The Book of Arabic Grammar Lessons By Hifni Nasif Muhammad Diyab Mustafa Tammum and Muhammad Salih (Translated by Amienoellah Abderoef with some modifications)
Book One
The Formation of Words
(
)
From the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet words are constructed. Explanation:
Each one of us knows the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet, the first of which is the and the last of which is the
.
From these letters are formed: all the words that we utter in our conversations and use in our dialogues, like:
(father),
(diligence), The
(mother),
(brother),
(sister),
(success, passing), etc. (word) can consist of:
(1) one letter, letter, like the
(in, with) in ﴿
﴾
the (question article) in ﴿ you (your bosom)], (2) two letters, like: "
﴾
" (from, of), " " (grapes), "
(4) four letters, like: "
" (brook),
" (trees), (rivulet, Ja’far),
(5) five letters, like: "
" (quince),
(6) six letters, like: "
" (saffron), or
Furthermore, the than seven letters).
[Have we not open for
" (in, at),
(3) three letters, like: "
(7) seven letters, like: "
(In the Name of Allah), and
" (questioning) does not exceed this number (i.e. it cannot be made up of more
2
The Formation of Words
(
)
From the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet words are constructed. Explanation:
Each one of us knows the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet, the first of which is the and the last of which is the
.
From these letters are formed: all the words that we utter in our conversations and use in our dialogues, like:
(father),
(diligence), The
(mother),
(brother),
(sister),
(success, passing), etc. (word) can consist of:
(1) one letter, letter, like the
(in, with) in ﴿
﴾
the (question article) in ﴿ you (your bosom)], (2) two letters, like: "
﴾
" (from, of), " " (grapes), "
(4) four letters, like: "
" (brook),
" (trees), (rivulet, Ja’far),
(5) five letters, like: "
" (quince),
(6) six letters, like: "
" (saffron), or
Furthermore, the than seven letters).
[Have we not open for
" (in, at),
(3) three letters, like: "
(7) seven letters, like: "
(In the Name of Allah), and
" (questioning) does not exceed this number (i.e. it cannot be made up of more
2
The Types of Word (
:
"
"
"
"
They (i.e. the
:
" " " " " " " " " " " ": " " " " " ": " " ) are divided into three types:
♦ a typed called " write), and "
♦ a type called " (sparrow), and "
♦ a type called " and "
)
" (verb), like: "
" (wrote), "
" (write/will
" (Write!), " (noun), like: "
" (Muhammad), "
"
" (apple), and " (particle), like: "
" (question article), "
" (in)
" (did not)
Explanation:
All the that are formed from the Letters of the (Arabic) Alphabet are confined to three types only:
♦ a type called "
" (verb),
♦ a type called "
" (noun) and
♦ a type called "
" (particle).
The
is like: (wrote)
(write/will write)
(rolled)
(roll/will roll)
(Roll!) (went)
(go/will go)
(Go!) (extracted)
(extract/will extract)
(Extract!) and every other word that denotes the occurrence of an action in a particular time.
The
(which includes nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.) is like:
3
(Write!)
"
" (Muhammad), "
" (sparrow), "
" (apple), "
" (earth), "
" (heaven, sky), " " (sun), " " (moon), and other examples which we use to refer to people and things. Of these are: the names of people, the names of mountains, rivers and countries, and every other word that denotes animals, plants or inanimate objects. The (which includes prepositions, interrogative particles, negative particles, future particles, conjunctions), is like: "
" (question article), "
" (in, at), "
" (did not), "
" (from, of), "
" (to,
towards), " " (then, thereafter, after awhile), and every other word that denotes a meaning that does not become apparent except when used with other words.
4
The Categories of Verb (
"
":
The
"
":
)
:
"
":
is divided into three categories:
♦
(past, perfect), like: "
♦
" (wrote)
(present or future, imperfect), like: "
♦
(command, imperative), like: "
" (write, will write)
" (Write!)
Explanation:
You have learnt previously that all the (noun) and
are limited to three types:
(particle), and we explained to you that every word denoting the
occurrence of an action in a particular time is called a " Moreover, the
".
is divided into three categories:
(present or future, imperfect) and The
(verb),
(past, perfect),
(command, imperative).
is that which denotes the occurrence of an action in a time that has elapsed
(i.e. the past tense), like: "
" (wrote), "
" (rolled), "
" (went), and "
" (extracted). The
is that which denotes the occurrence of an action in the present tense ( ) or future tense (
(roll, will roll), "
), like: " " (go, will go) and "
Furthermore, it is necessary for the prefixed to it:
♦
[first person singular, e.g. "
♦
[first person dual or plural, e.g. "
♦
"
" (extract, will extract). to have one of the following four letters
" (I write or will write)], " (We write or will write)],
[third person masculine and third person feminine plural, e.g. " will write} , "
" {they (masc. dual) write or will write}, "
(masc. pl.) write or will write} and "
♦
" (write, will write), "
" {he writes, " {they
" {they (fem. pl.) write or will write}] or
[second person and third person feminine singular and dual, e.g. " (masc. sing.) or she write(s) or will write}, " write}, "
" {you
" {you (fem. sing.) write will
" {you (masc. dual) or they fem. dual write or will write}, " " {you (masc. pl.) write or will write}, "
write}] .
5
" (you (fem. pl.) write or will
The
is that through which an action is requested, like: "
request for writing)], "
" [Write! (which is a
" [Roll! (which is a request for rolling s.th.)], "
[Go! (which is a request for going)] and " extracting)].
"
" [Extract!(which is a request for
6
Masculine and Feminine
"
" ": " "
The
♦
(
)
:
":
"
" " "
" "
is divided into two categories:
(masculine), like: " (stallion), and
" (Ali), "
♦
(feminine), like: " Explanation:
" (camel) and "
" (Aishah), "
"
" (she-camel) and "
"
You already know that:
♦ the
is of three types:
(verb),
(noun) and
(particle),
and
♦ the
in turn is of three types:
(past),
(present or future) and
(command). Know now that the
♦
is of two types:
(masculine), which is every " (Husain), " " (donkey), "
♦
that denotes a male, like: "
" (camel), "
that denotes a female, like: "
" (Fatimah), "
(female mule), [The
" (stallion), "
" (cat), etc.
(feminine), which is every (Aishah), "
" (mule), "
" (Ali), "
" (Azizah), "
" (female donkey), "
can either be
:
♦ in meaning and in form like " ♦ in meaning only like " ♦ in form only, like " Similarly, the
" (Hamzah), "
can either be
♦ in meaning and in form like " ♦ in meaning only like " ♦ in form only, like "
" (female cat), etc.
","
" (book), "
" (she-camel), "
" , etc. or " (Talhah), etc. or
" (pen), etc.
","
" (Zainab), " " (Hamzah), "
7
: " , etc. or, " (Hind), etc. or " (Talhah), etc.]
" "
The Singular, Dual and Plural
: "
"
"
The
♦
:
" ":
":
(
)
– "
– "
"
"
"
"
"
"
is also divided into three (more) categories:
(singular), like: " good woman),
♦
" (a very good man), and
(dual), like: "
(a very
" (two very good men in the nom. case) or "
" (two very good men in the acc. and gen. cases) and " (two very good women in the nom. case) or " women in the acc. and gen. cases), and
♦
(plural), like: "
"
" (two very good
" (very good men in the nom. case) or "
"
"
"
Explanation:
You (already) know that the (feminine).
is divided into
(masculine) and
Know now that it is also divided into:
♦
(singular), which is that which denotes a single male or female, like: "
" (a very good man) and "
" (a very good woman),
"
" (a diligent male) and "
" (a diligent female),
♦
(dual), which is that which denotes two males or two females by adding (i.e. suffixing) an " " " "
and " or " " or " " or " " or "
or a
and
to its singular form, like:
" (two very good men), " (two very good women), " (two diligent men), "(two diligent women),
8
♦
(plural), which is that which denotes more than two males or two females by changing its singular form, like: " " "
" ,"
"(very good men),
" (very good men), or " (very good women).
9
The Categories of Plural (
:
:
: " " " " " " " " " " " " "
"
The
)
" "
is further subdivided into two categories:
♦
(broken plural), like: " " (books), "
♦
" (very good people), "
" (pens), and (sound plural), like: "
good men) and "
" or "
" (very
" (very good women), and when it refers to
masculine it is called
"
" (sound masculine plural),
and when it refers to feminine it is called " feminine plural).
" (sound
Explanation:
You have learnt previously that the
can be
now you will learn that the
♦
,
or
, and
is not merely of one type but of two types:
(broken plural), which is that whose singular form undergoes a change in structure, like: " "
" , the plural of " " , the plural of "
"
♦
" (a very good man), " (book), and
" , the plural of "
" (pen),
(sound plural), which is that whose singular form remains sound or intact, and comprises two categories: (a)
(sound masculine plural), like: "
case) or "
" (in the nom.
" (in the acc. and gen. cases), and "
case) or
" which has a
" (in the nom.
" (in the acc. and gen. cases), as regards every and
or a
and
suffixed to its singular form,
and (b)
(sound feminine plural), like: " " , as regards every
which has an
singular form.
10
" and " and
suffixed to its
The Composition of Speech
(
)
"
"
From words informative sentences are constructed, and they are called " (Speech)
"
Explanation:
We know from what has gone before that all the
do not exceed three types: the
, the and the . It is clear that to understand what is communicated (by the speaker) is not achieved by means of one word only due to it being insufficient by itself, instead it is necessary – in order for communication to take place – that there be two or more words so that what we utter conveys a complete and self-contained message. The sentence (
) which is composed of two or more words such that it conveys the
intended and desired sense (to the listener) is called " " (Knowledge is beneficial) and " It is not required, however, that
" (speech), like: " " (Ignorance is harmful).
be composed of all three types (of
it is sufficient that it be composed of two nouns only, like: " or approaching) or a verb and a noun, like: " Furthermore, the
♦ "
" (a river is overflowing).
" (verbal) if its initial part is a
, like: "
teacher is standing) and " [Note that the occurrence of a
" (The teacher
" (The onlooker or investigator is present), and
" (nominal) if its initial part is an
not affect the status of the
" (Ali is coming
is called:
was present) and "
♦ "
), for
, like: "
" (The
" (The investigator is inspecting). (particle) before the as a
or the or a
11
does ]
The Indeclinable and Declinable
:
The categories:
"
(
)
"
."
"
are divided – when grouped together (in a sentence) – into two
♦ a category whose ending never changes, and is called "
" (indeclinable),
and
♦ a category whose ending changes, and is called "
" (declinable).
Explanation:
It has been mentioned to you previously that (meaningful and informative sentences) are composed of individual words which do not fall outside the three classes (of word): the
, the
and the
.
– are not all the same.
However, these words – when they are grouped together in a Rather:
♦ of them there is that whose ending exists in one state (and one state only) no matter in what construction it appears, and is called "
" (indeclinable), like: the word "
" (Where) in your statement: "
" (Where is the book?), "
" (Where did Ali go?) and " you come?), for the
in "
" (From where did
" adheres strictly to the
it is not allowed for it (i.e. the ) to ever part from the how the constructions might change, and
(throughout) in no matter
♦ of them there is that whose ending exists in different modes and states, and is called " " (declinable), like: the word " "
" (heaven, sky) in your statement:
" (The sky is clear), "
" (The
clouds covered the sky) and "
" (I looked at the sky), for its
ending in the first sentence is vowelled with the and the third with the
.
12
, in the second with the
The Types of Indeclinability
"
"
"
(
)
" "
" "
"
.
That whose ending does not change, either adheres (permanently) to:
♦ the
like "
" (did not),
♦ the
like "
" (where),
♦ the
like "
" (where), or
♦ the
like " " (In the Name of Allah) The method for determining that (i.e. for determining which words are indeclinable) is contingent on sound transmission (based on how previous Arabs used it, and there are no particular rules for logically deriving that). Explanation:
–
You already know that the when they are grouped together – their ending either adheres strictly to one state or it changes by changing the construction. Know now that the modes and states that the endings of words have to adhere to do not exceed four: the Every
, the
, the
and the
whose ending adheres strictly to the
is said to be: "
" (built or fixed on the not), "
" (from), "
Every
" (of, about), "
.
), like "
" (did not), "
" (will
" (in), etc.
whose ending adheres strictly to the " (built or fixed on the
is said to be: "
), like "
" (where), "
" (we), "
" (since, from), etc. Every
whose ending adheres strictly to the " (built or fixed on the
hopefully, perhaps), " Every
), like "
" (where), "
" (hoping,
" (then, thereafter), etc.
whose ending adheres strictly to the " (built or fixed on the
statement: "
is said to be: "
is said to be: " ), like the
and
in your
" (Progress is/comes with diligence) and " " (For every diligent person there is a share/portion).
That a particular is on a , or a , or a , or a cannot be determined from some rule, rather the method for determining the particular sign
13
on which it is is contingent on how it has been used in reliable and credible books and by expert users and speakers of Arabic. When someone says to you: “By what means do you know that "
",
",
" on the
" is
" on the
, and why is it not allowed for "
" to be
on the
and the on the
on the for example?”
In response to him, you cannot but say that knowledge thereof is not acquired via rules that are learnt, instead it is acquired via oral transmission and hearsay, and that I have not heard the word "
" in any of the constructions of eloquent and grammatically sound Arabic
speech except that its ending has been unvowelled (with a the poet:
), like the statement of
(I did not break a covenant nor did I breach promises) Hence, based on that you know that "
" is
nor any of the other pronounce it except as
and not on the
(vowel-markings), and because of that I do not (unvowelled with a
Likewise for most indeclinable words ( what sign they are
on the ).
) there is no way of knowing
on except through sound transmission, while at the same time it
is not difficult for us know that, because the
(indeclinable words) in
comparison to the (declinable words) are very few (in number) and the people’s pronunciation thereof is generally correct, due to the fact that their endings are not subject to change. Even with this in mind, we will still mention those most commonly used among these
.
14
The Classes of Indeclinables (
)
" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " ." " " " "
"
Belonging to the
are all the
(nouns) some of which
" (personal pronouns) like "
sing.)} and "
" " " "
(particles) and like wise the
(verbs) and some words from the are called "
"
" (I), "
" {you (masc.
" (he), and some of which (are called) " " (relative pronouns), like "
sing.)} and "
" {that which, who (masc.
" {that which, who (fem. sing.)}, and some of which is called " " (indicative/demonstrative pronouns), like "
(masc. sing.)} and "
" {(this
" {this (fem. sing.)}, and some of which are called " " (conditional pronouns),like "
" (whosoever) and "
" whatever . Explanation:
You already know that the
are not all
(declinable). Rather, some of them are
and some of them are
been mentioned to you previously that the (nouns) and As for the
♦
(verbs),
(particles). , and they comprise five classes:
(composed of one letter), like: the , the
. Also, it has
are of three types:
all of them are
(1)
(indeclinable) nor all
, the
, the
, the and the
, the
, the
, like:
(Did Zaid travel?)
♦
(I wrote with your pen)
♦
(The maid went out and she will return)
♦
(The scholars entered into the presence of the sultan, then the emirs)
♦
(Knowledge is like light)
♦
(The result will be yours)
♦
(You will rule/reign through knowledge and good character)
15
(2)
(composed of two letters), like: "
(if), "
" (rather, instead), "
was it that) and "
" (the), "
" (or), "
" (definitely, maybe, about to), "
" (to, that), "
"
" (if, had it been that,
" (question article, interrogative), like:
♦
(Is the travel near or far?)
♦
(It pleases me that you will be returning)
♦
(If you show mercy, you will be shown mercy to)
♦
[Yusuf did not go but Ibrahim (went) instead]
♦
(I definitely saw the train)
♦
(If people were just and fair, then the judge would have been relieved)
♦
(Did the appointed time come?)
(3)
(composed of three letters), like: "
(Alas!), " of), "
" (to), "
" (all of a sudden, suddenly), "
" (indeed, verily), "
" (I wish) and "
" (will, shall), "
"
" (on, on top
" (yes), like:
♦
(I thought he was absent and then all of a sudden he was present)
♦
(Alas! Truly, the causes of wealth are many)
♦
(You will see)
♦ ♦
[I wish I had a kantar of gold] (Yes) in response to someone saying: " spend it in the way of Good?)
(4)
(composed of four letters), like: " " (as for), "
" (either/or), "
" (Will you
" (if), "
" (except, excluding), "
" (until, up to including, even), "
" (as if) and "
" (I hope, hopefully, hoping, in order), like:
♦ ♦
(If you learn you will progress, advance)
﴿
﴾
(Everything will perish except His
Countenance)
♦ (The two guards were negligent, as for the first he abandoned the door and as for the second, he slept)
♦
(Sa’id will attend either tomorrow or after tomorrow)
♦
(The pilgrims arrived including the pedestrians / those who walked)
♦ ♦
(As if you were with us) (Hopefully, the weather will become moderate)
16
(5)
(composed of five letters), like: "
(that) and "
" (but), like:
♦
" (only, nothing except), "
﴿
﴾
"
(It was only revealed to me that
your Lord is One God)
♦
(Yusuf is wealthy but he is stingy)
As for the
(verbs):
♦ the
and
thereof are
and the second on the
♦ the
is
, and
(declinable) except when the
Intensification, Strengthening) or attached (i.e. suffixed) to it. As for the
, all of them are "
( Nun of
( Nun of the Feminine Plural) is
(declinable) except for a limited number
(of classes), some of which are called " called
(indeclinable): the first on the
" (personal pronouns), some of which are " (relative pronouns), some of which are called "
" (indicative/demonstrative pronouns) and some of which are called " " (conditional pronouns).
17
As for the
, they are: I
Me
We
Us
You (masc. sing.)
You (masc. sing.)
You (fem. sing.)
You (fem. sing.)
You (masc. fem. dual)
You (masc. fem. dual)
You (masc. pl.)
You (masc. pl.)
You (fem. pl.)
You (fem. pl.)
He
Him
She
Her
They (masc. fem. dual)
Them (masc. fem. dual)
They (masc. pl.)
Them (masc. pl.)
They (fem. pl.)
Them (fem. pl.)
These are called "
" (Detached Personal Pronouns)
That which is attached (i.e. suffixed) to the I wrote
(only) occurs in for example:
We wrote You (masc. sing.) wrote You (fem. sing.) wrote You (masc. fem. dual) wrote You (masc. pl.) wrote You (fem. pl.) wrote
( ) ( )
He wrote She wrote They (masc. dual) wrote They (fem. dual) wrote They (masc. pl.) wrote They (fem. pl.) wrote
18
That which is attached (i.e. suffixed) to the example: My book taught me
or the
occurs in for
Our book taught us Your book taught you (masc. sing.) Your book taught you (fem. sing.) Your book taught you (masc. fem. dual) Your book taught you (masc. pl.) Your book taught you (fem. pl.) His book taught him Her book taught her Their book taught them (masc. fem. dual) Their book taught them (masc. pl.) Their book taught them (fem. pl.)
These are called "
As for the
" (Attached Personal Pronouns).
(relative pronouns), among them are: the one who / that which (masc.) the one who / that which (fem.) the ones who / which (masc. dual) the ones who / which (fem. dual) the ones who (masc. pl.) the ones who (fem. pl.)
19
As for the
, among them are: Whosoever ……..then …….. Whatever ……..then …….. Whatever ……..then …….. Whenever ……..then …….. Whenever ……..then …….. Wherever ……..then …….. Wherever ……..then …….. Wherever ……..then …….. However ……..then …….. Whichever ……..then ……..
20
The Types of Declinability / Declension (
)
.. . "
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
."
That whose ending changes,
♦ if it is a
, then its change is by means of the
and the
, the
, and
♦ if it is an
, then its change is by means of the and the
, the
.
The change:
♦ by means of the
is called "
♦ by means of the
(is called) "
♦ by means of the
, the
",
(is called) "
♦ by means of the The
", " and
(is called) "
"
, the
and the
be the " declinability).
are said to
" (primary signs of
Explanation:
It has become clear to us that the words whose endings change by changing the constructions (in which they appear) are from the classes of class of
and
, and not from the
.
It remains for us to know the modes or states in which this change exists. Know that they (i.e. these modes or states) are four: the
, the
, the
and the
. The change:
♦ by means of the
is called "
" (i.e. nominative case for nouns and
indicative mood for verbs),
♦ by means of the
(is called) " subjunctive mood for verbs),
♦ by means of the ♦ by means of the
" (i.e. accusative case for nouns and
(is called) " (is called) "
21
" and ".
Hence, it is said that the types of declinability ( and
, and the
, the
, the
said to be the "
,
and the
are
" (primary signs of declinability).
It is necessary for us to know that does not apply to
,
) are:
does not apply to
just as
.
[Furthermore:
♦
is called the nominative case when applied to nouns and the indicative mood when applied to verbs,
♦
is called the accusative case when applied to nouns and the subjunctive mood when applied to verbs,
♦
is called the genitive case and applies to nouns only and
♦
is called the jussive mood and applies to verbs only.]
22
Declining the Dual and Sound Plural (
)
.
.
." The
.
"
(dual) is:
♦
(i.e. declined in the case of
♦
) with the
(i.e. declined in the case of declined in the case of
) and
) with the
The
and (i.e.
.
(sound masculine plural) is:
♦
with the
♦
and
and
with the
The
.
(sound feminine plural) is:
♦
with the
[As for being
and
with the The
. it takes the standard declension, that is, and
, the
, the
with the
]
and the
are said to be "
" (secondary signs).
Explanation:
You already know that:
♦ the ♦ the ♦ The ♦ The
) ) )
(primary sign of
) is the
) (primary sign of ) (primary sign of
Moreover, there exist also
) is the ) is the
) (primary sign of
, , and
) is the
(secondary signs)which take the place of
these (primary) signs in certain types of the
as will be mentioned.
23
.
Thus: (1) the
♦
is: with the
like: "
♦
in place of the
(i.e.
),
" (two men were present here) and
with the
in place of the
and the
(i.e. ), like: "
" (I honoured the two men) and
"
" (I looked at the two men). (2) the
♦
is: with the
like: "
♦
in place of the
(i.e.
),
" (The engineers left / went out) and
with the
in place of the
and the
(i.e. ), like: "
" (I bid the engineers farewell) and
"
" (I looked at the engineers).
(3) the
is
with the (i.e.
" (I planted trees). As for its primary signs: the
) like: " and
and the
in place of the
, it is declined with the two
, like: "
trees are ripe) and "
" (I brought other trees).
24
" (The
Declining the Weak Verb (
."
)
" "
"
" "
"
":
. When the ending (i.e. final letter) of the , it is called "
,
is an
or
" (weak ending verb), and it is
with the dropping of it (i.e. the weak ending) in place of the " (did not fear), "
, like: "
" (did not call) and "
" (did not
throw/cast). As for
it is apparent (i.e. and
or uttered and pronounced) on the
and implied (i.e.
or not uttered or pronounced but
assumed in the mind of the Arabic user) on the As for
it is implied (i.e.
.
) on all (three weak letters).
Explanation:
When the ending (i.e. final letter) of the
♦ an
(even if it is written as a
(strive/will strive) and "
♦ a
, like: " play) or
♦ a
, like: "
is: ), like: "
" (fear/will fear), "
"
" (meet/will meet), or
" (call/will call), "
" (rise/will rise) and "
" (throw/will throw), "
" (play/will
" (disobey/will disobey) and "
" (walk/will walk), then, it is called "
" (the weak ending verb).
The of the is not by means of the (which is the standard declension) but rather by means of dropping of its (weak) ending in place of the
(i.e.
). The dropping of the ending (i.e.
) is among the " (did not fear), "
" (did not strive), "
" (did not call), "
" (did not rise), "
(did not throw/cast), "
" (did not disobey) and "
[Note that in these examples the " indicates that an
(secondary signs), like: "
at the end of "
has been dropped, the
25
" (did not meet), " " (did not play), "
"
" (did not walk).
"," at the end of "
" and "
,"
"" and " ","
of "
" indicates that a " and "
As for it being
has been dropped and the " indicates that a
and
is
has been dropped].
, it is (so) by means of the
(the two primary signs): the
♦ the
and the
due to
(i.e. the
impossibility of vowelling it, that is, vowelling the i.e. uttered and pronounced) in the case of the with which the
) but is and the
(explicit (due to the ease
is pronounced on these two letters), and
is
(implicit) in the case of the
impossibility of vowelling the due to two letters).
due to
(i.e.
) as well as in the case of the
and the
(i.e. due to heaviness and difficulty of pronouncing it on these
[The declension by means of a
(implicit and implied
(implicit and implied (declension) known as applicable to the
except that:
(implicit i.e. implied and assumed to exist in the mind of the
Arabic user only) in the case of the
♦ the
at the end
) or
) belongs to a type of (implied or hypothetical declension) and is
as when dealing with particular types of
26
]
Declining the Five Forms / Patterns (
)
. – when it has the
The or the
(i.e. (i.e.
♦
(i.e. of the masculine plural), or the
of the second person feminine) suffixed to it – is:
with the attachment of the place of the
♦
of duality),
(i.e.
) in
and and
with the dropping thereof (i.e.
) in place of the
and the
.
Explanation:
When the
♦ the
is predicated of: (i.e.
of duality), like: "
men write/will write) and "
♦ the
(i.e.
" (the two
" (You two write/will write), or of the masculine plural), like:
" (the men are write/will write) and "
" (You write/will
write), or
♦ the
(i.e.
of the second person feminine), like: "
" (you write/will write fem. sing.) then it is
by means of the attachment of the
like that you have seen, and it is
and
), like:
27
(i.e.
),
by means of its dropping (i.e.
will not write (3rd masc. dual)
did not write (3 rd masc. dual)
will not write (3rd per. fem. dual / 2nd per. dual)
did not write (3 rd per. fem. dual / 2nd per. dual)
will not write (3rd per. masc. pl.)
did not write (3 rd per. masc. pl.)
will not write (2nd masc. pl.)
did not write (2 nd masc. pl.)
will not write (2nd fem. sing.)
did not write (2 nd fem. sing.)
These forms / patterns).
(verbs) and their likes are called "
Moreover, the
and the
" (the five are among the
(secondary signs).
28
The Importance of Distinguishing (Different) Constructions
(
)
. For each type of these changes there are places, should it occur in any other than these (places) it will be counted as an error. Hence, it is necessary for us – in order that we be free from error and our pronunciation (i.e. speech) be correct – to know in which construction the
is
, and in which construction the
or is
or , or
or
Explanation:
We hear from the (Arab) people the word " sometimes
" – for example – sometimes
and sometimes
♦ "
,
, such that they say (for example):
" (Ali is brave),
♦ "
" (Truly, Ali is eloquent)
♦ "
" (Ali has righteous and very good children)
Is the fact that the word "
" is
in the first construction,
in the
second and in the third binding and obligatory on the one who wants his speech to be correct? The answer is “yes”. Anyone who utters something other than that has indeed erred, and his speech is contrary to the language of the Arabs, the language of the Noble Qur’an, the (Prophetic) Traditions, authentic books and the speech of the eloquent. Every
from among the
in specific places,
(declinable words) is in specific places, and likewise is the case when it is
and . For that there are rules and principles such that when a person knows them he will be free from error and his speech will conform to the language of the Qur’an. When it is the case that the change of the and
, the change of the
is confined to is confined to
, it is for us to know (then) in which construction is the
♦ ♦
or or
29
,
,
and :
♦
,
and in which construction the
♦
or
♦
or
is:
♦ and so on until we reach our intended goal.
30
)
Making the Verb
:
."
As for the it:
, it is
" " " " " " "
when one of these particles comes before
♦ "
" (to, that)
♦ "
" (will not, will never)
♦ "
" (in that case, thus, hence)
♦ "
)
" [(in order) to, that]
Explanation:
If to be free from error in speech is contingent on us knowing in which construction the
, ,
is
or
and in which construction the
is or the rules that will lead us to realise that aim. Thus, the
is
, then it is necessary for us to know
in four places,
in sixteen places and
in other than the aforementioned. It is words:
in every sentence (
♦ "
" like: "
♦ "
" like: "
♦ "
" like: "
response to some who said: "
) in which it occurs after one of the following " (That you have passed pleases me) " (The lazy person will never prevail) " (In that case you will achieve glory and prestige) in " (I will work hard / be diligent), and
♦ "
" like: " " (I came in order to learn) and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases.
31
)
Making the Verb
" ": " " " " " " " " " "" It (i.e. the
♦ " ♦ "
) is
♦ " ♦ "
when one of these words comes before it:
" (did not yet)
"
♦ " ♦ "
(the
of command meaning “let”)
(Prohibitive "
" meaning “Don’t”)
" (If ….., ……) " (If ….., ……) " (Whosoever, anyone who ….., ……) " (Whatever ….., ……)
♦ "
" (Whatever ….., ……)
♦ "
" (Whenever ….., ……)
♦ "
" (Whenever ….., ……)
♦ "
" (Wherever ….., ……)
♦ "
" (Wherever ….., ……)
♦ "
" (Wherever ….., ……)
♦ "
" (However ….., ……)
♦ "
" " " " " " " " " " " ." " " " " "
" (did not)
♦ ♦ "
)
" (Whichever ….., ……)
Explanation:
We know the four places in which the the sixteen places in which it is
is
. It remains for us to know
.
It is in every (sentence) in which it occurs after one of the aforementioned words. These words are divided into two groups:
(1) a group after which one
is made
:
32
♦ "
" (I did not break a
♦ "
"
" (did not), like: " covenant nor did I breach promises)
" (did not yet), like: " [Our garden did not produce fruit yet while the (other) gardens produced fruit]
♦
(the
of command meaning “let”), like: "
" (Let every person adhere or stick to his limit)
"
♦ "
(Prohibitive "
" meaning “Don’t”), like: "
" (Do not despair concerning Allah’s Mercy) (2) a group after which two called the
"
(verbs) are made
, the first (of which) is
" (conditional verb) and the second the "
" (reply to or result of the condition), and it comprises:
♦ "
" (If ….., ……), like: "
" (If you have patience, you will achieve),
♦ "
" (If ….., ……), like: " progress),
" (If you learn, you will
♦ "
" (Whosoever, anyone who ….., ……), like: " searches, will find),
♦ "
" (Whosoever
" (Whatever ….., ……), like: " " (Whatever you obtain in childhood, will benefit you in adulthood),
♦ "
" (Whatever ….., ……), like: " (Whatever you conceal the days will reveal),
"
♦ "
" (Whenever ….., ……), like: " (Whenever your heart is sound your limbs are sound),
♦ "
"
" (Whenever ….., ……), like: " " (When your heart is good your behaviour becomes praiseworthy),
♦ "
" (Wherever ….., ……), like: " you venture, you will find your sustenance),
" (Wherever
♦ "
" (Wherever ….., ……), like: " (Wherever the possessor of wealth goes, he will find friends),
♦ "
"
" (Wherever ….., ……), like: " " (Wherever you are upright, Allah will decree success for you),
♦ "
" (However ….., ……), like: " you are, so will your friend be) and
♦ "
" (However
" (Whichever ….., ……), " " (Whichever person the leader respects, the subjects will also respect).
and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases. Moreover, " after it are called "
" (Conditional Instruments).
33
" and what comes
)
Making the Verb
It (i.e. the
) is
)
when it is stripped of that (i.e. the
aforementioned
and
).
Explanation:
There is no difficulty in us knowing the places in which the knowing the places in which it is Every
and
is
after
.
that does not occur after one of the previous four words or after
one of the sixteen words mentioned thereafter is necessarily
(Allah has given you relief), "
fruit), "
, like: [ " (Our garden bears
" (A man adheres or sticks to his limit), etc.
Up to this point we have completed our knowledge of the places in which the
is
, the places in which it is and the places in which it is , so we do not have to fear any error entering (into our speech) coming from that direction (at least). However, it is now on us to strive to know:
♦ the places in which the
is
,
♦ the places in which it is ♦ the places in which it is
and ,
in order that we might be free from error as regards the words).
34
(declinable
)
Making the Noun
)
. As for the
it is
in six places.
Explanation:
Knowing what has gone before, there does not remain anything thereafter except to know in which construction the
,
is
or
something easily attainable and not difficult for the mind to grasp. Thus, it is six places,
in eleven places and
explanation of the six places of
:
35
. That is in
in two places. What follows is the
The Doer / Subject of the Verbal Sentence (
" " "
"
"
The first (place of
)
:
"
) is every construction like: "
" (Muhammad memorised the book) and " " (The intelligent person seeks knowledge), and the called "
, then, is
" (doer/subject of verbal sentence).
Explanation:
When you see someone called "
" , for example, cutting (
) a branch (
) from a tree, and you want to state or report that event, you say: " " (Mahmud cut the branch). Now, the word " the occurrence of the act of cutting is called a " word "
" which denotes
" as was explained before, and the
" which indicates the one who performed and carried out the act of cutting
is called a "
" (doer/subject of a verbal sentence), and it is necessary for it to be , and the word "
" which indicates the thing onto which the action
occurred is called a "
" (direct object) and more will be said about that (i.e. the
) later. Similar to the word "
" in this example are:
♦ the word "
" (Muhammad) in " memorised the book),
" (Muhammad
♦ "
" (intelligent person) in " person seeks knowledge),
♦ "
" (The intelligent
" (Allah) in "
♦ "
" (Allah created humanity),
" (the wolf) in "
" (The wolf eats/is eating the flock),
♦ "
" (the Prophets) in " people) and
♦ "
" (The Prophets guided the
" (the people) in "
" (The people hate the
traitor), and likewise is the case of every word occurring after the doing the action.
36
and denotes the one
The Agent or Deputy of the Doer
"
" "
)
"
"
The second (place of
(
: "
) is every construction like: "
(The book was memorised) and " acquired), and the
"
" (Knowledge is sought or
is, then, called "
" (Agent/Deputy of
Explanation:
If someone steals your watch and you know his identity and you want to inform him about that, you say: " " [So-and-so (like Zaid, for example) has stolen the watch]. However, if you do not know his identity or you know his identity but you do not want to mention his name, you say: " Thus, you drop the
" (The watch has been stolen).
and you put in its place the word denoting that onto which
the action occurred which is the word " occupying the place of the is called the "
" and it is for this reason (i.e. " ) that it (i.e. "
and
" (agent/deputy of the doer).
The form and structure of the the
" ) becomes
"
is subsequently changed when used with it (i.e. with
). Thus:
♦ if it is
(past tense verb), its initial letter is vowelled with a
second last letter is vowelled with a
♦ if it is
and
(present or future tense verb), its initial letter is also vowelled with a and the second last letter is vowelled with a
Furthermore, similar to the word "
♦ the word " ♦ " ♦ " ♦ "
and the
" in this example are:
" (the book) in "
" (The book was memorised),
" (knowledge) in "
" (Knowledge is sought or acquired),
" (humankind) in " " (the sheep) in "
♦ "
" (the people) in "
♦ "
" (the traitor) in "
.
" (Humankind was created), " (The sheep is being eaten), " (The people were guided) and " (The traitor is hated).
Likewise is the case with every word that is preceded by a after having changed its form and structure and denotes that onto which the action occurs. It becomes clear to us from the previous examples that the constructions of the first place (i.e. the
) are transformed into the constructions of the second place (i.e. the ) by dropping the
and vowelling the first letter of the
37
with
a already.
and the second last letter with a
or a
38
based on what you know
The Subject (of the Nominal Sentence) and Predicate(
)
"
."
" "
The third and fourth (places of
: "
"
) are every construction, like: "
" (The garden is bearing fruit). The first " (Subject) and the second "
is called "
" (Predicate).
Explanation:
The complete sentence is either (a) composed of a either the
or the
and the latter is
(and these two places have already been
explained), or (b) it is composed of two first is called "
and an (i.e. an
" (subject) and the second "
followed by another), the
" (predicate), and it is necessary that
both these be
. This can be illustrated as follows:
♦ "
" (The garden is bearing fruit)
♦ "
" (The trees are growing leaves),
♦ "
" (The rain is heavy or abundant),
♦ "
" (The weather is moderate),
♦ as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards all sentences composed of two (i.e. an followed by another), such that the one is commenced with and at the same time also predicated of (i.e. given information of) by the other.
39
"
The Noun of "
"
" " " " ."
" " " :" " " " " " " " "
The fifth (place of
" "
)" : " " " " "
" (Noun) of "
" (was) are:
" (became / became during the forenoon) " (remained, continued)
♦ "
" (became / became in the late afternoon or evening) " (became / became during the night)
","
♦ " ♦ " ♦ "
" . Similar to "
is called "
" (became / became in the morning)
♦ "
♦ "
" " " " " " " "
" (became)
♦ " ♦ "
"
) is every construction like: "
" (The garden was bearing fruit) and the first
♦ "
")
","
" and "
" (continued)
" (was for as long as) " (is not)
Explanation:
The
and
are both
" enters upon them the is called "
as we know already. However, when " is called "
" (predicate) of "
and the second "
" (Noun) of "
" and the
" . Moreover it is necessary that the first be
.
Thus, you say concerning the aforementioned examples (mentioned in the previous lesson):
♦ "
" (The garden was bearing fruit)
♦ "
" (The trees were growing leaves)
♦ "
" (The rain was heavy or abundant)
♦ "
" (The weather was moderate)
♦ and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases.
40
Similar to "
" (in terms of function and its effect on the
" (became) and all the
and
) are "
(verbs) mentioned after it, like:
♦ "
" (The garden became a bearer of fruit)
♦ "
" (The trees became bearers of leaves in the morning)
♦ "
" (The weather continued to be moderate),
♦ and so on and so forth.
41
"
The Predicate of "
"
:"
" " " " " ." " " " "
The sixth (place of
)"
")
:
" " "
" "
) is every construction like: "
" (Truly, the garden is bearing fruit) and the first " (Noun) of "
♦ "
" . Similar to "
is called "
" (truly, indeed) are:
" (that, to in the infinitive sense)
♦ "
" (as if)
♦ "
" (but)
♦ "
" (I wish, wishing)
♦ "
" (I hope, hoping)
♦ "
" " "
" (“There is no …” in the absolute and total sense of denial and negation).
Explanation:
We know that when " and
mentioned with it enters upon the
, then the first is
Know now that when " first is
" or any of the
and the second
" enters upon them (i.e. the
and the second
.
and
), then the
, the exact opposite and converse of "
and the first is also called " " but of " " and the second its for the same previously mentioned examples:
♦ "
" (Truly, the garden is bearing fruit)
♦ "
" (Truly, the trees are growing leaves)
♦ "
" (Truly, the rain is heavy or abundant)
♦ "
" (Truly, the weather is moderate)
Similar to " those
♦ "
" (in terms of function and its effect on the
. Thus, you say
and
) are
(particles) mentioned after it, like: " (I knew that the garden was bearing fruit)
♦ "
" (As if the trees are growing leaves)
♦ "...
" (…but the rain is heavy or abundant)
♦ "
" (I wish that the weather was moderate)
42
",
and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases.
43
)
Making the Noun
)
. The categories of the
among the nouns are eleven.
Explanation:
We know that the places in which the
is
remains for us to know the categories of the in number.
are six in number. It now among them, and they are eleven
44
The Direct Object
"
(
)
"
The first (category of
" "
) is like "
"
"
:
" in "
" (Muhammad memorised the book) and is called "
"
Explanation:
Every action that occurs in the world has to have a (doer / agent) doing and executing it, and sometimes this action is transferred and made to occur on something-else. The word denoting the one from whom the action occurs is called " and it is necessary that it be
" (doer / agent)
as was mentioned previously.
The word denoting that onto which the action is transferred and made to occur is called " " (direct object), and it is necessary that it be " you say: "
" (Mahmud cut the branch), "
and "
"a
occurs on it (i.e. " Similar to "
♦ "
" (Muhammad memorised the book),
" in "
" (The intelligent person seeks knowledge),
" in "
" (Allah created humankind),
" in "
" (The wolf is eating the sheep),
" in "
♦ "
" (The prophets guided the people) and
" in "
" (The people hate the traitor).
Such is the case with every
denoting that onto which the action of the
occurs and on account of which the form of the the form of the which the action of the for it to be
(i.e. the action of cutting)
" ).
" in "
♦ " ♦ "
because
" is a
" in this example are:
♦ " ♦ "
" . Therefore, when
remains unchanged. As for when
is changed in the process, then the occurs) is a as was discussed previously.
45
(denoting that onto instead and it is necessary
The Absolute / Unqualified Object
"
" The second (category of
"
(
)
"
) is like "
"
:
"
" in "
" (Muhammad really memorised the book) and is called " " (Absolute / Unqualified object). Explanation:
When you say: " " (The guard killed the thief), the listener might take the act of killing (as mentioned by the speaker) to be an exaggeration and actually understand that what is meant (by the action " " ) is “beating him up” and not actually “killing him”. To prevent this erroneous understanding you add (for the purpose of adding emphasis and definiteness) the word " "
" to the previous sentence, such that you say: " (The guard really killed the thief). The word "
is called
"
the word "
♦ "
" and it is necessary that it be
"
. Similar to
" (in function and semantic effect) are: " in "
" (Muhammad really memorised
the book),
♦ "
" in " the people),
" (The Prophets really guided
♦ "
" in " in a praiseworthy fashion),
" (The intelligent person proceeds
♦ as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every action that the
denoting the very
is performing (in the real and not metaphorical sense).
46
The Object of Reason (
"
" The third (category of
"
) is like "
)
"
"
"
:
" in
" " (Muhammad memorised the book out of a desire to advance and progress) and is called " " Ob ect of Reason . Explanation:
Every
has to have a reason (or motive) on account of which that action is performed.
Thus, when we say: " " (The soldiers stood), the listener understands that the soldiers stood but he does not know the reason for (or the motive behind) their standing. Should the intention be to inform him about the reason or motive as well, we say: " " (The soldiers stood out of reverence for the Commander), for example. The word "
" in this example is called "
" (Object of Reason), and it is
. Similar to it (i.e. "
♦ "
" in " memorised the book out of a desire to advance and progress),
♦ "
" in " pilgrimage seeking to please Allah),
" ) are: " (Muhammad
" (The people perform the
♦ "
" in " honour of the newcomer or visitor),
" (The city was beautified in
♦ as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every
that is mentioned in the sentence to clarify the reason or cause for the occurrence of the action.
47
The Adverb (
"
"
"
"
The fourth (category of
)
" "
"
"
: ."
) is like "
" and "
" " in
" " (Muhammad memorised the book in the morning in front of the teacher) and is called " " or "
" Adverb .
Explanation:
Every
has to occur in a time (
"
) and a place (
) . Thus, when you say:
" (Muhammad memorised the book in the
morning), you are clarifying the time of memorising which is in the morning (
)
and when you say: " " (Muhammad memorised the book in front of the teacher), you are clarifying the place of memorising which is the area in front of the teacher. The word "
" is called "
is called
"
" (adverb of time) and the word "
" (adverb of place), and both of them are called "
" and it is necessary that they be Similar to "
♦ " ♦ " ♦ " ♦ " ♦ " ♦ "
.
" is: " (late afternoon / evening), " (during the day, one day),
" (at night), " (early morning), " (tomorrow), " (forenoon, late morning),
♦ "
" (early morning / pre-dawn / before day-break i.e. the last part of the night before dawn),
♦ "
" (for ever),
♦ "
" (for a time / while / indefinite period),
♦ "
" (for a time),
♦ "
" (a moment),
♦ "
" (an hour),
♦ " ♦ " ♦ "
" (a period of time), " (a year) and " (a month),
48
"
and like "
" are:
♦ "
" (in front),
♦ "
" (behind),
♦ "
" (behind),
♦ "
" (above / on top of),
♦ "
" (under / below / beneath),
♦ "
" (right / rightwards),
♦ "
" (left / leftwards),
♦ " ♦ " ♦ " ♦ "
" (at, by / with), " (with / together with / in the company of), " (opposite to), " (near / close to),
♦ "
" (opposite to),
♦ "
" (forty-eight thousand steps),
♦ " ♦ "
" (a parasang or twelve thousand steps) and " (a mile or four thousand steps)
49
The Object of Accompaniment (
" The fifth (category of
"
"
"
)
"
) is like "
: " " in "
" (Muhammad memorised with the lamp i.e. using the lamp) and is called
"
" (Object of Accompaniment).
Explanation:
When someone says to you: " " [I travelled with the mountain (i.e. alongside the mountain) until I reached the end of the highland], then the meaning thereof is that he took the side of the mountain (as it were) as a way or path alongside which he travelled until he reached his intended destination. Likewise, when you ask someone for a place that you wish to reach and he says to you: " " (Go with the new road), then the meaning thereof is: “Make the act of you going (to that place) next to or alongside the new road; Do not deviate from it, neither to the right nor to the left, and you will reach the intended place”. Each of the words " called "
" in the first example and "
" in the second example is
" (object of accompaniment) and is
which is before it is called "
and the
" (the Waw of Accompaniment).
Similar to these two examples are:
♦ "
" in "
" (Muhammad memorised with the
lamp),
♦ "
" in "
♦ "
" in "
" (The commander travelled with the soldiers), " (The people went with the Nile) and
Such is the case with every performed.
denoting that with or alongside which the action is
From what has gone before it becomes clear that the ) are five in number, and they are:
♦ the ♦ the ♦ the
(direct object), (absolute or unqualified object), (object of reason),
♦ the
(adverb) and
♦ the
(object of accompaniment).
50
(plural of
"
The Excluded by means of "
" The sixth (category of
"
"
)" "
"
) is like "
"
:
")
"
" in for example
" (Muhammad memorised the book
except / excluding one page) and is called "
" (Excluded / Excepted).
Explanation:
It is not proper for you to say: " " (The students came out of the school) and then to keep quiet except if it is that all of them had come out. However, if one or more of them remained, then it is necessary for you to say: "
" (The students came out of the
school excluding / except Khalid) for example, or "... or "...
" (…except Mahmud). The " (excluded / excepted) and is
Similar to "
" (…except Muhammad) occurring after "
" is called "
.
" in the first example are:
♦ "
" (Muhammad memorised the
♦ "
" (All metals rust except /
" in " book except / excluding one page) and " in " excluding gold).
Such is the case with every negation.
occurring after the word "
51
" which is not preceded by
The State or Condition (
"
"
"
" "
"
"
"
)
" "
The seventh (category of
) is like "
"
" (Muhammad memorised the book
sitting) or
"
is called "
" (State or Condition).
" or "
: " in
" (He memorised it while it is correct) and
Explanation:
When you say: " " (Amin drank the water), the sentence is correct except that it is not possible to know from the sentence the state or condition in which the was at the time of the action or likewise the state or condition in which the was at the time of the action. However, when you say: " " (Amin drank the water standing), you have in fact clarified the state or condition in which Amin was at the time of drinking, and when you say: " " (Muhammad drank the water in pure form), you have in fact also clarified the state or condition of the water at the time of drinking. Thus, the word "
" or "
condition) and it is necessary for it to be
" is called a "
" (state or
.
Similar to these two examples are:
♦ "
" in "
" (Muhammad
memorised the book sitting) or " correct form),
" (He memorised it while it is its
♦ "
" or "
" (breathing) or "
" (uncovered) in "
" (Let not any of you drink the water whilst breathing or inhaling) or "
" (Let him not drink it uncovered).
Such is the case with every or
which clarifies the posture or position of the
at the time the action occurs.
52
The Specification (
"
"
The eighth (category of
)
"
) is like "
"
"
"
:
" in "
" (The book is sold for a ratl of gold) and is called "
"
S ecification . Explanation:
The
denoting measure, weight, number and their likes are all vague words
( ) because when you ay: " " (I bought a kantar) and then keep quiet, then the listener will not understand exactly what it is that is meant by (kantar) such that he will not know whether you bought a kantar of beans or sugar or soap or any other thing. So when you say: "
" (I bought
a kantar of beans), you have in fact specified what is meant by " is called "
" (specification) and is
Among the constructions of
. The word "
.
are:
♦ " " [The merchant sold an ardeb of wheat, a kantar of sugar and a hundred cubits (or arm-lengths) of silk]
♦ "
" (I bought
a saa of barley, a ratl of honey and a cubit of wool) Such is the case with every construction containing an exactly what is meant by another meaning many things.
clarifying and specifying
mentioned before it (the latter being) capable of
53
The Object of Address / Addressee / Vocative (
"
"
"
The ninth (category of "
"
" " " ) is like "
"
)
:
" "
" and "
" in "
(O You who are compassionate towards the servants) and
" " (O Messenger of Allah) and is called " (Object of Address, Addressee, Vocative).
"
Explanation:
When we call someone by his name or title / epithet, and we say: " (O Abdurrahman), "
"
" (O Beauty of the Worshippers), or "
" (O you of elevated status), then that which comes after the word " is "
" in the first example, "
" in the second and "
" (O) – which
" in the third – is called "
" (Object of Address, Addressee or Vocative), and it is
.
Similar to these examples are:
♦ "
" (O You who show compassion to the servants),
♦ "
" (O he who is negligent, while death is pursuing
him),
♦ " ♦ "
" (O Messenger of Allah) and " (O Most Honourable of Creation)
Such is the case with every addressing).
occurring after the
54
(particle of
"
The Predicate of "
"
"
The tenth (category of
)"
" " .(" "
) is like "
")
: )
" in "
" (The garden was bearing fruit), and is called
"
" (Predicate
of " " . Explanation: Two
(nouns) occur after the verb "
"
called the called its
" (Noun of "
(i.e. the
"
" is
of "
" , the first of which is " ) and the second is
and is
" ), and it is for this reason (i.e. the fact that the
) that it is counted among the categories of
. Similar to "
" are the
"
fifth place (i.e. the section dealing with the which the
and is
is
(verbs) that were mentioned in the " ) which is one the places in
.
Among the examples that have already been given thereof (but with the focus this time on the of one of these verbs) are:
♦ " ♦ " ♦ "
" " "
♦ and so on and so forth.
55
"
The Noun of "
"
"
.(" "
The eleventh (category of
)" "
)
")
:
) is like "
" " in "
" (The garden was bearing fruit), and is called
"
"
Noun of " " . Explanation: Two
(nouns) occur after the particle "
"
is called its
" (Noun of "
(i.e. the
by being
of "
" ) and the second is
and and is called
" ), and it is for this reason that the first
) is counted among the categories of
Similar to "
" are the is
(i.e. .
(particles) that were mentioned together with it in the
sixth place (i.e. the section dealing with the which the
" , the first of which is
"
" ) which is one of the places in
.
Among the examples that have already been given thereof (but with the focus this time on the of one of these particles) are:
♦ "
" (I knew that the garden was bearing fruit),
♦ "
" (As if the trees are growing leaves),
♦ "
" (…but the rain is heavy and abundant),
♦ "
" (I wish that the weather was moderate)
♦ and in like fashion you extend the rule to other similar cases.
56
)
Making the Noun
)
. The
is
in two places.
The
by means of the Particle
(
)
"
":
" ": "
The first (place of
" " ."
" " "
) is when it (i.e. the
(particle) from among these
♦ "
" "
: " "
) occurs after a
(particles):
" (from, of),
♦ "
" (to, towards),
♦ "
" (about, of),
♦ "
" (on),
♦ "
" (in),
♦ "
" (seldom, rarely, maybe, perhaps),
♦
(with, by, by means),
♦
(like, similar to),
♦
(for, to, belonging to),
♦
(the Waw of Oath) and
♦
(the Ta’ of Oath)
like: " " (Mahmud travelled from Cairo to Alexandria in a day). These particles are called " Particles / Prepositions).
" (Particles of
57
/ Genitive
"
Explanation:
It has been mentioned to you before that the is
is
in six places and that it
in eleven places. As regards it being
first is when the
occurs after a
(particles) called " and they are:
♦ "
(particle) from among these
" (particles of
/ genitive particles / prepositions),
" (from, of), like: "
from Cairo) and from the sky),
♦ "
it occurs in two places. The
" (Mahmud travelled
"
" (The rain descended or fell
" (to, towards), like: "
" [The
traveller arrived at Alexandria, (literally: arrived to Alexandria)] and " " (He travelled to the sea),
♦ "
" (about, of), like: " (About the person do not ask, instead ask about his companion),
♦ "
"
" (on), like: " " (Generosity towards the one in need is better than pearls on a crown)
♦ "
" (in), like: " " (Know Allah in prosperity and He will know you in difficulty),
♦ "
" (sometimes, seldom, rarely, maybe, perhaps, often), like: " " (Perhaps a person’s condition is more eloquent than his speech) and
"
♦
" (Sometimes a friend is better than a brother), (with, by, by means), like: " " (Action with the pen is more effective than action with the sword),
♦
(like, similar to), like: " (Knowledge is like light and ignorance is like darkness),
♦
(for, to, belonging to), like: " " (Excellence belongs to the one who progresses and advances but Grandeur belongs to Allah),
♦
(the Waw of Oath), like: " not do anything) and [ Man is in a state of Loss) and
♦
"
" (By Allah! I did
(the Ta’ of Oath), like: " Allah! Goodness will not go or disappear) and " Allah! Falsehood will not be supreme).
58
(By Time! " (By " (By
The Noun Annexed to (
"
":
"
)
:
"
" " " " – coming before it – is connected
The second (place of
) is when an
to it, like: "
" (the servant of the emir) and "
(the wall of the city), and is called "
"
" (noun to which the previous
noun is annexed) and that which is before it (is called) " annexed to the
" (noun that is
)
Explanation:
When we hear a person saying: " " (A servant was present / came today), we do not know which servant he means: whether it is the servant of the emir or the servant of the judge or the servant of any other person, because he did not relate or link him to anyone. So when he says: " " (The servant of the emir was present / came today), we know which servant he means because of the servant being related and linked to the emir in no uncertain terms. The word " " and the word " Similar to "
♦ " ♦ " ♦ "
" is called "
" is called " ".
" are: " (the wall of the city), " (the door of the house), " (the reins of the horse),
♦ as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards every
(two nouns),
the first of which is related and linked to the second. Furthermore, the
does not occur except in a state of being
59
.
The Followers / Modifiers (
:
"
)
"
:
Up to here we have completed our knowledge of all the places of
,
,
and except that the declension ( ) of a word might proceed and continue on to what is after it (i.e. after that word) such that it (i.e. the subsequent word) is:
♦
due to it (i.e. the previous word) being
♦
due to it being
,
, and so on.
The one that occurs later (in the construction) is called a " The
(plural of
" (follower).
i.e. followers) are of four types:
Explanation:
When the is or or due to it occurring in one of the places that have been explained previously, then its declension is said to be primary (
) . There is another kind of declension which is said to be secondary (
) and there is no other reason accounting for it (i.e. for the existence of this latter kind of declension) other than the fact that the after that which has primary declension ( construction) is
,
(which has secondary declension) occurs ) . Hence, the word later (in the
,
or
what is before it, and it is for that reason that it is called a "
due to it following " (follower).
We already know the primary declension ( secondary declension (
) of words. As for the ) , it is of four types:
60
The Qualifying or Attributive Adjective (
"
"
" "
A type which is called "
"
":
"
)
"
" (Qualifying or Attributive Adjective), like: "
" and " " in: " (An intelligent foe is better than an ignorant friend).
"
Explanation:
If you found a bag in the street and you hear someone saying: " " (A bag of mine got lost), then it is not valid for you to give him the bag believing it to be his as long as he has not described to you its specific qualities, by saying for example: "
" (A small black bag of mine got lost). The word " " (and others like it) is called a "
" or "
adjective) and it is necessary that it be which is
due to following the word "
on account of it being a
the second will be
" (qualifying or attributive "
. Should the first be
then
following it (i.e. following the first), like when he says: " " (I lost a small bag); the word "
account of it being a
and "
" is
" is a
on
qualifying it being
(as a result). Similarly in the case of
, like: "
" (I am asking or
enquiring about a small bag); the word " " is a Similar to "
qualifying it being
" (a short man),
♦ "
" (Ali, the Merchant),
♦ " ♦ "
by means of "
" and "
(as a result).
" are:
♦ " ♦ "
" is
" (Hasan, the Writer), " (intelligent foe), " (ignorant friend),
♦ as well as whatever resembles these examples as regards the the qualities and attributes of that which occurs before them.
61
which denote
The Conjunction (
"
" "
":
" ." " " " "
"
"
" " " " " " "
A type which is called " " in:
)
" (conjunction), like: "
:
"
" and "
"
" (The student attains glory and honour through knowledge and good character). Similar to the
♦ the
(and) are:
(shortly thereafter, immediately then),
♦ "
" (a while thereafter),
♦ "
" (or),
♦ "
" (or),
♦ "
" (but, rather),
♦ "
" (not) and
♦ "
" (instead, rather, even better)
Explanation:
If a pen and an inkpot broke and you want to express and communicate that event, then instead of stating two sentences, the first of which is " and the second is "
" (the pen broke)
" (The inkpot broke) it suffices for you to state the
once and then mention the two
(nouns) thereafter separated by a
(meaning “and”), such that we say: "
" (The pen and
inkpot broke). That which occurs after the
is called "
and that which is before it is called "
" (conjoined word)
" (word to which the
is conjoined). It is necessary for the
to follow that which comes before it in the former’s
specific type of
. Thus, the word "
♦ in this example is as a
":
due it following the word "
" which is
,
♦ in "
" (I broke the pen and the inkpot)
to it following "
" which is
as a
♦ in "
due
and
" (I was surprised at the breaking of
the pen and the inkpot)
due it following "
.
62
" which is
as a
You say (for the rest of the conjunctions):
♦ "
" (The pen broke and shortly thereafter the inkpot), if you want to express the idea that the breaking of the inkpot was shortly after the breaking of the pen,
♦ "
" (The pen broke and a while thereafter the inkpot), if you want to express the idea that the breaking of the inkpot was a while after the breaking of the pen,
♦ "
" (The pen or the inkpot broke), if that which broke is one of the two but you are doubtful as to which one specifically,
♦ "
" (The pen broke not the inkpot), if that which broke is
the pen only,
♦ "
" (Did you break the pen or the inkpot?) if you are asking about which of the two got broken, and
♦ "
"
"
" (The pen did not break instead the inkpot or but the inkpot), if that which broke was the inkpot and someone thought it to have been the pen.
Therefore, when a
(particle) from among the
conjunction / conjunctions) is mentioned between two according to the declension of the first.
63
(particles of then the second is declined
The Corroboration / Intensification (
"
"
" " " "
A type which is called " " and "
": " " "
"
)
"
" "
" (corroboration / intensification), like: "
" in: "
" (The
Commander himself came) and "
" and "
" in "
" (The army the whole of it / all of it travelled). Explanation:
If someone tells you that he had spoken with the Sultan, it is customary for him to say:
"
" (I spoke with the Sultan himself) and if he tells you that he had spoken to just any ordinary person, then he will say: " spoke with such-and-such a person) without stating the word "
" (I " after the person’s
name. The reason for this (i.e. the use of " " in the case of the Sultan but not so in the case of an ordinary person) is that speaking with the Sultan is regarded as a big matter as far as the speaker is concerned, for it might be that you mistakenly think that he had spoken with the Sultan’s servant or his scribe, for example. He therefore states the word " " meaning thereby exactly just that and in order to dispel this mistaken and erroneous thought from the mind of the listener he adds the word " " in order to convey thereby that he had spoken with Sultan himself and not one of his subordinates. It is for this reason that this word is called " The
" (corroboration / intensification). follows what is before it in the latter’s
. Thus, the word "
":
♦ in the previous example is which is
due to it following the word "
as a
♦ in "
, " (The Sultan himself was present)
because what is before it is
as a
♦ in " himself) Similar to the word " like: " and so forth.
"
and " (I entered the residence of the Sultan
because what is before it is
as a
.
" with respect to what was discussed is the word " " (I spoke with the Sultan himself), and so on
Corroboration can also be by means of the word " collective) noun, like:
64
" and "
" after a general (or
"
♦ "
" (The army, the whole of it or all of it,
travelled),
♦ "
" (I saw the army, the whole of it or all of it)
and
♦ "
" (I greeted the army, the whole of
it or all of it). Thus, the word " is called "
" or "
and
" since perhaps it might be mistakenly and erroneously thought that what
is meant by " by the word "
" follows what is before it in the latter’s
" (army) is “most of the army” (and not all of it) if it is not followed " or "
".
65
The Substitute (
"
"
": " " " " " " " " " "
." A type which is called "
)
" (substitute), like: "
" in: "
" (The Founder of Nahw is Imam Ali), "
" in "
" (The Emir renovated the castle, most of it) and " " in " workers, left).
" (The Registration Office, its
Explanation:
When you say: " " (The Pioneer and Founder of Nahw is Ali), then your sentence conveys a complete and self-contained message. However, when you say: " " (The Pioneer and Founder of Nahw is Imam Ali), then your sentence will have an even stronger effect and greater impact on the mind of the listener, as though you had ascribed the founding and development of Nahw to Ali twice – once via the title and epithet " The word "
" and once via the name "
" in this construction is called "
before it in the latter’s specific type of
♦ in this example as a
" (substitute) and follows what is . Therefore, it is:
due to it following the word "
" which is
,
♦ in "
" (Truly, Imam Ali is the Pioneer and
Founder of Nahw) the
".
"
due to it following "
" which is
as
" and
♦ in "
" ( Nahw is the result of the pioneering work
of Imam Ali)
due to it following "
" which is
as the
. The same can be said for "
" (The Emir renovated the
castle, most of it) and " workers, left) except that the
" (The Registration Office, its :
♦ in the first example (i.e. "
" ) is
congruent in meaning to the what precedes it) because "
(i.e.
" is congruent to "
" in meaning,
♦ in the second example because "
(substitute of the part for the whole)
" (most of) is part of the whole of it (i.e. the whole of the castle), and
66
♦ in the third example
(Substitute of Relation i.e. other than being a
part) because of the relationship, that is, the connection, that exists between " and "
".
67
"
Conclusion Local Declension (
"
)
":
."
" "
"
When one of the indeclinable words occurs in one of the previous places then it is necessary that we utter it the way we heard it, however, we regard it as being in a
,
,
place of or in accordance with what the (particular) place (of declension) neccesitates, like:
♦ "
" (He is a scholar),
♦ "
" (Truly, he is very good) and
♦ "
" (Anyone whose intention is
pure his action will be good).
Explanation:
We know in detail the places in which the
is
and those in which it is is
, those in which it is
, and likewise the places in which the
, those in which it is
and those in which it is
. We (also) know that when a
,
,
or
occupies one of these places, then we make it or
, except that among the
and there is that which is , that is, its ending never changes with despite changing the constructions (in which it occurs) as we already know. The
,
(i.e. indeclinable word), when it occurs in one of the places of or
, then we do not change its ending by virtue of the fact
that it occurs in that place such that were we to replace it by an or
then
for example would surely have been apparent and explicit in that .
Hence, based on the aforementioned, we say concerning for example:
♦ "
,
":
"
("
68
)
["
" is a
and indeclinable and built on a
♦ "
in a place of
],
":
( [the
is the
"
" "
)
" and is indeclinable and built on a
in a place of
] and
♦ "
":
("
( ["
" is a
",
"
and is indeclinable and built on a " is a
indeclinable and built on a
and the in a place of
and likewise you extend the rule to other similar cases.
69
is a ]
"
" in a place of and is
