The Cr Cris isis is of Cr Crim imea ea an and d Uk Ukra rain inee Key Lessons for President Obama from Presidents Reagan and Clinton By Rudy deLeon and Aarthi Gunasekaran May 14, 2014
In he pas wo monhs, he Crimea and Ukraine crisis has grown. Russia annexed he Crimean Peninsula, he Ukrainian governmen and pro-Russian miliia are engaged in a back and orh sandoff in easern Ukraine, and Russian Presiden Presiden Vladimir Puin has hreaened ha he conflic “essenially “essenially pus he naion on he brink o civil war.”1 Te Unied Saes has been a he oreron o building inernaional suppor or Ukraine, and he Obama adminisraion coninues o assemble Wesern suppor. However, effors o reach a diplomaic setlemen, or a leas o reduce immediae ensions, are sill in progress.2 As he Obama adminisraion adminisraion prepares prepares is nex seps in response o Russia in Ukraine, i can examine lessons rom wo oher adminisraions in imes o cri sis. Firs, he Reagan adminisraion’’s reacion in 1983 o he Sovie downing o a civilian adminisraion civi lian Korean airliner and is response o he erroris atack agains U.S. U.S. Marines on a peacekeeping mission in Lebanon. Second, he Clinon adminisraion’ adminisraion’s iniiaive o proacively expand and deepen parnerships in Europe during he 1990s hrough is Parnership or Pea Peace. ce. Presiden Ronald Reagan aced an excepional provocaion wih he downing o he Korean airliner and a monh laer, wih he erroris atack agains U.S. Marines in Lebanon, resuling in significan American and allied casualies. Keeping cosly and possibly desabilizing miliary opions as his las resor, Presiden Presiden Reagan used vigorous bu measured words o condemn hese lawless acions and rallied he inernaional communiy in opposiion. A decade laer, laer, Presiden Presiden Bill Clinon Clinon offered a new new and conroversial conroversial plan called he Parnership or Peace ha was inclusive o he new Easern European democracies. democracies. Clinon and his naional securiy eam ook criicism or heir proposal rom some o he mos esablished oreign policy commena commenaors ors o he ime, bu in a sep-by-sep process, he Parnership or Peace would bring Hungary, Poland, and he Czech Republic ino he NAO NAO alliance by 1999. As he curren crisis in Ukraine coninues, his expanded NAO NAO offers he srucure or he proecion o hese new European democ-
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
racies. While careul care ul o respec he Russian people, he objecives o he Parnership or Peace Pea ce and is implemena i mplemenaion ion over he pas wo decades have ensured ha his remains rue�ha even in he ace o provocaion, he boundaries o he Cold War War no longer exis. A he ime, Secreary o Sae Madeleine Albrigh assured Russian Presiden Presiden Boris Yelsin Y elsin ha NAO NAO was “no “no longer a siuaion siuaion o you versus us … NAO NAO no longer longer has 3 an enemy o he eas.” Tese relevan, hisorical examples rom Presidens Reagan and Clinon offer lessons on how he Unied Saes should conduc business when reacing o inernaional crises ha pull American leadership and srengh ino quesion. Tey also highligh how he Unied Saes has proacively shaped rends and led global coaliions when acing poliical urbulence rom a broad specrum o criics. For much o his presidency, Presiden Barack Obama’s oreign policy porolio has been ocused on ending he U.S. comba role in Iraq and Aghanisan, aking he figh o Al Qaeda and is affiliaes around he world, responding o changes in he Middle Eas, and rebalancing he overall oreign policy agend agendaa o Asia A sia and oher pars o he world. Now, Now, o keep pace wih changing dynamics, i is imporan ha Presiden Obama and he Wes ake seady srides agains he aggression o Presiden Puin, who is already acing a seady backlog o inernal iner nal problems.
1983: President Reagan faces two stern tests of American resolve Korean Airlines 007, September 1983
In Sepember 1983, a Sovie miliary figher sho down Korean Airlines fligh 007, and all 269 passengers on board were killed, ki lled, including a U.S. congressman and 61 oher Americans. News o he shooing was me wih w ih ourage in boh Washingon and Moscow, wih Presiden Reagan calling he atack a “massacre” wih “absoluely no jusificaion, legal or moral.” Sovie leader Yuri Andropov responded and described he even as a “sophisicaed provocaion maserminded by he U.S. special services.” 4 Alhough he Sovies reused o admi heir involvemen, involvemen, he Unied Unied Saes Saes quickly deemed heir rebuff inexcusable. wo days laer, laer, he Sovies acknowledged ha heir air orce did play a role in he shooing , which plunged U.S. U.S. and Sovie diplomacy ino crisis. A he ime, Reagan spokesman Larry Speakes claimed ha “his is no U.S.-Sovie problem, i’s a Sovie versus he world problem.” French Presiden Francois Miterrand speculaed ha his siuaion would bring U.S. and Sovie orces close o war, jus as he Cuban Missile Crisis did.5
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
In he days afer he shooing, vicims’ vici ms’ amilies grieved even as Moscow closed off access 6 o he crash sie. Presiden Reagan addressed addressed he naion wih w ih srong rheoric and careul words, bu hroughou he crisis, he held o his convicions, urging he inernaional communiy o deal wih w ih he Sovies “in a calm, conrolled bu absoluely firm manner.” 7 Coninuing wih his approach o he Sovies, he labeled hem “savagery,” “murderous,” and “monsrous”; “monsrous”; he did no, however, propose a miliary response.8 George Will, a leading conservaive columnis, said a he ime ha he American people “didn’ didn’ elec a dicionary” and i was abou ime or he presiden o ake aggressive acion agains he Sovies. Ye Presiden Presiden Reagan and senior officials in i n he Whie W hie House remained cauious wih heir words and waied or a ull ul l accoun o he Sovie inciden. In he inerim, he adminisraion did no propose rade sancions agains he Sovies or any suspensions o arm conrol alks in Geneva, Swizerland; House Speaker Tomas P. “ip” O’Neill (D-MA) agreed, however, ha here was a “broad consensus on hings ha can be done” agains he Sovies. ime magazine’s George J. Church noed and was criical o he ac ha Presiden Reagan’ Reagan’s acic was only sern words and ha demands or an apology, compensaion, and a ighening o aviaion rules were ulimaums o which he Sovies were no going o ake heed. Tis provoked American poliical hardliners o charge ha Presiden Reagan was overrun by “ainhearedness.”9 In an inerview momens beore he Fligh 007 memorial ser vice a he Naional Cahedral or hose killed, Presiden Reagan described his firs reacion. “I was shock,” he said. “I was revulsion. I was horror. I was anger”�a anger”�a condemnaion wihou any call 10 or acion. Explaining he conflic beween his naural insinc and pracical reacion, he explained ha i was difficul o avenge such a deed. When asked wheher he Unie Uniedd Saes would suspend negoiaions on nuclear arms reducions, he presiden responded wih skepicism, poining ou ha ha weaponry was he sronges sronges elemen supporing supporing 11 Russian aggression and ha arms reducions were hereore crucial. Te Sovie Union ulimaely apologized or he inciden, bu i was never orgoten: Presiden Reagan Reagan used i o rally he inernaional communiy agains a Sovie poliical sysem ha was nearing is end, alhough ha was no recognized a he ime. i me.12
Beirut, October 1983
A monh afer he Korean Airlines shooing, shooing, Presiden Reagan Reagan aced anoher anoher inernaional challenge when he U. U.S. S. Marine headquarers in Beiru, Lebanon, became he arge o a erroris bombing ha killed 241 American servicemen. ser vicemen. While assering ha he Unied Saes would no be inimidaed and ha he “firs hing … o do is find ou who did i and go afer hem wih everyhing we’ve go, go,”” Reagan sood sood firm while waiing or all he acs o be presened.13 House Speaker O’Neill backed Presiden Reagan by declaring ha ha he siuaion should be handled wih “parioism “parioism over parisanship.”14
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
Meanwhile, oher members o Congress realized ha he presence o roops in Beiru had no subsanial benefi o U.S. or regional securiy and began o avor a change in policy, urging Secreary o Deense Casper Weinberger o redeploy he Marines o a more secure posiion.15 In February 1984, Presiden Reagan direced redeploymen o he Marine peacekeeping mission o naval ships off he coas o Lebanon. Troughou hese wo criical monhs o inense pressure, pressure, he was measured in his words and made no hreas o realiaion ha he was no prepared o back up. Korean Airlines inciden and he Beir u bombing occurred in consecuive monhs in 1983 and were criical ess or a presiden and adminisraion ha came ino office commited “o rebuild[ing] American miliary mili ary power power..” Troughou he momens o crisis, Presiden Reagan chose his words careully, condemning condemning ourageous inernaional provocaions, rallying he global communiy a all imes, and holding o his chosen pah o miliary response only as a las resor. Ta was no always easy poliics, bu Presiden Reagan held his ground.16
1993: President Clinton creates a new strategy through the Partnership for Peace In he early 1990s, Presiden Bill Clinon, his Secreary o Sae Warren Chrisopher, and Deense Secreary Les Aspin A spin oulined he Parnership or Pea Peace, ce, a program o make permanen he ormer Warsaw Pac saes’ democraic and sraegic ransiion o democracy and a marke economy. Tis parnership opened up paricipaion in i n some NAO raining and exercises o all Cenral and Easern European European counries ha saisfied cerain democraic principles, and led o heir evenual NAO NAO membership. membership.17 In his 1994 Sae o he Union address, Presiden Presiden Clinon noed his developing idea o secure and make permanen he boundaries o he pos-Cold War War world: Wih our allies we have creaed a Parnership or Peace ha invies saes fom he ormer Sovie bloc bloc and oher non-NA non-NAO O members members o work work wih NA NAO O in miliary miliary cooperaion. When I me wih Cenral Europe’s leaders, including Leah Walesa and Vaclav Havel, men who pu heir lives on he line or feedom, I old hem ha he securiy o heir region is imporan o our counry’s securiy. 18
Te Parnership or Peace was iniiaed in 1993 bu was ormally inroduced a he NAO summi he ollowing year. Is policy ocus was a srong link beween NAO members and he new democraic parners rom he ormer Sovie Union. I was a ramework or poliical, diplomaic, and miliary cooperaion buil on srong democraic principles, and i srenghene srenghenedd he sanding o counries ha had become independen wih he all o he Berlin Wall independen Wall in 1989. Te long-awaied long-awaied bu quicker-
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
han-expeced unificaion unificaion o German Germanyy occurred in 1990 under he direcion o hen Chancellor Helmu Kohl, and he Sovie Union ranserred power o he Russian Republic in 1991. Te diplomaic breakhrough allowed he enlarged Germany o remain a NAO member, jus as Wes Germany had, and signaled flexibiliy or NAO expansion. As he Berlin Wall ell and he Cold War ended, here was a hope or ormer Sovie bloc naions o join an umbrella ounded in democraic principles. Iniially, a series o miliary-o-miliary Russia and NAO exchanges ook place under he leadership o commander General John Shalikasvilli o move he ormer Cold War enemies “rom a parnership o words o a parnership o deeds.” 19 Te new parnership had hree objecives: democraic conrol over miliary orces, ransparency in deense planning and budges, and developing ineroperabiliy wih NAO orces. 20 In early 1994, Secreary Chrisopher presened hese issues direcly o NAO, saing ha in he ransparen expansion process, members would be judged by heir capabiliies and heir commimen o he NAO reay principles and have no opporuniies or hird-pary veoes.21 In hose early monhs, he iniiaive i niiaive was no wihou w ihou conroversy. conroversy. Henry Kissinger noed ha he parnership iniiaive was premaure and would risk diminishing he exising ime-esed NAO archiecure “in a vague new concep called Parnership or Peace.” However,, Kissinger also said ha he new democracies “seek some reassurance, i no However vis-à-viss he incumben Russian governmen vis-à-vi governmen hen agains agains an unoreseeable unoreseeable governmen governmen in he uure.”22 In 1994, wih Bill Perry now esablished as secreary o deense, he parnership effor coninued o deepen poliical and miliary ies, creae join capabiliies, and conribue urher o he srenghening o Euro-Alanic area securiy. Senior Clinon adminisraion officials�including Deense Policy Chie Wal Slocombe and he lae Joe Kruzel, who was killed in a ragic roadside roadside acciden in Bosnia�joined heir Sae Deparmen Deparmen and NAO NAO colleagues in building he key elemens o he new plan. 23 Specifically, join convicion ha sabiliy Specifically, sabili y and securiy can be achieved only hrough cooperaion and common acion drove he parnership effors. effor s. Te proecion and promoion o undamenal reedoms and human righs, as well as he saeguarding o reedom, jusice, and peace hrough democracy, were shared values undamenal o he parnership. Addiionally, Addiionally, operaing convicions were o rerain rom he hrea or use o orce agains he erriorial inegriy or poliical independence o any sae, o respec exising borders, and o peaceully setle dispues.
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
An early es or he parnership came in he orm o he NAO NAO peacekeeping peacekeeping mission mission in Bosnia, made possible by he 1995 Dayon Peace Accords. Te Dayon Agreemen, led by American diploma Richard Holbrooke, produced a ramework ha allowed a sabilizaion orce o peaceully ener erriories ha had been par o a brual c ivil war in in he Balkans. Secreary Perry esablished key missions or parnership members, working side by side wih NA NAO O naions. Furhermore, Secreary Perry, working wih NA NAO O member urkey urkey,, also esablished a diplomaic ramework ha allowed miliary unis rom Russia o paricipae in he NAO NAO peacekeeping mission.24 Troughou he Bosnia peacekeeping peacekeeping mission, which became a criical es o he parnership concep, he paricipans pari cipans mainained he essenial conceps o ransparency in securiy planning, democraic conrol o deense orces, and parnership inegraion ino NAO NA O peacekeeping peacekeeping and humaniarian missions. A s Secreary Perry would noe afer deparing he Penagon in early 1997, “by esablishing he Parnership or Peace we have replaced an Iron Curain Curain which divided div ided he naions o Europe, wih a circle o securiy securi y 25 which brings hem ogeher. ogeher.” Te coaliion ha came ogeher o preserve sabiliy o Bosnia included Poland, Poland, Hungary, and he Czech Republic. By he ime NAO held is 1999 summi in Washingon, W ashingon, D.C. D.C.,, he hree counries counries had been admited admited as NAO NAO members. members. During he Bush adminisraion, NAO would add seven more members, including he hree Balic counries and Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Croaia and Albania would join in 2009. 2009. Aricle 5 o he NAO NAO declaraion declaraion rom he 1999 1999 summi provided provided ha we mus be as effecive in he uure uure in dealing wih new challenges as we were in he pas and ha is sill is challenge oday. oday.26 Proessor John M. Deuch Deuch was depuy secreary o deense when w hen he Parnership or Peace Pea ce was firs presened. In a personal communicaion, he noes: Parnership or Peace Parnership Peace was an an inspired inspired concep ha bridged bridged he original original highly successsuccess ul NAO NAO Alliance Alliance o couner couner he he Sovie occupaio occupaionn o cenral cenral Europe, Europe, o a NA NAO O allialliance wih broader paricipaion ha offers securiy o counries ha sill ear Russian aggression�as we now see wih jusificaion.
General Gordon Sullivan was he Army chie o saff during he criical ime when he Parnership or Peace was firs inroduced. oday oday,, he looks back on his period wih pride and commens in an inernal noe: Te parnership or peace was and is a successul program. In repeaed conversaions wih paricipans, including U.S. Naional Guard personnel who have accompanied heir parners ino Aghanisan and Iraq, I ge he eeling his program has buil bonds which ranscend any houghs he original planners migh have had.
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
2014: Putin’s Actions Tests the Modern NATO Presiden Puin’s acions in Ukraine are esing he expanded NAO, buil on he oundaions o he Parnership or Peace. His aggression is challenging NAO’s mem ber saes and and heir EU parners o o adop a sraegy sraegy ha includes regional economic economic developmen and energy policy, policy, as well as diplomaic iniiaives, while a he same ime mainaining securiy or is members. Under Presiden Presiden Puin, Russia is promoing an ani-W ani-Wes es sraegy based on naionalis senimen, disregard or human righs, and unconsrained Russian miliary hardware sales. A he same ime, ime, despie effors o increase rade w ih he Wes and o increase access o Wesern Wesern echnology, Puin and his ambiions remain vulnerable o a Russian economy ha is dependen on he price o oil and naural gas. Te NAO NAO alliance has been almos singularly ocused on he end o he comba mission in Aghanisan. However, i will need o skip he planned deep breah�a pause or he NAO NA O roops afer spending 13 years in war�wih a revializaion o he ransalanic ransalanic rade and Invesmen Parnership, or IPP, IPP, in order o answer he challenge o he Crimea and Ukraine crisis. NAO members should review heir miliary budges and respond wih selecive selecive incre increases. ases. Tey have have an opporu opporuniy niy o o increase increase he he economic economic vialiy o o he alliance by reducing dependence on Russian energy energ y and embracing he IPP. NAO will ace is share o challenges as i responds o Russian miliary aggression, economic and energy pressures, and regional ensions in i n easern Europe ha have hisoric ies wih he neighb neighboring oring Russian Russian people people.. Bu Bu he iniia iniiaives ives o o he Pa Parnership rnership or Peace Peace�firs �firs presened more han wo decades ago o new democracies made independen by he end o he Cold War�provide War�provide NAO wih he righ ools or an effecive response.
Recommendations for the Obama administration Te Reagan and Clinon presidencies offer grea lessons o poliical leaders in Washingon o address he curren conflic in Crimea and Ukraine. Tey also showcase ha, given he ools available o him, Presiden Obama is uilizing hem as appropriaely and effecively as Reagan and Clinon did, and his acions do no differ rom his predecessors. oday oday,, conservaives see Reaganism in oreign policy as placing no boundaries on American miliary srengh; indeed, hey see a oreign policy policy rooed in American excepexcepionalism. Bu Presiden Reagan finely balanced how o lead a srong and confiden naion. He handled his oughes days wih condemna condemnaion ion and pragmaism while recognizing ha holding he dominae advanage on he poliical, economic, and diplomaic side mean ha srong miliary capabiliies were he las resors. Ta was hen�and is now�a sign o srengh.
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
NAO’s expansion o include ormer Warsaw Pac counries was iniially me wih grea skepicism a home and a wary Russia abroad ha was hreaened by is expansion ino he ormer Sovie Sov ie bloc. Presiden Clinon, however, however, urged ha expanding he alliances o he Wes was essenial o mainain sabiliy and ensure ha he “gray zone o insecuriy [does] no reemerge in Europe.” Presiden Clinon also porrayed hese changes as he nex seps necessary o build upon he groundwork laid by his Republican predecessors. “Presiden Reagan gave srengh o hose working o bring down he Iron Curain,” he said. “Presiden Bush helped o reuniy Germany.” 27 Some American criics argue oday ha he naions who joined Parnership or Peace and were laer seleced as NAO members are he cause o or jusificaion or Presiden Puin’s move ino Crimea as he growing NAO presence hreaened Russia’s regional influence.28 Bu his argumen ignores he ac ha much o Easern Europe now succeeds as democracies and marke economies ha have moved well beyond heir Cold War W ar experience. Tey deserved deserved a voice in deermining heir uure, and heir reedoms reedoms were never a hrea hrea o he Kremlin Kremlin bosses. Presiden Obama Obama has chosen similar si milar approaches o he Crimea crisis, cri sis, offering an updaed version o “peace hrough srengh,” srengh,” he hallmark phrase and policy o he successul Reagan sraegy. sraegy. Presiden Obama has rallied our European allies o press economic sancions agains Russia, used he expanded ex panded NAO NAO o suppor alliance al liance solidariy and capabiliies, and offered economic assisance o he governmen in Kiev. Tese sancions, i placed properly, can pu significan pressure on he Russian economy and ulimaely creae a drag on Russian growh. Te Wes can deer and negoiae, bu i should creae an amosphere where he Russian governmen aces a choice beween economic growh or miliary expansion.29 In he pas couple monhs, he U. U.S. S. debae on Ukraine has quickly broken ino wo amiliar camps, and he poliical divisions divisi ons have been predicable. predicable. In he firs camp are hose working hard o solve he crisis, being hard-nosed bu no reckless. Secreary o Sae John Kerry, or example, allayed he parisan echo chambers and noed on CBS’ CBS’ss “Face he Naion” Naion” ha his crisis is i s no a replay o he Cold War and no a zero sum game. Secreary Kerry highlighed ha key aggressor, Presiden Puin, is “creaing “creaing his 30 own realiy, and his own sor sor o world.” world.” In he second camp are he criics o he Obama adminisraion’ adminisraion’s naional securiy policy. Tese criics have made calls or a ougher U.S. sance agains Russia, wih one member o Congress saing ha Presiden Puin was emboldened by he adminisraion’s “rembling inacion,” ollowed by a coaliion o Republican senaors inroducing legislaion calling o auhorize miliary assisance or Ukraine.31
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
Despie hese criics’ worries, reemergence o he Cold War is very unlikely; Russia is ar oo sressed economically and ar oo dependen on Wesern Wesern counries. I is also imperaive o recognize ha he Unied Saes, Saes, Russia, and he Europea Europeann Union are no symmerical players in he field. Former Secreary o Sae Albrigh highlighed ha a counry’s greaness should be measured by is “engagemen “engagemen wih he world and sabiliy sabili y 32 o relaionships wih neighbors, and no by miliary mi liary power on is borders.” borders.” By comparing he Unied Saes’ and Russia’s relaive srenghs in regard o heir size, economic vibrancy, miliary size and capabiliy, capabiliy, and and he atraciveness atraciveness o heir poliical and ecoeconomic sysems, i is easy o see why he Unie Uniedd Saes sill holds many o he cards, wih Russia playing a very weak hand. 33 As he Obama adminisraion adminisraion ocuses on he curren crisis in Ukraine, he lessons lessons rom Presiden Reagan and Presiden Clinon offer suggesions or wha he Unied Saes can do when aced wih w ih problems abroad o proacively shape rends and expand possibiliies. Specifically, i should: • Careully calibrae acions o underscore America’s inheren srenghs and highligh Russia’s weaknesses. • Lead parners and allies in join acions, a sronger choice han acing alone. • Remember ha ocusing oo much on poliical criicism can leave policy rudderless and reacive o evens. Tis is especially imporan oday, oday, as he opinion echo chamber is even louder and more disracing han i was during previous adminisraions. • Build public suppor o enhance he long-erm goals and sraegies essenial or success. Te divisive parisanship par isanship a home and in Congress makes i harder or America o move swifly and joinly wih a common purpose. Bu Presiden Presiden Obama is righly ollowing in he ooseps o Presidens Reagan and Clinon. Te Unied Saes and he Wes are no in a posiion o go o war over he crisis in Ukraine and Crimea, nor should hey. hey. Te bes seps orward are o diffuse he siuaion, and hese hisorical examples rom Presiden Obama’s predecessors offer guidance on wha he Unied Saes can do o respond o specific evens o proacively shape rends and expand ex pand possibiliies. Rudy deLeon is a Senior Fellow a he Cener or American Progress and a ormer depuy secreary o deense. Aarhi Gunasekaran is a Research Assisan a he Cener. Te auhors are graeul or he assisance o Shubham Sapkoa, a CAP inern fom Hope College in Michigan. CAP Senior Fellow Brian Kaulis offered ediorial advice. Proessor John M. Deuch Deuch o he Massachusets Massachusets Insiu Insiue e o echnolo echnology gy and General Gordo Gordonn Sullivan Sullivan o he Associaion o he Unied Unied Saes Saes Army conduced conduced a peer peer review. review.
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Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
Endnotes 1 Chelsea J. Carter, Laura Smith-Spark, Smith-Spark, and Phil Black, “Putin: Escalating conflict puts Ukraine on ‘brink of civil war,’” CNN , April 15, 2014, available at http://www.cnn. at http://www.cnn. com/2014/04/15/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/.
18 The American Presidency Project, Project, “Address before a joint session of the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 25, 1994, available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ ws/?pid=50409.. ws/?pid=50409
2 Will Englund, “Kremlin says Crimea is now officially part of Russia after treaty signing, Putin speec h,” The Washington Post, March 18, 2014, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/russias-putin-prepares-to-annexcrimea/2014/03/18/933183b2-654e-45ce-920e-4d18c0ffec73_story.html; U.S. fec73_story.html; U.S. Depar tment of Treasury, “Treasury Secretary Lew announces signing of $1 billion U.S. loan guarantee agreement for Ukraine,” Press release, April 14, 2014, available at http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/ press-releases/Pages/jl2359.aspx; Alison press-releases/Pages/jl2359.aspx; Alison Smale and Michael D. Shear, “Russia is o usted from Group o f 8 by U.S. and allies,” The New York Times, March 24, 2014, available at http:// www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/obamarussia-crimea.html; Mark russia-crimea.html; Mark Landler, Annie Lowrey, and Steven L. Myers, “Obama steps up Russia sanctions in Ukraine crisis,” The New York Times, March 20, 2014, available at http:// www.nytimes.com/2014/03/21/us/politics/us-expandingsanctions-against-russia-over-ukraine.html.
19 Carey Goldberg, “Key U.S. General Foresees NATO-Russia NATO-Russia Cooperation,” Los Angeles Times, January 31, 1993, available at http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-31/news/mnat http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-31/news/mn1216_1_russia-and-nato.. 1216_1_russia-and-nato
3 Steven Erlanger, Erlanger, “‘You “‘You vs. Us’ Us’ is over, Albright tells tells wary Russians,” The New York Times, February 22, 1997.
24 USAWC Strategy Research Project, “Partnership for Peace in a New Millennium” (2001).
4 University of Texas, “Address to the Nation on the Soviet Attack on a Korean Civilian Airliner,” available at http:// www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/90583a. htm (last accessed April 2014). The New York Times, “U.S. statement on comments by Andropov,” September 29, 1983, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/29/world/ us-statement-on-comments-by-andropov.html.. us-statement-on-comments-by-andropov.html
25 The White House, “Remarks by the President at Presentation Presentation of Medal of Freedom to Secretary of Defense William Perry,” Press release, January 14, 1997, available at http://clinton6. nara.gov/1997/01/1997-01-14-president-in-medal-offreedom-ceremony-for-perry.html.
5 Richard Reeves, President Regan: The Triumph of Imagination (New York: Simon and Sc huster, 2005). 6 Thom Patterson, Patterson, “The downing of Flight 007: 30 years later, later, a Cold War tragedy still seems surreal,” CNN , August 31, 2013, available at http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/31/us/kalfight-007-anniversary/.. fight-007-anniversary/ 7 Bernard Gwertzman, “Reagan sees need for world action in place incident,” The New York Times, September 4, 1983, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/04/world/ reagan-sees-need-for-world-action-in-plane-incident.html.. reagan-sees-need-for-world-action-in-plane-incident.html 8 Ibid.; Reeves, “President Reagan.” 9 George J. Church, “Turning on the Heat: KAL Flight 007,” TIME, September 19, 1983; Reeves, “President Reagan”; Steven R. Weisman, “U.S. “U.S. says spy pl ane was in the area of Korea airliner,” The New York Times, September 5, 1983, p. 6; Gwertzman, “Reagan sees need”; Church, “Turning on the Heat.” 10 Laurence I. Barrett, “An “An interview with President Reagan,” Time, September 19, 1983.
20 Ibid. 21 Warren Christopher, In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998). 22 Henry Kissinger, “Not this Partnership,” The Washington Post, November 24, 1993, p. A17. 23 U.S. Department of Defense, “Services Planned for Dr. Joseph Kruzel,” Press Press release, August 22, 1995, available at http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release. at http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release. aspx?ReleaseID=599.. aspx?ReleaseID=599
26 NATO, NATO, “An Alliance for the 21st Century,” Press release, April 24, 1999, available at http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/ at http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/ p99-064e.htm. 27 Alison Mitchell, “Clinton Urges NATO Expansion in 1999,” The New York Times, October 23, 1996, available at http://www. nytimes.com/1996/10/23/us/clinton-urges-nato-expansionin-1999.html.. in-1999.html 28 “Putin says annexation or Crimea partly a response to NATO NATO enlargement,” Reuters, April 17, 2014, available at http:// www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/17/us-russia-putin-natoidUSBREA3G22A20140417 29 Marc A. Thiessen, “Obama’s “Obama’s weakness emboldens Putin,” The Washington Post, March 3, 2014, available at http:// at http:// www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/marc-thiessenobamas-weakness-emboldens-putin/2014/03/03/28def926a2e2-11e3-84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html;; Ken McIntyre, a2e2-11e3-84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html “DeMint: Obama must show ‘Global Leadership’ in Ukraine crisis,” The Foundry , March 1, 2014, available at http:// at http:// blog.heritage.org/2014/03/01/obama-must-show-globalleadership-ukraine-crisis/;; Vikram Singh and Ken Sofer, leadership-ukraine-crisis/ “The Unfinished Response to Ukraine,” Center for American Progress, April 25, 2014, available at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2014/04/25/88655/theunfinished-response-to-ukraine/.
11 Ibid. 12 Michael Wines, “Summit in Washington: Reporter’s notebook; The ‘Burly’ Yeltsin Yeltsin acquires a new kind of stature: Major world figure,” The New York Times, June 18, 1992, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/18/world/ summit-washington-reporter-s-notebook-burly-yeltsinacquires-new-kind-stature.html.. acquires-new-kind-stature.html 13 Reeves, “President “President Reagan”; The New York Times, “Transcript of President Reagan’s News Conference on the Attack in Beirut,” October 25, 1983. 14 Ibid. 15 Martin Tolchin, Tolchin, “House leaders urge urge new study of Beirut policy,” The New York Times, January 3, 1984, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/03/world/house-leadersurge-new-study-of-beirut-policy.html.. urge-new-study-of-beirut-policy.html 16 Caspar W. Weinberg Weinberg er, “U.S. Defens e Strategy,” Foreign Affairs 64 (4) 1986. 17 U.S. Department of State, “Fact Sheet: NATO NATO Partnership for Peace,” May 19, 1995, availab le at https://www.fas.org/man/ nato/offdocs/us_95/dos950519.htm.
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30 Gerald F. Seib, “Kerry Sees Ukraine Crisis as Uniquely Putin’s,” Putin’s,” Wall Street Journal , April 29, 2014, available at http://online. wsj.com/news/articles/SB100014240527023041636045 79530141321140198;; Face the Nation, “Face the nation 79530141321140198 transcripts March 2 2014: Kerr y, Hagel,” CBS News, March 2, 2014, available at http://www.cbsnews.com/news/face-thenation-transcripts-march-2-2014-kerry-hagel/. 31 Senator John McCain, “McCain Statement on IntroducIntroducing the Russian Aggression Prevention Act of 2014,” Press Press release, April 30, 2014, available at http://www.mccain. at http://www.mccain. senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=4d2bcb349b47-44e9-8678-a90bf6d589e3;; Congressman Tom Cotton, 9b47-44e9-8678-a90bf6d589e3 “Cotton Statement on Russia’s Invasion of Crimea,” Press release, March 1, 2014, available at http://cotton.house.gov/ media-center/press-releases/cotton-statement-on-russiasinvasion-of-crimea. 32 Madeleine Albright, and Jim O’Brien, “The West’s obligation to Ukraine,” The Washington Post, March 21, 2014, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/what-nextat http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/what-nextfor-ukraine/2014/03/21/dab50db8-b131-11e3-a49e-76adc9210f19_story.html.. c9210f19_story.html 33 Ibid.
Center for American Progress | The Cris is of o f C rimea and Ukra ine
