people (Alexander 1). iii. Paraphrase Paraphrase (reword (rewording ing of a quote quote into into other other words words of the same same length without quotation marks, but still s till citing the source) 1. ORIG ORIGIN INAL AL QUOT QUOTE E – “It’s OK to kill if someone’s trying to kill you.” (Alexander). 2. Ex. PARAPHRASE – Killing someone is justified if they are attacking you with a malicious intent (Alexander 1). iv. Summary Summary (conden (condensing sing larger larger quotes quotes or sections) sections) 1. ORIG ORIGIN INAL AL QUOT QUOTE E – “It’s OK to kill if someone’s trying to kill you.” (Alexander). 2. Ex. SUMMARY – It is okay to kill. v. Abstract Abstract Examples Examples (hypothetic (hypothetical, al, “what “what if” if” example exampless – AVOID) 1. Ex. People would stop being a danger to society if they were killed when they attempted to. vi. Concrete Concrete Examples Examples (actual (actual,, referen reference-abl ce-able e example examples) s) 1. Ex. A study performed in 2015 revealed that the majority of people who play videogames are males c. Closing Closing Sentences Sentences (must (must end the discussi discussion on of the topic topic within within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) i. Ex. Clearly, valid authorities on the subject of videogames agree about its often startling and consistently large amount of male gamers.
3. Closing Paragraphs Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) a. Consequence Consequencess of Disregarding Disregarding the Thesis Thesis (establishing (establishing the potential potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT) i. Ex. If the mass murdering of people during battle was unjustified, than it would not always be occuring in society. b. Statement(s) Statement(s) of Extension Extension (extending (extending the consequence consequencess of disregardi disregarding ng the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) i. Ex. As such, the mentality to believe that it is okay to kill kill is connected with the significant amount of deaths. c. Establishing Establishing the Signif Significance icance of the the Thesis Thesis i. Ex. Thus, as the preponderance of research indicates, people who believe that killing is okay not only carry this belief, but can also put it into action. d. Final Sentence Sentence (connec (connects ts to the hook) hook) i. Ex. So sta tements supporting killing for self health, Sinon’s Ex. So given all the statements actions were justified …
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Quiz 1) In which paragraph(s) would the counterargument be found in? a) Introd Introduct uctory ory b) body body c) conclu conclusio sion n 2) Which part of the essay contains multiple paragraphs? a) Introd Introduct uctory ory b) body body c) conclusion 3)The introductory paragraph states the a) counterar counterargume gument nt b) conclu conclusio sion n c) data data d) none of of the above above 4) What is the last paragraph in an essay called? a) introducto introductory ry paragraph paragraph b) body paragraphs paragraphs c) conclusio conclusion n paragrap paragraph h 5)In which paragraph would you expect to find the most quotes? a) introducto introductory ry paragraph paragraph b) body paragraphs paragraphs c) conclusio conclusion n paragrap paragraph h
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 6 ESSAYS 6. Essays – Essays – a. Types i. Persuasive Persuasive (Argum (Argumentati entative)ve)- These These essays essays are designe designed d to persuade persuade the audience to support your stated claim. These are usually filled with logos, ethos, and pathos ii. Expository Expository (Infor (Informative mative))- These These essays essays are used to to inform inform the the audience of a certain topic. They are often filled with facts and references. 1. Defini Definitio tion n or or Desc Descrip riptio tion n 37
2. Proc Proces esss (How (How-t -to) o) 3. Comp Compar are e and and Cont Contra rast st 4. Caus Cause e and and Eff Effec ectt iii. Analytical/Cr Analytical/Critical itical - These essays are are used when evaluat evaluating ing large large amounts of data. They use the information gathered to draw conclusions from them. 1. Eval Evalu uati ative 2. Inte Interp rpre reti tive ve iv. Narr arrative (Tells a story) 1. Pers Person onal al Anecd Anecdot ote e v. Research 1. MLA MLA Cit Citat atio ion n For Format mat 2. APA Citat Citatio ion n For Forma matt vi. Timed 1. Document Based Question (DBQ) b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i. Pre-wr Pre-writi iting/ ng/Pro Prompt mpt Analysi Analysis/O s/Outl utlini ining ng ii. Resear Research/ ch/Eval Evaluat uation ion of Source Sourcess c. Work Cited Page
2. Synt Synthe hesi siss 3. Prom Prompt pt Base Based d
i. MLA Format ii. APA Fo Format MLA “contains “contains sources not cited within the body of the paper, and an annotated bibliography, which includes a brief description or evaluation of each source. APA Style does not use these alternate methods”(Becker 1) Ex) MLA (Adams 42) (Lennon and McCartney 999) (Hexum, Martinez, and Sexton 123) APA (Adams, 1979) or (Adams, 1979, p. 42) (Lennon & McCartney, 1968) or (Lennon & McCartney, 1968, p. 999)
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(Hexum, Martinez, & Sexton, 1994) or (Hexum, Martinez, & Sexton, 1994, p. 123)
Quiz 1) What kind of essays essays tell the audience audience a story? a) Exp Exposi ositor tory y b) Nar Narrat rative ive c) Ana Analyt lytica icall d) Pe Persu rsuasi asive ve 2) Which essays contain large amounts of rhetoric? a) Exp Exposi ositor tory y b) Nar Narrat rative ive c) Ana Analyt lytica icall d) Pe Persu rsuasi asive ve
3) The main purpose of an expository essay is to a) pe persu rsuade ade b) in info form rm c) ar argu gue e 4) Which of the following essays would be least likely to contain references? a) ex expos posito itory ry b) nar narrat rativ ive e c) pe persu rsuasi asive ve 5) An essay that argues to support its own claim is an a) pe persu rsuasi asive ve b) nar narrat rativ ive e c) ex expos posito itory ry
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GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 7 CAPITALIZATION Capitalization – Capitalization – 1) Capitalize Capitalize the first first word word in a sentence sentence In the anime, Kirito must overcome many challenges to beat the game. 2) Capitalize Capitalize the most most important important words words in a title Sword Art Online is an incredible anime to watch. 3) Capitalize Capitalize the names names of organiz organization ationss The Tokyo Police Department tried to arrest Kayaba but were too late. 4) Capita Capitaliz lize e the names names of peop people le Kirito and Sinon make a better couple than him and Asuna. 5) Capita Capitaliz lize e the name namess of books books Sword Art Online is one of the best manga in my opinion. 6) Capitalize Capitalize geographic geographical al places places Japan; Tokyo; United States; Los Angeles 7) Capita Capitaliz lize e historic historical al events events Renaissance; Age of Enlightenment; Victorian Era
8) Capita Capitaliz lize e days days and month monthss Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, September, December 9) Capita Capitaliz lize e religi religions ons Muslim, Catholic, Christian, Buddhist 10)Capitalize ethnic groups Mexicans , Chinese, Italian, Japanese 11)Capitalize names of brands Pepsi, NerveGear, CocaCola 12)Capitalize languages Mandarin, Korean, English, Spanish, French 13)Capitalize proper adjectives English teacher, Electronics professor, Mechatronics instructor 14)Capitalize the pronoun “I” I do not understand why they made an entire season based on Asuna’s life. 15)Capitalize the first letter in a direct quotation “Hello, my name is Klein.” 16) Capitalize Mother, Father, etc. when they replace their names. She asked Mom if she could go to the hospital to check on Kirito. 17) Capitalize the first letter in a line of poetry Bullets of life and death, Soar with steady wings 18) Capitalize North, South, East and West Southeast Japan, North Tokyo, South Tokyo 19)Capitalize President
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President Trump may continue to be the present during the time when the anime takes place. 20)Capitalize a pronoun if it is the first letter in a sentence. He went to the bar to get information from Agil. 21)Capitalize religious figures Zeus, Thor, Thrym, God 22)Capitalize trademarks Nerve Gear, Asumusphere, 23)Capitalize abbreviations SAO, GGO, ALO 24)Capitalize salutations and closings in letters Dear Kirito, Love, Asuna 25)Planets The anime Sword Art Online takes place plac e on Earth during the future
Quiz 1) Which of the following should be capitalized? a) kiri kirito to b) dog dog c) swor sword d 2) Which of these pronouns should always be capitalized? a) I b ) He c) She d) Them Them 3) Abbreviations should never be capitalized? a) true true b) fals false e 4)Which of the following should not be capitalized? a) Mond Monday ay b) Tuesda Tuesday y c) Wedne Wednesda sday y d) none of of the above above
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5)Which of these countries should not be capitalized? a) Japa Japan n b) United United States States c) South South Kore Korea a d) none of of the above above
GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 8 PUNCTUATION Punctuation – Punctuation –
Brackets [ ] - Brackets allow the insertion of editorial material inside quotations. They can be used for the following purposes: Clarification, Translation, Emphasis, Indicating Errors, Indicating a change in capitalization, Censoring objectionable content The release date[2022] was marked by the cruel event of the beginning of the death game, Sword Art Online. Parentheses ( ) -Parentheses (always used in pairs) allow a writer to provide additional information. The parenthetical material might be a single word, a fragment, or multiple complete sentences. The anime (Sword Art Online) was a revolutionary anime which had inspired the genre of “another world” to increase. Period . - The punctuation mark that ends ends a sentence The plot of the anime was good in the first season, but failed once they introduced the Calibur arc. Comma , - the comma indicates a pause that would occur if the sentence were spoken aloud. Other times, the comma separates grammatical components of the sentence. During Sword Art Online, Kirito is incredibly strong, but b ut he then becomes so much weaker by the end of the anime. Hyphen - - the hyphen’s primary function is the formation of certain compound terms. The hyphen is also used for word division In the anime, the antagonist, Akihiko Kayaba, was thirty-two at the beginning of it but died two years later.
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Colon : - A colon is used when you are introducing a list or when you want to place emphasis on something. Semicolon ; - Between independent clauses when a coordinating conjunction is omitted. Kirito went into the game gun gale online; it was his first time there. Question Mark ? - Punctuation used when you are asking a direct question. Why are they making so many seasons of SAO? Exclamation Mark ! - Punctuation mark used at the end of the sentence when you want to exclaim something. I hate ALO and the Mother Rosario because of how irrelevant they were! Apostrophe ‘ - These punctuation marks are used when showing possessiveness or when forming a contraction. Kirito’s swords are usually marked by the characteristic of an incredible amount of weight. Quotation Mark “ - Punctuation mark used when you are quoting words from someone else or when writing dialogue Ellipsis … - An ellipsis is a set of three periods ( . . . ) indicating an omission He sighed . . . He had dropped the sword Excalibur into the abyss
Quiz Which of the following is a question mark? a) ! b) ? c) “ d) ‘ Which of the following is a hyphen? a) + b) c) / d) “ Which of the following is an apostrophe? a) ‘ 43
b) , c) “ d) ; How many periods are in an ellipsis? a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
Which of the following is an exclamation mark? a) @ b) ! c) ? d) >
SECTION 9: COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS 7. Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices – Choices – a. Connotation/ Connotation/Denot Denotationation- Connotation Connotation are the the thoughts thoughts created created by the word while denotation is the literal meaning of the word. Ex)The connotation of the name Nerve Gear is marked by a negative connotation in the anime. The denotation of the word word is just a piece of technology. b. Who/ Who/Wh Whom om-Ex) I want to know who is in your guild so that I know to whom this sword belongs to. c. Their/The Their/There/Th re/They’re ey’re-- The word word their their states states the possessio possessions ns of others. others. “There” “There” states a position and they’re is a contraction of they are. Ex) They are battling their incredibly strong enemies over there in the deep and ominous forest. 44
d. Lie/LayLie/Lay- When you lie you are are telling telling a false statement, statement, however however when when you lay something down, you put it down. Ex) Kirito wanted to lay down so he lied to Asuna about the settings of the game e. Laid/LainLaid/Lain- Laid is is the past tense tense of lay, and lain lain is the past past tense of lie. lie. Ex) He had laid his sleeping bag on the snowy floor and then had lain inside of it. f. Affect/Effe Affect/Effectct- Affect Affect means to cause cause a change change on somethi something ng or someone someone while the word effect effect is the change that occured. Effect is a noun and affect is a verb. Ex) His attacks did not affect the monster but, instead had a negative effect on his mental stability in battle. g. Accept/Except Accept/Except-- Accept means means to allow allow or receive receive and except except means means to exclude something from a group. Ex) Kirito did not accept anyone’s a nyone’s request to join their guild except for the Moonlit Black Cats and the Knights of the Blood Oath. h. C/W/ C/W/Sh Shou ould ld have vs. C/W/Should of of - C/W/Should have are used when there is regret. C/W/Should of are incorrect to use. Ex) He would have warned them to not go into the trap room if he could have went back in time.
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Loath/Loathe Loath/Loathe-- Loath Loath means means to be be unwilli unwilling ng to to do something something and Loathe means to hate and despise. Ex) He was loath to enter the game, Gun Gale Online, so he loathe the person who asked him to do it. j.
Infer/Imply- To infer means to come to a conclusion based on your observations while the word imply means to state indirectly. Ex) He had inferred that there was only one Death Gun in GGO. It was implied that Sinon had a fear of guns. k. Weary/WaryWeary/Wary- Weary Weary means means to be physicall physically y exhausted exhausted to the point point of fainting, but wary means to be aware and cautious of your surroundings. Ex) After becoming weary from the constant battles, Kirito began to be less wary of any hidden enemies. l.
Proceed/Pre Proceed/Precedecede- Proceed Proceed is is to contin continue ue doing doing something something while precede precede means to go before. Ex) The event that precedes getting the sword, Excalibur, is finishing the quest of defeating Thrym. Kirito proceeded to kill enemies enemies to accomplish this quest.
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m. Discrete/Discreet- Discreet means to behave in a reserved manner while discrete means something different. Ex) Kirito was discreet when explaining his battle with Zekken to Asuna, but b ut she found that his information was discrete compared to what she saw. n. Conscience/ Conscience/Consci Consciousous- Conscience Conscience means to be aware aware while while the word word conscious are one’s thoughts. Although Kirito was conscience of the dangers of the situation, his conscious caused him to advance into it. o. Can/MayCan/May- May means to ask permissio permission n while while can means means to ask ifif something is a possibility Ex) Inc)Can I go to the bathroom? Cor) May I go to bathroom?
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