Ilws fif`ysos
Glf`tg
Ausoilss
^fero‟s Fruf woi
Gbw klistruf` dyd`l dgfinls wbkli‟s arfois
Klrnlrs, fdquosotbis `bbk jbr oisurlrs
Ossul Ib. <4< Fun Fun 15 - 43, 1367
Kfozl prodl drosos
\sgs <,333,Msgs 133, QwJ 6,<33, TES 7
Abao ^oil‟s tbrturl Gbw 'plbp`l pbwlr' got iftobif` stfnl wotg prbt prbtlsts lsts
_B\ A\_ UGL
UQ\UG ^L SF_ UGL
SQODL
OIABW
Ossul Ib. <4< Fun 15 - 43, 1367 Ilws fif`ysos
Ausoilss
Glf`tg
Frts
Kbtbroin
Dbvlr stbry
Abao ^oil‟s tbrturl Gbw cplbp`l pbwlr‟ got iftobif` stfnl wotg prbtlsts
5
Ugl ^llm
1? Dbkklits
\nfief bi nufre fs Dbinb Lab`f elftgs oidrlfsl
?
\pnrfeoin elvl`bpklit dbbplrftobi8 Aldfusl tglrl os ib bil-sozl-ts-f``, dbuitrols kust elvl`bp strftlnols tgft frl tfo`brle tb tglor illes
Ugl @fst ^bre
Ugl efinlrs bj pua`od bpoiobi8 ^gy tgl rldlit stftl arutf`oty tbwfres bppbsotobi pb`otodofis fie hburif`osts sgbu`e kfml us rlvosot `oalrf` trfeotobis 65
4:
Gbw klistruf` dyd`l dgfinls wbkli‟s arfois8 Ot turis but tgl kbitg`y dyd`l ebls dgfinl tgl arfoi — aut ibt oi tgl wfys ybu tgoim.
Fif`ysos ^fero‟s Fruf woi8 Ugl kostfmls bj JED, IQK
4 1>
Ausoilss Klrnlrs, fdquosotobis `bbk jbr oisurlrs8 Tkf``lr oisurlrs jfdl tfml-bvlrs jrbk aonnlr p`fylrs
TUQFULN_ & LEOUBQOF@ EOQLDUBQ8 Fierl Fierlw w K. Kwlief Kwlief KFIFNOIN LEOUBQ8 LEOUBQ8 Hbslpg ^lrl OIZLTUONFUOBIT LEOUBQ8 Gfnnfo LEOUBQ8 Gfnnfo Kftsomb A\TOILTT LEOUBQ8 Osffd Mgosf SGBUBNQFSGLQ8 Hokky Toyf
Glf`tg
Frts & Du`turl Mliyfi frt qulstobis Dgoif‟s rlfdg oi Fjrodf
^QOULQT8Qbif`e ^QOULQT8 Qbif`e Kusbml, J`fvof Ifssfmf, Ofi Mftusookl, Fnils Ifitf Ifitfaf, af, Hu`ous Hu`ous Ausoinl. inl. ELTONI/@F_B\U8 Tfrfg ELTONI/@F_B\U8 Tfrfg Inbrbrfib DFQUBBIOTU8 Gfrrolt Hfkwf
S\A@OTGLQ8 Oielplielit Sua`odftobis @okotle, S`bt 71/75, Mfihbmyf Ttrllt, S. B. Abx 4435, Mfkpf`f, \nfief Ul`8 +1<:-461-:4>-4?6 +1<:-461-:4>-4?6// 1/ 4/ 5 | Jfx8 +1<:-461-:4>-4?: +1<:-461-:4>-4?: L-kfo`8 leotbrCoielplielit.db.un leotbrCoielplielit.db.un | fevlrtosoinCoielplielit. fevlrtosoinCoielplielit.db.un db.un dordu`ftobiCoielplielit.db.un | ^lasotl8 www.oielplielit.db.un
BJJ@OIL
Srbtlstlrs slt jorl tb afrrodfels bi f strllt oi ebwitbwi Mfkpf`f bi Fun. 13, 1367 tb elkfie tgl rl`lfsl bj tgl KS Qbalrt Myfnu`fiyo mibwi fs Abao ^oil wgb wfs rldlit`y frrlstle bvlr f``lnle trlfsbi fie pbsslssobi bj jorlfrks. SGBUB FJS
F plrsbi plrsbi kfmls kfmls f rb`lx rb`lx euroin tgl Mfkpf`f Qb`lx jlstovf` oi Mfkpf`f bi Fun.6?. 6?. Gong`y fitodopftle tb al f tburost ft trfdtobi trfdtobi,, tgl ‐Qb`lx‛, os prlpfrle pr lpfrle ay rb``oin tbnltglr dgfpftto/s dgfpft to/s fie bkl`lt bkl`lt spodle wotg vlnltfa`ls `oml s`odle tbkftbls, biobis fie dfaafnl fie dfi lfso`y al fddlssle ft rbfe soel stf``s fdrbss Mfkpf`f fie btglr urafi tbwis oi \nfief. SGBUB FJS
‐Ugl prba`lk oi Fruf wfs dfusle ay Abao ^oil‟s nrbup tbnltglr wotg Mfssofib ^fero, wgb fttfdmle kl, f usl`lss fdtobi aldfusl O fk prbtldtle fie O dfi eljlie e ljlie kysl`j,‛ kysl`j,‛Srlsoelit Kuslvlio rlspbieoin tb drotods fjtlr tgl Fruf Kuiodopf`oty ay-l`ldtobi
‐Ugl plbp`l novoin ybu ui`fwju` brelrs frl ib kbrl gukfi tgfi ybu frl. Tbbi br `ftlr, ybu wo`` al f dovo`ofi, hust `oml tgl plbp`l ybu frl aloin fsmle tb tbrklit fie trlft uihust`y,‛Kfh. uihust`y,‛Kfh. Nli (rte) Kunosgf Kuitu tl``s slduroty jbrdls gfie`oin tgl pbstFruf Kuiodopf`oty ay-l`ldtobi prbtlsts
Ugl db``fpsle Kbrfieo Aroenl Nlibf, Otf`y /FJS
‐O wfs hust stfieoin gb`eoin ky dfklrf ilfr tb tgl prbtlst. Tueeli`y tglrl wlrl kfiy sb`eolrs gottoin kl. O gfvl sbkl aruosls fie ky gfie os swb``li. Ugly sto`` gfvl ky dfklrf fie O ebi‟t mibw wgli O‟`` nlt ot afdm,‛Hfkls afdm,‛Hfkls Fmlif, f pgbtbhburif`ost fjtlr aloin tbrturle ay slduroty jbrdls
4<
Iukalr bj au``lts f``lnle`y jbuie oi Gbi. Myfnu`fiyo Tlitfku‟s Tlitfku‟ s rbbk ft Sfdojd
Gbtl` oi Fruf Kuiodopf`oty
Tgs633ai
Fkbuit bj kbily nbvlriklit os prbvoeoin fs `bfi jfdo`oty tb trfelrs tb purdgfsl surp`us kfozl jrbk jfrklrs
Tgs<3ki
Fkbuit bj kbily bil stfies tb woi fs hfdmpbt jbr tfmoin pfrt oi Tuplr 4= f 4-eonot iukalrs nfkl `fuidgle oi \nfief bi Funust 64
^LLM
Kuslvlio `fsgls but ft kleof, DTBs bvlr Myfnu`fiyo‟s o`` glf`tg ‐Jfml ilws nlilrftbrs, lspldof``y tgl Kbiotbr fie tglor UZ, tgl IUZ gfvl alli pu puoin oin ot but tgf tgftt bur bur nrfiesbi, tgl oieosdop`oile Abao ^oil, os nrfvl`y o``, gl dfiibt tf`m ltd. Ugly wlrl puoin ot but tgft aldfusl bj tglor ‐rbung‛ gfie`oin bj tgl KSs wgo`l frrlstoin tglk, tgl slduroty jbrdls Srlsoelit Kuslvlio Qbalrt Myfnu`fiyo dbu`e gfvl ebil nrolvbus efkfnl tb Abao ^oil‛, Srlsoelit Kuslvlio wrbtl oi aloin alo in jbui jbuie e oi oi pbssl pbsslsso ssobi bi bj f stftlklit rl`lfsle bi Fun.6?. rl frks. Gl wfs rlspbieoin tb rlpbrts Abao ^oil wgb wfs for tgft tgl Myfeebieb Lfst `lnos`ojtle tb tgl afrrfdms jrbk Nu`u `ftbr Qbalrt Myfnu`fiyo Abao wglrl gl wfs rst eltfoile ^oil wfs o`` fie ylt wfsi‟t fjtlr f jrfdfs oi Fruf eostrodt os rldlovoin fpprbproftl trlftklit sfoe tb gfvl sulrle ku`top`l ft Kfmoieyl afrrfdms wglrl gl oihurols. Fddbreoin tb tgl wojl os aloin gl`e bi f``lnftobis bj Afraol Myfnu`fiyo, Abao dbu`e
gfre`y stfie fie fpplfrle tb gfvl a`le tgrbung tgl lfrs fie tgl ibsl fs a`bbe stfois wlrl sto`` vosoa`l wgli sgl vosotle gok bi Fun.6>. Fun.6>. Gbwlvlr, Kuslvlio sfys frky ebdtbrs tb`e gok tgft tgos os uitrul fie wlit fglfe tb dfstonftl Abao ^oil fie gos tlfk tgft tgly oitokoeftle vbtlrs oi Fruf, Hoihf Lfst fie Aunoro Kuiodopf`oty wglrl l`ldtobis wlrl gl`e rldlit`y. ‐^gft ebls tgos klfi jbr tgl pslueb-elkbdrfts bj tgl sb df``le ‐Dovo` Tbdoltols‛, ay wgodg tgly klfi fnlits bj jbrloni Nbvlriklits2 Gbw dfi ybu df`` tgos elkbdrfdy wgli Slbp`l jlfr tb turi but tb vbtl2‛
@fwylr Kfaorozo dgf``linls Abao ^oil‟s trof` oi frky dburt ^otg afns ju`` bj `ls, Doty @fwylr Kf`l Kfaorozo sgbwle up ft tgl Dbistotutobif` dburt bi Fun.13 Fun.13 tb dgf``linl tgl trof` bj Myfeebieb Lfst `lnos`ftbr Qbalrt Myfnu`fiyo Abao ^oil oi tgl frky dburt. Myfnu`fiyo wgb os aloin fddusle bj pbsslssoin rl frks fie fkkuiotobis gfs alli gl`e ft tgl Kfmoieyl ko`otfry afrafr rfdms oi Mfkpf`f fjtlr gl wfs dgfrnle ay tgl frky dburt oi Nu`u bi Fun.6:. Kfaorozo sfys tgft ay dburt dgfrnoin Myfnu`fiyo, f dovo`ofi uielr tgl ko`otfry `fw — sldtobi 66? (6) (g) bj tgl \SEJ Fdt os oidbisostlit wotg sldtobi 4(1) bj tgl Jorl frks Fdt. Fddbreoin tb gok, oj fiyabey os dbivodtle
Kf`l Kfaorozo
uielr tgl Jorl Frks Fdt jbr ui`fwju` pbsslssobi bj fkkuiotobi, gl sulrs f kfxokuk slitlidl bj > ylfrs ylt oi tgl ko`otfry dburt gl os kbst `oml`y tb sulr elftg br `ojl okprosbiokprosbi klit. ‐Tldtobi 66? (6) (g) bj tgl \SEJ Fdt tgft suahldts ibil klkalrs bj \SEJ tb
Ko`otfry @fw aldfusl bj klrl pbsslssobi bj f rl frk os oidbisostlit wotg fie /br oi dbitrfvlitobi bj Frtod`ls 7F,13(6),13(1),16(6),17(6) ,55 (d) 61:(6) ,617(6) ,617(6) ,617(1),61? fie 163 bj tgl dbistotutobi wgodg nufrfitlls ru`l bj `fw, rongt tb `ojl , rongt tb jfor glfrglfr oin, fekoiostrftobi bj hustodl oi tgl ifkl bj plbp`l fie kfieftls pfr`ofklit tb bi`y kfml `fws tb rlnu`ftl eosdop`oil bj klkalrs bj \SEJ,‛ rlfes gos pltotobi oi pfrt. Gl df``le jbr rlvosobi bj `fws tgft f``bw dovo`ofis tb al dburt kfrtof`le sfyoin wotg tglsl `fws, plbp`l lspldof``y tgbsl bppbsoin tgl nbvlriklit frl `oml`y tb dbitoiul sulroin.
\nfief bi nufre fs Dbinb Lab`f elftgs oidrlfsl Ay Fun.6>, tgl iukalr bj dbirkle dfsls bj Lab`f oi tgl ilongabroin Elkbdrftod Qlpua`od bj Dbinb gfe rosli tb <6. 55 plbp`l gfe f`rlfey suddukale tb tgl vorf` glkbrrgfnod jlvlr. Ugl butarlfm wfs rst dbidbirkle oi Ibrtg Movu f prbvprbv oidl f`bin tgl abrelr aljbrl ot sprlfe tb btglr frlfs. Fddbreoin tb f stftlklit jrbk tgl Koiostry bj Glf`tg, tb dura fiy `oml`ogbbe bj oijldtle plbp`l drbssoin tb \nfief, sdrllioin gfs alli oitlisole ft vfrobus abrelr pboits fdrbss tgl dbuitry fie btglr jfdo`otols oid`ueoin abrelr gbspotf`s fie rljunll dfkps. Ft Myfmf QljuQljunll dfkp jbr oistfidl, 4:4 ilw frrovf`s jrbk EQD gfe alli sdrllile ay Fun.67 wglrl sox wlrl jbuie wotg gong tlkplrfturl fie eoei‟t sgbw fiy btglr sonis tgft dbkl wotg Lab`f. Ibw, wotg dfsls dbitoiuoin tb rosl oi Dbinb, \nfiefis gfvl alli urnle tb al vono`fit fie rlpbrt fiy suspldtle dfsls tb f glf`tg jfdo`oty fs sbbi fs pbssoa`l. Ugl sonis fie sykptbks bj Lab`f oid`uel kusd`l pfoi, nlilrf` abey wlfmilss, vbkotoin, faebkoif` pfoi fie uilxp`foile a`lleoin fkbin btglrs. Oj ibt kfifnle lfr`y fie wl``, fi Lab`f butarlfm dfi lfso`y aldbkl f drosos. Altwlli 1364 fie 136<, tgl eoslfsl mo``le kbrl tgfi 66,433 plbp`l oi tgl ^lst Fjrodfi stftls bj Nuoilf, @oalrof fie Tolrrf @lbil.
*tlrks fie dbieotobis fpp`y
^LLM
Tgl Drfils stiosg ^br`e Dup quf`ostlr uialftli
\nfief p`fylrs euroin tgl wfk up
\nfief‟s Tgl Drfils sldurle tglor tgore fpplfrfidl ft tgl iltaf`` ^br`e Dup oi sty`l, rltfoioin tglor Fjrodfi tot`l fie iosgoin tgl Fjrodfi quf`olrs uialftli oi @usfmf, Xfkaof bi Fun.67. F ::-<1 bvlr
Xokafawl dfpple f nrlft tburifklit jbr tgl Tgl Drfils, wgb wo`` hboi Fustrf`of, Lin`fie, Joho, Hfkfodf, Kf`fwo, Ilw XlfXlf `fie, Ibrtglri Orl`fie, Tfkbf, Tdbt`fie fie Tbutg Fjrodf wgb gfvl f`rlfey quf`ole jbr ilxt
sukklr‟s tburifklit. Elspotl tgl eljlft, Xokafawl kfmls ot tb tglor rst ^br`e Dup. Ugl if` jbur tlfks wo`` al dbirkle oi Tlptlkalr jb`jb``bwoin tgl rlnobif` quf`ojyoin lvlits jbr tgl Fklrodfs fie
\A@ suppbrts ybutg brnfiosftobi \nfief Arlwlrols @ok@okotle, bi Funust 13 gfiele bvlr f dbitroautobi bj Tgs63ko``obi tb Ubpbwf _butg Klitbroin \nfief, f ybutg lkpbwlrklit fie suppbrt brnfiosftobi tgft oivlsts oi gl`poin tgl nrbup ie pbsotovl kbtokbtovftobi, felquftl trfoitrfoi oin, tbb`s fie fssostfidl
tgft dfi gl`p tglk tb fddbkp`osg tglor erlfks. Ugl eukky dglqul wfs gfiele bvlr ay \A@‟s Kfifnoin Eorldtbr, Kfrm Bdoo (podturle bi tgl rongt) tb Tu`fokfi Mftbinb`l, tgl jbuielr bj Ubpbwf oi @uzorf, f MfkMfk pf`f suaura. Ugl gfiebvlr dboidoele wotg tgl
dbkpfiy‟s >1 ylfrs split oi tgl f`dbgb`od ausoilss f`binsoel ots sbdof` kleof dfkpfoni fokle ft rlwfreoin ybutg `le oiotoftovls tgft frl trfisjbrkoin `ovls. Bdoo sfoe lvlry ylfr, fs tgly dl`larftl tglor fiiovlrsfry tgly linfnl wotg dbkkuiotols oi f klfioinju` wfy.
Fsof rlnobis. \nfief — rfimle >tg oi tgl wbr`e — alnfi tgl quf`olr fs jfvbrotls fie eoe ibt eosfppboit, tgl Tgl Drfils f`sb novoin f fw`lss eosp`fy oi f`` vl nfkls tb tfml tgl kfxokfxo kuk 63 pboits. Ugl quf`olrs wlrl rui dbidurrlit`y wotg tgl Fjrodfi Dgfkpobisgop tgos ylfr, fie Fjrodf‟s sldbie tbp rfimle tlfk Kf`fwo dbkpltle, aut wlrl bvlrpbwlrle ay abtg \nfief fie Xfkaof. Kf`fwo gfvl f`rlfey quf`ole jbr ilxt ylfr‟s Iltaf`` ^br`e Dup fs tgly frl rfimle :tg oi tgl OIJ ^br`e Qfimoins wgodg kfel tglk l`onoa`l jbr futbkftod quf`odftobi. Ugl Tgl Drfils iosgle 7tg oi tgl 136< Iltaf`` ^br`e Dup, gl`e oi Tyeily, oi wgft wfs bi`y tglor sldbie lvlr fpplfrfidl ft tgl lvlit. Uglor `fst fpplfrfidl ft tgl lvlit probr tb tgft wfs oi tgl 6?>? tburifklit oi Uroioefe & Ubafnb. Ugl @usfmf rlsu`ts wo`` sll \nfief d`oka up fie bvlrtfml Kf`fwo oi tgl OIJ ^br`e Qfimoins.
^LLM
Mliyf‟s Qutb rldlovls tgl 1367 @ojltokl Fdgolvlklit Fwfre
Srlsoelit Hfdba Xukf
Oiquory oitb nrfjt oi Tbutg Fjrodf stfrts Fi oiquory oitb f``lnle dbrruptobi oi nbvlriklit euroin tgl tokl bj Srlsoelit Hfdba Xukf oi Tbutg Fjrodf stfrtle bi Fun.13 wotg pua`od glfroins. Ugl glfroins ay f pfil` `le ay Elputy Dgolj Hustodl Qfykbie Xbieb wlrl rst lxpldtle tb al ebi ebill oi oi sox sox kbi kbitgs tgs alj aljbrl brl f rlqulst wfs kfel tb gfvl tglk lxtliele tb up tb twb ylfrs. Xukf os `oml`y tb fpplfr aljbrl tgos pfil` tgft gl fppboitle oi Hfiufry fjtlr tgl gong dburt brelrle gok tb eb sb jb``bwoin oidrlfsle drotodosk bvlr gos oivb`vlklit oi dbrruptobi sdfief`s. Xukf‟s prba`lks stfrtle twb ylfrs fnb wgli f rlpbrt wfs rl`lfsle df``oin jbr fi oivlstonftobi oitb gos rl`ftobisgop altwlli gok fie tgl Nuptfs f wlf`tgy ausoil aus oilss ss jfko jfko`y. `y. Fddbreoi Fddbreoin n tb tb tgl rlpbrt, tgl jfko`y gfe f``lnf``ln le`y ffoile f `bt bj pbwlr tb tgl lxtlit tgft tgly oiulidle nbvlriklit fppboitklits, dbidbitrfdts fie nbvlriklit bwile ausoil aus oilssls ssls.. Srfv Srfvoi oi Nbr Nbregf egfi, i, f jbrklr ifidl koiostlr, aut ibw rlspbisoa`l jbr stftl dbkpfiols, gfs lstokftle tgft frbuie 633 ao``ob ao` `obi i rfie rfie ($: ($:.7 .7 ao` ao``ob `obi) i) bj stf stftl tl juies kfy gfvl alli `bbtle tgrbung dbrrupt prfdtodls.
Elputy Srlsoelit ^o``ofk Qutb Qldlovls @ojltokl Fdgolvlklit Fwfre
Ft tgl _buin Fdgolvlrs Fwfres dlrlkbiy gl`e bi Fun.67,, Mliyf‟s Elputy Srlso Fun.67 Srlso-elit ^o``ofk Qutb rldlovle f @ojl tokl Fdgolvlklit Fwfre. ‐@lt ibabey tl`` ybu tgft ybu dfi‟t kfml ot,‛ gl tb`e tgl drbwes sgbrt`y fjtlr gl wfs gfiele tgl fddb`fel, ‐Oj
tgly eb, tl`` tglk, wgft fabut Qutb wgb sb`e dgodmli fie os ibw tgl Elputy Srlsoelit bj Mliyf‛. Ugl fwfre wgodg wfs tgl efy‟s aonnlst gfs lvlr alli wbi ay Srlsoelits Kuslvlio bj \nfief fie Sfu` Mfnfkl bj Qwfief. Tplfmoin fabut tgl
dgbodl bj Qutb abtg fs fi fwfre woiilr fie Mlyibtl splfmlr, Gukpgrly Ifaokfiyf bil bj tgl fwfres brnfioslrs sfoe Qutb rlprlslits f nlilrftobi bj ilw ybutgju` `lfelrs fdrbss tgl dbitoilit wgb gfvl f pfssobi jbr ybuin plbp`l‟s wl``aloin. Gos rosl tb tgl bdl bj Mliyf‟s elputy prlsoelit os f stbry wbrtg sgfroin tb oisporl ybuin plbp`l ibt bi`y oi \nfief, aut Fjrodf. Gl`e uielr tgl tglkl ‐Qlwfreoin oiibvftobi fie lxdl``lidl rldbniozoin bj ybuin litrlprlilurs fie oisporoin tgl ilxt nlilrftobi bj wbr`e `lfelrs‛, tgl _buin Fdgolvlrs fwfres usuf``y dl`larftl oiibvftobi, litlrprosl, fdgolvlklit fie `lfelrsgop fkbin ybuin plbp`l.
DIBBD urnls kfiujfdturlrs bi bo` bppbrtuiotols DIBBD \nfief @okotle, bil bj tgl dbkpfdbkpf iols `odlisle tb tfml pfrt oi tgl ero``oin bj \nfief‟s :.< ao``obi afrrl`s bj druel bo`, gfs urnle kfiujfdturlrs tb rlnostlr oi tgl Iftobif` TupTup p`olr Eftfafsl (ITE) tb al fa`l tb alilt jrbk tgl sldtbr. DIBBD‟s Iftobif` Dbitlit Kfi fnlr, Hlssodf Mylyuil sfys jbr lvlry dbkpfiy tgft wfits tb nlt f dbitrfdt oi tgl sldtbr kust al rlnostlrle, sbkltgoin sgl sfys tgft sbkl kfiukfiujfdturlrs oi \nfief frl ibt eboin. Mylyuil wfs splfmoin bi tgl soel`oils bj tgl gf`j efy supp`olr elvl`bpklit wbrmsgbp jbr \nfief Kfiujfdturls Fssbdoftobi klkalrs brnfiosle ay DIB DIBBD BD ft Okpl Okplrof rof`` Qby Qbyf`l f`l Gbt Gbtl` l` bi Funu unust st 6:. Tgl sfoe tgft tgly brnfiosle tgl wbrmsgbp tb lidburfnl tgl \KF klkalrs tb rlnostlr oi tgl ITE tb tfp oitb tgl sldtbr‟s dbistrudtobi prbhprbh ldts `oml fddbkkbeftobi dfkps, `fyebwi frlfs, slduroty stftobis, tgl dlitrf` prbdlssoin jfdo`otols, tgl wftlr oitfml tfims fie tgl popl`oil tgft frl
nboin tb kbvl bo` fie nfs jrbk wl`` pfrts tb tgl rlilry br tb tgl lxpbrt popl`oils. Ugl btglr bppbrtuiotols sgl sfoe frl oi `bnostods jbr oi`fie fie f`sb okpbrtoin bj nbbes fie slrvodls. Mylyuil f`sb urnle kfiujfdturlrs tb okprbvl quf`oty bj slrvodl ay ffoioin stfiefres jrbk \nfief Iftobif` Aurlfu bj Ttfiefres tb fvboe aloin alo in eli eliole ole tgl bpp bppbrt brtuio uioty ty tb sup supp`y p`y tb tgl sldtbr. Ugl Lxldutovl Eorldtbr bj \KF, Efiol` Aoruino sfoe kbst bj gos klkalrs frl rlfey tb alilt ali lt jrb jrbk k tgl tgl \T$6 \T$6<-1 <-13ai 3ai oie oieust ustry. ry. ‐Ug ‐Ugos os os tgl fkbuit bj kbily tb splfm fabut bidl oi f `ojltokl,‛ Aoruino sfoe. Gl sfoe, klkalrs gfvl oivlstle quotl suastfitof``y oi ilw kfdgoilry, prbeudt `oils aut tgl dgf``linl gfs alli — fddlss tb oijbrkftobi. Gbwlvlr, gl sfoe <3% bj tgl 7<3 klkalrs frl rlnostlrle oi tgl ITE fie tgft jurtglr linfnlklits wotg bo` dbkpfiols wo`` sll kbrl klkalrs rlnostlroin fie wbrmoin tbwfres ligfidoin tglor sldtbr jbrtuils.
Gukbur
Ugl Bppbsotobi Jbruk jbr Elkbdrftod Dgfinl (JED) os druka`oin eul tb tgl oitlrif` jongts tgft frl tlfroin tgl pfrty fpfrt.
Oielplielit dfieoeftl Mfssofib ^fero wfs eld`frle tgl woiilr bj tgl Fruf Kuiodopf`oty Klkalr bj Sfr`ofklit ay-l`ldtobi.
.Ugl Ugl Hburif`ost tgft tg ft dbvlrle tgl t gl Fruf Kuiodopf`oty ay-l`ldtobis wlrl tfrnltle ay tgl pb`odl wgodg `lfe tb tglor frrlsts
Eoe ybu mibw2
Jfdlabbm os Jfdlabbm rftoin ybur trustwbrtgoilss Jfdlabbm gfs alnui tb fssoni ots uslrs f rlputftobi sdbrl, prleodtoin tglor trustwbrtgoilss bi f sdf`l jrbk zlrb tb 6. Ugl prlvobus`y uirlpbrtle rftoins systlk, wgodg Jfdlabbm gfs elvl`bple bvlr tgl pfst ylfr, sgbws tgft tgl ngt fnfoist tgl nfkoin bj tldg systlks gfs lvb`vle tb oid`uel klfsuroin tgl drleoao`oty bj uslrs tb gl`p oelitojy kf`odobus fdtbrs. Jfdlabbm elvl`bple ots rlputftobi fsslssklits fs pfrt bj ots lbrt fnfoist jfml ilws, Ulssf @ybis, tgl prbeudt kfifnlr wgb os oi dgfrnl bj ngtoin kosoijbrkftobi, sfoe oi fi oitlrvolw. Ugl dbkpfiy, `oml btglrs oi tldg, gfs `bin rl`ole bi ots uslrs tb rlpbrt prba`lkftod dbitlit ― aut fs Jfdlabbm gfs novli plbp`l kbrl bptobis, sbkl uslrs alnfi jf`sl`y rlpbrtoin otlks fs uitrul, f ilw twost bi oijbrkftobi wfrjfrl jbr wgodg ot gfe tb fddbuit. Ot‟s ‐ibt uidbkkbi jbr plbp`l tb tl`` us sbkltgoin os jf`sl sokp`y aldfusl tgly eosfnrll wotg tgl prlkosl bj f stbry br tgly‟rl oitlitobif``y tryoin tb tfrnlt f pfrtodu`fr pua`osglr,‛ @ybis sfoe. \slrs‟ trustwbrtgoilss sdbrl altwlli zlrb fie 6 osi‟t klfit tb al fi fasb`utl oieodftbr bj f plrsbi‟s drleoao`ot drleoao`oty, y, @ybis sfoe, ibr os tglrl os f soin`l uiole rlputftobi sdbrl tgft uslrs frl fssonile. Qftglr, tgl sdbrl os bil klfsurlklit fkbin tgbusfies bj ilw algfvobrf` d`uls tgft Jfdlabbm ibw tfmls oitb fddbuit fs ot sllms tb uielrstfie rosm. Jfdlabbm os f`sb kbiotbroin wgodg uslrs gfvl f prbplisoty tb fn dbitlit pua`osgle ay btglrs fs prba`lkftod fie wgodg pua`osglrs frl dbisoelrle trustwbrtgy ay uslrs.
O``lnf` kbtbrdyd`ls slozle ay pb`odl sot stfdmle oi f sdrfp yfre oi Nufinzgbu, Dgoif, bi Funust 63, 1367. Uglrl wlrl bvlr :,333 o``lnf` kbtbrdyd`ls slozle ay `bdf` pb`odl bvlr tgl pfst ylfr oi tgl yfre
Ugl @fst ^bre
BSOIOBI
Ugl efinlrs bj pua`od bpoiobi Ay Fierlw K. Kwlief
^gy stftl arutf`oty tbwfres bppbsotobi pb`otodofis fie hbur hb urif if`o `ost sts s sg sgbu bu`e `e kf kfm ml us rl rlvo voso sott `o `oal alrf rf`` tr trfe feot otob obis is
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gl 6?tg dlitury dfrtbbi dgfrfdtlr, pbt-al``ole aburnlbosol Kbisolur Sruegbkkl, dfrrole f `frnl swbre wotg f ebua`l oitlit8 prokfro`y tb eljlie tgl rlpua`od fnfoist ot lilkols, fie sldbiefro`y, tb ffdm ot sgbu`e ot strfy jrbk ots dbursl. Oi tgl sfkl kfiilr ky prbjlssobif` wbrm fs f pb`otodf` dbkklitftbr gfs f`wfys gfe twb purpbsls8 bil, tb eljlie tgl dfusl bj `oalrty, jrllebk fie elkbdrfdy= fie twb, tb ffdm pslueb elkbdrfts wgb d`fok tb ngt jbr tglsl oelf`s oi tglor rldm`lss pursuot bj pbwlr. Ugus, wgo`l O dbielki oi tgl strbinlst tlrks tgl arutf` frrlst fie tbrturl bj bppbsotobi pb`otodofis ay stftl slduroty jbrdls, O fk f`sb dbistfit`y dbisdobus bj tgl jfsdost tlielidols bj sbkl bppbsotobi pb`otodofis. Ugos os kbst kfiojlst fkbin tglor kbst pfssobiftl suppbrtlrs= lspldof``y bi`oil wglrl tgly lkp`by dyalr au``yoin — a`fdmkfo`, `ols fie s`fielr — fs f pb`otodf` strftlny. Oi sykpftgozoin wotg oieovoeuf`s wgbsl rongts fie jrllebks gfvl alli vob`ftle, wl sgbu`e ibt al a`oie tb tgl efinlr tglsl plbp`l pfusl tb `oalrty fie jrllebk oi bur dbuitry. O sgfrl tgl slitoklits bj kfiy \nfiefis fabut tgl rldlit arutf`oty bj tgl slduroty jbrdls fnfoist uifrkle fie eljlisl`lss dotozlis bj bur rlpua`od. Ugos os lvli kbrl dbkpl``oin= lspldof``y wftdgoin voelbs bj slduroty jbrdls frrlstoin fie alftoin ky jl``bw hburif`osts. Uglrl sllks tb al f db`` db``fps fpsll oi oi tgl tgl kbrf kbrf`` dbkp dbkpfss fss bj bur slduroty slrvodls. _lt eosdop`oil oi tgl slduroty slrvodls gfe, lvli wotg bil tgbusfie fie bil wlfmilssls, alli tgl dbrilrstbil bj Srlsoelit _bwlro Kuslvlio‟s nbvlriklit fie pb`otods. Fs f`rlfey ibtle, wgo`l tgl fdtobis bj tgl stftl frl oieljlisoa`l, tgl algfvobr bj bppbsotobi `lfelrs fie kfiy bj tglor suppbrtlrs os lquf``y rlprlglisoa`l. Sb`otodf` fie dovod `lfelrs bj \nfief sgbu`e lidburfnl plbp`l tb prbtlst plfdlju``y. Bppbsotobi pb`otodofis sgbu`e nlt allr brnfiosle tb lisurl tgly gfvl dbitrb` bvlr tglor suppbrtlrs wgb prbtlst. ^gli prbtlstbrs frl ibt brnfiosle, tgly fdt `oml f kba. Kbas ebi‟t auo`e tgoins= tgly elstrby tglk. Ugos os lspldof``y sb wgli tgly tfml tgl `fw oitb tglor gfies. Fie bidl tgos gfpplis, ot oivotls fie hustols gfrsg stftl
rlspbisl. Uglrljbrl, O fk vlry dbisdobus bj tgl jfdt tgft oi tgl koest bj pua`od finlr dfusle ay tgl arutf` fdtobis bj tgl stftl, kbst plbp`l wo`` al oid`oile tb onibrl tgl prbvbdftobis tgft `le tb ot, `oml tgl pl`toin bj tgl prlsoelit‟s dbivby wotg stbils, fi fdt tgft O strbin`y eosfnrll wotg fie dbielki. Uglrl os ib hustodftobi wgftsblvlr jbr dotozlis, gbwlvlr finry, tb tgrbw stbils ft tgl prlsoelit‟s dbivby. \nfiefi puieots, dovo` sbdolty fie sbdof` kleof fdtovosts fie hburif hbu rif`os `osts ts eb ibt dbi dbielk elki i tgos tgos algf algfvob vobrr jbr jlfr bj fiibyoin ‐pua`od bpoiobi‛ fie f`sb oi brelr tb woi dglfp pbpu`froty. Tldbie`y, jbr tgbsl wgb eosfnrll wotg Kuslvlio tb kfml slisl tb kl, tgly kust lxgoaot suplrobr vf`uls tb gos fie elkbistrftl tgos ibt bi`y oi wbre, aut f`sb oi elle. Qongt ibw tgl bppbsotobi gfvl f `bt bj pbwlr bi sbdof` kleof. Uglrl, tgly lxgoaot tgl wbrst jbrks bj oitb`lrfidl bj eovlrnlit volws. ^gft wbu`e gfppli oj tgly gfe dbkkfie bj tgl rlprlssovl pbwlr bj tgl stftl2 Ot os, tglrljbrl, drotodf` tgft wl nb afdm tb tgl `oalrf` trfeotobis fie `ostli tb bil bj ots nrlftlst pgo`bsbpglrs, Mfr` Sbpplr, bi pua`od bpoiobi. Sbpplr wfs drotodf` bj tgl kytg wgodg froautls tb tgl vbodl bj tgl plbp`l f moie bj if` futgbroty fie ui`okotle wosebk. Oi tgl dgfptlr bi ‐Sua`od Bpoiobi fie @oalrf` Sroidop`ls,‛ oi gos abbm cDbihldturls fie Qljutftobis‟, Sbpplr os drotodf` bj bur a`oie fie ifâvl jfotg oi tgl u`tokftl dbkkbislisl rongtilss bj tgl ‐kfi oi tgl strllt.‛ Gl sfys, quotl dbrrldt`y, tgft tgl fvboefidl bj tgl p`urf` os tl``oin soidl plbp`l frl rfrl`y uiovbdf` bi fiy ossul. Uglrl frl fs kfiy bpoiobis oi fs kfiy strllts fs tgl plbp`l wgb `ovl oi tgl doty. Sbpplr‟s nrlftlst dbitroautobi wfs tgl rldbniotobi tgft pua`od bpoiobi os vlry pbwlrju`. Ot dfi dgfinl nbvlriklits, lvli elspbtod bils. Tb gl dfutobile tgft `oalrf`s ‐bungt tb rlnfre fiy sudg pbwlr wotg sbkl elnrll bj suspodobi. ‐Bwoin tb ots fibiykoty,‛ Sbpplr wrbtl, ‐pua`od bpoiobi os fi orrlspbisoa`l jbrk bj pbwlr, fie tglrljbrl pfrtodu`fr`y efinlrbus jrbk tgl `oalrf` pboit bj volw.‛ ‐Ugl rlkley oi bil eorldtobi os bavobus8 ay koi koioko okosoi soin n tgl tgl pbw pbwlr lr bj tgl stf stftl, tl,‛‛ gl wlit bi, ‐tgl efinlr bj tgl oiulidl
bj pua`od bpoiobi, lxlrtle tgrbung tgl fnlidy bj tgl stftl, wo`` al rleudle. Aut tgos ebls ibt sldurl tgl jrllebk bj tgl oieovoeuf`‟s algfvobr fie tgbungt jrbk tgl eorldt prlssurl bj pua`od bpoiobi. Glrl tgl oieovoeuf` illes tgl pbwlrju` prbtldtobi bj tgl stftl. Uglsl dbiodtoin rlquorlklits dfi al ft `lfst klt ay f dlrtfoi moie bj trfeotobi…‛ Oi gos lssfy ‐Bi @oalrty‛, Hbgi Ttufrt Ko`` gfe kfel tgos pboit. Gl frnule tgft tgl aonnlst tgrlft tb oieovoeuf` `oalrty os ibt ildlssfro`y tgl stftl. Qftglr ot os kfhbrotols tgft frl wo``oin tb usl tgl wlongt bj iukalrs tb supprlss fie so`lidl koibrotols. Ot os jbr tgos rlfsbi tgft Ko`` wrbtl8 ‐Oj f`` kfimoie koius bil wlrl bj bil bpoiobi fie bi`y bil plrsbi wfs bj f dbitrfry bpoiobi, kfimoie wbu`e al ib kbrl husto hus tole le oi so` so`lid lidll tgft tgft bil plr plrsbi sbi tgf tgfi i gl, gl, oj gl gfe tgl pbwlr, wbu`e al hustole oi so`lidoin kfimoie.‛ Sbpplr frnuls tgft ot os lfsy tb sll tgl stftl fs f dbistfit efinlr, fi lvo`, tgbung f ildlssfry bil. Aut tgos os aldfusl jbr tgl stftl tb ju``` ots juidtobis, ot kust gfvl kbrl pbwlr tgfi fiy soin`l provftl dotozli br pua`od dbrpbrftobi. Gl frnuls tgft lvli tgbung plbp`l kfy elsoni oistotutobis tb koiokosl tgl rosm bj tgl pbwlrs bj tgl stftl aloin kosusle, tgft rosm dfi ilvlr al dbkp`ltl`y l`okoiftle. Uglrljbrl, plbp`l gfvl tb dbitoiul tb pfy jbr tgl prbtldtobi bj tgl stftl ibt bi`y oi tfxls aut f`sb oi tgl jbrk bj guko`oftobis sulrle — jbr lxfkp`l ft tgl gfies bj au``yo au` `yoin in bdo bdof`s f`s.. Toid Toidll tgl tgl efin efinlr lr bj fau fausl sl bj stftl pbwlr dfiibt al l`okoiftle, Sbpplr frnule, tgl bi`y tgoin wl dfi gbpl jbr os ibt tb pfy tbb glfvo`y jbr ot. Ugos frnuklit os dbisostlit wotg tgl tglkl Sbpplr frtodu`ftle oi cBpli Tbdolty fie ots Lilkols‟ o.l. tgft bur gukfi oistotutobis frl oiglrlit`y okplrjldt fie tgft f plrjldt sbdolty os okpbssoa`l tb ffoi. Uglrljbrl, wl kust dbitlit bursl`vls wotg fi okplrjldt sbdolty aut tgft os, gbwlvlr, dfpfa`l bj oiiotl okprbvlklit. Ot os f dbislrvftovl pgo`bsbpgy tb wgodg Efvoe Gukl, Lekbie Aurml, Jrlelrodm Zbi Gfylm fie Kodgfl` Bfmlsgb wbu`e gfvl fnrlle. fkwliefCoielplielit.db.un
DBZLQ TUBQ_
Abao ^oil‟s tbrturl Gbw cplbp`l pbwlr‟ got iftobif` stfnl wotg prbtlsts Ay J`fvof Ifssfmf
DBZLQ TUBQ_
F
s gl `ljt tgl Dgolj Kfnostrftl‟s dburt oi Nu`u bi Fun.6: Fun.6:,, Fruf Kuiodopf`oty KS-l`ldt Mfssofib Lzfto ^fer ^feroo , dgfitle, ‐^l ‐^l sgf`` bvlrdbkl, ^l sgf`` bvlrdbkl‛ fs f nrbup bj plbp`l pllpoin tgrbung tgl dburt‟s worl klsg jlidl wfvle afdm= fsgoin tgl Z-soni bj tgl bppbsotobi Jbruk jbr Elkbdrftod Dgfinl (JED) pfrty. Ugli gl stfnnlrle bitb f wfotoin podmup trudm wotg gos rongt gfie d`fkple ay f pfor bj gfiedus gl sgfrle wotg f db-eltfoill. Ugl Fruf Kuiodopf`oty l`ldtobi wfs quodm`y aldbkoin f pua`od rl`ftobis eosfstlr jbr tgl nbvlriklit fie Srlsoelit _bwlro Kuslvlio plrsbif``y soidl ot lklrnle tgft tgl l`otl trbbps tgft nufre gok gfe fdtle butsoel tgl `fw, sgbt, oihurle, fie mo``le dovo`ofis, tbrturle KSs fie btglr dovo`ofis, fie vfief`osle prbplrty . Ugl tbrturl fie eltlitobi bj KSs wfs glfe`oil ilws bi AAD. Ot os tgl `ftlst soni bj tgl oidrlfsoin ko`otfrosftobi bj pb`otodf` dbitlsts oi \nfief uielr Kuslvlio fie jb``bws tgl Tlptlkalr 136> oidoelits wgli slduroty jbrdls litlrle pfr`ofklit fie alft up fie eltfoile slvlrf` KSs. Ibw, ot fpplfrs, tgl arutf`oty bj tgl slduroty jbrdls os aloin kftdgle ay rosoin dovo`ofi elfidl wotg ib d`lfr lie oi songt. Jb``bwoin tgl fdtobis bj tgl Tpldof` Jbrdls Dbkkfie (TJD) tgft nufres Kuslvlio oi Fruf, robts gfvl rbdmle pfrts bj tgl dbuitry. Bi Fun. Fun. 13, robts arbml but fie tlfrnfs fie au``lts ruin but oi ebwitbwi Moslmf frlf wglrl pb`odl frrlstle bvlr 633 prbtlstlrs. Srbtlsts f`sbsprlfe tb doty suauras bj Mftwl wglrl pb`odl sgbt bil elfe, Moauyl, Iellal, fie Iftlltl, tgl ilfray tbwis bj Kumbib fie lvli jfrtglr oi Hoihf fie Ausof oi lfstlri \nfief. Bi Fun.6?, Fun.6 ?, bil plrsbi wfs sgbt elfe oi
Kotyfif fie slvlrf` oihurle, oid`ueoin pb`odl bdlrs. Lfr`olr, bi Fun.67 tgl pb`odl gfe ruiioin af`ls wotg ybutg aurioin tyrls fie afrrodfeoin rbfes oi tgl Mfkwbmyf suaura bj Mfkpf`f doty. Ulfrnfs wfs rle fie slvlrf` wlrl oihurle fie frrlstle. Oi fi lsdf`ftoin wfvl, tgl TJD gfs alli dbielkile ay jbrloni lkafssols, dovo` sbdolty brnfiosftobis, rl`onobus `lfelrs, fie gukfi rongts fdtovosts. Ugl Oielplielit gfs `lfrit tgft Kuslvlio os fixobus tgft rlpbrtoin bj tgl oidoelit fie ots fjtlrkftg os dbitrb``le oj ibt stbpple, lspldof``y bi UZ. Oisoelrs tb`e Ugl Oielplielit tgft Kuslvlio oistrudtle tgl Koiostlr bj oijbrkftobi, Jrfim Uukwlafzl, tb dfutobi kleof gbusls tgft tgly wbu`e al sgut ebwi oj tgly plrsost bi sudg rlpbrts. Fie Uukwlafzll gfs, oi turi, oistrudtle tgl Uukwlafz \nfief Dbkkuiodftobis Dbkkossobi (\DD) wgodg rlnu`ftls tgl arbfedfst sldtbr tb dfsdfel tgl prlsoelit‟s wfrioin fie d`fkpebwi bi arlfdgls. Kuslvlio gfs f`sb `fuidgle f bilkfi SQ dfkpfoni oivb`voin tgrlfts fie swlltlilrs. Gl gfs df``le tgl kleof purvlybrs bj jfml ilws jbr rlpbrtoin tgl tbrturl, euaale dovo` sbdolty fnlits bj jbrloni nbvlriklits, fie `fal`le l`ldtobi bdof`s dbrrupt. ‐Sslueb-elkbdrfts, al oijbrkle tgft tgl nfkl bj tryoin tb gohfdm bur elkbdrfdy ay jfsdosts fie jbrloni fnlits os bvlr. ^l sgf`` ibt tb`lrftl fiy tgrlfts ay wbres br ay fdtobis. Libung os libung. Kleof gbusls sgbu`e f`sb stfie wfrile. Eb ybur kfieftl8 af`fidle rlpbrtoin,‛ gl sfoe oi f stftlklit bi Fun.13. Aut Kuslvlio gfs f`sb p`lenle f d`lfi-up wotgoi gos rfims. ‐O wo`` uprbbt tgbsl lvo`s,‛ gl sfoe, ‐F rlvb`utobifry pb`otodofi p b`otodofi os `oml f ku`bmb`l- ib dglftoin, ib `yoin. Ib mo``oin prosbilrs. Ib kostrlftklit bj prosbilrs.‛
Ugl rl Kuslvlio os flkptoin tb put but os tgl kbst uilxpldtle butdbkl bj f ayl`ldtobi tb rlp`fdl s`foi IQK `lnos`ftbr Oarfgok Faoronf wgodg sgbu`e gfvl alli fi bpli fie slf` dfsl jbr tgl IQK= fjtlr f`` tgl ru`oin pfrty wbi slvli bj tgl longt pfr`ofklitfry slfts oi tgl eostrodt. Aut wotg Faoronf, f vltlrfi bj tgl pbst-6?7: wfrs pb`otodf` ilnbtoftobis fie rldbinurftobis, but bj tgl podturl, tgl frlf erfkftodf``y blrle fi bppbrtuioty jbr f``. \p tb 61 dfieoeftls blrle tglksl`vls fie ay tgl tokl l`ldtobi rlsu`ts wlrl eld`frle f `o`l aljbrl 63pk bi Fun.6<, Fun.6<, ^feroo gfe wbi. Aut flitobi gfe sgojtle ^fer tb gos wglrlfabuts — wgodg wlrl sto`` uid`lfr. F`` tgft wfs mibwi os tgft gl gfe alli podmle up ay tgl rfkpfnoin TJD wgb f`sb rfoele Gbtl` Sfdod oi Fruf, rfisfdmle ot, frrlstle bvlr 43 plbp`l oid`ueoin vl bppbsotobi KSs fie aflrle tglk tgbrbung`y. Ugl TJD wfs fppfrlit`y finry tgft sbklbil gfe f``lnle`y tgrbwi stbils ft tgl prlsoelitof` kbtbrdfel, sgflroin tgl rlfr n`fss bj Kuslvlio‟s bdof` dfr. ^fero wfs tb rlfpplfr bi Fun.6: ft tgl Nu`u Kfnostrftls dburt fabut 1<3mks fwfy jrbk gos dbistotulidy. Ubnltglr wotg tgrll btglr KSs fie f kbt`ly db``ldtobi bj tglor suppbrtlrs, ^fero wfs dgfrnle wotg trlfsbi fie rlkfiele tb Nu`u Srosbi uito` Fun.43. Fun.43. Ugl afsos os tgl f``lnle stbioin bj tgl Srlsoelitof` kbtbrdfel wgodg os pbssoa`y f jrovb`bus dgfrnl bj `okotle `lnf` dbislqulidl. Oistlfe ot os tgl dgfrnls fnfoist Myfeebieb Lfst KS Qbalrt Myfnu`fiyo fmf Abao^oil= tgl pbstlr dgo`e bj tgl sb-df``le Slbp`l Sbwlr Kbvlklit tgft foele ^fero‟s l`ldtobi tgft frl soniodfit. Abao ^oil ibw jfdls f aflry bj dgfrnls oid`ueoin trlfsbi fie ui`fwju` pbsslssobi bj nuis fie fkkuiotobi. Fddbreoin tb kbst puieots, tgl dgfrnls frl `oml`y tb al trukple
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up. F`sb, f`tgbung gos db-fddusle frl aloin dgf aloin dgfrnl rnle e oi oi dovo dovo`of `ofi i dbur dburts, ts, Aba Abaoo ^oil os aloin dgfrnle oi tgl frky dburt kfrtof`. Ugft futbkftodf``y klfis f `bin oidfrdlrftobi, aloin elprovle bj afsod eul prbdlss fie rongts bj f prosbilr, fie fi uidlrtfoi rlsb`utobi. Fs tgl glfe bj tgl dburt kfrtof`= @t. Nli. Fierlw Nuo, gfs f`rlfey sfoe, Abao ^oil nbt goksl`j oitb f `ftdg fie sgbu`e ibt lxpldt kudg sykpftgy jrbk gos dburt.
Tdfrle stftus qub Uglsl lvlits frl tgl plfm bj f uoe pb`otodf` sotuftobi oi Fruf wgodg, baslrvlrs sfy rlldts tgl sotuftobi frbuie tgl dbuitry. Fiytgoin dfi gfppli= lspldof``y, tgl uilxpldtle. Lvli tgbung gl eoe ibt dfrry tgl JED fn oi tgos pb``, ^fero usle tgl JED‟s Z-soni tgrbungbut tgl tgrll wllms dfkpfoni. Aut gl f`sb erfple goksl`j oi rle — tgl db`bur bj tgl sb-df``le ‐Slbp`l Sbwlr kbvlklit‛ wgbsl pbstlr jfdl= tgl rst tlrk ybuin KS Qbalrt Myfnu`fiyo fmf Abao ^oil os fddusle bj rl`ftle drokls tb ^fero‟s. Ot os f soni bj tgl tokls tgft ^fero dbu`e rui fs fi oielplielit, roel bi tgl pbpu`froty bj Abao ^oil‟s rle frky aut sto`` usl tgl sykab`s bj f rlnostlrle bppbsotobi pfrty= JED, wgodg f`sb gfe ots bdof` dfieoeftl oi tgl rfdl. Abao ^oil fie gos nrbup afdm tgl woiioin au``. Ugly frl ibt abuie abu ie ay pfrt pfrty y f``l f``lnof nofidl idl br oel oelb`b b`bny. ny. Uglors os f jbbt`bbsl wfvl tgft sdfrls fiy stftus qub.
Lquf``y soniodfit os tgl rlf`oty tgft, hust fabu hust fabutt 13 13 kbit kbitgs gs tb tgl 131 13166 nlilr nlilrf` f` l`ldtobis dfkpfonis, Kuslvlio fie gos ru`oin IQK pfrty gfvl ibt ylt elvosle tgl klfis tb eljlft tgl ilw jbrdl oi fi l`ldtobi. Ugl rle wfvl gfs tgl kbklituk, fie ilotglr Kuslvlio ibr tgl kfoistrlfk bppbsotobi pfrtols gfvl f dbitfoiklit strftlny, fie tokl os ruiioin but. F`tgbung tgl rle wfvl lklrnle frbuie tgl Tlptlkalr 136> smorkosgls oi pfr`ofklit altwlli slduroty jbrdls fie KSs bppbsle tb tgl `ojtoin bj tgl prlsoelitof` fnl `okot tb f``bw Srlsoelit Kuslvlio tb al l`onoa`l tb dbitlst l`ldtobis, Abao ^oil wgb gfe hust wbi tgl Myfeebieb Lfst slft oi Huill 136> Hui 136>,, fpplf fpplfrs rs tb gfv gfvll oistf oistf``l ``le e goksl goksl`j `j fs ots el jfdtb `lfelr. Fssbdoftls uielr tgos nrbup stfie but jbr tglor rle sdfrjs, bvlrf``s, alrlt, alr lt, sgo sgort rt br U-sg U-sgort ort,, fie fie rle fiyt fiytgoi goin n rlf``y fie tglor ab`eilss. Ot gfs alli nrbwoin oi strlintg fie, sbkl wbu`e sfy, ibtbrolty. Fjtlr roeoin bi ybutg eosdbitlit wotg IQK fie gos pbpu`froty fs f kusod suplrstfr tb woi oi Myfeebieb, Abao ^oil gfs `le gos rle frky tb suppbrt woiioin dfieoeftls oi tgrll ayl`ldtobis oi Hoihf Lfst, Aunoro, fie Fruf. Oi kbst dfsls, ot gfs alli f dfsl bj tgl fpprlitodl alftoin tgl kfstlr fs Abao ^oil‟s dfkp gfs trbuidle dfieoeftls suppbrtle ay gos klitbr= tgl bppbsotobi JED stf`wfrt Mozzf Alsonyl. Oi f`` dfsls Abao ^oil‟s dfkp gfs f`sb eljlftle dfieoeftls afdmle ay Kuslvlio. Fie, oi f kfhbr arlfm jrbk tgl pfst tgft os
tgrlftlioin tgl b`e brelr fie pfrtols `oml JED fie IQK, Abao ^oil‟s dfkp fpplfrs tb woi ibt tgrbung vbtl ronnoin, oitokoeftobi, br aroalry aut tgrbung kbao`osftobi bj vbtlrs.
Abao ^oil tfrnltle Zbtlrs fpplfr dfptovftle ay Abao ^oil‟s abyosg dgf abyosg dgfrk rk fie dgf dgfros roskf kf wgo wgodg dg al` al`ols ols tgl gfrelile df`du`ftovl strllt skfrts bj sbklbil wgb nrlw up oi sbkl bj tgl tbunglst ilongaburgbbes bj pbvlrty fie eruns, dbiqulrle tglk tb aldbkl tgl ‐Ngltb Srlsoelit‛, auo`t f kusod fie ausoil aus oilss ss arfi arfie, e, fie rlo rloivl ivlitl itle e goksl goksl`j `j fs f pb`otodofi. Uglsl trfots bj Abao ^oil wlrl bi sgbw oi Fruf. Aut wgo`l tgly gfvl oi tgl pfst gl`ple gok l`uel tgl arutf` jbrdl bj Kuslvlio‟sslduroty fnlits, gl wfs tgos tokl dfungt oi tglor ilt. Fddbreoin tb plbp`l wgb gfvl baslrvle Abao ^oil, gl `ovls `ojl fs f kfrmle kfi, dbistfit`y elvosoin wfys tb lvfel dfpturl. Oi Fruf, jbr lxfkp`l, f`tgbung gos litburfnl rlslrvle slvlrf` rbbks ft Gbtl` Sfdod, Abao ^oil eoe ibt stfy oi fiy bj tgl rbbks. Oistlfe gl wbu`e silfm fwfy tb f sldrlt rbbk. Gos tlielidy tb fvboe eboin tgl bavobus f`sb kongt gfvl sfvle gos `ojl wgli gos erovlr wfs sgbt elfe oi Fruf. Ft Ft tgl tokl, tgl erovlr wfs rlpbrtle`y slftle oi tgl db-erovlr‟s slft - wglrl Abao ^oil wbu`e btglrwosl gfvl alli. Fs tgl strfongt-tf`moin Tliobr Srlsoelitof` Fevosbr, Hbgi Ifnlief, put ot oi gos db`uki oi tgl Tfturefy vosobi, ‐wfs tgl mo``lr tryoin tb mo`` Myfnu`fiyo2
DBZLQ TUBQ_
Aut elspotl gos flkpts ft goeoin, Abao ^oil wfs jlrrltle but bj gos dbvlr, f``lnle`y fjtlr f klkalr bj gos tlfk wfs tgrlftlile fie altrfyle gok. Gl fie tgl btglr KSs fie eltfoills wlrl tbrturle aflrle afe`y oi f dfsl tgft gfs frfdtle oitlriftobif` flitobi fie `ljt Kuslvlio flkptoin fi okfnl d`lfi-up. Abao ^oil fie fibtglr ybuin KS, Jrfidos Xffml (Kotyfif Kuiodopf`oty) fpplfr tb gfvl nbt tgl gfrelst lie bj tgl stodm. Abtg dbu`e afrl`y splfm, sot, br stfie wgli tglor dbieotobi rst aldfkl pua`od. Abao ^oil gfe tb al for`ojtle jrbk Nu`u tb Mfkpf`f, wglrl Srlsoelit Kuslvlio sfys gos dbieotobi wfs fsslssle ay frky ebdtbrs tb lisurl tgft gos `ojl os but efinlr. Xffml wgbsl nbry tbrturl pgbtbs wlrl tgl rst tb sgbdm bi sbdof` kleof liele up oi f provftl d`oiod, arlftgoin bi bxynli tfims. Qlpbrts tgft gl gfe eole spfrmle robts oi gos dbistotulidy bi Fun.6? fie bil plrsbi wfs sgbt elfe fie slvlrf` oihurle, oid`ueoin pb`odl bdlrs. Lfr`olr, bi Fun.67 tgl pb`odl gfe ruiioin af`ls wotg ybutg aurioi aur ioin n tyrl tyrlss fie fie afr afrrod rodfeo feoin in rbf rbfes es oi Aba Abaoo ^oil‟s Mfkwbmyf suaura bj Mfkpf`f doty. Ulfrnfs wfs rle fie slvlrf` wlrl oihurle fie frrlstle. Bi Fun. 13, robts arbml arb ml but fie tlf tlfrnf rnfss fie fie au` au``lt `ltss ruin ruin but oi ebwitbwi Mosslmmf tbwi frlf fie btglr pfrts bj tgl dbuitry. Ugl Fruf Kuiodopf`oty l`ldtobi fsdb gfs soidl spfwile tgl gfsgtfn #jrllabaowoil bi Uwolr. Kuslvlio gfs plrsbif``y rlspbiele wotg kossovl fjtlr kossovl oi fi bvlrerovl bj efkfnl dbitrb`. Oi f stftlklit rl`lfsle ay tgl prl prlsoe soelit litof` of` prl prlss ss uiot uiot bi Fun. un.6< 6< fie froautle tb tgl Srlsoelit, gl sfoe l`lklits bj tgl Bppbsotobi, oid`ueoin ^fero, Abao ^oil fie btglrs wgb stbile gos dbivby, fie sgflrle tgl rlfr n`fss woiebw bj gos dfr, wgodg os ibt frkburle dfusle tgl prba`lk. Gl a`fkle bppbsotobi `lfelrs wgb tfml prbdlssobis bj suppbrtlrs tgrbung dbinlstle strllts. Ugl Srlsoelit rljlrlidle Aunoro wglrl fibtglr plrsbi wfs mo``le euroin f ayl`ldtobi tglrl. ‐^l wlit tb tgl ausg tb ngt jbr tgl rongt bj kfmoin pb`otodf` eldosobis ay \nfiefis wotgbut oitokoeftobi ay wbre br fdtobi. Fiyabey wgb tgrlftlis tgos wo`` gfvl goksl`j tb a`fkl,‛ gl sfoe. Ugli gl a`fkle wlfm kfifnlklit ay tgl pb` pb`odl odl.. Ugl Ugl Srl Srlsoe soelit lit rlo rloijb ijbrdl rdle e gos rlfdtobi wotg fibtglr stftlklit tgl ilxt efy bi Fun.6:. Ugos tokl sfyoin tgl Fruf Kuiodopf`oty l`ldtobis ‐wlrl gl`e plfdlju``y‛ aldfusl ‐tgl brnfioslrs bj vob`lidl fie drokoif`oty gfe alli frrlstle‛. Gl feele8 ‐Ilvlrtgl`lss, tgl vob`lidl bj tgl prlvobus efys gfe gfe tgl kbst ilnftovl lldt. But bj tgl 5:,333 rlnostlrle vbtlrs, bi`y 6:,333 turile but tb vbtl. Bi`y 45% bj tgl l`ldtbrftl.‛ Ugl Srlsoelit sfoe tgl bppbsotobi
stb`l tgl l`ldtobi oi Hoihf Lfst, Aunoro Kuiodopf`oty, fie Fruf Kuiodopf`oty usoin o``lnf` vbtlrs. Gl sfoe oivlstonftobis wlrl binboin — bj f``lnftobis tgft sbkl dfieoeftls gfe okpbrtle o``lnf` vbtlrs jrbk btglr frlfs tb tgl kuiodopf`oty. Gl eoe ibt klitobi oivlstonftobi oitb tgl dfusl bj tgl l`ldtobilvl vob`lidl, elftg bj Abao ^oil‟s erovlr, br tgl frrlsts fie woel`y pua`odosle tbrturl bj dovo`ofis fie vfief`ozoin bj gbtl`s oi Fruf ay gos Tpld Tpldof` of` Jbr Jbrdls dls Dbk Dbkkfi kfie e sb`eo sb`eolrs. lrs. Oistlfe gl sfoe8 ‐Ugl dfsls bj tlrrbrosk, efkfnoin prbplrty, kfis`fungtlr ltd. fnfoist tgl Gbis8 ^fero, Abao ^oil, ltd. wo`` dbitoiul. Uglor fdtobis `le tb tgl elftg bj f \nfiefi, oihury bj f iukalr bj btglrs fie efkfnl tb prbplrty, sb tgl f``lnftobis nb. ‐ ‐^gy sgbu`e f \nfiefi al alftli, oitokoeftle br gfvl gos prbplrty br `ojl elstrbyle bi fddbuit bj pb`otods2 ^otg uidbitrb``le vob`lidl oi l`ldtobis, kfiy vbtlrs wo`` jlfr tb nb jbr vbtoin. Ugos wo`` klfi tgl eoslijrfidgoslklit bj \nfiefis. ‐^gy, tgli, eoe tgl \nfiefis sgle tglor a`bbe2 a`b be2 Ot wf wfss oi oi brel brelrr jbr jbr tgl tglk k tb tb rui rui tgl tglor or dbuitry tgrbung jfor fie jrll l`ldtobis. O wo`` eljlie tgft rongt tbefy fie tbkbrrbw fs O eoe oi tgl pfst,‛ gl sfoe. Ugl Srlsoelit ossule f tgore stftlklit bi Fun.6?, Fun.6?, tgos tokl sfyoin s fyoin d`foks oi tgl kleof tgft Abao ^oil wfs nrfvl`y o`` fie nrolvbus`y efkfnle ay wgft gl df``le ‐rbung gfie`oin ay slduroty jbrdls euroin frrlst‛ fie gl dfiibt tf`m wlrl ‐jfml ilws‛. Gl spldodf``y klitobile Kbiotbr fie IUZ. Kuslvlio sfoe frky ebdtbrs lxfkoile Abao ^oil oi Fruf, Nu`u fie Mfkpf`f fie jbuie gl gfs ib glfe br dglst oihurols br abil jrfdturls. Gl sfys tgl bppbsotobi wois ay usoin uieosdop`oile nrbups tb ffdm dovo`ofis, rfpl, fie vlraf``y tgrlftlioin tglk but
bj vbtoin jbr IQK. ‐Ugos os wgft os df``le tlrrbrosk oi ky bpoiobi,‛ gl sfoe oi f stftlklit bi Fun.6?,, ‐Ugl lvoelidl os bvlrwgl`koin Fun.6? fie ot wo`` al prbeudle oi dburt.‛ Kuslvlio sfoe8 ‐Fiyabey wgb os f jrolie bj tgl ybuin pb`otodofis `oml Abao ^oil sgbu`e fevosl tglk tgft sgbrt duts `oml dglftoin, okpbrtoin vbtlrs, oitokoeftoin tgl vbtlrs bj tgl btglr soel, af``bt stuin ltd. wo`` `lfe tglk fie \nfief tb ebbk. Ugft os wgft tgl ybuin pb`otodofis bj oielplielidl tgbungt fie eoe fie ot `le tb eosfstlr‛. Kuslvlio f`sb bee`y sfoe Kotyfif Kuiodopf`oty KS, Jrfidos Xffml gfe lsdfple jrbk pb`odl dustbey fie tgl ‐pb`odl frl `bbmoin jbr gok.‛ Ugl Srlsoelit f`sb drotodozle wgft gl df``le ‐l`lklits bj tgl slduroty jbrdls‛ jbr jbdusoin bi tgl stbioin bj gos dfr. Gl wrbtl8 ‐S`lfsl, tgft os ibt tgl kbst slrobus prba`lk glrl. Ugft Srlsoelit gfs tgl dfpfdoty, lotglr f`bil br oi dbkpfiy wotg gos plrsbif` slduroty, tb eljlie goksl`j, ibt bi`y fnfoist stbil tgrbwlrs aut fnfoist fiy ffdmlr. ‐O gfvl ebil tgft jbr tgl `fst 57 ylfrs. O eljliele kysl`j fnfoist Fkoi‟s sb`eolrs bi tgl 11ie bj Hfiufry, 6?>4, oi Kaf`l, fnfoist tgl Mliyfi pb`odlkfi Sftrodm Tgfw oi Iforbao oi 6?>7, fnfoist Ufau`ly ilfr Ftororo oi 1334 ltd. ltd.‛ Jrbk Kuslvlio‟s kossovls, ot os d`lfr fibtglr l`ldtobi rl`ftle aon dfsl os `bbkoin fs gl oisosts tgl bppbsotobi wois oi Hoihf Lfst, Aunoro Kuiodopf`oty, Fruf Kuiodopf`oty sgbu`e al dgf``linle oi dburts. Ugft dbu`e spfrm lvli kbrl robts.
IL^T FIF@_TOT
Ay J`fvof Ifssfmf
F
ruf Kuiodopf`oty KS Mfsofib ^fero fpplfrle fssurle bj vodtbry jrbk tgl stfrt. ‐O gfvl f`rlfey wbi tgos l`ldtobi,‛ gl tb`e Ugl Oielplielit f wllm oitb tgl bdof` tgrllwllms bj dfkpfonioin, ‐O wo`` hust ille tb eb f `o`l pfil` alftoin oi tglsl dbkoin efys.‛ Aut tgft fpplfrle oi ebuat wgli tgl frky fie pb`odl elp`byle glfvo`y oi tgl kuiodopf`oty= wgodg os usuf``y f soni tgft Srlsoelit Kuslvlio‟s ru`oin IQK pfrty os eltlrkoile tb woi. ^fero, wgb wfs roeoin frbuie wotg Abao ^oil‟s rle frky gfe alli frfdtoin gunl drbwes. Aut wgli tgl Srlsoelit litlrle Fruf bi Fun. 64 tb dfkpfoni jbr tgl IQK dfieoeftl= jbrklr _butg fie LF@F KS Iusrfg Uoplru, gl frfdtle lquf``y gunl drbwes. Tto``, tgl Sb`odl Elputy Tpbmlsplrsbi, Sftrodm Biyfinb fssurle hburif`osts tgft efy tgft tgl dfkpfoni wfs nboin skbbtg`y wotgbut kfhbr oidoelit. F`` 61 dfieoeftls, lxdlpt IQK‟s Uoplru, gfe bi Fun. 66 lvli pfrtodopftle oi fi uiprldlelitle hboit dfieoeftls‟ elaftl ft Glrotfnl Dburts Gbtl`. Gbstle ay dovo` sbdolty brnfiosftobis uielr tgl Fruf Eostrodt INB Iltwbrm
^fero‟s Fruf woi Ugl kostfmls bj JED, IQK (FEOINBI), tgl elaftl wfs tgl rst bj ots moie oi tgl dbuitry. Oi fiy dfsl, Biyfinb sfoe, tgl pb`odl gfe lvli elp`byle f stfieay Sua`od Brelr Kfifnlklit Jbrdl, tb oitlrvlil oj rlquorle. Biyfinb wbu`e al prbvle wrbin. Aut ibabey dbu`e jbrltl`` tgft aldfusl tgl Fruf ay-l`ldtobi wfs aloin ao``le fs tgl kbst plfdlju`. Ay tgl lvlioin bj Fun.64= tgl `fst efy bj dfkpfonis tgl plfdl auaa`l gfe gfe aurst fie tgl Tpldof` Jbrdls Dbkkfie (TJD) wgodg nufres Kuslvlio wfs ruiioin robt, sgbbtoin, modmoin, fie alftoin up dovo`ofis, dovo`ofis, rfisfdmo rfisfdmoin in auo`eoins, auo`eoins, fie frrlstoin kfiy. ^fero wfs frrlstle bi f``lnftobis tgft gos suppbrtlrs gfe ffdmle Srlsoelit Kuslvlio‟s kbtbrdfel `lfeoin tb tgl kfyglk. Ay tgl tokl tgl pb``s bplile bi tgl kbrioin bj Fun. 6<, ^fero‟s wglrlfabuts rlkfoile uid`lfr. ^go`l ^fero wfs fssurle bj tgl vbtl aljbrl tgos, gos tlfk fpplfrle sgfmli ay tgl lvlit. Gos dfkpfoni kbao`oslr, tgl jbrklr KS Dgrostoil Faof df``le f klltoin tgft
kbrioin tb arlfm tgl afe ilws fie kbrl. Ugly gfe ibt bi`y `bst f dfieoeftl aut dbkputlrs dbkputlrs fie kbily — up up tb Tgs7< Tgs7< ko``obi wgodg gfe alli rlslrvle tb jfdo`otftl ^fero‟s pb``oin fnlits. Uglor dfkpfoni kfifnlr, Iuru Autl`lzo, wfs f`sb kossoin tbnltglr wotg kfiy klkalrs bj ^fero‟s dfkpfoni tfsm jbrdl. Ugli sgl kbvle tb rf``y tgl tlfk. ^fero‟s jftl, sgl sfoe, wfs f dgf``linl tb tglk. Ibw, kbrl tgfi aljbrl, tgly gfe tb el`ovlr f woi ay tglor dfieoeftl. ‐Ugos sgbu`e lilrnosl us tb ngt bi,‛ sgl sfoe. Ay lvlioin wgli ^fero wfs fiibuidle woiilr, f `o`l aljbrl 63pk bi Fun.6<, gos wglrlfabuts wlrl sto`` uid`lfr. Gl nfrilrle :,<17 vbtls — 47% bj tgl vbtl wglrlfs gos d`bsl dgf``linlr Iusrfg Uoplru bj tgl ru`oin IQK pfrty nbt 5,>:4 vbtls. Arudl Kuegfr Kuslkf, wgb gfe alli sldbiele ay JED, dfkl jbrtg wotg f pf`try 6,4>1 vbtls fie Oielplielit dfieoeftl Qbalrt Lhomu nfrilrle 1,>34 vbtls. ^fero wfs bi Fun.6: frrfonile oi tgl
IL^T FIF@_TOT
Kfnostrftls dburt oi Nu`u tbwi, 1<3mks fwfy jrbk gos dbistotulidy. Dgfrnle wotg gok wlrl KSs Sfu` Kworu bj (Hoihf Lfst), Nlrf`e Mfrugfinf bj (Ituinfkb Kuiodopf`oty), Jrfidos Xffml (Kotyfif), Myfnu`fiyo Tlitfku fmf Abao ^oil (Myfeebieb Lfst) fie jbrklr KS Koml Kfaomml. Uglsl bppbsotobi stf`wfrts wgb gfvl arfiele tglksl`vls fs tgl sb-df``le cSlbp`l Sbwlr Nrbup‟ wlrl erfnnle but bj tglor rbbks ft Gbtl` Sfdod bi Feuko Qbfe oi Fruf. Abao ^oil‟s erovlr, _fsoi Mfwukf, wfs ibt sb `udmy. Gl wfs sgbt elfe. Ilskf Bdumuru= tgl @D OOO dgforplrsbi Fruf Go`` eovosobi oi tgl Kuiodopf`oty wgb dgforle ^fero‟s dfkpfoni tfsmjbrdl tb`e Ugl Oielplielit tgft ^fero wbi aldfusl bj prbplr p`fiioin bj tgl dfkpfoni. Tgl sfoe tgly gfe kfpple but f`` tgl dgf``linls tglor dfieoeftl dbu`e pbssoa`y jfdl fie gbw tb bvlrdbkl tglk. Tgl sfoe wgo`l tgl IQK wfs dbuitoin bi tgl sykpftgy vbtl — soidl tgl ay-l`ldtobi wfs df``le aldfusl fi IQK KS, Oarfgok Faoronf gfe alli fssfssoiftle oi Mfkpf`f, ^fero‟s dfkp gfe df`du`ftle tgft ‐vbtlrs bj Fruf Kuiodopf`oty frl ibt f typl tgft novls f sykpftgy vbtl‛. ‐Ugl oelf bj slitoklit aldfusl bj tgl fssfssoiftobi bj KS Oarfgok Faoronf wfs ru`le but,‛ sgl sfoe. Tgl sfoe f`tgbung ^fero gfe alli eliole dgfidl tb dbkpltl oi tgl JED prokfrols, tgly milw wgodg frlfs tb jbdus bi, oid`ueoin gbw tb kbao`osl vbtlrs. Tgl sfoe ^fero litlrle tgl rfdl wotg twb gfieodfps= ^fero‟s troal wfs ibt tgl aonnlst oi oi tgl kuiodopf` kuiodopf`oty oty fie gl wfs ibt Kus`ok. Uroal fie rl`onobi, fddbreoin tb plbp`l mibw`lenlfa`l fabut Fruf pb`otods, bjtli eltlrkoil tgl woiilr. Oi jfdt, Gfhho Faeu` Gfmok Kb`o, tgl frlf JED L`ldtbrf` Dbkkossobi dgforkfi, gfe tb`e Ugl Oielplielit oi fi oitlrvolw aljbrl l`ldtobis tgft tglor dfieoeftl, Arudl Kuslkf wfs fssurle bj vodtbry aldfusl gl al`binle tb tgl aonnlst troal= tgl Froinf fie wfs Kus`ok. Aut ^fero‟s tlfk kfel f eldosovl df`du`ftobi. F`tgbung tgl Froinf troal wfs aonnlst, ots vbtl wfs eovoele altwlli tgrll prbkoilit dfieoeftls= IQK‟s Iusurf Uoplru, JED‟s Arudl Kuslkf, fie Lhomu= fi oielplielit. Oj ^fero dbu`e rf``y gos Ulrlnb moiskli fie wbkli, wgb frl tgl sldbie aonnlst troal, gl dbu`e woi. Tb ^fero okkleoftl`y stfrtle dburtoin tgl Ulrlnb. ^fero, wgb gfs alli oi l`ldtovl pb`otods soidl 1336 fie wbi tgl Ulrlnb Dbuity pfr`ofklit slft tgrll tokls uito` 136:, wfs f`sb dbuitoin bi gos lxplrolidl. Bdumuru sfoe tgly milw tgft tgl btglr dfieoeftls wlrl fkftlurs wgb elpliele bi aon nuis jrbk Mfkpf`f. ‐^l tgli sfoe `lt‟s eb tgl slisotosftobi pfrt. @lt‟s ibt klitobi ifkls. @lt‟s
dbkl up wotg f nbbe kfiojlstb fjtlr f`` tgl rlst oi tgl rfdl wlrl fkftlurs,‛ Bdumuru sfoe, ‐Ay tgl tokl tgl aon nuis frrovle jrbk Mfkpf`f, wl gfe f`rlfey `foe f jbuieftobi tgft bi`y illele if` tbudgls.‛ Fie wgli tgl IQK fie JED aon nuis frrovle, tgly sllkle tb tfml tgl sfkl eorldtobi fs tgl `bdf` pb`otodofis fie dfieoeftls - sbkltgoin tgft wbrmle jbr ^fero. Srlsoelit Kuslvlio split gf`j bj tgl tokl ft tgl `fst IQK rf``y ft Abkf Nrbuies dfutobioin tgl plbp`l bj Fruf ibt tb a`uielr fie vbtl ^fero. Gl sfoe ^fero os ibt gos jrolie fie, tglrljbrl, dbu`e ibt rlfdg gok tb ilnbtoftl jbr f poldl bj tgl iftobif` dfml jbr Fruf. Gl sfoe wotg ^fero, tgl frlf prba`lks bj uilkp`byklit fie `fdm bj l`ldtrodoty fie glf`tg slrvodls wbu`e ilvlr al xle. Ft tgl `fst rf``y jbr JED dfieoeftl Kuslkf ft Fruf Srokfry sdgbb`, JED
Srlsoelit Kuslvlio split gf`j bj tgl tokl ft tgl `fst IQK rf``y ft Abkf Nrbuies dfutobioin tgl plbp`l bj Fruf ibt tb a`uielr fie vbtl ^fero
pfrty Srlsoelit Sftrodm Babo Fkuroft sfoe ^fero os ‐sl`sg‛ jbr dgbbsoin tb stfie fnfoist gos pfrty‟s fn alfrlr, b`e, fie f ibi- plrjbrklr wgb el`ovlrle ib rlsu`ts fs f rlprlslitftovl bj Ulrlnb oi pfr`ofklit. Slrgfps uimibwi tb Fkuroft, gl wfs splfmoin oi ^fero dbuitry fs Fruf Srokfry sdgbb` os `lss tgfi f mo`bkltlr fwfy jrbk ^fero‟s ft Srosbi Dl`` abtg oi B`o eovosobi. ^gli ^fero spbml tglrl, gl spbml fabut tglor pfoi wgodg gl milw rst gfie. Gl sfoe, jbr lxfkp`l, ot wfs wrbin tb a`fkl gok jbr tgl uitfrkfdmle rbfes wgli Fehukfio Qbfe= tgl gongwfy tb tgl gbkl bj tgl ^lst Io`l rlnobi‟s kbst prbkoilit pb`otodofi fie IQK gbidgb,
Jorst Elputy Srokl Koiostlr Kbsls F`o, rlkfoile uitfrkfdmle. Srbj. Kbrros Bnlinf @ftonb sfys tgbsl tgft wlrl jbdusoin bi kues`oinoin ^fero jbrnbt tgft gl os fi lxplrolidle pb`otodofi. Fpfrt jrbk tgft, ^fero gfe kfel f skfrt dgbodl tb lkarfdl Abao ^oil. Qldlit`y, fif`ysts dbisoelr Abao ^oil f kfhbr oinrleolit tb woiioin fi l`ldtobi gfvoin gl`ple Fsukfi Afsf`orwf bj tgl `o`l mibwi HLLKF pfrty trbuidl IQK fie JED oi tgl ilw`y Aunoro Kuiodopf`oty fie gl`poin Kworu os Hoihf Lfst. @ftonb wfs flieoin tgl Sfi- Fjrodfi Sfr`ofklit oi Tbutg Fjrodf wgli gos db``lfnuls wlrl dfkpfonioin oi Fruf. Gl sfoe gl wfs d`bsl`y jb``bwoin tgl `fst aots bj tgl rf``y kbst`y bi sbdof` kleof fie wgft okkleoftl`y dfkl tb gos koie wfs tgft gos pfrty, tgl JED illele urnlit oitrbspldtobi. Gl sfoe tgl pfrty illele tb rlf`osl tgl a`uielr tgly kfel wgli tgly dgbsl ibt tb lkarfdl ^fero fs tgl kbst dbkpltlit dfieoeftl fie dgbsl tb nb oitb slitoklits tgft tgl btglr dfieoeftl gfe split kbily oi dburts fie gfe stbbe oi prlvobus l`ldtobis. ‐Sb`otods os wfr ibt jbr slitoklits. _bu gfvl tb put tgl kbst dbkpltlit plrsbi tb dbkkfie. ‛ Gl sfoe, ‐Ibw tgl pfrty dfkl Jbrtg. Ugbsl oi tgl tlielidy gfvl `lfrit sbkltgoi sbkltgoin. n. . ‐_bu gfvl tb slie tgl alst trbbp tb woi tgl af`l‛. Jbr gok, ^fero wbu`e sto`` gfvl wbi tgl Ulrlnb slft oi 136: oj tgl IQK eoe ibt tfml fevfitfnl bj tgl pbvlrty oi tgl dbistotulidy tb novl plbp`l gbls oi lxdgfinl jbr vbtls. Fruf aloin fi urafi dbistotulidy, tgl sfkl afot dbu`e ibt wbrm fs plbp`l frl quotl li`ongtlile fie gfvl f rlfsbi fs tb wgy tgly sgbu`e vbtl jbr f pfrtodu`fr dfieoeftl fie ibt tgl btglr. Bdumuru fnrlls fie sfys ot os tgl rlfsbi wgy ^fero‟s fnlits eoe ibt fafiebi tglor pbsts lvli wgli tgly wlrl tb`e tglrl wfs ib kbily tb juie tglk. Ugl kbily gfe alli arbungt ay KSs jrbk Mfkpf`f tb dftlr jbr fnlits‟ `uidg fie trfispbrt rljuies. ‐Ugly sto`` dfkl fie btglrs elp`byle tglksl`vls vb`uitfro`y,‛ sgl sfoe, ‐Ft lvlry pb``oin stftobi, wl gfe ibt `lss tgfi <3 plbp`l nufreoin tgl vbtl uito` dbuitoin. Ugft os gbw wl kfifnle tb l`okoiftl fiy pbssoao`otols bj ronnoin.‛ Gbwlvlr, but bj tgl 5:,333 rlnostlrle vbtlrs, bi`y 6:,333 turile but tb vbtl. Ugos os bi`y 45% bj tgl l`ldtbrftl. Fie, tb @ftonb tgbsl frl tgl dburfnlbus bils wgb fkoest oitokoeftobi bj frky fie pb`odl elp`byklit wlit but tb vbtl tb kfml f stftlklit.
IL^T FIF@_TOT
Srlsoelit Kuslvlio feerlssoin tgl \nfief-Dgoif Ldbibkod Oivlstklit fie Urfel Urfel Dbbplrftobi Jbruk ft Gbtl` Fjrodfif. Ugursefy Fun 6:, 1367.
SS\ SGBUB
\nfief `bbms tb Dgoif jbr elv elvl`bpklit l`bpklit Ufmoin stbdm bj Dgoilsl oivlstklits oi \nfief Ay Qbif`e Kusbml
D
goif gfs alli \nfief‟s sldbie `frnlst trfeoin pfrtilr jbr f wgo`l, fddbreoin tb Xglin Xgu Vofin, tgl Dgoilsl fkafssfebr tb \nfief. Dgoif os ibw f`sb tgl sldbie `lfeoin oivlstbr oi tlrks bj prbhldts. Tplfmoin euroin tgl \nfief-Dgoif Ldbibkod fie Urfel Dbbplrftobi Jbruk oi Mfkpf`f bi Fun.6:, tgl fkafssfebr sfoe Dgoif gfs soidl 1366 aldbkl \nfief‟s `frnlst sburdl bj jbrloni eorldt oivlstklit fie tgl aonnlst oijrfstrudturl elvl`bpklit pfrtilr. Xglin gfe hust slli b f sonioin dlrlkbdlrlkb iy bj slvlrf` klkbrfief bj uielrstfieoin altwll alt wlli i \nfie \nfieff fie fie f iuka iukalr lr bj Dgo Dgoilsl ilsl dbkpfiols jbr ilw oivlstklit prbhldts wbrtg \T$1:3 ko``obi (Fpprbx. Tgs ?>> ao`ao` `obi). Ugl prbhldts wgodg wo`` al lstfa`osgle oi oieustrof` pfrms fdrbss tgl dbuitry frl lxpldtle tb nlilrftl bvlr 7,<33 ilw hbas. Ugl \nfief-Dgoif Ldbibkod fie Urfel Dbbplrftobi Jbruk, wgodg os ibw oi ots sldbie ylfr fie wo`` al gl`e fiiuf``y, os hboit` hbo it`y y brnf brnfioz iozle le ay tgl \nf \nfief ief Oiv Oivlst lst-klit Futgbroty Futgbroty fie tgl Dgoif Litlrprosl
Dgfkalr bj Dbkklrdl. Ot os fokle ft tfmoin stbdm bj Dgoilsl oivlstklits oi \nfief, wlongoin tglor dbitroautobi tb tgl dbuitry‟s oieustrof` elvl`bpklit strftlny fie fsslssoin wgltglr tgly frl kutuf``y alildof` jbr abtg abt g Dgoi Dgoiff fie fie \nf \nfief ief.. Ttftostods jrbk tgl \nfief Oivlstklit Futgbroty Futgbr oty (\OF) sgbw tgft soidl 1366, ot gfs rlnostlrle bvlr \T$6.1 ao``obi oi p`fiile oivlstklit jrbk Dgoif. Eftf jrbk tgl KoiKoi ostry bj Urfel, Oieustry fie Dbbplrftovls f`sb sgbws tgft trfel altwlli \nfief fie Dgoif rlfdgle fabut \T$ ?41.7 ko``obi (Tgs 4.4 tro``obi) oi 136< wotg \nfief‟s lxpbrts tb Dgoif dbitroautoin \T$ <>.> ko``obi (Tgs136 ao``ob ao` `obi). i). Fibtglr okpbrtfit jlfturl bj Dgoif‟s linfnlklit oi \nfief gfs alli oijrfstrudturl ifidl, bwoin tb tgl jfdt tgft f mly aoieoi aoi eoin n dbist dbistrfo rfoit it tb \nfi \nfief‟ ef‟ss ldbib ldbibkod kod nrbwtg fie oitlnrftobi wotg tgl n`baf` ldbibky gfs alli ots pbbr oijrfstrudturl. Xglin sfoe \nfief os ibw fkbin tgl tbp jbur oivlstklit elstoiftobis jbr Dgoif oi sua-Tfgfrfi Fjrodf, feeoin tgft tgl rl`bdftobi bj Dgoilsl dbkpfiols tb Fjrodfi dbuitrols sudg fs \nfief os lxpldtle tb nlilrftl kbrl ausoilss fie lkp`byklit
bppbrtuiotols jbr tgl kfiy hba`lss plbp`l oi tgl ilxt eldfel. \nfief‟s a`bssbkoin pfrtilrsgop wotg Dgoif ts oitb tgl Lfst Fsofi iftobi‟s ‐plfdlju` elvl`bpklit fie kutuf``y alildof` dbbplrftobi‛ strftlny wgodg ot gfs el`oalrftl`y sbungt tb prbkbtl frbuie tgl wbr`e soidl tgl 6?73s. ‐Dgoif gfs eld`frle tgft ot tfmls f pftg bj plfdlju` elvl`bpklit fie os dbkkole tb upgb`eoin wbr`e plfdl fie prbkbtoin dbkkbi elvl`bpklit fie prbsplroty jbr f`` dbuitrols,‛ sfoe Tui Glpoin, tgl jbrklr Dgoilsl fkafssfebr tb \nfief oi 1366 oi fi bpoiobi oi tgl \nfief nbvlriklitbwile ilwspfplr, Ugl Ilw Zosobi. ‐Dgoif‟s bvlrf`` nbf` bj pursuoin plfdlju` elvl`bpklit os tb prbkbtl elvl`bpklit fie gfrkbiy ebklstodf``y fie pursul dbbplrftobi fie plfdl oitlriftobif``y,‛ gl sfoe, ‐Dgoif dfiibt elvl`bp otsl`j oi osb`fosb`f tobi fie n`baf` prbsplroty fie stfao`oty dfiibt al kfoitfoile wotgbut Dgoif.‛ Oi tgl `fst eldfel, tgbusfies bj provftl fie Dgoilsl nbvlriklit-afdmle litrlprlilurs fie dbkpfiols gfvl pburle oitb \nfief tb eb ausoilss. Ugly frl ibw oivb`vle oi dbistrudtobi, lilrny, gbspotf`gbspotf` -
IL^T FIF@_TOT
oty, kfiujfdturoin, `bnostods, fie koioin, fs wl`` fs bo` fie nfs prbhldts. Ugly frl f`sb oitb wgb`lsf`l fie rltfo` trfel. Oi kfiy sgbppoin frdfels fie kf``s oi Mfkpf`f‟s DAE, tgl Dgoilsl bddupy guierles bj but`lts, sl``oin kbao`l pgbils, sgbls, tlxto`ls, `feols‟ fddlssbrols, l`ldtrbiods fie btglr klrdgfieosl bjtli tb tgl dgfnroi bj `bdf` ply trfelrs. Ft f aonnlr `lvl`, tgl Dgoilsl stftl-bwile rk, Tyib-gyerb os puoin if` tbudgls bi tgl :33K^ gyerbl`ldtrod pbwlr efk ft Mfrukf wgo`l fibtglr rk, tgl Dgoif Oitlriftobif` ^ftlr fie L`ldtrod Dbrpbrftobi os auo`eoin tgl 674K^ Osokaf gyerb pbwlr efk wgodg frl abtg bi Qovlr Io`l. Ugl Lxpbrt-Okpbrt Afim bj Dgoif gfs juiele tgl \T$6.5 ao``obi Mfrukf efk fie prbvoele up tb \T$574 ko``obi jbr Osokaf gyerbpbwlr efks fs wl`` fs tgl \T$4<3 ko``obi jbr tgl dbistrudtobi bj tgl Mfkpf`fLitlaal Lxprlsswfy wgodg os ibw oi usl. Oi Huil, Srlsoelit _b _bwlro wlro Kuslvlio f`binsoel ^fin _fin, _fin, tgl dgforplrsbi bj tgl Dgoilsl Slbp`l‟s Sb`otodf` Dbijlrlidl bplile tgl <6mk tb`` rbfe auo`t ay tgl Dgoif Dbkkuiodftobi Dbistrudtobi Dbkpfiy. @ftlr bi tgos ylfr, fibtglr Dgoilsl rk, Nufinzgbu Ebinsbin Lilrny Nrbup @ok@ok otle os lxpldtle tb bpli frnufa`y tgl `frnlst jlrto`oslr jfdtbry oi Lfst Fjrodf ft Tumu`u oi tgl lfstlri tbwi bj Ubrbrb. Uglrl frl f`sb kfiy skf`` fie kleouk sdf`l oieustrols fie iuklrbus rbfes frbuie tgl dbuitry tgft Dgoilsl dbkpfiols frl dbistrudtoin. Fi Funust, Funust, 136> Afim bj \nfief pb`ody arolj aro lj elv elvl`b l`bple ple wot wotg g supp suppbrt brt jrb jrbk k tgl tgl Oitlriftobif` Nrbwtg Dlitrl bi gbw \nfief dfi alilt jrbk Dgoif‟s ldbibkod rosl ibtle tgft soidl \nfief jfdls f eldolidy oi oijrfstrudturl, oid`ueoin rbfes, pbrts,
lilrny, wftlr fie sfiotftobi, \nfief dfi kutuf``y alilt jrbk tgl pfrtilrsgop wotg Dgoif. Aut, tgl nbvlriklit‟s ellplioin ldbldbibkod tols wotg Dgoif gfvl ibt dbkl wotgbut dbitrbvlrsy, kfoi`y surrbuieoin Dgoif‟s f``lnle ‗lxp`botftovl‟ ifturl. Uglrl gfvl lvli alli prbtlsts oi Mfkpf`f fie btglr \nfiefi tbwis bi ossuls rfinoin jrbk pbbr wbrmoin dbieotobis oi Dgoilslrui litlrprosls fie plrdlovle uijfor dbkpltotobi ay Dgoilsl litrlprlilurs. Osffd Tgoiylmwf, f trfel fie rlnobif` oitlnrftobi rlslfrdg jl``bw ft tgl Ldbibkod Sb`ody Qlslfrdg Dlitrl (LSQD) oi Kfmlrlrl \iovlrsoty tb`e Ugl Oielplielit tgft Oielplielit tgft `oml fiy btglr elvl`bpoin dbuitry, \nfief illes Dgoif. ‐Lvlry dbuitry illes pfrtilrs tb elvl`bp= Hfpfi fie Tbutg Mbrlf elvl`bple kfoi`y aldfusl bj jbrloni eorldt oivlstklit,‛ gl sfoe, ‐\nfief illes Dgoif aldfus ald fusll tgly tgly gfv gfvll tgl tgl kbi kbily ly fie tgl tgly y frl frl wo``oin tb `lie tgos kbily.‛ Qfkftgfi Nbbao, fi ldbibkost afsle ft Kfmlrlrl \iovlrsoty Ausoilss Tdgbb` fnrlls wotg Tgoiylmwf. Gl tb`e Ugl Oiel plieli pli elitt bi Fun. 13 tgft tglrl os ib ebuat tgft jbrloni eorldt oivlstklit os wl`dbkl oi fiy ldbibky aut gl quodm`y feele tgft dbuitrols wgodg gfvl suddllele ft usoin jbrloni dfpotf` tb nrbw fie oieustrof`osl frl tgbsl tgft frl wl``-rlnu`ftle. Gl sfys \nfief gfs liele up nloin wgft gl df``s ‐fevlrsl sl`ldtobi‛ bj oivlstklits aldfusl tgl nbvlriklit ebls ibt gfvl wl``-sbungt but nuoel`oils tb jb``bw up bi tgl typl bj oivlstklits jbr wgodg tb tfml tgl Dgoilsl `bfis. ‐Ugl oivlstklits tgft wl frl nloin jrbk Dgoif frl kfoi`y tgbsl tgft gfvl jfo`le tb wbrm fiywglrl l`sl br tgbsl tgft frl ibt wl`dbkl oi kfiy btglr p`fdls (eorty oieustrols),‛Nbbao sfoe. Tgoiylmwf sfys f`tgbung tgl Dgoilsl kongt gfvl tglor ossuls oi rlnfres tb gbw tgly eb tglor `lieoin, gl gfs soidl `lfrit tgft tgl Dgoilsl wbrm wotg fiybil elplieoin bi wgft tgly ie bi tgl nrbuie. ‐Oj tgly ie ybu wotg strodt rlnu`ftobis fie systlks tgly wo`` faoel ay tgft= fie oj tgly ie ybu frl wlfm fie ybur systlks frl dbrrupt, tgly wo`` wbrm wotg tgl dbrrupt systlk.‛ Tgoiylmwf tb`e Ugl Oielplielit tgft Oielplielit tgft soidl tgl Dgoilsl frl glrl jbr kfiy kbrl ylfrs, ot os tokl jbr tgl nbvlriklit tb elvl`bp systlks tgft wo`` lisurl tgft tgl rl`ftobisgop altwlli tgl twb dbuitrols os kutuf``y alildo alil dof`. f`. ‐Ot‟s ibt libung jbr \nfiefis tb mllp `fklitoin,‛ Tgoiylmwf sfoe oi rljlrlidl tb `fst ylfr‟s elkbistrftobis ay \nfiefi ply trfelrs dotoin tgl oi`trftobi bj DgoDgo ilsl rltfo` trfelrs fs wl`` fs tgl sgllr eolreolr lidl oi tgl tlrks bj trfel altwlli tgl twb dbuitrols. ‐Ugl Dgoilsl frl ibt nboin tb novl us fiytgoin bi f so`vlr p`flr,‛ gl sfoe, ‐Oi
ausoilss, ausoil ss, ybu nlt wgf wgftt ybu ybu iln ilnbto btoftl ftl jbr fie ibt wgft ybu elslrvl,‛ gl sfoe, ‐Oj ybur ilnbtoftoin pbwlr os wlfm, ybu nlt `lss, oj ybu gfvl tgl fao`oty tb ilnbtoftl, ybu nlt kbrl.‛ ^gftlvlr tgl dfsl, \nfiefi nbvlriklit bdof`s frl gfppy wotg tgl Dgoilsl dbitroautobi tb \nfief‟s ldbibky. Ft tgl rldlit Mfkpf`f jbruk, Srlsoelit _bwlro Kuslvlio tgfimle Dgoif jbr ‐gl`p‐gl`p oin \nfief tb elf` wotg ots elvl`bpklit ab`li ab `lildms ldms‛‛ fkbi fkbin n wgod wgodg g os os tgl tgl oijr oijrfst fstrud rud-turl sgbrtjf``. F kbitg lfr`olr, oi Hu`y tgos ylfr, KuslvKuslv lio klt gos dbuitlrpfrt Srlsoelit Wo Hoipoin bj Dgoif bi tgl soel`oils bj tgl AQODT suksuk kot oi Tfietbi, Tbutg Fjrodf. Kuslvlio fnfoi tgfimle Hoipoin jbr supsup pbrtoin \nfief bi f iukalr bj prbhldts oid`ueoin tgl Mfrukf fie Osokaf gyerb pbwlr stftobis fie tgl Ttfiefre Nfunl Qfo`wfy prbhldt wgbsl ilnbtoftobis frl sdgleu`le tb al dbid`uele. Kuslvlio f`sb pusgle jbr f `oil bj drleot tb auy oieustrof` kfdgoilry jrbk Dgoif jbr f iukalr bj \nfief‟s oieustrof` pfrms fie suppbrt tb \nfief tgrbung tburosk soidl \nfief os rlvovoin tgl \nfief For`oils tgft wo`` f`sb al yoin tb Dgoif. Srlsoelit Wo sfoe Dgoif wbu`e try tb ie wl``-pbsotobile dbkpfiols tb suppbrt tgl rfo`wfy prbhldt fie lidburfnl Dgoilsl dbkpfiols tb bplrftl oi \nfief. Gl f`sb sfoe Dgoif wo`` bpli up ots kfrmlts tb \nfiefi fnrodu`turf` prbeudts. Ugos wfs tgl sldbie tokl tgl twb `lfelrs wlrl klltoin oi tgrll ylfrs wotg f pbssoa`l tgore klltoin sdgleu`le jbr Tlptlkalr euroin tgl Jbruk bi Dgoif-Fjrodf Dbbplrftobi (JBDFD) Tukkot sdgleu`le tb tfml p`fdl oi Alohoin. Nboin ay tgl jrlqulit klltoins altwlli tgl twb dbuitrols‟ `lfelrs fie sliobr nbvlriklit bdof`s, ot fpplfrs tgl \nfiefDgoif pfrtilrsgop rlquorls f `bin-tlrk plrspldtovl, lspldof``y oi tgl bo` prbeudprbeud tobi prbhldt aloin splfrglfele ay tgl Dgoif Iftobif` Bsgbrl Bo` Dbrpbrftobi (DIBBD) wgbsl but`fy oi oivlstklit gfs f`rlfey got tgl \T$1 ao``obi kfrm. Nbbao sfys tgl Dgoilsl frl glrl jbr tgl `bin tlrk fie \nfief illes tb rltgoim ots ilnbtoftobis wotg tgl Dgoilsl= lspldof``y bi `bdf` dbitlit. ‐^l ille tb eb lxfdt`y wgft Dgoif eoe. Dgoif gfs pfrt`y elvl`bple aldfusl bj kbily jrbk Lurbpl fie tgl \.T aut tglor oivlstklit rlnokl wfs strudturle oi sudg f wfy tgft ot wfs strbin bi `bdf` dbitlit fie tldgib`bny trfisjlr.‛ Fddbreoin tb gok, fiy oivlstklit wgodg ebls ibt oidbrpbrftl \nfiefis ft f rftob bj 538:3 pfrtilrsgop sgbu`e ibt al wl`dbkle. ‐\nfief os f ft f stfnl wglrl wl wfit tb oieustrof`osl fie oj tgl Dgoilsl frl nboin tb gl`p us, wl ille tb stbp algfvoin fs tgbung wl frl tbb elsplrftl jbr oivlstbrs.‛
IL^T FIF@_TOT
Ay Qodgfre N. ‐Auns‛ Ttlvlis
O
i tgl rst bj kfiy plieoin `fwsuots tb nb tb trof`, f hury oi Tfi Jrfidosdb dbid`uele bi Fun. 63 tgft tgl p`foito gfe elvl`bple dfidlr jrbk lxpbsurl tb Qbuieup= Kbisfitb‟s woel`y usle glraodoel, fie brelrle tgl dbkpfiy tb pfy \T$17? ko``obi (Fpprbx. Tgs6 tro``obi) oi efkfnls. Ugl p`foito, Elwfyil Hbgisbi, gfe usle Qbuieup oi gos hba fs nrbuiesmllplr oi f Df`ojbriof sdgbb` eostrodt. Gl `ftlr elvl`bple ibi-Gbenmoi `ykpgbkf. Ugl hury fwfrele Hbgisbi $4? ko``obi oi dbkplisftbry efkfnls tb dbvlr pfoi, sulroin fie kleodf` ao``s eul tb iln`onlidl ay Kbisfitb, p`us fi feeotobif` $1<3 ko``obi oi puiotovl efkfnls. Ugos klfis tgl hury wfitle tb puiosg Kbisfitb aldfusl klkalrs al`olvle tgl dbkpfiy el`oalrftl`y wotggl`e jrbk tgl pua`od sdolitod mibw`lenl tgft n`ypgbsftl, tgl fdtovl oinrleolit oi
Kbisfitb nuo`ty oi Qbuieup dfidlr trof` Ot ibw kust prbvoel dbkpl``oin lvoelidl tgft woel`y usle wlle mo``lr os sfjl Qbuieup, wfs f dfidlr efinlr. Ugl sozl bj tgl efkfnls fwfrele oieodftls tgft tgl hury wfs wfs ibt plrsufele plrsufele ay Kbisfitb‟s Kbisfitb‟s lxplrt wotilssls. Srbeudt `ofao`oty `fwsuots frl fi okpbrtfit pfrt bj Fklrodfi du`turl. Uglrl frl kfiy lxfkp`ls bj dbkpfiols mibwoin`y feeoin tbxod fnlits tb tglor prbeudts. Tb tglrl kust al f prbdlss jbr fnnrolvle oieovoeuf`s wgb gfvl alli gfrkle gfrkle tb gb`e gb`e tglsl dbkpfiol dbkpfiolss fddbuitfa`l.
Bi tgl btglr gfie, f `fwsuot dfi al arbungt fnfoist fiy dbkpfiy dbkpfiy jbr fiy fiy rlfsbi, fie sbkl kfy al jrovb`bus. Ot os fi uijbrtuiftl dbkklit bi bur glf`tg dfrl systlk tgft sb kfiy plbp`l frl uioisurle, fie oj strudm ay f erlfele eoslfsl, kust sllm kbily tb elf` wotg ot sbklgbw jrbk sbklwglrl. Oi kfiy oistfidls ot os sokp`y uimibwi wgltglr f prbeudt fie ots dbitlits frl f efinlr. Ugos vlreodt os hust tgl rst oi wgft dbu`e al f `bin `lnf` af`l bvlr
IL^T FIF@_TOT
N`ypgbsftl fie Kbisfitb dbu`e jb``bw tgl pftg bj tgl Hbgis-Kfivo``l dbkpfiy, wgodg stfrtle kfiujfdturoin fsalstbs prbeudts oi tgl 6773s
Qbuieup, fie prbvoin dfusf`oty oi sudg dfsls os ibt lfsy. Aut glrl frl sbkl baslrvftobis jrbk ky bwi lxplrolidl tryoin tb gl`p nurl but wgy plbp`l nlt dfidlr.
Gbw drleoa`l os tgl sdolitostd dfsl fnfoist Qbuieup2 Kudg bj tgl p`foito‟s dfsl wfs afsle bi f woel`y drotodosle 136< stftlklit ay tgl Oitlriftobif` Fnlidy jbr Qlslfrdg bi Dfidlr, pfrt bj tgl ^br`e Glf`tg
Brnfiosftobi, tgft n`ypgbsftl wfs f ‐prbafa`l gukfi dfrdoibnli‛ (Nrbup 1F bi ots sdf`l). F d`fssodftobi bj ‐gukfi dfrdoibnli‛ (Nrbup 6) klfis tgft f pfil` bj sdolitosts dbivlile ay tgl OFQD al`olvlss tgl fnlit al`olvl fnlit os f dfidlr dfidlr gfzfre gfzfre tb gukfis, `oml skbmoin fie obiosoin rfeoftobi. Ugl 1F d`fssodftobi os ibt fs strbin. Ot klfis tgft tglrl os drleoa`l lvoelidl, aut ot ebls ibt rlfdg tgl stfiefre bj ‐alybie f rlfsbifa`l ebuat.‛ Ugl OFQD‟s prbdlss jbr eltlrkoioin dfrdoibnliodoty gfs dbkl uielr glfvy drotodosk aljbrl. Oi pfrtodu`fr, oi tgl lfr`y 1333s sbkl baslrvlrs wbrrole tgft oieustry wfs fdtuf``y oiulidoin tgl fnlidy tb ebwinrfel ots d`fssodftobi bj dglkodf` fnlits. Oi tgl Qbuieup dfsls, tgl fddusftobi fnfoist tgl OFQD duts tgl btglr wfy. Fddbreoin tb sbkl fddbuits, ot wfs aofsle fnfoist oieustry fie sbungt f gfrsg d`fssodftobi jbr n`ypgbsftl. Ugl OFQD gfs prbvoele f eltfo`le eljlisl bj ots prbdlss oi tgl n`ypgbsftl lvf`uftobi. Ot gfs f`sb pua`osgle f kbibnrfpg bi n`ypgbsftl wotg f`` tgl nbry eltfo`s bj tgl sdolidl algoie ots lvf`uftobi. O slrvle bi f kbibnrfpg wbrmoin nrbup oi 133> jbr fi OFQD fsslssklit bj wgltglr sgojt wbrm wfs f pbtlitof` dfidlr gfzfre. O gfvl f`sb pfrtodopftle oi tgrll btglr klltoins spbisbrle ay OFQD bvlr tgl ylfrs, sb O gfvl slli tgl fnlidy‟s prbdlss up d`bsl. Oi ky volw, OFQD plrsbiil` nb tb nrlft `lintgs tb lisurl bahldtovoty fie sdolitod ronbr. Ugos ebls ibt klfi tgft tglor d`fssodftobis frl tgl `fst wbre. Oi jfdt, tgl fnlidy gfs bjtli dgfinle ots d`fssodftobi bj fi fnlit afsle bi
ilw lvoelidl fjtlr oiotof` lvf`uftobi. Tbkltokls ot gfs aldbkl kbrl dlrtfoi tgft tgl fnlit pbsls f gfzfre, aut oi btglr dfsls ot gfs ebwinrfele tgl gfzfre. Kbisfitb frnuls tgft guierles bj tlsts gfvl sgbwi Qbuieup ebls ibt pbsl glf`tg rosms, aut slvlrf` tgbusfie p`foitos frl suoin tgl dbkpfiy, dgfrnoin tgft n`ypgbsftl nfvl tglk dfidlr.
^gft pftg jbr n`ypgbsftl2 N`ypgbsftl fie Kbisfitb dbu`e jb``bw tgl pftg bj tgl Hbgis-Kfivo``l dbkpfiy, wgodg stfrtle kfiujfdturoin fsalstbs prbeudts oi tgl 6773s. Fjtlr kfiy lpoelkob`bnodf` stueols sgbwle tgft lxpbsurl tb fsalstbs dfusle vlry gong rftls bj `uin dfidlr — prokfro`y p`lurf` klsbtgl`obkf — fie kudg `otonftobi, tgl dbkpfiy wlit afimrupt oi 6?71. Ots fsslts wlrl rlbrnfiosle tb jbrk tgl Kfivo``l Urust, wgodg f``bdftls kbiltfry efkfnls tb plbp`l gfrkle ay fsalstbs. Tbkl prbeudts sto`` dbitfoi skf`` qufitotols bj fsalstbs tbefy, oid`ueoin kbtbr vlgod`l pfrts fie rlprbbj d`btgoin. Ugl Livorbiklitf` Srbtldtobi Fnlidy trole tb afi ot oi 6?7?, aut wfs bvlrturile ay f jlelrf` jlelrf` dburt. dburt. Ibiltgl`lss, Ibiltgl`lss, aldfusl fsalstbs os sb d`lfr`y `oimle tb dfidlr, kbst dbkpfiols fvboe ot ibw jbr jlfr bj `ofao`oty. F`tlriftovl`y, n`ypgbsftl kfy jb``bw tgl rbutl bj sfddgfroi, fi frtodof` swlltlilr eosdbvlrle oi tgl `ftl 67>3s. Oi 6?>3 sdolitosts rlpbrtle tgft sfddgfroi dfusle a`feelr dfidlr oi rfts, wgodg `le tgl \.T. Jbbe fie Erun Fekoiostrftobi tb prbpbsl f afi bi tgos lxtrlkl`y pbpu`fr prbeudt oi 6?>>. Gbwlvlr, fjtlr kudg kbrl rlslfrdg — oid`ueoin tbxodb`bny oi rfts fie lpoelkob`bnod stueols oi plbp`l — tgl OFQD ebwinrfele sfddgfroi jrbk f d`fssodftobi bj ‐1A8 pbssoa`l gukfi dfrdoibnli‛ tb ‐48 ibt d`fssofa`l,‛ fie tgl \.T. Iftobif` Ubxodb`bny Srbnrfk rlkbvle sfddgfroi jrbk f 136: rlpbrt bi dfrdoibnlis. Fs ot turile but, tgl kldgfiosk jbr dfusoin a`feelr dfidlr oi rfts eoe ibt fpp`y tb plbp`l, fie lpoelkob`bnodf` stueols sgbwle ib fssbdoftobi. Kbisfitb wo`` uiebuatle`y fpplf` tgos oiotof` eldosobi, fie ot dbu`e al ylfrs aljbrl tgl tgl ossul os os sl`le bidl bidl fie jbr f``. f``. Aut wotg tgos vlreodt, tgl bius os ibw bi Kbisfitb tb prbvoel dbkpl``oin lvoelidl tgft Qbuieup os sfjl oi btglr trof`s tgft sbbi wo`` jb``bw. Qodgfre N. ‐Auns‛ Ttlvlis os prbjlssbr, Tdgbb` bj Kleodoil, \iovlrsoty bj Dbiildtodut
OIULQZOL^
Ot‟s f sdfief` jbr Fjrodf ibt tb al pfrt bj tgl \I Tl T lduroty Dbuido`- Fylafrl Febiof Fylafrl os Fylafrl os \nfief‟s Slrkfilit Qlprlslitftovl tb tgl \iotle Iftobis (\I). Gl spbml tb Ugl Oielplielit‟s Ofi Mftusookl fabut Mftusookl fabut \nfief‟s rl`ftobisgop wotg tgl \I fie btglr plrtoilit oitlriftobif` fjjfors.
Ot‟s alli kbrl tgfi f ylfr soidl ybur fppboitklit tb tgl \I. ^gft gfvl ybu alli up tb2 gl wbrm bj tgl \I os eovoele oitb tgrll po``frs= plfdl fie slduroty, gugu kfi rongts, fie elvl`bpklit. Aut wl f`sb gfvl bur iftobif` oitlrlsts= `oml tgl \I slrvodl dlitrl oi Litlaal wgodg tgl \I wfitle tb rl`bdftl. Jbr us tgft os vlry drotodf` aldfusl bvlr 533 \nfiefis frl lkp`byle tglrl oi prbjlssobif` dfpfdoty fie tglrl frl btglr ldbibkols bj sdf`l. ^l gfe tb eljlie bur rlnobif` slrvodl dlitrl.Ugos ossul gfs tfmli f `bt bj ky tokl. ^l wlrl fa`l tb dbivoidl btglr klkalr stftls tb drotodf``y lxfkoil tgl \I Tldrltfry Nlilrf`‟s prbpbsf` tb rl`bdftl tgl slrvodl dlitrl jrbk Litlaal. F eldosobi gfs alli tfmli wglrl gl gfs tb dbkl up wotg up ilw prbpbsf`s fie wl frl wfotoin jbr tgbsl prbpbsf`s tb sll gbw Litlaal ts oi aut wl stbpple ots rl`bdftobi. O eb btglr tgoins `oml plfdl fie slduroty aldfus ald fusll \nfi \nfief ef os oi f tbun tbung g ilon ilongab gabururgbbe- Tbutg Tuefi, EQD, lvli tgbung wl eb ibt ilongabur Auruieo, \nfief gfs f rb`l fs f kleoftbr tglrl. F`` tglsl ossuls frl bi tgl fnlief bj tgl \I Tlduroty Dbuido` wgodg os tgl \I brnfi tfsmle wotg kfoitlkfoitl ifidl bj oitlriftobif` plfdl fie slduroty.
U
Fs \nfief‟s fkafssfebr tb tgl \I, wgft lxfdt`y os ybur arolj alsoels wgft ybu gfvl alli up tb2 Ky tfsm os tb eljlie, sldurl fie prbtldt \nfief‟s oitlrlsts fie tgl probroty os rlnobif` plfdl fie slduroty. Glrl, \nfief‟s oivb`vlklit oi Auruieo os mly. O pfrtodopftl oi Tlduroty Dbuido` elaftls bi Auruieo fie arolj klk alr stf stftls tls bi tgl Tbu Tbutg tg Tuefi plfdl prbdlss soidl \nfief os f kleoftbr tglrl. \nfief aloin tgl `frnlst gbst bj rljunlls oi Fjrodf klfis wl gfvl
f `bt bj wbrm tgft oivb`vls kbao`osoin suppbrt jbr rljunlls fie sgbwdfsoin \nfief‟s lxfkp`l fs f rljunll gbst. \nfief gfs bil bj tgl alst rljunll pb`odols fie dbuitrols `oml Uurmly gfvl soko`fr ossuls wgodg klfis wl gfvl f `bt tb `lfri jrbk lfdg btglr. O f`sb gbst \nfiefi el`lnftobis ft tgl \I. Ugl \nfief kossobi ft tgl \I f`sb ebls sbkl dbkklrdof` eop`bkfdy. Bur kfoi frlf ft tgl Ilw _brm koskos sobi wo`` al tburosk fie prbkbtoin oivlstklit. _bu gfvl alli splfrglfeoin tgl nrfitoin bj okkuioty tb sooin glfes bj stftl ft tgl \I. ^gy ibw2 Ugos os f eldosobi bj Fjrodfi \iobi (F\) glfes bj stftl. Oi Hfiufr Hfi ufry, y, ft fi F\ suk sukkot kot oi Feeos Fafaf, f`` Fjrodfi glfes bj stftl tbbm f eldosobi sfyoin tgos os ibt fabut nrfitoin okkuioty. Fs ybu kfy
OIULQZOL^
mibw, okkuioty bj glfes bj stftl os fs b`e fs tgl iftobi stftl fie ot‟s lisgroile oi oitlriftobif` `fw. Oj ybu frl f glfe bj nbvlriklit, ybu lihby sbkl okkuioty wgli ybu frl plrjbrkoin ybur eutols. Ugl Qbkl Ttftutl tgbung gfs dbitrfeodtoin ba`onftobis= Frtod`l ?7 nrfits okkuioty wgo`l Frtod`l 1> tfmls ot fwfy. ^l gfe fi oitlrlstoin dfsl wgli tgl Srlsoelit bj Tuefi (Bkfr l` Afsgor) wlit tb Tbutg Fjrodf tb flie fi F\ sukkot fie tgl Oitlriftobif` Drokoif` Dburt (ODD) tbbm Tbutg Fjrodf tb dburt jbr jfo`url tb frrlst. \ielr tgl Qbkl Ttftutl, oj ybu eb ibt frrlst sbklbil wgb gfs alli oieodtle, ybu gfvl tb fiswlr tb tgl ODD fs f dbuitry. Tbutg Fjrodf frnule tgft glfes bj stftl lihby okkuioty uielr dustbkfry oitlriftobif` `fw. Ugl Oitlriftobif` Dburt bj Hustodl (ODH) gfs frkle tgos slvlrf` tokls. Uglrl os f rldlit dfsl bj tgl vodl prlsoelit bj Lquftbrof` Nuoilf wglrl Jrlidg futgbrotols dgfrnle gok wotg dbrruptobi fie dbisdftle gos gbusls fie dfrs. LqufLquf tbrof` Nuoilf frnule tgft gl gfe okkuioty fs f vodl prlsoelit fie tgly prlvfo`le. Ub fvboe dbijusobi, Fjrodfi dbuitrols, abtg tgbsl wgb frl soniftbry tb tgl Qbkl Ttftutl fie tgbsl wgb frl ibt, sbungt d`froty jrbk tgl ODH, soidl ot os dgfrnle wotg oitlrprltoin oitlriftobif` `fw f`tgbung tgl pbsotobi bj tgl dburt os ibt aoieoin, hust fevosbry. Ugl dbuitrols fnrlle tgft tgl qulstobi bj okkuioty sgbu`e al d`frole lvli jbr strlintgstrlintg lioin bj tgl ODD. Jbr lxfkp`l, Srlsoelit Afsgor wfs rljlrrle tb tgl ODD ay tgl Tlduroty Dbuido` aut gl wfs ibt oieodtle ay tgl dburt‟s Tpldof` Srbsldutbr. Tb tgl dbuitrols eldoele tgft tglor fkafssfebrs oi Ilw _brm (\I glfeglfe qufrtlrs) sgbu`e gfie`l tgl ossul. Ub nlt fevosbry bpoiobi jrbk tgl ODH, ybu ille tb nb tgrbung tgl \I Nlilrf` Fsslka`y wglrl ybu kust nlt twb tgores bj tgl 6?4 dbuitrols. O wfs ibt lvli tglrl wgli ky db``lfnuls sft aut tgly eldoele tgft bil plrsbi sgbu`e dbbreoiftl tgos fie tgft os gbw O wfs sl`ldtle. Fjrodf gfs <5 vbtls fie wl ille fabut ?7, O fk pbsotovl wl wo`` nlt tglk. Srlsoelit Kuslvlio Kuslvlio rlkfois vlry drotodf` bj tgl \I= lspldof``y ots kossobi oi EQ Dbinb. Eblsi‟t tgos dbkp`odftl ybur wbrm2 Ib ot ebls ibt. Ot os pbsotovl drotodosk. Klkalr stftls gfvl fi ba`onftobi tb mllp tgl
\I bi ots jllt fie gos drotodosk gfs alli bi ots lldtovlilss bi elf`oin wotg ilnftovl jbrdls oi lfstlri EQD. Ugl \I fnrlls ot os ibt f prba`lk bj tglor kfmoin. ^gli ybu tf`m fabut tgl \I, ybu frl tf`moin fabut dbuitrols- tgl \I os ibt fi fastrfdt litoty. Oj wl eb ibt mllp tglk bi tglor jllt, tgly wo`` ibt rlnostlr bur dbidlris. O linfnl tgl \I bi ossuls bj plfdlmllpoin oi tgl rlnobi bi f efo`y afsos. Uglrl os sto`` uidlrtfoity bi wgltglr \nfief wo`` mllp tgl \I afsl… _bu gfvl tb `bbm ft tgl \I afsl oi tgl dbitlxt bj \I rljbrks. \I os uielrnboin ellp rljbrks soidl ot wfs drlftle. Ot os fabut ldolidy. Gbw eb wl kfml tgl \I kbrl ldolit tb el`ovlr bi tgl Tustfoifa`l Elvl`Elvl` bpklit Nbf`s (TENs)2 Litlaal dbkls oi tgft dbitlxt aldfusl bj tgl slrvodl el`ovlry kbel`. Ugl wgb`l oelf wfs tb eldlitrf`osl slrvodl el`ovlry jrbk Ilw _brm fie slie ot tb tgl l`e. F jlw ylfrs fnb tglrl wlrl fabut 5< eolrlit slrvodl dlitrls slt up. Ugli tglrl wfs f prbpbsf` tb rleudl tgbsl tb tgrll br jbur aut Litlaal os f rlnobif` slrvodl dlitrl. ^gft os aloin prbpbsle frl n`baf` dlitrls tb elf` wotg ossuls `oml pfyrb`` fie gukfi rlsburdl. Bur dbidlri wfs tgft tgl prbdlss wfs ibt trfispfrlit fie kbst klkalr stftls suppbrtle \nfief. ^l tb`e tglk tb nb afdm tb tgl erfwoin abfre abf re fie dbi dbisu` su`tt tgl tgl fl fldtl dtle e dbui dbuitro trols ls `om `omll \nfief.
Ugl Qbkl Ttftutl gfs dbitrfeodtoin ba`onftobis= Frt od` od`l l ?7 ? 7 nrfi n rfits ts okk okkuio uioty ty wgo`l wgo `l Frt od` od`l l 1> 1 > tfml t fmls s ot o t fwfy f wfy \nfief gfs f `oalrf` rljunll pb`ody wgodg gfs arbungt ot oitlriftobif` fdd`fok. Aut tb wgft lie dfi tgos nb bi aldfusl rljunll iukalrs frl ibt fabut tb nb ebwi2 Bur prbnrlssovl pb`ody bi rljunlls gfs rbbts oi \nfief‟s du`turl fie tgl Sfi Fjrodfi pgo`bsbpgy. Jbr lxfkp`l plbp`l jrbk Tbutg Tuefi splfm tgl sfkl `finufnl `oml tgbsl oi ^lst Io`l wglrl tgly frl. Ugbsl jrbk lfstlri EQD frl tgl sfkl wotg tgbsl oi Mfslsl. Uglsl frl ibt strfinlrs, tgly frl tgl sfkl plbp`l sfvl jbr tgl abrelrs. Gbw f`` tgos os sustfoifa`l os f drotodf` qulstobi fie ot os tgl rlfsbi wl frl wbrmoin jbr plfdl oi tglor dbuitrols bj bronoi `oml Tbutg Tuefi. Oj tgl rldlit plfdl fddbre gb`es, tgly wo`` nb afdm gbkl. Qlklkalr, tgly wlit afdm gbkl fjtlr oielplielidl bi`y jbr tglk tb dbkl afdm afd m fjtlr fjtlr tgl rld rldlit lit but butarl arlfm fm bj wf wfr. r. Ot‟ Ot‟ss tgl sfkl wotg EQD, ibw wotg Srlsoelit Mfao`f‟s fiibuidlklit (tb gfie bvlr pbwlr), wl gbpl tgl tlisobis wo`` nb fwfy fie tgli gfvl fi fekoiostrftobi tgft feerlssls tgl slduroty dbidlris bj tgl
lfstlri pfrt bj tgl dbuitry aldfusl tgft os wgft nlilrftls rljunlls. Tbkf`of rljunlls gfvl alli glrl jbr f `bin tokl fie tgly gfvl aldbkl pfrt bj tgl ldbibky aut tglor dbuitry os bi f trfhldtbry bj plfdl. Tb tgl sb`utobi tb tgl rljunll prba`lk `ols oi gfvoin plfdl oi tglor dbuitrols bj bronoi. _bu gfvl alli oivb`vle oi tgl rldbido`oftobi bj \nfief fie Qwfief oi tgl pfst. Ibw tgl rl`ftobis frl jrfno`l. Fs f jbrklr livby tb Qwfief, wgft eb ybu tgoim os tgl wfy jbrwfre2 Ot gfs alli kfiy ylfrs soidl O `fst elf`t wotg Qwfief-\nfief rl`ftobis. Bj dbursl, fs f eop`bkft O fk fwfrl bj wgft os nboin bi aut O ebi‟t tgoim tglrl os dfusl jbr f`frk. ^l wbrm wotg Qwfief ft fi oitlriftobif` `lvl` abtg ft tgl \I fie ft F\. Bur wbrmoin rl`ftobisgop os lxdl``lit. Fs ybu mibw, Srlsoelit Mfnfkl os eboin f nbbe hba fs tgl dgfor bj tgl F\ tb dfrry but rljbrks. Ugl \I f`wfys tf`ms fabut oid`usobi aut tb eftl tglrl os ib Fjrodfi iftobi wotg f plrkfilit slft ft tgl \I Tlduroty Dbuido`. ^gy ebls tgos plrsost2 Ugos os f sdfief`. Ot os f sdfief` oi f slisl tgft ot ebls ibt dfpturl tgl rlf`oty ibw= ot dfpturls tgl rlf`oty bj 6?5< (wgli tgl \I wfs jbrkle). Fjrodf sgbu`e gfvl plrkfilit slfts ft tgl Tlduroty Dbuido` fie lvlryabey fnrlls aut ot‟s tgl pb`otods. \nfief os fdtovl`y oivb`vle oi tgl D63= tgl 63 Fjrodfi dbuitrols tgft wlrl sl`ldtle tb splfrglfe Fjrodfi pbsotobis bi Tlduroty Dbuido` rljbrks. Elaftls bi tglsl rljbrks gfvl alli nboin bi jbr 1< ylfrs aut tglrl tglrl os ib prbnrlss aldfusl sbkl sbkl dbuitrols ebi‟t wfit ot tb al rljbrkle. Lvlry ylfr oi tgl Nlilrf` Fsslka`y tglrl os fi otlk bi Tlduroty Dbuido` rljbrk aut tgl pbwlr eyifkods dfiibt `lt tgl dgfinl gfppli. Fjrodf gfs f dbkkbi pbsotobi df``le tgl Lzu`woio Dbislisus. Ugos pbsotobi stftls tgft Fjrodf sgbu`e gfvl twb plrkfilit slfts wotg vltb pbwlrs fie jbur ibi-plrkfilit bils. Durrlit`y wl bi`y gfvl tgrll ibi-plrkfilit slfts. Uglsl ilnbtoftobis frl vlry tbung fie wotg ib butdbkl. Gbw os tgl \I fefptoin tb tgl eosruptovl ifturl bj Ebif`e Urukp2 Ugft‟s f tbung qulstobi. O ebi‟t tgoim Srlsoelit Urukp os eosruptovl, gl os sokp`y stftoin Fklrodf‟s pb`ody ft tgl \I wgodg sbkl dbuitrols kfy ibt wfit tb glfr. Qlklkalr Fklrodf wfs tgl `lfeoin jbuielr bj tgl \I uielr Srlsoelit Qbbslvl`t. Ugl \.T. gbsts tgl \I. Ugly gfvl dbidlris `oml fiy btglr dbuitry. Fklrodf pfys f aon dguim bj tgl auenlt abtg rlnu`fr rlnu`fr fie fie plfdlmllpoin. plfdlmllpoin.
Q^FIEF
Ay Ttlpgli Iuwfnorf
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wfiefis trfvl``oin tb Lurbpl wo`` sbbi ie ot lfsolr jb``bwoin tgl sonioin bj f Ao`ftlrf` For Tlrvodl Fnrllklit (AFTF) altwlli Qwfief fie Otf`y. Otf`y. Ugl AFTF sonile bi Fun.13 f``bws tgl iftobif` dfrrolr, QwfieFor, tb y tb Otf`y fie os pfrt bj dbitoiule p`fis ay nbvlriklit tb lxpfie tgl iftobif` dfrrolr‟s elstoiftobis, sfoe Fka D`fvlr Nftltl, tgl Koiostlr jbr Oijrfstrudturl. Nftltl sfoe tgl `lnf` jrfklwbrm (AFTF) wo`` f`sb strlintgli tgl ao`ftlrf` rl`ftobis altwlli Otf`y fie Qwfief, feeoin tgft tgl nbvlriklit p`fis tb kfml for trfispbrt fs okpbrtfit fs rbfe trfispbrt, rlfdgoin f`` pfrts bj tgl Fjrodfi dbitoilit fie alybie tb jfdo`otftl trfel fie oivlstklit. ‐Otf`y os f strbin pfrtilr bj Qwfief fie gfs f `bt bj dfpfdoty, fie wl frl f`rlfey dbbplrftoin oi frlfs `oml oijrfstrudturl fie ODU, fkbin btglrs. Uglrljbrl, tgos AFTF soniols tgl okpbrtfidl bj bur dbbplrftobi, strlintglis fie tfmls jbrwfre tgl ‗b`e‟ rl`ftobisgop wl gfvl wotg Otf`y,‛ sfoe Nftltl wgo`l splfmoin ft tgl elf` sonioin lvlit ft tgl Koiostry bj Oijrfstrudturl glfe bdls. Gl feele tgft litlroin tgl Otf`ofi fvoftobi kfrmlt wo`` gl`p frfdt oivlstklit jrbk Otf`y fie suppbrt tgl tburosk sldtbr ay lfsoin trfvl` altwlli tgl twb dbuitrols. ‐Ot wo`` f`sb lifa`l bur ausoilss plbp`l pfrtodu`fr`y tgbsl lxpbrtoin gbrtodu`turl prbeudl `oml jruots, bwlrs fie vlnltfa`ls tb nlt kbrl fbrefa`l fie lfso`y fddlssoa`l trfispbrt klfis,‛ feele tgl koiostlr. Lxpbrtlrs bj Kfel-oi-Qwfief prbeudts frl dgfrnle ?< \T dlits plr mo`bnrfkkl tb trfispbrt tglor dfrnb bi QwfieFor, `bwlr tgfi tgl kfrmlt fvlrfnl bj fabut $1.< tb $4/mo`b.
Tuppbrtoin provftl sldtbr Fka. Ebkliodb Jbrifrf, tgl Otf`ofi livby tb Qwfief (rlsoelit oi Mfkpf`f), urnle Qwfiefis tb tfml
Otf`y, Qwfief soni for slrvodl elf` Urfel, tburosk tb nfoi fs QwfieFor prlpfrls jbr ilw rbutl fevfitfnl bj tgl elf` tb vosot fie oidrlfsl trfel wotg Otf`y nboin jbrwfre. Ugl Lkafssy bj Otf`y wo`` eb f`` pbssoa`l tb sll tgft tgl fnrllklit os okp`lklitle tb tgl alilt bj abtg dbuitrols, Jbrifrf sfoe. Gl feele tgft tgl Otf`ofi provftl sldtbr wfs oidrlfsoin`y nloin oitlrlstle oi Qwfief, ibtoin tgft tgly f`rlfey gfvl prlslidl oi slrvodls, oijrfstrudturl, tburosk fie OU sldtbrs. ‐Ugos fnrllklit aroins us lvli d`bslr, kfmoin ot lvli lfsolr jbr tgl provftl sldtbr trfel fie oivlstklit…O gbpl tgl elf` wo`` lidburfnl kbrl Otf`ofis tb dbkl tb Qwfief jbr tburosk, aut ibt bi`y ausoilss fie f`sb Qwfiefis tb tbur Otf`y,‛ sfoe tgl livby, feeoin tgft gl, `fst ylfr, pfrtodopftle oi kbuitfoi nbro``f trlmmoin oi Qwfief‟s
Zb`dfibls Iftobif` Sfrm. Ugos ilw elf` aroins tb >< AFTFs tgft Qwfief gfs sonile wotg eolrlit dbuitrols oi Fjrodf fie fdrbss tgl n`bal, fie _vbiil Kfmb`b, tgl QwfieFor DLB, sfoe tgl iftobif` dfrrolr wfs `bbmoin tb bplioin ilw elstoiftobis oi Lurbpl fs pfrt bj tgl for`oil‟s vl-ylfr lxpfisobi p`fi. ‐Ugbung wl frl ibt bplrftoin f`` tgl >< elstoiftobis ylt, Otf`y os bil bj tgl probroty kfrmlts wl frl `bbmoin ft durrlit`y,‛ sfoe Kfmb`b. Gl eoe ibt sfy wgli tgl iftobif` dfrrolr wbu`e stfrt ongts tb tgl Lurbplfi dbuitry.
J`yoin tb Dgoif
Klfiwgo`l, QwfieFor wo`` stfrt eorldt ongts tb Dgoif‟s sbutglri doty bj Nufinzgbu oi Jlarufry
136?, fddbreoin tb Nftltl. Ugl koios tlr sfoe f`` tgl frrfinlklits wlrl oi p`fdl fie tgl nbvlriklit wfs bi`y fwfotoin el`ovlry bj aonnlr fordrfjt tb p`y tgl rbutl, feeoin tgft tgl purpbsl bj tgl rbutl os kfoi`y tb lifa`l dfrnb trfispbrt altwlli tgl Fsofi iftobi fie Fjrodf. ‐^l wfit tgl dfrnb pfrt tb aldbkl tgl kfoi dbkpbilit bj tgos rbutl tb alilts trfel oi tgl rlnobi fie Fjrodf,‛ sfoe Nftltl. Gl ibtle tgft nbvlriklit wfs wbrmoin tb lisurl for trfvl` os kbrl fbrefa`l jbr Qwfiefis= lspldof``y ausoilss ausoi lss plbp`l plbp`l fie tbur tburosts. osts. Durrlit`y, QwfieFor ols tb 1: elstoiftobis fdrbss Fjrodf, Fsof (Oieof) fie Lurbpl. Ugl for`oil os f`sb p`fiioin tb litlr tgl \.T. kfrmlt oi Huil 136? fie gfs fdquorle ilw fordrfjt tb bplrftl tglsl rbutls.
Q^FIEF
Ilw koioin `fw hottlrs Frtosfif` koilrs sdrfpple oi jbdus bi sfjlty Ay Ttlpgli Iuwfnorf
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wfief gfs f ilw koioin `fw elsonile tb okprbvl lxtrfdtovls sldtbr nbvlrifidl, fddbuitfao`oty, sfjlty, fie livolivorbiklitf` prbtldtobi. Nfzlle bi Fun.64, Fun.64, tgl fkliele `fw bi koioin fie qufrry bplrftobis rldbkklies gljty ils fie hfo`` tlrk hfo tlrkss jbr jbr koi koioin oin dbk dbkpfi pfiols ols fie oieovoeuf`s tgft dbitrfvlil stfiefres `lfeoin tb wbrmlr oihury, eosfao`oty, oidurfa`l eoslfsl, br elftg. Ugl `fw f`sb sdrfps ossufidl bj frtosfif` koilrs‟ `odlidls. Ot os ibw kfieftbry jbr f`` `odlisle koioin dbkpfiols tb `l ifidof` stftlklits wotg tgl nbvlriklit fie Qwfief Qlvliul Futgbroty fiiuf``y, fie novl nbvlriklit fi livorbiklitf` rlstbrftobi p`fi wotg d`lfr p`fiile fdtovotols fie rl`ftle auenlts fie fi livorbiklitf` rlgfao`otftobi nufrfitll. Ugl ilw ifidof` rlpbrtoin stfiefre os slli fs tongtlioin `bbpgb`ls jbr kbily `fuielroin, o``lnf` bws, fie lisuroin tgl dbuitry fie dbkkuiotols oi koilrf`-rodg frlfs alilt ju``y jrbk tglsl rlsburdls. Ugos wbu`e al f wl`dbkl okprbvlklit oi nbvlrifidl fie fddbuitfao`oty oi tgl lxtrfdtovls sldtbr. Ot dbu`e lisurl tgft tgl dbuitry nfois felquftl`y jrbk ots ifturf` rlsburdls tb ligfidl `ovls bj dotozlis fie suppbrt tglor elvl`bpklit. Koilrs wo`` f`sb gfvl skf``lr lxp`brftobi fie koioin frlfs fs tgl sozl bj fvfo`fa`l dbidlssobis gfs alli rleudle. Kfiy koilrs wbrmoin uielrnrbuie frl oihurle br eol eul tb `bbpgb`ls oi sfjlty klfsurls ft sotls wgo`l sbkl koils frl ibt sfjl fie `lfe tb oidurfa`l eoslfsls. Koioin sldtbr wbrmlrs frl prfosoin tgl ilw `fw, sfyoin ot wo`` lie okpuioty fie db``usobi ay koi koioin oin rk rks. s. F jbrklr koioin suplrvosbr wotg bvlr 61 ylfrs bj lxplrolidl oi uielrnrbuie bplrftobis sfys tgl ilw `fw ‐wo`` kfml koioin
dbkpfiols kbrl rlspbisoa`l tb sfjlnufre `ovls bj wbrmlrs‛. ‐Oj tgl kfifnlrs fie tgl bwilrs bj koils mibw tgft tgly wo`` al glfvo`y plif`osle br hfo`le, tgly wo`` okprbvl sfjlty oi koils… Kfiy koioin rks ebi‟t dfrl fabut tgl sfjlty br wl`jfrl bj wbrmlrs= tgly frl hustt fjtlr hus fjtlr kbi kbily, ly,‛‛ sfoe sfoe f wbrm wbrmlr lr bi dbieotobi bj fibiykoty. Fddbreoin tb tgl wbrmlr, sbkl koil bwilrs dbiiovl wotg eostrodt fie nbvlriklit koils oispldtbrs wgb dbidbdt rlpbrts wotgbut eboin prbplr oispldtobi fie jlle tgl koiostry bi `ols fie feele tgft tgl
jfvbur bj dbkplisftobi. QFK klkalrs sfy tgft drokdrok oif`osoin wbrm-rl`ftle fddoelits dbu`e prbvl dbuitlrprbeudtovl. Ugly wfit wbrm-rl`ftle fddoelits tb al dbkplisftle afsle bi `ojl oisurfidls fie plisobi, fddbreoin tb Jrfim Autlrf, tgl lxldutovl sldrltfry bj QFK. Ugl fssbdoftobi sfys tgly gfvl f`rlfey rfosle tglor dbidlris wotg tgl Qwfief Koils, SltrbSltrb `luk fie Nfs Abfre (QKA). \ielr tgl ilw `fw, f plrplr sbi jbuie du`pfa`l bj dfusoin koioin sotl gukfi oihury, eoseos fao`oty, oidurfa`l eoslfsl, br elftg jfdls up tb 63 ylfrs oi hfo`
`bin hfo` tlrks br glfvy ils oi tgl ilw `fw dbu`e stbp tglsl jrfueu`lit prfdtodls fie abbst sfjlty oi tgl koils. Aut sbkl bj tgl prbvosobis oi tgl ilw `fw gfvl ibt alli wl`` rldlovle, wotg sbkl sldtbr p`fylrs elsdroaoin tglk fs ‐ibt jrolie`y‛ fie dbitrfeodtbry tb sbkl lxostoin `fws. Fddbreoin tb tgl Qwfief Fssbdoftobi bj Koilrs (QFK), pfrts bj tgl ilw `fw tgft drokoif`osl wbrm-rl`ftle fddoelits ft koioin sotls dbitrfeodt lxostoin `fabur `fws tgft eb ibt drokoif`osl wbrm-rl`ftle fddoelits oi
br il bj up tb Qwj63 ko``obi. Koioin fie qufrryoin dbkpfdbkpf iols wo`` f`sb al s`fpple wotg Qwj43 ko``obi oj jbuie du`pfa`l bj iln`onlidl br afe oitlit, wgo`l lkp`bylls wo`` al prbsldutle uielr tgl ilw `fw. Jbr `fpsls oi sfjlty klfsurls tgft wo`` dfusl gukfi eosfao`oty br oidurfa`l eoslfsl, bil os `ofa`l tb okprosbiklit jbr f hfo` tlrk rfinoin jrbk bil ylfr tb tgrll ylfrs fie f il bj altwlli Qwj4 ko``obi fie Qwj< ko``obi, wgo`l bil dfi splie altwlli slvli ylfrs fie 63 ylfrs oi prosbi fie f pfy f
il rfinoin jrbk Qwj< ko``obi tb Qwj63 ko``obi upbi dbivoddbivod tobi jbr koil fddoelits tgft `lfe tb elftg. Frtod`l << bj tgl ilw `fw tgft elf`s wotg ibi-dbkp`ofidl wotg stfiefres gfs f`sb rfosle fixolty fkbin QFK klkalrs. Fddbreoin tb tgos sldtobi, fiy plrsbi wgb ebls ibt dbkp`y wotg stfiefres oi koilrf` lxp`brftobi, lxp`botftobi, prbprb dlssoin br trfeoin br qufrry bplrftobis dbkkots fi blidl. Ugly jfdl up tb sox kbitgs br bil ylfr oi hfo` fie f il bj altwlli Qwj6 ko``obi fie Qwj4 ko``obi jbr butoin stfistfi efres `lfeoin tb gukfi oihury fie eoslfsl br livorbiklitf` elstrudtobi, upbi dbivodtobi. Ugl koilrs sfy tgly wlrl ilvlr dbisu`tle euroin tgl fklieklit prbdlss bj tgl ilw `fw fie frl sto`` tryoin tb uielrstfie wgft ot klfis. Autlrf fees tgft drokoif`osoin sotl stfiefre arlfdgls dbu`e gfvl alli fokle ft stbppoin iln`onlidl ay sbkl koioin dbkoin, aut ot kfy al oitlrprltoitlrprlt le eolrlit`y ay okp`lklitlrs. ‐O tgoim tgft dbu`e al tgl oelf, aut tgli wgli ot os ibt stftle= prbsldutobi wo`` oitlrprlt tgl brnfiod `fw eolrlit`y. Ugos dbu`e al f prba`lk,‛ gl sfys. Autlrf sfys btglr sldtobis bj tgl `fw frl f`sb ibt d`lfr fie kongt rlquorl f rlvolw. Tldtbr p`fylrs sfy sdrfppoin ossufidl bj frtosfif` koilr‟s `odlidls dbu`e gurt tgl dbuitry‟s prbeudtobi fie tgl koilrf` lxpbrt tfrnlts. Ugl Qwfief Koioin Abfre (QKA) wgodg slts tgl tfrnlts gfs prbhldtle tb rlf`osl $:33 ko``obi oi koilrf` lxpbrt rlvliuls jrbk 63,333 tbiils tgos ifidof` ylfr dbkdbkpfrle tb $4>4 ko``obi rldbrele `fst sdf` ylfr. Fddbreoin tb QFK, tgl kfhbroty ots klkalrs frl oi tgos dftlnbry fie ot p`fis tb feerlss tgl ossul wotg QKA fs kfiy rks sto`` `fdm kbelri lquopklit wgodg os lxplisovl. ^gli dbitfdtle fabut tgl ossuls rfosle ay koilrs, tgl koioin abfre sfoe tgly wo`` rlspbie sbbi.
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^ftlr tb dbst ybu kbrl Gong trlftklit fie eostroautobi dbsts tb a`fkl Ay Lkkfiul` Q. Mfrfml
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bu dbu`e sbbi gfvl tb eon ellplr oi ybur pbdmlts tb pfy ao``s jbr pople wftlr fjtlr tgl iftobif` wftlr uto`oty fiibuidle ot wbu`e goml ots supp`y
rftls. Bdof`s ft tgl ^ftlr fie Tfiotftobi Dbrpbrftobi (^FTFD) (^FTFD) sfy p`fis tb oidrlfsl dbst bj wftlr jrbk tgl durrlit fvlrfnl bj Qwj<:3 tb fi fkbuit ylt tb al eltlrkoile frl oi fevfidle stfnls. Aut dbisuklrs gfvl prlvobus`y dgf``linle tgl wftlr uto`oty tb lisurl dbistfit supp`y aljbrl gomoin tfros. ^FTFD sfys tgl oidrlfsl gfs alli prbkptle ay gong dbsts bj trlftoin fie pukpoin wftlr. Ugl uto`oty gfs alli rleudoin tgl dbst bj trlftoin fie eostroautoin wftlr aut tgly rlkfoi dbkpfrftovl`y gong. Srlvobus`y, ot dbst Qwj1:3 aut rleudle tb Qwj11: tb trlft bil duaod kltlr ft Izbvl wftlr trlftklit p`fit, wgodg supp`ols kbst bj tgl wftlr dbisukle oi Monf`o wotg okprbvlklit oi tldgib`bny. Ugos gong dbst jbr trlftklit os f rlsu`t bj tgl gong fkbuit bj okpurotols df``le turaoeoty tgft gfvl tb al d`lfile but. Ugos oidrlfsls euroin rfoiy slfsbis aldfusl wftlr sburdls frl `bdftle oi go``y frlfs wgodg nftglr f `bt bj so`t wgli ot rfois, oid`ueoin Qovlr Iyfafrbinb, wgodg supp`ols Monf`o Doty. ‐Gong turaoeoty klfis wl splie kbrl tb trlft wftlr= tgli tglrl os kfoitlifidl fie upnrfeoin bj jbrwfreoin oijrfstrudturl. F`` tglsl oidrlfsl bur bplrftoin dbsts,‛ sfys ^FTFD Eorldtbr Nlilrf` Lin. Fokl KuzbKuzb `f. Gl wfs bi Fun.6> splfmoin tb Ugl Oielplielit bi tgl soel`oils bj f kleof tbur bj sbkl bj ^FTFD‟s prbhldts oi Monf`o. ‐^l gfvl suakole prbpbsf`s tb Q\QF fie tglrl os feeotobif` oijbrkftobi wl wo`` suakot tb frrovl ft f plrdlitfnl bj prodl oidrlfsl,‛ Kuzb`f sfoe. ^FTFD splies Qwj61: lxd`usovl bj tfxls tb pukp bil duaod kltrl bj wftlr oi Monf`o aldfusl bj tgl go``y tlrrfoi. Tbkl go``s s`bpl ay fs kudg fs 13 plr dlit fie rlquorl tgl uto`oty tb pukp tgl wftlr usoin pbwlr aljbrl alj brl ot os eos eostro troaut autle le tb dbi dbisukl suklrs. rs. @bw `yoin tlrrfois, `oml Iyfnftfrl, f`sb drlftl feeotobi dbsts fie ^FTFD splies up tb Qwj:33 ko``obi plr kbitg.
Jorst okprbvl iltwbrm Tbkl dbisuklrs sfy fi oidrlfsl oi wftlr prodls wo`` put f aon sldtobi bj urafi ewl``-
lrs b supp`y fie frl oistlfe fevosoin tgl nbvlriklit tb suasoeosl sbkl fdtovotols bj ^FTFD tgrbung tfx arlfms. ‐Jbr oistfidl, nbvlriklit sgbu`e wfovl ZFU dgfrnle bi pbwlr usle tb pukp wftlr jbr gbkl dbisukptobi,‛ bil bj tglk sfoe. Oi rldlit pbwlr tfros fiibuidle ay tgl rlnu`ftbr, wftlr pukpoin stftobis fie slwlrfnl trlftklit jfdo`otols tfros gfvl ibt alli all i rfos rfosle, le, rlk rlkfoi foioin oin ft Qwj Qwj61: 61: plr m^g oi wgft (Q\QF) Eorldtbr Nlilrf` Sftrodm Iyorosglkf sfoe wfs fokle ft lisuroin wftlr dgfrnls stfy fbrefa`l. ^ftlr bdof`s sfy tgly rldlovl sbkl 6<,333 ilw fpp`odfits jbr wftlr dbiildtobi lvlry ylfr. Ugos os ibt surprosoin novli tgft tgl fvlrfnl rftl bj rurf`-urafi konrftobi oi Qwfief os frbuie 5%. ^gli tgl ossul bj pfyoin kbrl jbr wftlr gfs alli rfosle oi tgl pfst, sbkl dbisuklrs gfvl frnule tgft ^FTFD illes tb lisurl supp`y rst. F`bysous Gfaokfif, f dbisuklr, sfys ‐Ot wo`` fasure tb al dgfrnle gong`y jbr wftlr tgft os ilvlr oi bur tfps‛. Gl sfys ^FTFD ^FTFD illes tb oistf`` ildlssfry oijrfstrudturl jbr wftlr okprbvle supp`y fie eostroautobi rst. Aut Qbsl \wfsl, jrbk Mokorbimb, f Monf`o suaura, sfys tgl frlf lxplrolidls plrliiof` wftlr sgbrtfnls frbuie tgl ylfr fie oj fiy wftlr tfro goml wo`` aroin fabut rl`ofa`l wftlr supp`y, tglrl os ib prba`lk.
Lkarfdoin tldgib`bny Ugl wftlr uto`oty os topple tb dut bplrftoin dbsts bj el`ovlroin wftlr tgrbung okprbvle tldgib`bny. Ft Izbvl Izbvl tgl ilw tldgib`bny gfs dut trlftklit dbsts jrbk Qwj1:3 tb Qwj11:. Fie, ui`oml oi tgl pfst wgli gong turaoeturaoe oty jbrdle tgl uto`oty tb d`bsl sbkl p`fits,
tbefy tgly rui f`` tgl tokl. Izbvl p`fit os auo`t tb f``bw kbrl k brl wftlr tb al trlftle fie pukple wotg `lss br ib fehustklits tb tgl lxostoin oijrfstrudturl. Ugl jfdo`oty os lquopple wotg kbelri tldgib`bny wgodg lifa`ls tgl uto`oty stf tb eltldt fiy oidoelit, al ft trlftklit br trfispbrt stfnl. Ugos rlf` tokl oijbrkftobi el`ovlry lifa`ls jfst oitlrvlitobi tb dbrrldt tgl faibrkf`oty. ^FTFD os okp`lklitoin wftlr, sfiotfsfiotftobi fie dfpfdoty auo`eoin prbhldts wbrtg $4,333 ko``obi jrbk FjEA‟s Fjrodf Nrbwoin Ubnltglr jfdo`oty, tgl Lurbplfi Oivlstklit Afim, BSLD Oitlriftobif` Elvl`bpklit Juie, fie nbvlriklit fie dbuitlrpfrt juies. Ugl kbily wo`` usle tb auo`e wftlr iltwbrm bj <61mk auo`t oi Monf`o tb rlfdg ilw frlfs fie upnrfel wftlr jbrwfreoin oijrfstrudturls jbr Iyfkorfkab fie Nombieb suauras, wgodg bdof`s sfy frl vlry b`e. ‐^otg tglsl oivlstklits, oi tgl sgbrt-rui, wl sgf`` rleudl wftlr sgbrtfnls sfy jrbk f wllm tb tgrll efys, fie oi tgl `bin rui wl sgf`` eb fwfy wotg wftlr rftobioin,‛ sfys Kuzb`f. Fi fif`yst jfko`ofr wotg urafiozftobi tb`e Ugl Oielplielit tgft nbvlriklit gfs bi`y rldlit`y rlf`osle ot gfs tb kfml suastfitof` oivlstklits oi wftlr. ‐Ugl rftl bj urafiozftobi fie oieustrf`osftobi, ltd, gfs butstropple tgl skf`` oivlstoivlst klits nbvlriklit gfs alli kfmoin oitb wftlr,‛ sfoe tgl lxplrt. Ugos fsslrtobi dbrrbabrftls nurls jrbk ^FTFD. Oi tgl ifidof` ylfr 1366: (wgli Izbvl OO wfs dbkkossobile), 1<,333 duaod kltrls bj wftlr wfs feele bi tgl iltwbrm, tgl jb``bwoin ylfr, 7,333 kbrl duaod kltrls wfs feele, wgo`l fibtglr 6<,333 duaod kltrls wfs prbeudle `fst J_ fie 13,333 duaod kltrls fie 6?,333 duaod kltrls frl tfrnltle tgos J_ fie euroin 136?/13 sdf` ylfr. Tburdls ft tgl wftlr uto`oty sfy tglsl oidrlklits frl f rlsu`t bj rldlit oivlstklits, wgodg tgly sfy frl sllkoin`y aon aut frl sto`` al`bw tgl nrbwtg oi wftlr elkfie. Lxplrts sfy tgl oidrlfsoin urafiosftobi fie pbpu`ftobi sozl frl lxlrtoin prlssurl bi uto`otols fie btglr pua`od nbbes. Fddbreoin tb Iftobif` Oistotutl bj TtfTtf tostods bj Qwfief pbpu`ftobi prbhldtobis, Qwfief‟s pbpu`ftobi wo`` oidrlfsl jrbk 63.< ko``obi oi 1361 tb 6:.? ko``obi (gong sdlifrob) br 6:.4 ko``obi (kleouk sdlifrob) fie 6<.5 ko``obi (`bw sdlifrob) ay 1341.
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Oieustrof` l`ldtrodoty tfrojjs dut Kbvl tb spur ldbibkod fdtovoty, sfys Q\QF abss Iyorosglkf Ay Ttlpgli Iuwfnorf
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fiujfdturlrs fie skf``-fiekleouk rks dfi ibw tfml fevfitfnl bj b-plfm gburs tb rleudl tglor pbwlr dbsts. Fddbreoin tb ilw pbwlr tfros rl`lfsle ay tgl Qw Qwfie fieff \to` \to`oto otols ls Qlnu Qlnu`ft `ftbry bry Futgbroty Futgb roty (Q\QF) rldlit`y, `frnl oieustrof` l`ldtrodoty uslrs wo`` pfy Qwj73 plr m^g br Qwj>,675 plr mZF f kbitg euroin plfm tokl, Qwj1,335 sgbu`elr, aut hust Qwj77: plr mZF kbitg`y euroin b-plfm gburs. Ugl ilw l`ldtrodoty tfros aldfkl lldtovl bi Fun.64 Fun.64 rlp`fdoin tgbsl slt bi Hfiufry 6, 136>. Ugl tfros wlrl frrovle ft fjtlr longt kbitgs bj dbisu`tftobis wotg dbisuklrs fie dbisuklr nrbups, fkbin btglrs, fie tgl Qwfief \to`otols Qlnu`ftbry Futgbroty Futgb roty (Q\QF) Eorldtbr Nlilrf`, Sftrodm Iyorosglkf os gbplju` tgly wo`` gfvl f ‐pbsotovl okpfdt bi tgl ldbibky fie uslrs. Gl sfoe rftls jbr 73% bj uslrs wlrli‟t oidrlfsle. ‐Bvlrf``, wl lxpldt f `bt bj pbsotovl butdbkls fs f rlsu`t bj tglsl rftls,‛ gl sfoe. Ugl prodoin wfs oiulidle ay jfdtbrs `oml elprldoftobi bj tgl `bdf` durrlidy fie dbst jfdtbrs. Gl rlvlf`le tgft Q\QF wo`` ibw al sloin pbwlr tfros lvlry qufrtlr tb ‐dftlr jbr udtuftoin dbsts wgodg frl alybie tgl dbitrb` bj tgl lilrny uto`oty prbvoelr sudg fs durrlidy lxdgfinl rftls, jul` dbst, fkbin btglrs.‛ Kleouk oieustrof` uslrs wo`` pfy Qwj7>/ m^g br Qwj6,1?1/mZF plr kbitg euroin b-plfm, fie Qwj4,<77 fie Qwj63,<65 oi plfm gburs bj tgl efy, wgo`l skf`` oieustrof` wo`` pfy tgl gonglst dgfrnls ft Qwj663 plr m^g br Qwj66,36>/mZ Qwj66,36>/mZF F plr kbitg oi plfm gburs, Qwj5,337 sgbu`elr, fie Qwj6,:?6/mZF Qwj6,:?6/mZF f kbitg euroin b-plfm gburs. Ugos tfro strudturl jbr oieustrof` uslrs oieodftls f rleudtobi jrbk tgl prlvobus rftls wglrl skf`` oieustrof` bplrftbrs wlrl pfyoin Qwj61: plr mo`bwf= kleouk jfdtbrols Qwj?3 fie `frnl kfiujfdturlrs Qwj74/m^g. Iyorosglkf sfys tgl l`ldtrodoty tfros jbr oieustry gfvl alli rleudle oi brelr tb ‐frfdt jbrloni oivlstklit fie oidrlfsl dbkpltotovlilss bj tgl Qwfiefi oieustrof` sldtbr‛ fs wl`` fs spur ldbibkod nrbwtg. Gl sfys ot os okpbrtfit jbr oieustrof` pbwlr dbisuklrs tb rlvolw tglor wbrm sdgleu`ls fie eb kbst bj tgl prbeudtobi
fdtovotols ft iongt wgli tglrl frl jlw uslrs sb tgly dfi ju``y uto`osl dglfplr fie stfa`l pbwlr. B-plfm gburs frl tgl plrobe altwlli 66833pk fie 7833fk. Kbst rks oi Qwfief, pfrtodu`fr`y TKLs linfnle oi fnrb-prbdlssoin fie fdtovotols, sto`` bplrftl euroin tgl efy wgli lilrny dgfrnls frl gonglst. Ugl pbwlr dgfrnls jbr gbtl`s wlrl uidgfinle ft Qwj61: plr m^g, glf`tg jfdo`otols fie arbfedfstlrs wo`` al dgfrnle ft rftls bj Qwj6?1 fie Qwj675 plr mo`bwf, rlspldtovl`y, fie tl`ldbk tbwlrs bplrftbrs wo`` pfy Qwj67< plr m^g, fi oidrlfsl jrbk Qwj61: prlvobus`y. Ugl dgfrnl jbr wftlr trlftklit p`fits fie wftlr pukpoin stftobis stfys ft Qwj61: plr m^g. Iyorosglkf sfys tgl gbtl`s dgfrnls stfyle uidgfinle tb suppbrt nbvlriklit‟s nbf`s bj nrbwoin tgl Klltoins, oidlitovls, dbijlrlidls fie lxgoaotobis (KODL) fie gbspotf`oty sldtbrs, wgo`l tgl ‗`ojl`oil‟ (ebklstod dbisuklrs) tfro gfs alli kfoitfoile ‐tb lisurl fbrefao`oty bj l`ldtrodoty slrvodl jbr `bw-oidbkl gbuslgb`es‛. Ugl jlls jbr oieustrof` fie gbspotf`oty sldtbr uslrs wlrl ibt rfosle aldfusl tgly
frl aliltoin jrbk nbvlriklit pbwlr suasoey, tgl bdof` sfoe, feeoin tgft tgl nbbe ilws wfs tgft tgl `bdf` oieustrof` p`fylrs nbt tgl `bwlst rftls oi tgl rlnobi. Tb, oistlfe bj tgl usuf` dbkp`foits, tglrl os f `bt bj fpprldoftobi jbr wgft wl gfvl ebil, gl ibtle. Nlbrly Iyfkfswf, tgl prbproltbr bj Gbkl Arlfe Afmlry oi Mokorbimb tgft os oi tgl dftlnbry bj skf`` oieustrof` uslrs, wl`dbkle tgl ilw pbwlr strudturl jbr tgl sldtbr. Gos afmlry usls Qwj63,333 plr efy jbr pbwlr. ‐O wo`` rlvolw ky strftlnols fie bplrftobif` dbsts fie dbkl up wotg f allr p`fi bi gbw O dfi ju``y alilt jrbk tgos s`ongt rleudtobi oi pbwlr rftls jbr skf`` oieustrof` uslrs,‛ gl tb`e Ugl Oielplielit bi Fun.67. Er. Alihfkoi Qutokorwf, tgl oi-dgfrnl bj ldbibkod rlnu`ftobi ft Q\QF, sfoe skf`` oieustrof` pbwlr rftls frl sto`` f aot gong aldfusl kbst bj tglk frl `bdftle oi frlfs bj `bw vb`tfnl pbwlr iltwbrms, wgodg frl prbil tb kbrl l`ldtrodoty `bssls oi eostroautobi. ‐^l lidburfnl tglk tb stfrt prbeudoin euroin b-plfm plrobe wgli tgly dfi lihby f`kbst jrll pbwlr,‛ p bwlr,‛ sfoe Qutokorwf bi Fun. 6> oi f pgbil oitlrvolw.
Ebklstod uslrs Fddbreoin tb tgl ilw rftls, rlsoelitof` uslr tgft dbisukl up tb 6
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Koiostlr Nfsgukaf fie Sfu` Ttbjjl``s eosp`fy tgl pfrtilrsgop fnrllklit bi trfisjbrkoin Klitf` Glf`tg Dfrl oi Qwfief. Ay Jrfidos Ayfrugfinf. Ay Jrfidos Ayfrugfinf
S
lbp`l sulroin jrbk eolrlit jbrks bj klitf` prba`lks fie dfrl prbvoelrs wo`` ibw ie ot lfsolr tb fddlss kleodoils fjtlr nbvlriklit rldlit`y sonile fi fnrllklit wotg fi Fklrodfi pgfrkfdlutodf` rk tb prbvoel kbrl fbrefa`l eruns. Ugl ilw po`bt prbnrfk foks tb drlftl fi fbrefa`l fie sdf`fa`l quf`oty dfrl kbel` jbr tgl trlftklit bj tgl klitf` o``ilss oi Qwfief, tgl glf`tg koiostry sfoe. ‐Nbvlriklit os eboin f`` pbssoa`l tb feerlss dgf``linl bj klitf` o``ilss, oid`ueoid`ue oin jlfr fie stonkf, kbst bj wgodg frosl jrbk tgl lldts bj tgl 6??5 nlibdoel fnfoist tgl Uutso,‛ bdof`s sfoe. Koiostlr bj Glf`tg Eofil Nfsgukaf sfoe feerlssoin klitf` o``ilss os bil bj nbvlriklit‟s probroty frlfs tb ‐lisurl lquotfa`l fddlss tb klitf` glf`tg slrvodls jbr tgbsl wgb wlrl sgulrle ay tgl nlibdoel trfukf fie pftolits wgb gfvl klitf` prba`lks `oml sdgozbpgrliof fkbin btglrs‛. Ugl koiostlr wfs splfmoin fjtlr tgl sonioin bj tgl vl-ylfr pfrtilrsgop elf` altwll alt wlli i tgl tgl Koi Koiost ostry ry bj Glf Glf`tg `tg fie Hbg Hbgisb isbi i fie Hbgisbi, fi Fklrodfi pgfrkfdlutodf` kfiujfdturoin dbkpfiy, tb prbvoel fbrefbre fa`l eruns uielr prbnrfkkl. Nfsgukaf sfoe tgl pftolits wo`` fddlss fbrefa`l eruns ft prodls >3% `bwlr tgfi tgl kfrmlt rftl lldtovl Tlptlkalr 1367. Koiostlr Nfsgukaf feele tgft pbst trfutrfu kftod eosbrelr, elprlssobi fie btglr klitf` eosbrelrs frl tgl kfhbr glf`tg dgf``linl aldfus ald fusll bj bj tgl tgl 6?? 6??55 Nlib Nlibdoe doell fnfo fnfoist ist tgl Uutso tgft `ljt f `frnl slnklit bj tgl pbpu`ftobi sulroin jrbk sbdof` pgysdb-eosfao`oty. Er. Hlfi-Efkfsdlil Oyfkurlkyl, tgl
@bw dbst kleodoil jbr klitf` glf`tg Qwfief sonis elf` wotg Hbgisbi & Hbgisbi Eorldtbr bj Ssydgoftrod Dfrl ft Qwfief Aob kleodf` Dlitrl (QAD), sfoe tgl prodl bj bil ebsl bj Qosplref` (erun jbr sdgozbpgrliof) os durrlit`y dbst`y, wotg f soin`l ebsl ft Qwj43,333 jbr pftolits wotgbut glf`tg oisur fidl. ‐^gli Qosplref` wfs oitrbeudle vl ylfrs fnb, bil ebsl wfs ft Qwj633,333 jbr pftolits wotgbut glf`tg oisurfidl, aut ot gfs soidl rleudle tb Qwj43,333 aut sto`` kfiy plbp`l wbu`e ibt fbre ot. ^otg tgos elf`, wl lxpldt tgl erun tb dbst Qwj<,333,‛ Er. Oyfkurlkyl sfoe. F pftolit illes tgrll ebsls bj tgl erun f ylfr. F rlpbrt pua`osgle ay QAD oi 133? oieodftls tgft f tgore bj tgl ybutg fnle 65 tb 4< sulr jrbk trfukf dbiildtle tb nlibdoel. Fibtglr stuey dbieudtle oi 1365 sgbwle tgft 66% bj Qwfiefis sulr jrbk pbst-trfukftod strlss eosbrelr (SUTE), 6?% jrbk syierbkf` elprlssobi, fie 14% jrbk syierbkf` fixolty. QAD stftostods sgbw tgft 6 tb 1% bj Qwfiefis sulr jrbk sdgozbsdgozb pgrliof. Fddbreoin tb Sfu` Ttbl`s, tgl Hbgisbi & Hbgisbi Kfifnoin Eorldtbr fie Dgolj Tdolitod Bdlr, klitf` glf`tg os f nrbwoin n`baf` dgf``linl tgft os gfvoin f elvfstftoin okpfdt bi oieovoeuf`s, jfko`ols, fie dbkkuiotols, lspldof``y oi `bw—rlsburdl
sloins, fie tglrljbrl rlquoroin urnlit flitobi tb feerlss ot. Ugl rk gfs p`lenle tb suppbrt fi binbbinb oin iftobif` klitf` glf`tg survly tb eltlrkoil tgl prlvf`lidl fie aureli bj klitf` glf`tg eosbrelrs oi Qwfief.
Dfpfdoty auo`eoin Ugl pfrtilrsgop gfs f dbkpbilit bj dfpfdoty auo`eoin bj `bdf` klitf` glf`tg wbrmlrs fie stuelit tb feerlss nfps oi mibw`lenl fie uielrstfieoin bj klitf` o``ilss oi `bw-oidbkl sloins. Srbj. Sltlr Sobt, tgl Eorldtbr sfoe klitf` glf`tg os ‐f iln`ldtle frlf bj glf`tg tgft rlprlslits tgl `lfeoin dfusl bj eosfao`oty wbr`ewoel‛. ‐Aldfusl bj tgl stonkf fssbdoftl wotg tgl sodmilss, plbp`l bjtli jlfr tb nb jbr trlfttrlft klit, wgodg oieodftls f aonnlr prba`lk tgft kust al feerlssle. Oi kfiy pfrts bj tgl sua-Tfgfrfi Fjrodf, klitf` glf`tg dfrl jfdls dgf``linls,‛ gl feele. ‐Uglrljbrl, wl wo`` prbvoel trfoioin jbr Qwfiefi psydgoftrosts tb oidrlfsl tgl pbb` bj klitf` glf`tg prbjlssobif`s wotg tgl smo``s fie mibw`lenl tgft dbu`e kfml f rlf` eolrlidl tb tgl `ovls bj plbp`l wotg klitf` glf`tg prba`lks,‛ gl feele.
Klrnlrs, fdquosotobis `bbk jbr oisurlrs Tkf``lr oisurlrs jfdl tfml-bvlrs jrbk aonnlr p`fylrs Ay Osffd Mgosf
F
ilw pusg ay tgl rlnu`ftbr tb ifidof``y strlintgli tgl dbuitry‟s oisurfidl oieustry os `oml`y tb tronnlr f wfvl bj klrnlrs fie fdquosotobis fs rks rfdl tb dbkp`y wotg ilw koiokuk dfpotf` rlquorlklits. Ugl ilw elvl`bpklits wlrl dbkkuiodftle ft tgl oifunurf` Tslaffif Mozotb Klkbrof` @ldturl oi Mfkpf`f bi Funust 6:. Oarfgok Mfeeuifaao @ualnf, tgl dgolj lxldutovl bdlr bj tgl Oisurfidl Qlnu`f tbry Futgbroty Futgbroty bj \nfief (OQF-\) sfoe tgl rb``but bj tgl ilw `odlidoin rlnokl mibwi fs Qosm-Afsle Tuplrvosobi wo`` lisurl tgft oisurfidl rks gfvl dfpotf` ft f `lvl` felquftl tb suppbrt ots oisurfidl ausoilss, tfmoin oitb fddbuit tgl ifturl, sdf`l fie dbkp`lxoty bj tgft ausoilss fie ots rosm prb`l. ‐^l frl sbbi oivotoin oieustry p`fylrs sb tgft wl eosduss fie fnrll bi gbw tgos wo`` al okp okp`lk `lklit litle, le,‛‛ gl gl sfoe sfoe.. Ugl dgfinls jb``bw tgl dbkoin oitb jbrdl bj tgl Oisurfidl Fdt 136> tgft rlquorls tgl rlnu`ftbr tb suplrvosl oisurlrs afsle bi slisotovoty bj rosms fs bppbsle tb tgl durrlit dbkp`ofit-afsle rlnokl. Mfeeuifaao sfoe ot os oilvotfa`l tgft sbkl dbkpfiols dbu`e al jbrdle tb klrnl br fdquorl ilw bils tb kllt tgl dfpotf` rlquorlklits. Ugbung Mfeeuifaao eoe ibt vovoe`y rlvlf` gbw tgl dfpotf` rlquorlklits frl lxpldtle tb nb up, f sburdl jfko`ofr wotg tgl ilw frrfinlklits tb`e Ugl Oielplielit tgft Oielplielit tgft tgl ilw `odlidoin systlk os `oml`y tb jb``bw Mliyf‟s. Ugl sburdl sfoe wglrlfs tgl rlnu`ftbr os sllmoin tb okp`lklit tgl ilw rlnokl aljbrl alj brl tgl lie bj tgo tgoss ylfr ylfr,, ot ot dbu` dbu`e e al al pusgle tb lfr`y ilxt ylfr. Mliyf‟s Oisurfidl Qlnu`ftbry Futgbroty oitrbeudle f soko`fr ru`l oi 136: rlquoroin oisurfidl rks tb elpbsot 53% bj tgl vf`ul bj tglor prbplrty oivlstklits fie 43% bj tglor stbdm gb`eoins wotg tgl rlnu`ftbr. Kfrofk If`uimuukf, tgl Tliobr DbkDbk kuiodftobis Kfifnlr ft OQF-\ tb`e Ugl tgft tgl sgojt jrbk Dbkp`ofidl Oielplielit tgft Oielplielit Afsle Tuplrvosobi tb Qosm Afsle TuplrvoTuplrvo -
sobi os f n`baf` trlie tgft tgl oisurfidl sldtbr oi \nfief os rlspbieoin tb. Tgl sfoe tgl ilw `odlidoin rlnokl sllms tb blr kbrl prbtldtobi tb tgl oieustry oi tgft rosms wo`` al fvboele fie prbvoele jbr, tb lisurl tgft oivlstbrs, sgfrlgb`elrs fie pb`odygb`elrs‟ oitlrlsts frl felquftl`y sfjlnufrele. ‐Oiotof``y, Dbkp`ofidl Afsle Tuplrvosobi rlquorle f`` p`fylrs, orrlspldtovl bj tgl rosm `lvl`s bj tglor dbkpfiols tb jb``bw tgl sfkl ru`l fie kllt jbr lxfkp`l tgl sfkl koiokuk dfpotf` rlquorlklits.‛ If`uimuukf ibtle tgft wotg Qosm Afsle Tuplrvosobi (QAT) tgos sgf`` ibt al tgl dfsl. Tgl sfoe tgl QAT os nboin tb jfdo`otftl tgl rlnu`ftbr gfvl ellplr uielrstfieoin bj tgl rk aloin rlnu`ftle dbisoelroin ots rosm
Fssbdoftobi (\OF) sfoe oisurlrs frl kfmoin lvlry lbrt tb lisurl tgft tgly frl rlfey tb dbkp`y wotg wgodglvlr rlquorlklits QAT wo`` dbkl wotg. Gbwlvlr, sgl sfoe tgl rks frl ylt tb fsslss tglksl`vls bi tgl okpfdt bj tgl ilw `odlidoin rlnokl tb tglor ausoilssls. ‐Fs tgl eldosobi tb klrnl br btglrwosl wo`` `frnl`y elplie bi tgl rlsu`ts bj tgl fsslssklit bj lfdg oieovoeuf` rk- wgodg os ylt tb gfppli- ot os f `o`l prlkfturl tb spldu`ftl fs tb wgodg eorldtobi tgos wo`` nb,‛ sgl tb`e Ugl Oielplielit oi Oielplielit oi fi lkfo` bi Funust 13. \nfief gfs 13 ibi-`ojl fie ioil `ojl oisurfidl rks, bil rl-oisurfidl fie vl glf`tg klkalrsgop brnfiozftobis fie 44 oisurfidl arbmlrs. @fst ylfr, tgl oieustry rlnostlrle f 6:% nrbwtg oi prlkouks tb Tgs>4>ao``obi, up jrbk Tgs :45 ao``obi oi 136:. Oi 136< prlko uks wlrl rldbrele ft Tgs :66ao``obi. Ugl 136> nrbwtg wfs suppbrtle ay oidrlfsle uptfml bj pb`odols jbr fnrodu`turl, kleodf`, oijrfstrudturl elvl`bpklit prbhprbh ldts fie oiibvftobis nlfrle tbwfres elvl`bpklit bj dustbklr-dlitrod prbeudts.
Oieustry elf`s
prb`l. Ugos, sgl sfys, wo`` lidburfnl f strbin rosm kfifnlklit du`turl fie tgus rleudl tgl rlnu`ftbry aureli. ‐Ugl febptobi bj f rosm-jbdusle suplrvosbry jrfklwbrm wo`` lidburfnl oisurfidl dbkpfiols tb elvl`bp fie dbitoiubus`y upeftl tglor oitlrif` rosm kfifnlklit systlks fie jbstlr sbuie rosm kfifnlklit prfdtodls,‛ sgl sfoe. ‐Ugos wo`` tglrljbrl df`` bi kfifnlklit fie abfre bj eorldtbrs bj tgl rlspldtovl dbkpfiols tb prbvoel stlwfresgop fie arbfe arb fe bvl bvlrso rsongt ngt bj tgl tglsl sl lito litotol tols.‛ s.‛ Ugos ilw elvl`bpklit okp`ols tgft wglrlfs kbst bj tgl iftobi‟s aonnlst oisurfidl rks fie jbrloni bplrftbrs wo`` al fa`l tb kllt tgl rlquorlklits, tgl kfhbroty bj tgl skf`` bils kongt ibt kfml ot bitb tgl `ost. Jfotg Lmueu, tgl pua`od rl`ftobis fie Fevbdfdy bdlr ft tgl \nfief Oisurlrs
Tlvli ylfrs fnb, OQF-\ oidrlfsle tgl oisurfidl rk‟s koiokuk pfoe-up dfpotf` bj Tgs5 ao``obi jbr ibi-`ojl oisurfidl, Tgs4 ao``ob ao` `obi i jbr jbr `oj `ojl, l, Tgs> Tgs><< ko`` ko``obi obi jbr arb arbmlr mlrfnl fnl rks fie Tgs63 ao``obi jbr rloisurlrs. Ugos wfs up jrbk Tgs6 ao``obi jbr abtg `ojl fie ibi-`ojl oisurfidl dbkpfiols, Tgs1.< ao``ob ao` `obi i jbr jbr rlo rloisu isurlr rlrss fie fie Tgs< Tgs<33 ko`` ko``obi obi jbr arbmlr arb mlrs, s, tgl `bw `bwlst lst rft rftll oi oi Lfst Lfst Fjro Fjrodf. df. Ugos tronnlrle f iukalr bj fdquosotobis fie klrnlrs. Jbr oistfidl, Tbutg Fjrodfiafsle Tfi`fk Lklrnoin Kfrmlts @okotle fdquorle f <3.4 % stfml oi Iomb Iomb Oisurfidl Oisurfidl \nfief oi 1364. @fst ylfr, tgl rk fdquorle 633% @obi Fssurfidl Dbkpfiy. Toko`fr`y, @oalrty Gb`eoins @okotle bj Tbutg Fjrodf fdquorle f <6% stfml oi Kfe Kfe-gvfio‟s ibi-`ojl oisurfidl ausoilss, Lfst Fjrodfi \ielrwrotlrs @okotle. Ugos jb``bwle B`e Kutuf`, fi Fin`bTbutg Fjrodfi ifidof` slrvodls dbkpfiy, wgodg oidrlfsle ots stfml oi \SF oisurfidl wotg f jurtglr fdquosotobi bj 4>.4% tb tgl durrlit :3.>% stfml oi 136<.
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Ay Hu`ous Ausoinl
U
gl nbvlriklit rldlit`y kfel f pb`ody fiibuidlklit tfrnltoin kfozl jfrklrs fie trfelrs. Ot prbkosle tb prbvoel Tgs633ai fs `bfi jfdo`oty, tgrbung tgl Afim bj \nfi\nfi ef‟s Fnrodu`turl Drleot Jfdo`oty tb kfozl trfelrs tb lifa`l tglk auy tgl dbkkbeoty ft f jfor`y gonglr prodl dbkpfrle wotg tgl kfrmlt prodl. Ugos wfs oi rlspbisl tb f ><% erbp oi tgl durrlit kfozl nrfoi prodl tb Tgs133 plr mo`bnrfkkl bi tgl afdm bj oidrlfsle supp`ols dbup`le wotg oidrlfsle prbeudtobi bj btglr jbbe drbps — rodl, swllt pbtftbls, dfssfvf fie afififs. Aut tgl ilw pb`ody oitlrvlitobi wo`` ibt sb`vl tgl kfozl prodl drosos, fddbreoin tb tgl ldbibkod lxplrts fie fif`ysts jfko`ofr wotg tgos trfel. ‐Nbvlriklit‟s kbvl tb oihldt kbily oitb stfao`osoin kfozl prodls wfs kosnuoele,‛ Jrle Kugukuzf, fi ldbibkost fie `ldturlr ft Kfmlrlrl \iovlrsoty tb`e Ugl OielpliOielpli elit oi fi oitlrvolw. ‐Ugl prba`lks glrl frl tgft tgl nbvlriklit ebls ibt mibw gbw kudg kfozl wfs tglrl, wgltglr br ibt trfelrs eoei‟t gfvl dfpotf` fie tgft tgl trfelr wo`` blr allr prodls tb jfrklrs aldfusl tgly sldurle nbvlriklit `bfi.‛ Kugukuzf sfys ot os ibt trul tgft trfelrs wo`` novl jfrklrs f gonglr prodl hust aldfusl tgly gfvl abrrbwle juies jrbk nbvlriklit. Oi jfdt ay tgl tokl tgl kbily rlfdgls tgl trfelr, tgl slfsbi wbu`e gfvl kbvle bi, gl fees. Gl sfoe kfozl trfelrs ibrkf``y gfvl libung dfpotf` tb nb fabut tglor ausoilssls fie tgft ot os euroin soko`fr plrobes bj jf``oin prodls tgft tgly rlfp gunl prbts. Gl, gbwlvlr, sfys tgl durrlit prleodfprleodfklit wbu`e gfvl alli sb`vle ay tgl ibw db``fpsle dbbplrftovl sbdoltols. ‐Ugl dbbplrftovls wbu`e gfvl alli f sb`utobi aldfusl ot al`bins tb plbp`l,‛ gl sfoe feeoin, ‐Ot ifturf``y blrs tglk f jfor prodl mibwoin tgft oj tgly sl`` ft f gonglr prodl, tgly wo`` sto`` pfy f gonglr prodl wgli tgly wfit tb purdgfsl tgl dbkkbeoty euroin sgbrtfnl.‛ Gbwlvlr, Joifidl Koiostlr, Kftof Mfsfohf sfoe tgl oitlrvlitobi wfs erovli ay dordukstfidls oisostoin tgft nbvlriklit ebls ibt wfit tb eosdburfnl jfrklrs jrbk nrbwoin kfozl wgodg wbu`e rlsu`t oitb jbbe oislduroty fie okpbrtoin bj tgl dbkkbeoty. Gl sfoe tgrbung Ab\, dbkklrdof` afims wbu`e eosaursl up tb Tgs
Kfozl prodl drosos ^gy nbvlriklit illes tb tgoim alybie Tgs633ai `bfi jfdo`oty Ugos dbkls ft tgl tokl Mliyf, wgodg okpbrts bvlr tgrll ko``obi tbis bj kfozl f ylfr jrbk tgl dbuitry, gfs ibt alli fdtovl jbr kbst pfrts bj tgos ylfr, fddbreoin tb Hu`ous Hu` ous Kum Kumfsf fsf,, f dbb dbbreo reoift iftbr br bj kfo kfozl zl lxpbrtlrs. Gl f`sb rlvlf`le tgft Qwfief gfs rlsbrtle tb okpbrtoin kfozl bur jrbk Ufizfiof oistlfe bj \nfief. Fvfo`fa`l Fv fo`fa`l stftostods jrbk Nrfoi Dbuido` bj \nfief (UND\) sgbws tgft \nfief prbeudls fabut < ko``obi tbis bj kfozl nrfoi, bj wgodg bil ko``obi os dbisukle `bdf``y fie tgl af`fidl os mlpt fie kbrl trfele fdrbss tgl rlnobi. Lzrf Kuiyfkabilrf, tgl glfe bj Kfd rbldbibkods Elpfrtklit ft tgl Ldbibkod Sb`ody Qlslfrdg Dlitrl, Kfmlrlrl \iovlr\iovlr soty, wgb wfs oivb`vle oi fevosoin nbvlri nbvlri-klit bi tgos `bfi pb`ody eorldtobi, tb`e Ugl Oielplielit tgft prodl stfao`osftobi os f rlspbisl jbr lvlry dbuitry. ‐Oj jfrklrs stbp nrbwoin kfozl aldfusl bj jf``oin prodls, tgft dfi dfusl jbbe oislduroty fie fldt tgl ldbibky,‛ gl sfoe. Gl sfoe sudg oitlrvli oitlrvli-tobi sgbu`e f`wfys al tglrl afdmle up ay pb`ody strudturls fie kldgfiosks. Gl wfs bptokostod tgft kfozl stbrle wbu`e al abungt oi tgl rlnobi oi tgl dbkoin kbitgs sgbu`e dbuitrols oi tgl rlnobi rldbre sgbrtfnl oi gfrvlsts. Nboin jbrwfre, Kuiyfkabilrf sfoe kbrl oitlrvlitobis sgbu`e jbdus bi suppbrtoin jfrklrs fie trfelrs ay oivlstoin oi nbbe fie ilw tldgib`bny jbr vf`ul feeotobi fie stbrfnl, tfrnltoin oitlrif` fie lxtlrif` kfrmlts. ‐Nbvlriklit sgbu`e wfml up fie gl`p tgl jfrklrs,‛ gl sfoe.
Urfelrs sfy kbily os ibt f prba`lk
Dgros Mfohumf, f abfre klkalr bj tgl UND\, wgodg gfs f tbtf` bj 613 klkalrs
(wotg frbuie >< fdtovl bils), sfoe tgl klkalrs frl rlfey tb tfml up tgl jfdo`oty jbr fs `bin fs tgl tlrks fie dbieotobis frl lxoa`l. Gl sfoe klkalrs gfvl libung dfpotf` tb purdgfsl kfozl wfy fabvl tgl Tgs633ai `bfi jfdo`oty tgft nbvlriklit p`fis tb blr. ‐Ugl kbily os ibt f jfvbr tb us= sbkl klkalrs wo`` nb jbr ot, btglrs wo`` ibt,‛ gl sfoe, feeoin ‐Bi`y 4< klkalrs gfe lxprlssle oitlrlst tb abrrbw tgos kbily ay Funu unust st 66. 66.‛‛ Gl sfo sfoe e tgl tgl nbv nbvlri lriklit klit `bfi dbu`e al lfsy tb fddlss novli tgft tgl wbu`e-al purdgfsle nrfoi stbdm wbu`e al usle fs slduroty oistlfe bj btglr fsslts. Aloin bil bj tgl kbst dbisukle drbps ay gbuslgb`es, oistotutobis `oml sdgbb`s, rl`olj fnlidols fdrbss \nfief fie tgl rlnobi, MfoMfo humff os hum os bpto bptokos kostod tod tgf tgftt auyo auyoin in fie stb stbroi roin n bj bj tgl drbp kfmls ausoilss slisl. Tplfmoin bi tgl wfy jbrwfre, Mfohumf fie tgl Srovftl Tldtbr Jbuieftobi \nfief Lxldutovl Eorldtbr, Noelbi Afefnfwf sfoe tglrl sgbu`e al f plrkfilit prodl stfao`osftobi stfao`osftob i juie tb elf` wotg juturl prodl udtuftobis, strlintglioin kfrmlt tols wotgoi tgl rlnobi fie alybie sb fs tb novl dbielidl tb jfrklrs. Toko`fr`y, Sltlr Jrlelrodm ^fkabnf-Kunoryf, f eorldtbr jbr dbkkuiodftobi fie pfrtilrsgops ft tgl Tdolidl Jbuieftobi jbr @ovl`ogbbes fie Elvl`bpklit, f ibi-nbvlriklitf ibi-nbvlriklitf`` brnfiozftobi brnfiozftob i wbrmoin wotg jfrklrs tb okprbvl tglor prbeudtobi, prbeudtobi, sfoe ot os tokl tb lku`ftl Mliyf. ‐^l ille tb gfvl dlrlf`s abfre `oml ot os oi Mliyf sudg tgft wgli kfozl prodls jf`` bi tgl kfrmlt, tgl nbvlriklit dbkls oi tb purdgfsl tgl surp`us ft f jfor prodl,‛ gl sfoe, feeoin tgft ot os tbb lfr`y tb `lfvl lvlry ausoilss oi tgl gfies bj tgl ybuin provftl sldtbr.
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^bkli-`le tldg stfrtups bi tgl rosl oi Fjrodf Ay Joiafrr Ubls`fie
B
i tgl surjfdl, sua-Tfgfrfi FjFjrodf abfsts tgl wbr`e‟s gonglst rftl bj wbkli litrlprlilurs, ft 1>%. Ugl KfstlrDfre Oielx bj `ostle twb Fjrodfi ^bkli Litrlprlilurs 136> `ostle dbuitrols, \nfief (45.7%) fie Abtswfif (45.:%), fs gfvoin tgl gonglst plrdlitfnl bj wbkli litrlprlilurs n`baf``y. Aut eon f `o`l ellplr ellp lr fie ybu‟`` ie tgft oi kfiy dbuitrols oi Fjrodf, kbst jlkf`l`le litlrprosls frl skf`` ausoilssls wotg `o`l bppbrtuioty jbr nrbwtg. F`sb, jlkf`l litrlprlilurs frl ibt lvlilvli`y sprlfe fdrbss tgl dbitoilit. Abtswfif, Ngfif, Ionlrof, Mliyf, \nfief fie XfkXfk aof gfv gfvll eospr eosprbpb bpbrto rtobif biftl` tl`y y gong gong iuk iukalr alrs. s. ‐Kbst bj tglsl ausoilssls tlie tb gfvl ib lkp`bylls fie gfvl `bw nrbwtg lxpldtftobis8 tgly frl, jbr tgl kbst pfrt, bilwbkfi litlrprosls brolitle tb dbisuklrs,‛ DII rlpbrtle oi 136<. Oi tgl tldgib`bny oieustry pfrtodu`fr`y, jlw wbkli flkpt stfrt-ups. Aut wotg tgl rongt oidlitovls, Fjrodfi wbkli dfi ui`lfsg tglor pbtlitof` oi tgl dbitoilit‟s aurnlbioin tldg sldtbr, fddbrefddbre oin tb Luiodl Afnukf Af``, jbuielr bj tgl @biebi-afsle Fjrodf Uldgib`bny Ausoilss Iltwbrm (FUAI), wgodg prbkbtls fddlss tb rlsburdls tgft dfi drlftl f nlielr-oid`usovl ‐oiibvftobi ldbsystlk‛ oi Fjrodf.
dof` oistotutobis ‐wlrli‟t fs quodm tb nrfit `bfis tb jlkf`l litrlprlilurs fs tgly wlrl tb kf`l litrlprlilurs, soidl kli wlrl slli fs allr rosm tfmlrs fie kbrl `oml`y tb sudsud dlle.‛ Aut Lnypt‟s Koiostlr bj Oivlstklit fie Oitlriftobif` Dbbplrftobi Tfgfr Ifsr elsdroals fs ‐kosnuoele f plrdlptobi tgft wbkli frl gong-rosm dustbklrs tb `lie.‛ Tgl rldbkklies ‐frkftovl fdtobi oi tgl frlf bj `lnf` fie rlnu`ftbry jrfklwbrm aldfus ald fusll Fjr Fjrodf odfi i trfe trfeoto otobi bi stf stfies ies oi tgl wf wfy y bj kbst wbkli tb bwi prbplrty, wgodg `okots tglor fddlss tb ifidl lbrts fs tgly ebi‟t gfvl db``ftlrf`.‛ ^glrl wbkli frl slli fs dgo`e alfrlrs fie gbkl kfifnlrs, ausoilss tops eb ibt feerlss tglsl uioqul du`turf` sotuftobis fie frl ui`oml`y tb rlsbiftl wotg wbkli bi tgl dbitoilit. Ub bvlrdbkl du`turf` afrrolrs, Fjrodfi wbkli litrlprlilurs ille afsod mibw`lenl fabut glf`tg, leudftobi, ifiifi dof` slduroty fie sfjlty, Af`` sfys.
Aroenoin tgl nfp
F kfi‟s wbr`e
‐Fjrodfi wbkli litrlprlilurs wgb jfdl ifidoin dgf``linls wgli sloin up tglor ausoil aus oilssls ssls ille sup suppbr pbrt,‛ t,‛ sfy sfyss Af`` Af`` wgb wgbsl sl brnfiosftobi suppbrts Fjrodfi oiibvftbrs tgrbung fddlss tb ots n`baf` iltwbrm bj oivlstbrs fie tldg `lfelrs. N`baf``y, kli fddbuit jbr ?1% bj pfrtpfrt ilrs oi tgl tbp 633 vliturl dfpotf` rks, fie jlkf`l-jbuiele stfrt-ups rldlovl bi`y 1% bj tbtf` oivlstklits ay vliturl dfpotf`dfpotf`osts. Uglsl eospfrotols uielrsdbrl tgl ille jbr kbrl wbkli ft f`` `lvl`s bj stfrt-ups. Oi Fjrodf, bi`y ?% bj stfrt-ups gfvl wbkwbk li `lfelrs, fddbreoin tb f 136: stuey ay Zliturl Zlitu rl Dfpotf` jbr Fjrodf, f Iltglr`fies afsle afs le brn brnfio fiosft sftobi obi tgf tgftt dbii dbiildt ldtss stfrt stfrt-up -upss tb bppbrtuiotols. Uglrl os ib soin`l lxp`fiftobi jbr tgl `okotle iukalr bj wbkli oi tldg stfrt-ups, sfys Beuifyb Lwlioyo, dbjbuielr fie dgolj bplrftoin bdlr bj Sonnyafim.in, f @fnbs-afsle bi`oil sfvoins p`ftjbrk. Bil kfhbr jfdtbr, sgl sfys, os du`turf`. ^rotoin jbr ausoilss.dbk, f eonotf` kleof dbkpfiy, Qbslkfry Lnab, sfoe tgft ifiifi -
iltwbrms sto`` gb`e f nrlft elf` bj pbwlr oi Fjrodf, fie rldbkklies tgl drlftobi bj kbrl jlkf`l ausoilss iltwbrms oi wgodg wbkli dfi sgfrl tglor lxplrtosl fie lxplrolidls. ‐Ugl dgf``linl tgft O sll os nloin kbrl jlkf`l litrlprlilurs tb hboi tglsl iltwbrms. ^l ille tb drlftl fwfrlilss ft f`` `lvl`s bj tgl okpbrtfidl bj dbiildtoin fie sgfroin oelfs fie lxplrolidls wotg btglr wbkli. Uglsl iltwbrms sgbu`ei‟t al slli bi`y fs fvliuls tb rfosl juies, aut f`sb fs f spfdl tb auo`e suppbrt, ausoilss mibw`lenl fie dbkkuioty,‛ kfoitfois Bkbtb`fio. ‐Ldbibkodf``y lkpbwlroin wbkli `lfes tb allr butdbkls jbr sbdolty, fs wbkli typodf``y oivlst ?3% bj tglor lfrilfri oins afdm oitb tglor jfko`ols fie dbkkuiotols, dbkpfrle tb 43 tb 53% jbr kli,‛ sfys Af``. Fjrodfi wbkli ellp`y uielrstfie Fjrodf‟s sbdobldbibkod dgf``linls, sgl ibtls. ^go`l kfiy frl wbrmoin tb rfosl fwfrlilss bj tgl plrspldtovls fie smo`` slts tgft wbkli litrlprlilurs aroin tb stfrtups, oiotoftovls frl aloin `fuidgle tb aroenl tgl nlielr nfp.
Fjrodfi Iltwbrm Bplrftbrs Nrbup trfois wbkli oi OU oi Mfkpf`f. DF\ULQ_ SGBUB
Fibtglr mly jfdtbr os tgft tgl tldg oieustry oi Fjrodf ebls ibt prbvoel kfiy jlkf`l rb`l kbel`s. Qb`l kbel`s dfi oisporl tgl ilxt nlilrftobi bj wbkli `lfelrs, fddbrefddbre oin tb Lwlioyo. Ilvlrtgl`lss, Jbrals oid`uels slvlrf` wbkli oi ots 43 Kbst Srbkosoin _buin Litrlprlilurs oi Fjrodf `ost jbr 1367, oid`ue oin Qfgkf Afhui bj Ufizfiof.
Iltwbrmoin os mly
‐Oi kfiy wfys, tgl jfdt tgft tglrl frl sb jlw wbkli oi `lfelrsgop rb`ls klfis tglrl‟s jfr `lss uielrstfieoin, lkpftgy br prbplr algfvobur lxgoaotle tbwfres wbkli. Oj tglrl wlrl kbrl wbkli oi `lfelrsgop, tglrl wbu`e al jfr `lss eosdrokoiftobi fnfoist tglk, aldfusl tglsl wbkli `lfelrs wbu`e usl tglor oiulidl tb ngt fnfoist sudg eosdrokoiftobi,‛ ibtls Lwlioyo. Tgl jurtglr kfoitfois tgft b`e abys‟
Ugl FUAI, jbr lxfkp`l, jbuiele tgl #GlrJuturlFjrodf prbhldt tb drlftl bi`oil dbitlit, gbst oiibvftobi abbt dfkps fie prbvoel klitbrsgop―f`` tb suppbrt wbkli litrlprlilurs oi tldgib`bny-rl`ftle vliturls. Ugl #GlrJuturlFjrodf prbhldt os f rlspbisl tb woelsprlfe drotodosk tgft kbst bi`oil ausoilss tops jbr wbkli litrlprlilurs jbdus bi ^lstlri fueolidls, eosrleosrl nfreoin tgl uioqul bastfd`ls tgft Fjrodfi wbkli jfdl oi ausoilss. Af`` sfys tgft suppbrt jbr Fjrodfi wbkli oi tgl tldg oieustry sgbu`e al tfo`brle ‐tb lifa`l tglk tb ifvonftl sbkl bj tglsl uioqul afrrolrs sb tgft tgly dfi suddlssju``y dbkpltl oi wgft os sto`` f kf`l-ebkoiftle ausoil aus oilss. ss.‛‛ Jlkf`l rlprlslitftobi oi tgl Fjrodfi tldg stfrt-up ldbsystlk — vliturl dfpotf` rks, juieoin brnfiosftobis, klitbroin iltwbrms fie tgl stfrt-ups tglksl`vls — os vlry okpbrtfit, sgl fees. Tbkl dbuitrols oi Ibrtg Fjrodf frl f`rlfey elvl`bpoin sudg stfrt-up ldbsystlks tgft suppbrt wbkli, rovf``oin tgbsl oi Mliyf, Ionlrof fie Tbutg Fjrodf. Kbrbddb os gbkl tb ebzlis bj fkaotobus jlkf`l-`le tldg stfrt-ups, oid`ueoin ^fystbDfp, ^fystbDf p, tgl Dfsfa`fidf-afsle drbss abrelr abr elr dbk dbkklr klrdl dl p`f p`ftjb tjbrk. rk. Fefptle Fef ptle jrb jrbk k Fjr Fjrodf odfi i Qlil Qlilwf wf``
Lxldutovl Tty`l
Qltgoim Mfkpf`f‟s strllt vliebrs ^gft os ybur kfifnlklit sty`l fs tgl LE2 fk f gfies-bi plrsbi fie fddlssoa`l tb f`` plbp`l — wbrmkftls fie alilalildofrols. O fk bpli`y aofsle tbwfres wbkli fie tglor oitlrlsts.
Gf`f F`-Mfroa os tgl rlnobif` eorldtbr jbr tgl Ttrftlnod Ttrftlno d Oiotoftovl jbr ^bkli oi tgl Gbri bj Fjrodf Fjr odf (T (TOG OGF) F),, fi brnfiozftobi tgft sllms tb ui`bdm pbtlitof` bj wbkli‟s rongts kbvlklit. Tgl spbml tb Ugl Oielplielit‟s Osffd Mgosf fabut Mgosf fabut strllt vlieoin oi Mfkpf`f.
O
^gft os ybur fsslssklit bj strllt vlieoin oi Mfkpf`f dbkpfrle wotg btglr dotols2 Ttrllt vlieoin os bil bj tgl b`elst bddupftobis ay abtg wbkli fie kli bi tgl Fjrodfi dbitoilit. Ot gfs f`wfys alli rls rlspld pldtle tle sbd sbdof` of``y, `y, fie dbisoelrle f eldlit fie gbiburfa`l wfy tb lfri f `ovoin lspldof``y jbr wbkli. Ugl rfpoe oidrlfsl bj strllt vlieoin lspldof``y ay wbkli rlldts tgl dgfinoin sbdob- ldbibkod sotuftobi prlvfo`oin oi \nfief fie fdrbss tgl rlnobi. Bi Funust 6>, ybur brnfiosftobi uivlo`le f abbm fie f ebduklitfry tot`le ‐Ugl Oivosoa`l @fabrlrs bj Mfkpf`f ^bkli oi \nfief‟s oijbrkf` sldtbr‛. ^gft oijbrkle ybur eldosobi tb dbkl up wotg tgl abbm fie ebduklitfry2 ^l gfvl f prbhldt tb suppbrt strllt wbkli vliebrs, fie oivb`vls gfvoin tglk splfm fabut tglor dgf``linls, prba`lks, fie gbw tb rlsb`vl tglk oi bil vbodl. Ugl sb`l purpbsl bj tgl abbm fie ebduklitfry tgft dbkls jrbk bur rldlit rlslfrdg os sgbw tgl p`ongt bj wbkli strllt vliebrs tb pb`ody kfmlrs fie btglr stfmlgb`elrs. ^l oitliele tb sgbw, afsle bi lvoelidl, tgft wbkli strllt vliebrs frl fdtuf``y prbeudtovl klkalr bj sbdolty. ^l wfitle tb sgbw tgft tgl wbkli wgb linfnl oi strllt vlieoin frl fdtuf``y eldlit fie alfutoju` plbp`l fie tgft tgly try tb lfri f `ovoin oi f eldlit wfy. Ugly frl ibt drokoif`s. Ugly sokp`y eb ibt gfvl fiy btglr f`tlriftovl f`tlriftovl tb suppbrt tglor jfko`ols. Bur
rlslfrdg sgbws tgft kbst bj tglsl strllt vliebrs frl soin`l kbtglrs tryoin tb jlie jbr tglor jfko`ols. ^l tglrljbrl rlf``y fpprldoftl lbrts tb alfutojy tgl doty aut tgly sgbu`e f`sb tfml oitb dbisoelrftobi bj tgl plbp`l `ovoin oi ot. Mfkpf`f Dfpotf` Doty Futgbroty f``bwle strllt vliebrs tb sf`l tglor klrdgfieosl bi spldod strllts bi Tuiefys fie oi tgl lvlioin wllm efys. Osi‟t tgft libung tokl jbr tglk tb eb ausoilss2 Ugft tokl os ibt libung. Ugos os aldfusl kbst bj tglk wgb sokp`y sf`l afififs fie f jlw btglr prbeudts fdtuf``y kfml vlry `o`l lfrioins. O tgoim wl ille tb `bbm jbr f klfis tb lisurl tgft tglsl trfelrs dfrry bi tglor ausoilssls dbkjbrtfa`y, nrbw tglor ausoilss ausoi lss fie fie lvlitu lvlituf``y f``y `lfv `lfvll tgl strllts. ^gft os ybur volw bi tgl wfy MDDF elf`s wotg strllt vliebrs2 Ot os glfrtarlfmoin. Ot os vlry elprlssoin…slloin tglor nbbes dbisdftle. O rlklkrlklk alr bil bil wbkfi wbkfi ruiio ruiioin, in, glr glr d`btgls jf``oin fs sgl wfs
tryoin tb lsdfpl lijbrdlklit bdlrs. Gbw dfi strllt vliebrs dblxost wotg tgl strllt vliebrs oi Mfkpf`f Doty2 Ugos ossul bj wbkli oivb`voin oi strllt vlieoin os f`` bvlr Fjrodf fie gfs alli fs f rlsu`t bj jfo`url tb oivlst oi rurf` frlfs. Oelf``y, dotols sgbu`e kbvl tb vo``fnls. Ugos os oi tlrks bj prbvosobi bj soko`fr slrvodls— oijrfstrudturl, glf`tg fkbin btglrs — fs ot os oi tgl dotols. Ugl faslidl bj tglsl fkliotols oi rurf` frlfs gfs tglrljbrl jbrdle kudg bj tgl pbpu`ftobi fdrbss tgl dbitoilit wotg ib bptobi aut tb kbvl oi kfssls tb tgl plropglrols bj dotols oid`ueoin Mfkpf`f. Qlnrlfa`y, tglsl vlry dotols gfvl ibtgoin kudg tb blr. ^otg tgos sotuftobi ft gfie, tglrl‟s ibw ille tb ilnbtoftl tgl lxostlidl bj wbkli strllt vliebrs fie tgl futgbrotols. Ot os f`sb okpbrtfit tb dbkl up wotg trfoioin prbnrfkkls, smo``s elvl`bpklits fs wl`` fs suasoey prbnrfkkls tb sll tgft tglsl strllt vliebrs dfi nrbw tglor ausoilss fie lvlituf``y `lfvl tglor strllts.
^gft gfvl ybu ebil fs TOGF tb dgfinl tgos sotuftobi2 Gbw wbu`e ybu fevosl nbvlriklit fie kbrl spldodf``y MDDF bi gbw elf` wotg tgl ossul bj strllt vliebrs2 ^l frl ibw tryoin tb brnfiozl wbkli strllt vliebrs oitb dbbplrftovls. ^l al`olvl tgft dbbplrftovls frl vlry uioqul oi f slisl tgft tgly f``bw klkalrs tb dbitroautl tb tgl pbb`, sfvl fie al fa`l tb abrrbw tb ifidl tglor ausoilss auso ilssls. ls. ^l gbpl tgft tgos os fi bppbrtuioty jbr tgl nbvlriklit tb elsoni prbnrfks fie f`sb dbkl up wotg suasoeols tb suppbrt tglsl strllt wbkli. Ot os uijbrtuiftl tgft wl gfvl wbkli wgb gfvl alli strllt vliebrs jbr kbrl tgfi 6< ylfrs fie tglrl‟s ibtgoin jbr tglk tb sgbw. Uglrl‟s ib sfvoins. ^l eb ibt wfit tb sll wbkli dbitoiuoin tb al strllt vliebrs. ^gft frl sbkl bj tgl dgf``linls, oj fiy, tgft ybur brnfiozftobi jfdl fs ot strovls tb fdgolvl ots nbf`s2 Bil bj tgl aonnlst dgf``linls tgft TOGF jfdls oi fdgolvoin bur kfieftl bj suppbrtoin tgl rongts bj kfrnoif`ozle wbkli fie oidrlfsoin tglor fddlss tb eldosobi-kfmoin, os tgl gong lxpldtftobi tgft tgl wbkli gfvl oi tgl brnfiozftobi. Ugl arbfel arb felrr uiel uielrst rstfie fieoin oin tgf tgftt tgl tgl wbkli gfvl bj brnfiozftobis dbkoin tb lquop tglk wotg smo``s jbr tgl allrklit bj tglor `ovl`ogbbes, os tgft tglrl frl ifidof` gfie-buts jbr tglk tb rldlovl — eul tb tgl jfdt tgft pbvlrty pusgls tglk tb sudg lxpldtftobis. Ugft sfoe tgbung, wl frl pbsotovl tgft tgl smo``s fddbrele tb tglsl wbkli wo`` erovl tglk tb allr suppbrt tglor `ovl`ogbbe wgo`st auo`eoin tglor brnfiozftobif`, iltwbrmiltwbrm oin fie `lfelrsgop smo``s jbr allr al lr fev fevbdf bdfdy dy pur purpbs pbsls. ls.
A\TOILTT
ODU
KUI oitrbeudls ‗KbkbSfy‟ tb abbst Dfsg`lss D fsg`lss Sfyklits
O Tbkl bj tgl dustbklrs pfyoin jbr tglor prbeudts usoin KUI KbkbSfy ft tgl Itoief Tgbppoin Dlitrl
i f aoe tb jurtglr \nfief‟s dfsg`lss ldbibky, KUI \nfief, gfs oitrbeudle tb dustbklrs f pfyklits sb`utobi df``le KbKbSfy. Ot f``bws dustbklrs tb pfy jbr nbbes fie slrvodls ft ib lxtrf dbsts. Ugl rk sfoe rltfo`lrs `oml suplrkfrmlts, wgb`lsf`l trfelrs, sgbp mllplrs, pgfrkfdols, rlstfurfits fie afrs fkbin btglrs frl ibw klrdgfits tgft fddlpt pfyklits usoin KbKbSfy.
AFIMOIN
‐^gli wl oitrbeudle KUI Kbao`l Kbily, ot rlvb`utobiosle kbily trfisfdtobis oi tgl dbuitry. Gbwlvlr, tglrl os sto`` bil prba`lk tgft wl ille tb sb`vl. Ugft os rleudoin dfsg trfisfdtobis ay tfmoin but wotgerfw wotgerfwf` f` dgfrnls, dgfrnls, wgodg kfmls ot quotl dbst`y. Ot os tgl allr wfy tb pfy,‛ sfoe KUI‟s Tliobr Kfifnlr Kbao`l Joifidof` Tlrvodls Srbeudts, Dgrostbpglr Tsf`o.
OIT\QFIDL
Fjrlxok afim slls $16ko``obi rlvliul abbst Sfu` Mfvukf ilw DLB jbr \OF
U
gl Fjrodfi LxpbrtOkpbrt Afim (Fjrlxokafim) gfs rl`lfsle ots uifueotle joifidof` stftlklits jbr tgl gf`jylfr plrobe liele 43 Huill 1367, Hui 1 367, sgb sgbwoi woin n nrbs n rbsss rlvliul bj $454 ko``obi. Ugl jonurl rlprlslits f $16 ko``obi oidrlfsl
bvlr tgl nrbss rlvliul j br tgl sfkl plrobe oi 136>. Ugl Dforb-afsle `lielr fttroautle tgl gonglr nrbss rlvliul tb f soniojodfit oidrlfsl oi jll fie oitlrlst oidbkls ay 66? % fie 1% rlspldtovl`y. Fjrlxokafim wfs lstfa`osgle ay Fjrodfi nbvlriklit nbvlriklits 1< ylfrs fnb.
DBKKLQDL
DboiSlsf `urls \nfiefis oitb dryptbdurrlidy
D
boiSlsf, f \nfiefi eonotf` durrlidy lxdgfinl, gfs `fuidgle ots Oiotof` Dboi Blroin (ODB) prl-sf`l wotg tgl fok bj nloin kbrl \nfiefis bi tgl dryptbdurrlidy afie wfnbi. Euaale tgl DboiSlsf DgfkDgfkpobi Qljlrrf` Srbnrfk, ot usls A`bdmdgfoi tldgib`bny tb drlftl eonotf` fsslts tgrbung tbmliozftobi fie prbvoels f wfy jbr uslrs tb nlilrftl fi fdtuf` ‐tfinoa`l‛ fsslt fie sustfoifa`l oidbkls jrbk tglor dbitoiule usfnl bj
tgl lxdgfinl. DboiSlsf DLB Tu`lokfi KuruiKuruinf (Sodturle) sfoe, (Sodturle) sfoe, ‐Oi tgos eonotf` lrf, Dryptbdurrlidols dbitoiul tb lklrnl fs ilw jbrks bj oivlstklit fie pfyklit systlks. Bi`oil ausoilssls frl prb`ojlrftoin n`baf``y fie dryptbdurrlidy os aloin usle fs vortuf` kbily tb auy fie sl`` otlks b tgl Oitlrilt.
S
fu` Mfvukf os tgl ilw DLB jbr \nfief Oisurlrs Fssbdoftobi (\OF). Gl rlp`fdls Korofk KfKf nf`f wgb gfs hboile Xlp Ql oi Iforbao fs Glfe bj @lnf`. ^otg lxtlisovl lxplrolidl oi tgl oisurfidl oieustry, Mfvukf aroins
TUBDM KFQMLU
wotg gok bvlr 13 ylfrs‟ lxplrolidl jrbk abtg tgl oisurlr fie arbmoin soel p`fdoin gok ft fi fevfitfnl tb dbitoiul elvl`bpoin
tgl oieustry jrbk gos pbsotobi ft tgl \OF. Srobr tb hboihboi oin tgl Fssbdoftobi, Mfvukf wbrmle fs f Elputy KfifnKfifnoin Eorldtbr fie Dgolj Bplrftobis Bdlr ft Nb`eTtfr Oisurfidl, Glfe bj arbmlr arb mlr aus ausoil oilss ss ft Dgfrtos Oisurfidl fie fs f kfifnlr ft FBI.
FZOFUO F ZOFUOBI BI
AFU\ lfrioins plr sgfrl oidrlfsls
Ltgobpofis oims \T$43ko``obi elf` tb rlvovl Xfkaof Forwfys
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tgobpofi For`oils gfs sonile f sgfrlgb`eoin fnrllklit wotg Xfkaof‟s kfoi elvl`bpklit fnlidy tb rl`fuidg tgl sbutglri Fjrodfi dbuitry‟s fn dfrdfr rolr ft fi oiotof` dbst bj $43 ko``obi. Qlutlrs ilws fnlidy rlpbrtle bi Funust 13 tgft tgl Ltgobpofi stftlbwile dfrrolr gfs butpfdle rlnobif` dbkpltotbrs Mliyf Forwfys fie Tbutg Fjrodfi Forwfys tb aldbkl aldb kl Fjr Fjrodf odf‟s ‟s `fr `frnlst nlst for`oil ay rlvliul fie prbt, fie gfs alli auyauy oin sgfrls oi btglr Fjrodfi for`oils tb nfoi f dbkpltotovl fevfitfnl bvlr rovf`s sudg fs tgbsl oi tgl Nu`j. \ielr tgl p`fi, Xfkaof
bafddb kfmlr, Arotosg Fklrodfi Ubafddb \nfief (AFU\), gfs slli ots lfrioins plr sgfrl oidrlfsl ay Tgs<< tb Tgs61: euroin tgl rst gf`j bj 1367 dbkpfrle wotg tgl sfkl plrobe `fst ylfr. Ugos jb``bws f >>% oidrlfsl oi ilt prbt tb Tgs:.1ao`obi dotoin gong bplrftoin prbts fie `bwlr ifidoin dbsts. AFU\ rldbrele fi oidrlfsl oi tgl bplrftoin prbt jrbk Tgs<.4ai oi Huill `fst Hui `fst ylf ylfrr tb tb Tgs7 Tgs7.7a .7ai i tgos ylfr eul tb `bwlr dbsts froautfa`l tb tgl faslidl bj bil-b oidurrle dbsts oi tgl rst gf`j bj 136> tb suppbrt dbkp`ofidl wotg tgl Ubafddb Dbitrb` Fdt, 136<.
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Forwfys, aloin rlvovle kbrl tgfi twb eldfels fjtlr ot wfs sgut ebwi, wbu`e bplrftl 61 p`fils ay 131 1317, 7, Ltg Ltgobp obpofi ofi For For`oi `oils ls sfoe oi f hboit stftlklit wotg Xfkaof‟s stftlbwile Oieustrof` Elvl`bpklit Dbrpbrftobi (OED) Ltgobpofi For`oils wo`` bwi 5< %bj tgl rlvfkple Xfkaofi for`oil, fie Xfkaof << %. Xfkaof ForFor wfys p`fis tb `fuidg `bdf` fie rlnobif` rbutls tgos ylfr wgo`l oitlrdbitoilitf` rbutls, oid`ueoin Lurbpl, tgl Koee`l Lfst fie Fsof. Ltgobpofi For`oils f`sb gb`es f 53% fie 5?% stfml oi Ubnb`lsl afsle FTM_ For`oils fie Kf`fwo ForFor`oils, rlspldtovl`y.
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Tgbpro Tgbp rotl tl tb bp bpli li il ilw w but`lt oi Aunb`bao Ay Osffd Mgosf
T ITTJ Elputy Kfifnoin Eorldtbr, Eorldtbr, Sftrodm Fybtf (@) tbnltglr wotg Ibalrt Mfnbrb, Kfifnoin Sfrtilr Sfrtilr El`bottl feerlss tgl t gl kleof ft tgl t gl `fuidg bj tgl 1ie leotobi bj tgl Dgolj Joifidl Bjjodlr Fwfres ft Mfkpf`f Tlrlif Gbtl` bi Funust 6>.
butg Fjrodf‟s rltfo` dgfoi, Tgbprotl, gfs tfmli up tgl fevfitfnl bj tgl lxot bj Mliyf‟s aonnlst rltfo` dgfois tb dlklit ots jbbt proit oi Mfkpf`f. Uwb bj Mliyf‟s tbp rltfo` dgfois — \dguko fie Ifmukftt —lxotle tgl \nfiefi rltfo` dgfoi kfrmlt oi tgl pfst tgrll ylfrs. Srbplrty fnlidy, Miongt Jrfim, sfoe oi ots `ftlst prbplrty kfrmlt rlpbrt tgft tgl rltfo` dgfoi os slt tb bpli f ilw but`lt ft Aunb`bao Zo``fnl Kf`` oi Eldlkalr tgos ylfr. Ugos elvl`bpklit dbkls afrl`y sox kbitgs soidl tgl rltfo` dgfoi tbbm bvlr tgrll Ifmukftt stbrls8 Oi Fdfdof Kf`` oi Mfkwbmyf, Zodtbrof Kf`` oi Litlaal fie tgl Zo``fnl Kf`` ft Aunb`bao. Ugl spfdl os kfifnle ay Miongt Jrfim.
Oiotof``y, Tgbprotl, wgodg gfe tgrll but`lts, gfe sdf`le ebwi tb bi`y twb oi tgl pfst tgrll ylfrs— ft @unbnb fie bi Ali Mowfiumf Ttrllt. Gbwlvlr, tgl jork gfs tgos ylfr lkafrmle bi f rfpoe lxpfisobi tb jo`` tgl nfp drlftle ay tgl lxot bj Mliyf‟s rltfo` dgfois tgft gfe f dbkaoile 65 but`lts. Tgbprotl‟s `ftlst lxpfisobi os slt tb tongtli dbkpltotobi wotg `bdf` rltfo` dgfois sudg fs Vuf`oty Tuplrkfrmlts fie Klnf Ttfiefre Tuplrkfrmlts. Tgbprotl, wgodg os 6>% bwile ay rltfo` tydbbi Dgrostb ^olsl, gfs nrbwi jrbk longt suplrkfrmlts oi 6?>? tb f ib-j ro``s kfss-kfrmlt nrbdlr wotg bplrftobis oi 6< Fj rodfi dbuitrols. @fst ylfr, tgl rltfo` dgfoi rldbrele f 4.4% nrbwtg oi turibvlr tb fabut 65<.: ao``obi ao`` obi rfie ($63 ($63.?3 .?3 ao`` ao``obi) obi) oi tgl 61 kbitgs tb Huil 1367
\nfief Affto Glfe bj Ausoilss, Nlbrnl Frbeo (Q), (Q), Hoihf ESD Zodlit Orfkf fie dbkpfiy lxldutovls lxldutovls dut f roaabi oi dl`larftobi bj bjjodof` bplioin bj \nfief Affto Hoihf Tgbwrbbk oi Hoihf
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DBKKLIU
Ay F`odof Aærdlif Oafrrf, Ttljfib Kfislrvoso, Kfislr voso, fie Kfrob Slzzoio
\pnrfeoin elvl`bpklit dbbplrftobi Aldfusl tglrl os ib bil-sozl-jt bil-sozl-jts-f``, s-f``, dbuitrols kust
elvl`bp strftlnols tgft frl tfo`brle tb tglor illes
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glsl frl gfre tokls jbr oitlriftobif` dbbplrftobi. ^otg rosoin prbtldtobiosk, aurnlbioin trfel eosputls, fie f trbua`oin `fdm bj dbidlri jbr sgfrle oitlrlsts `oml d`okftl dgfinl, tgl wbr`e sllks tb al turioin ots afdm bi ku`to`ftlrf`osk. Fie ylt dbbplrftobi rlkfois bil bj bur alst gbpls jbr feerlssoin gukfioty‟s kbst dbkp`lx elvl`bpklit-rl`ftle dgf``linls. Hust fs tgl Kfrsgf`` S`fi rlauo`t f wfr-rfvfnle Lurbpl fie tgl Ko``li iouk Elvl`bpklit Nbf`s `ojtle sbkl 5>6 ko``obi plbp`l but bj lxtrlkl pbvlrty, tgl oitlriftobif` elvl`bpklit fnlief dfi sto`` el`ovlr rlsu`ts tgfims tb tgl dbkaoile pbtlitof` bj tgl 1343 Fnlief jbr Tustfoifa`l Elvl`bpklit, tgl Feeos Fafaf Fdtobi Fnlief, fie tgl Sfros d`od`o kftl fnrllklit. Aut tgos fnlief dfiibt dbitoiul usoin trfeotobif` tgoimoin fie tbb`s tb fddbuit jbr dbuitrols tgft frl ib `binlr elile fs ‐elvl`bpoin‛ br ‐kbst oi ille‛ aldfusl tgly pfssle f dlrtfoi tgrlsgb`e oi tlrks bj fvlrfnl plr-dfpotf fvlrfnl plr-dfpotf oidbkl. oidbkl. Ugos dgf``linl os pfrtodu`fr`y fdutl oi @ftoi Fklrodf fie tgl Dfroaalfi, wglrl kfiy dbuitrols gfvl fdgolvle nrlftlr NES plr NES plr dfpotf , aut sto`` jfdl soniodfit vu`ilrfao`otols fie strudturf` bastfd`ls tb `bin-tlrk prbsplroty. Gbw dfi tgl oitlriftobif` dbkkuioty gl`p dbuitrols `oml tglsl dbivlrt oidbkl nfois oitb sustfoifa`l elvl`bpklit nfois2 Gbw dfi tglsl dbuitrols‟ lxplrolidls fie `lssbis `lfrile al sgfrle wotg dbuitrols oi soko`fr sotuftobis2 Ugl fiswlr, wl al`olvl, os tb febpt f ilw fie allr slt bj tbb`s tb fsslss dgf` `linls fie okp`lklit sb`utobis — fi fpprbfdg wl df`` ‐elvl`bpklit oi trfisotobi.‛ \ielr tgos jrfklwbrm, jbur mly frlfs df`` jbr okkleoftl fie sustfoile flitobi. Jorst, stfmlgb`elrs kust dgfinl gbw tgly lvf`uftl prbnrlss. Dbkkbi`y usle oidbkl-rl`ftle nfunls, `oml plr `oml plr dfpotf NES, frl tbb ifrrbw tb dfpturl tgl dbkp`lxotols bj f dbuitry‟s elvl`bpklit stftus, fie tgft os wgy ilw fpprbfdgls fie kltgbeb`bnols frl illele. KlfKlf surls bj wl``aloin fie strudturf` nfps, jbr lxfkp`l, pfoit f allr podturl bj sbdobldbibkod glf`tg, wgodg kust
oid`uel tgl livorbiklit. Eftf bi quf`oty bj `ojl, sustfoifao`oty, glf`tg dfrl, leudf tobi, fie btglr kltrods frl allr nuoels tb elvl`bpklit p`fiioin tgfi oidbkl `lvl`s f`bil. Tldbie, aldfusl tglrl os ib bil-sozlts-f`` fpprbfdg tb gukfi elvl`bpklit, dbuitrols kust elvl`bp strftlnols tgft frl tfo`brle tb tglor illes. Kbrlbvlr, lldtovl elvl`bpklit p`fiioin rlquorls pfrtodopftbry prbdlssls tgft dfpturl oiputs jrbk rlnobif` fie `bdf` fdtbrs fie frl slisotovl tb tgl db``ldtovl n`baf` nbbe. Ugl alst p`fis dbkaoil iftobif` fkaotobis wotg rldbniotobi bj `bdf` ldbibkod rlf`otols fie oid`uel probrotols fie trfel-bs tgft f``bw nbvlriklits ft f`` `lvl`s tb al lxoa`l wotg okp`lklitfokp`lklitf tobi. Ub kfoitfoi dbglrlidl fie jbstlr oitlriftobif` dbbplrftobi, tgly kust al fidgbrle tb tgl 1343 Fnlief. Ugore, dbuitrols kust sb`vl tgl juieoin qufiefry tgft bddurs fs elvl`bpklit prbnrlssls. ^gli ldbibkols fdgolvl gonglr oidbkl `lvl`s, tgly bjtli kust dbijrbit eldrlfsoin bws bj bdof` elvl`bpklit fssostfidl fie btglr sburdls bj dfpotf`. Aut, aldfusl kfiy dbuitrols gfvl rl`ftovl`y `bw tfx-tb-NES rftobs, kbao`osoin ebklstod rlsburdls jbr elvl`bpklit splieoin dfi al eodu`t fie kfy rlquorl oitlriftobif` dbbplrftobi tb elsoni fie okp`lklit sdf` rljbrks tb kfoitfoi kfdrbldbibkod stfao`oty wgo`l okprbvoin sbdobldbibkod glf`tg. Joif``y, tgl wbr`e illes ilw jbrks bj dbbplrftobi. Oi kfiy frlfs, rlnobif` fie oitlriftobif` nbvlrifidl systlks gfvl supp`fitle ao`ftlrf`osk. Dbuitrols sgbu`e ellpli lxostoin pfrtilrsgops fie strovl tb drlftl ilw bils. Bptobis jbr ligfidle linfnlklit oid`uel TbutgTbutg fie trofinu`fr dbbplrftobi, mibw` lenl sgfroin, tldgib`bny trfisjlrs, fie pllr-tb-pllr pb`ody eof`bnuls. Jbr tgl rst tokl, tgl 1343 Fnlief prbvoels f uiovlrsf``y fddlptle klfsurlklit slt sb f`` dbuitrols dfi dbkkuiodftl wotgoi tgl sfkl pfrfkltlrs. Oi tgl sporot bj rljbrk, bur brnfiosf tobis gfvl hboile jbrdls tb lstfa`osg tgl Qlnobif` Jfdo`oty jbr Elvl`bpklit oi Urfisotobi jbr @ftoi Fklrodf fie tgl Dfroaalfi, fi oiotoftovl elsonile tb
gl`p tgl rlnobi‟s dbuitrols kllt tglor elvl`bpklit nbf`s fs tgly kbvl tbwfre gonglr oidbkl `lvl`s. Ugl jfdo`oty, wgodg wfs drlftle tb fssost dbuitrols fs tgly oelitojy, elsoni, fie okp`lklit sb`usb`utobis oi pursuot bj tgl \iotle Iftobis Tustfoifa`l Elvl`bpklit Nbf`s, kfy al fi okpbrtfit stlp bi tgl rbfe tb ilxt ylfr‟s Tldbie Gong-`lvl` \iotle Iftobis Dbijlrlidl bi Tbutg-Tbutg Dbbplrftobi (AFSF+53) oi Aulibs Forls. Aut tb suddlle oi okprbvoin elvl`bpklit butdbkls, dbuitrols kust al kbtovftle ay kbrl tgfi sl`j-oitlrlst. Fs \I Tldrltfry-Nlilrf` Fitôiob Nutlrrls ibtle oi Kfy, ft tgl 4>tg Tlssobi bj tgl \I Ldbibkod Dbkkossobi jbr @ftoi Fklrodf fie tgl Dfroaalfi, bil bj tgl alst wfys tb eb tgft os tb rlelil tgl pfrfkltlrs bj elvl`bpklit otsl`j. ^l dbu`e ibt fnrll kbrl. Oi fi lrf wgli tgl alilts bj ku`to`ftlrf`osk frl aloin qulstobile prldosl`y fs wl erfw d`bslr tb tgl p`filt‟s ldb`bnodf` `okots, oidbkl oilquf`oty os nrbwoin, fie oiiboiib vftobi fie tldgib`bny frl trfisjbrkoin gbw plbp`l `lfri fie wbrm, tgl wbr`e illes f kbrl lquotfa`l fie dbbplrftovl fpprbfdg tb n`baf`osftobi. Fie bil bj tgl alst wfys tb el`ovlr ot os wotg f sustfoifa`l elvl`bpklit kbel` tgft `lfvls ib bil algoie.
F`odof Aærdlif Oafrrf os Lxldutovl Tldrltfry bj tgl \iotle Iftobis Ldbibkod Dbkkossobi jbr @ftoi Fklrodf fie tgl Dfroaalfi. Ttljfib Kfislrvoso os Eorldtbr-Nlilrf` bj Oitlriftobif` Dbbplrftobi fie Elvl`bpklit Elvl`bpklit ft tgl Lurbplfi Dbkkossobi. Kfrob Slzzoio os Eorldtbr bj tgl Elvl`bpk Elvl`bpklit lit Dlitlr ft tgl Brnfiozftobi jbr Ldbibkod Dbbplrftobi fie Elvl`bpklit (BLDE) fie Tpldof` Fevoslr tb tgl BLDE Tldrltfry-Nlilrf` bi Elvl`bpk Elvl`bpklit. lit. Dbpyrongt8 Srbhldt Tyieodftl, 1367.
DBKKLIU
Ay Nfarol``l @yidg & Hustoi ^o``os
^gy \nfief‟s KSs wfit `binlr tlrks L`ldtobis gfvl prbvoele fi frlif jbr fi lxplisovl pb`otods bj prbkosl fie rlwfre, aroalry fie auyoin jfvburs
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nfief‟s Dbistotutobif` Dburt rldlit`y dbirkle tgl rlkbvf` bj tgl dbistotutobif` fnl-`okot jbr prlsoelitof` dfieoefdy. Ot wfs prlvobus`y ><. Fs f rlsu`t, Srlsoelit _bwlro Kuslvlio — wgb gfs alli oi bdl soidl 6?7: fie os >4 ylfrs b`e — dfi ibw vol jbr fibtglr tlrk. Ugl huenls‟ frnuklit, oi f kfhbroty ru`oin, wfs tgft tgl l`ldtbrftl dbu`e sto`` eldoel wgltglr br ibt tb vbtl jbr Kuslvlio. Aldfusl tgly gfe f dgbodl, tgl huenls hue nls frn frnule ule,, tglo tglorr juie juiefkl fklitf itf`` rong rongts ts wlrl ibt oijroinle ay tgl dgfinl. Kuslvlio‟s rlspbisl tb tgos fppfrlit vodtbry kongt sllk f `o`l uinrfdobus jbr f kfi wgb gfe fppfrlit`y hust alli gfiele f soniodfit vodtbry8 oi f splldg sgbrt`y fjtlr tgl ru`oin, gl dbkp`foile tgft ‐bur huenls oi \nfief splie kbrl tokl bi jbrk fie ibt bi suastfidl‟. Kuslvlio‟s fiibyfidl frbsl jrbk f sldbie l`lklit tb tgl huenls‟ ru`oin. Ugl fnl-`okot fdt gfe alli fkliele fs ot pfssle tgrbung pfr`ofklit tb lxtlie abtg tgl prlsoelitof` tlrk, fie tgl `ojl bj pfr`ofklit, jrbk vl tb slvli ylfrs. Ugl huenls strudm tgos dgfinl ebwi. Ugos klfis tgft \nfief‟s ilxt l`ldtobis wo`` al gl`e oi 1316, rftglr tgfi oi 1314 1314 fs Kuslvlio gfe gbple. ^gy eoe Kuslvlio bahldt2 Aldfusl, gl sfoe, sudg f ‐sgbrt‛ plrobe oi bdl klfis tgft ‐f `bt bj tokl os split bi l`ldtobillroin fie `lss tokl bi elvl`bpklit‛. ^gft gl eoe ibt sfy os tgft l`ldtobis dbst f nrlft elf` bj kbily — f dbidlri jbr gok fie, lvli kbrl sb, jbr tgl klk alrs bj pfr`ofklit (KSs) bj gos Iftobif` Qlsostfidl Kbvlklit wgb wlrl algoie tgl flkpt tb lxtlie tgl plrobe altwlli l`ldtobis. Kuslvlio gfs kfifnle tb rlkfoi oi bdl tgrbung l`ldtobis tgft gfvl alli woel`y dbielkile fs uijfor ay oitlriftobif` fie ebklstod baslrvlrs. Gos `bin nrop bi pbwlr gfs rlstle pfrt`y bi tgl klkbry, fie tgl prfdtodl bj vob`lidl. Ugl slduroty jbrdls gfvl rlplftle`y usle lxtrlkl jbrdl fie oitokoeftobi, kbst ibtfa`y fnfoist gos kbst ebnnle bppbilit Mozzf Alsonyl, oi f slrols bj l`ld tobis soidl 1336. L`ldtobis gfvl prbvoele Kuslvlio wotg
fi bppbrtuioty tb rlkoie \nfiefis bj tgl tgrlft bj oistfao`oty, fie tb sgbw tgl stftl‟s dfpfdoty jbr vob`lidl. Aut ft tgl sfkl tokl tgly gfvl prbvoele fi frlif jbr fi lxplisovl pb`otods bj rlwfre fie prbkosl. Ubnltglr, tglsl strftlnols gfvl lisurle tgft tgl p`fyoin l`e gfs alli glfvo`y smlwle oi gos jfvbur. Ugos otsl`j kfy ibt al slli fs f prba`lk ay tgl prlsoelit. Gl gfs `bin volwle ku`topfrty l`ldtobis fs eovosovl fie fs f pbtlitof` sburdl bj ‐pbbr `lfelrsgop‛. Aut tgl dbst bj tgl dfkpfonis kfy sllk kbrl bj f prba`lk tb gok - fie tgl KSs bj tgl ru`oin pfrty. ^godg os wgy tgly wbu`e `oml fi lxtlisobi tb tglor tlrk oi bdl.
Kbily fie l`ldtobis Ugl dbst bj ruiioin l`ldtobis osi‟t sb`l`y oi tlrks bj tgl dbst tb tgl trlfsury bj tgl brnfiosftobi bj tgl fdtuf` vbtoin — tgbung tgft os soniodfit. ^gft kft tlrs kbrl tb tgl KSs os tgl dbst bj dfk pfonioin, wotg kbily aloin split bi lvlrytgoin jrbk pbstlrs tb t-sgorts fie rfeob fevlrts. Uglrl os f`sb fi lxpldtftobi tgft tgbsl wgb rui jbr bdl wo`` linfnl oi f`kbst dlfsl`lss eosp`fys bj nlilrbsoty. F dfieoeftl, br sbklbil wgb os tgoimoin bj aloin f dfieoeftl, wo`` rldlovl dbistfit oivotftobis tb flie juijui erfosoin lvlits, br kllt wotg `bdf` sl`jgl`p nrbups. Ft lvlry sudg lvlit tgly kust novl f tbmli, bjtli oi dfsg jbrk, fie prbkosl kbrl rlwfres oi tgl juturl. Ugly wo`` al bi tgl nulst `ost jbr lvlry `bdf` juilrf`= tgly wo`` al fsmle jbr gl`p ay dbistotulits wgbsl rl`ftovls frl o`` br wgb frl uifa`l tb pfy sdgbb` jlls. Iftobif` Qlsostfidl Kbvlklit dfieodfieo eftls bjtli rldlovl gl`p jrbk tglor pfrty br prlsoelit jbr tglsl dfkpfonis fie tgl oidukalit‟s fddlss tb stftl rlsburdls os bil bj tgl kfiy wfys oi wgodg \nfiefi l`ldtobis frl smlwle fnfoist tgl bppbsotobi. Aut ot sllks tgft pfr`ofklitfry dfieoeftls jbr tgl IQK f`sb gfvl tb rl`y glfvo`y bi tglor bwi rlsburdls. ^l sgbu`ei‟t jll` tbb sbrry jbr tglk= tgly wo``oin`y p`fy tgos nfkl, tgbung tgly dbkp`foi bj tgl dbst. Oi turi, tgl elkfies bj vbtlrs frosl
jrbk aolr lxplrolidl. Elvl`bpklit os tgl mly wbre oi Fjrodfi pb`otods8 f`` pb`otodofis d`fok tgft tgly wo`` aroin ot. Aut kbst vbtlrs jll` tgft tgly fie tglor ilongaburs rlkfoi pbbr fie tgft tgbsl wgbk tgly l`ldt ilvlr el`ovlr tgl prbsplroty br slrvodls tgft tgly gbpl jbr. Ugl l`ldtobi dfkpfoni os tgl dgfidl tb elkfie oistfit rlwfres fie tb tlst dfieoeftls‟ nlilrbsoty8 hust jbr f `o`l wgo`l vbtlrs gfvl tgl pb`otodofis ft tglor klrdy. Ugl dbst bj dfkpfonis klfis tgft kbst klkalrs bj pfr`ofklit dbkl oitb bdl f`rlfey glfvo`y oi elat. Ugft wfs wgy \nfief‟s klkalrs bj pfr`ofklit wlrl sb mlli tb lxtlie tglor tlrk8 tgly wfit tokl tb rldbup tglor `bssls fie tb auo`e up rlsburdls jbr tgl ilxt dfkpfoni. Oi ilongaburoin Mliyf, tbb, dfieoeftls jbr l`ldtobi frl lxpldtle tb eosp`fy tglor nlilrbsoty8 novoin dfsg br btglr nojts dfi al slli fs f wfy bj sonif`oin vortul, bj sgbwoin dbkkotklit tb tgl dbkkuioty. Fs f rlsu`t, pb`otods oi Mliyf sbkltokls sllks `oml f ilvlr-lieoin dfkpfoni slfsbi bj juierfoslrs fie juilrf` ebiftobis. Lvli Ngfif — wglrl `frnl`y plfdlju` l`ldtobis `lfe tb dgfinls oi nbvlriklit bi f rlnu`fr afsos — ruiioin jbr l`ldtle bdl dfi al fi lxplisovl ausoilss jbr oieovoeuf`s. Aut oi \nfief tgos sbrt bj l`ldtbrf` d`olitl`osk — fs sbkl df`` ot — gfs aldbkl pfrt bj tgl prlsoelit‟s rlplrtborl bj tldgioquls jbr stfyoin oi pbwlr. Lxtlieoin prlsoelitof` fie pfr`ofklitfry tlrks wfs f wfy tb rleudl tgl dbst bj tgos tldgioqul= jbr ibw, tgl huenls gfvl tgwfrtle tgft p`fi, ft `lfst. Aut tgos kfy ibt al bvlr8 Kuslvlio gfs sunsun nlstle tgft tgl dbistotutobi kfy ylt al dgfinle, ‐huenls br ib huenls‛. Nfarol``l @yidg os Srbjlssbr bj Dbkpfrftovl Sb`otods, \iovlrsoty bj bj ^frwodm ^frwodm fie Hustoi ^o``os os Srbjlssbr bj Gostbry, Eurgfk Eurgfk \iovlrsoty
BAOU\FQ_
Ay Fnlidols
M
b Fiifi, tgl bi`y a`fdm Fjrodfi tb aldbkl \I sldrltfry-nlilrf`, gfs eole. Ugl 73-ylfr-b`e ‐pfssle fwfy plfdlju``y bi Fun.6> fjtlr f sgbrt o``ilss‛, tgl jbuieftobi ifkle fjtlr gok sfoe. Gos gbkl dbuitry, Ngfif, gfs eld`frle f wllm bj iftobif` kburioin. Fiifi slrvle twb tlrks fs \I dgolj jrbk 6??> tb 133:, fie wfs fwfrele f Ibal` Slfdl Srozl jbr gos gukfiotfrofi wbrm. Gl `ftlr slrvle fs tgl \I spldof` livby jbr Tyrof, `lfeoin lbrts tb ie f sb`utobi tb tgl dbiodt. Oi f stftlklit fiibuidoin gos elftg, tgl Mb Fiifi Jbuieftobi elsdroale gok fs f ‐n`baf` stftlskfi fie ellp`y dbkkole oitlriftobif`ost wgb jbungt tgrbungbut gos `ojl jbr f jforlr fie kbrl plfdlju` wbr`e‛. ‐^glrlvlr tglrl wfs sulroin br ille, gl rlfdgle but fie tbudgle kfiy plbp`l wotg gos ellp dbkpfssobi fie lkpftgy.‛ Ugl dfrllr eop`bkft eole oi gbspotf` oi tgl Twoss doty bj Alri. Gl gfe alli `ovoin ilfr Nlilvf jbr slvlrf` ylfrs. Gl wfs fwfrele tgl Ibal` Slfdl Srozl oi 1336 jbr gl`poin tb rlvotf`osl tgl oitlriftobif` abey, euroin f plrobe tgft dboidoele wotg tgl Orfq ^fr fie tgl GOZ/Foes pfielkod. Mb Fiifi elsdroale gos nrlftlst fdgolvlklit fs tgl Ko``liiouk Elvl`bpElvl`bp klit Nbf`s wgodg - jbr tgl rst tokl - slt n`baf` tfrnlts bi ossuls sudg fs pbvlrty fie dgo`e kbrtf`oty. Gbwlvlr, Fiifi wfs ibt okkuil jrbk drotodosk. Gos drotods a`fkle gok jbr tgl \I‟s jfo`url tb gf`t tgl nlibdoel oi Qwfief oi tgl 6??3s wgli gl wfs glfe bj tgl brnfiosftobi‟s plfdlmllpoin bplrftobis. @ftlr, fjtlr tgl \T-`le oivfsobi bj Orfq, gl fie gos sbi wlrl fddusle bj aloin oivb`vle oi tgl ‐bo` jbr jbbe dbrruptobi sdfief`‛ tgft `le sbkl tb df`` jbr gos rlsoniftobi, tgbung gl wfs `ftlr lxbilrftle. Oi fi oitlrvolw wotg tgl AAD‟s GfreUf`m tb kfrm gos 73tg aortgefy oi Fpro`, Fiifi fdmibw`lenle tgl \I‟s sgbrtdbkoins, sfysfyoin ot ‐dfi al okprbvle, ot os ibt plrjldt aut oj ot eoei‟t lxost ybu wbu`e gfvl tb drlftl ot‛. ‐O fk f stuaabri bptokost, O wfs abri fi bptokost fie wo`` rlkfoi fi bptokost,‛ gl feele.
Qlklkalroin Mbst Fiifi Ay Okbnli Jbu`mls, AAD‟s \I rlpbrtlr oi Nlilvf Mb Fiifi wo`` al rlklkalrle jbr tgl wfy gl erlw flitobi, bvlr fie bvlr fnfoi, tb tgl p`ongt bj tgbsl dfungt up oi wfr, livorbiklitf` eosfstlr, br sokp`y nroieoin pbvlrty. Ugl wfy gl quolt`y aut rk`y rlkoiele wbr`e `lfelrs, gbwlvlr pbwlrju`, tgft tgly illele tb put tglor euty tb tglor dotozlis fabvl tglor pb`otodf` dfrllrs.
Mb Fiifi, jbrklr \I dgolj, eols ft 73
Durrlit \I dgolj Fitbiob Nutlrrls gfs alli `lf `lfeoi eoin n tgl tgl tro troaut autls ls tb tb gos gos prl prleld eldlssb lssbr, r, elsdroaoin Fiifi fs ‐f nuoeoin jbrdl jbr nbbe‛. ‐Oi kfiy wfys, Mb Fiifi wfs tgl \iotle Iftobis. Gl rbsl tgrbung tgl rfims tb `lfe tgl brnfiosftobi oitb tgl ilw ko``liiouk wotg kftdg`lss eonioty fie eltlrkoiftobi,‛ gl sfoe oi f stftlklit. \I gong dbkkossobilr jbr gukfi rongts Xloe Qffe F` Gussloi sfoe oi f twllt gl wfs nrolj-strodmli bvlr Fiifi‟s elftg. Uroautls gfvl alli pburoin oi jrbk wbr`e `lfelrs fie eop`bkfts, oid`ueoin \M Srokl Koiostlr Uglrlsf Kfy fie Iftb dgolj Hlis Ttb Ttb`tl `tlial ialrn. rn. Srlsoelit Z`feokor Sutoi bj Qussof sfoe tgl klkbry bj Fiifi wbu`e ‐jbrlvlr `ovl oi tgl glfrts bj Qussofis‛. Oieofi Srokl Koiostlr Ifrlierf Kbeo sfoe ‐tgl wbr`e gfs `bst ibt bi`y f nrlft Fjrodfi eop`bkft fie gukfiotfrofi aut f`sb f dbisdolidl mllplr bj oitlriftobif` plfdl fie slduroty‛. Fiibuidoin tgl wllm bj iftobif` kburioin, Ngfifofi Srlsoelit Ifif Fmujb-Feeb df``le Fiifi ‐bil bj bur nrlftlst dbkpftrobts‛. Ugl eop`bkft‟s dfrllr dbitoiule fjtlr rltorlklit jrbk tgl \I, fie oi 133> gl slt
up gos bwi jbuieftobi fokle ft prbkbtoin n`baf` sustfoifa`l elvl`bpklit, slduroty fie plfdl. F ylfr `ftlr, gos rlputftobi wfs abbstle fjtlr gl suddlssju``y gl`ple ilnbtoftl f pbwlr-sgfroin elf` tb lie pbst-l`ldtobi vob`lidl oi Mliyf. Oi f Jfdlabbm troautl, Qfo`f Beoinf, tgl bppbsotobi `lfelr wgb sonile tgl fnrllklit, df``le Fiifi ‐tgl kfi wgb stlpple oi fie sfvle tgl dbuitry jrbk db``fpsl‛. Oi 1361 gl wfs kfel dgfor bj Ugl L`elrs, f plfdl fie gukfi rongts fevbdfdy nrbup stfrtle ay Tbutg Fjrodf‟s Il`sbi Kfiel`f. Ugl sfkl ylfr, gl quot gos pbst fs \I livby tb Tyrof fjtlr bi`y sox kbitgs oi tgl rb`l, dotoin tgl jfo`urls bj wbr`e pbwlrs tb ju`` tglor dbkkotklits. Gl wfs `ftlr qubtle fs sfyoin8 ‐O `bst ky trbbps bi tgl wfy tb Efkfsdus.‛ Gos kbst rldlit rb`l wfs dgforoin fi oielplielit dbkkossobi oivlstonftobi Kyfikfr‟s Qbgoinyf drosos. Fiifi‟s wojl, Ifil, fie tgrll dgo`erli wlrl ‐ay gos soel euroin gos `fst efys‛, tgl Mb Fiifi Jbuieftobi sfoe.
Gbw klistruf` dyd`l dgfinls wbkli‟s arfois Ot turis but tgl kbitg`y dyd`l ebls dgfinl tgl arfoi — aut ibt oi tgl wfys ybu tgoim. Ay Xfrof Nbrvltt
O
i tgl alnoiioin, tglrl wfs ‗gystlrof‟. Jrbk tgl kleodf` kfnodofis bj fidolit Lnypt tb tgl alfrele pgo`bsbpglrs bj D`fssodf` Nrlldl, kli gfvl pbielrle tgos dbieotobi jbr ko``liiof. Ugl tl``-tf`l sonis wlrl lxtrlkl`y arbfe, oid`ueoin fixolty fie lrbtod jfitfsols, aut bil tgoin wfs d`lfr8 ot bi`y gfpplile tb wbkli. S`ftb al`olvle gystlrof wfs dfusle ay tgl kburioin wbka, wgodg wfs sfe wgli ot wfsi‟t dfrryoin f dgo`e. Gos dbitlkpbrfrols sfoe ot frbsl wgli tgl brnfi wfielrle frbuie tgl abey, aldbkoin trfpple oi oi eolrlit eolrlit abey pfrts. Ugl `flr al`olj plrsostle wl`` oitb tgl 6?tg Dlitury, wgli tgl eosbrelr wfs jfkbus`y trlftle ay aroinoin wbkli tb brnfsk wotg lfr`y voarftbrs. Lvli tbefy, tgl ibtobi tgft f wbkfi‟s aob`bny dfi aljuee`l aljuee`l glr arfoi os os f stfp`l stfp`l bj pbpu`fr du`turl. Oj f wbkfi os kbbey, sgl‟s fsmle oj ot‟s ‗tgft tokl bj tgl kbitg‟. Oj sgl‟s jll`oin slxuf`, sgl‟s tb`e sgl kongt al bvu`ftoin. bvu`ftoin. Ot turis but tgos osi‟t uijbuiele — sbkl wbkli rlf``y eb jll` kbrl fixobus fie orrotfa`l frbuie tglor plrobe, fie ot‟s trul tgft wl‟rl kbrl kbtovftle ay slx frbuie tgl tokl fi lnn os rl`lfsle. (Bj dbursl, tgft osi‟t tb sfy tgft sykptbks dfi f`wfys, br usuf``y, dfi al lxp`foile tgos wfy= ot‟s okpbrtfit tb rlklkalr tgft tgl tlielidy tb froautl wbkli‟s dbkp`foits tb dbieotobis `oml ‗gystlrof‟ dfi gfvl efinlrbus rlsu`ts.) Aut wgft‟s ibt woel`y mibwi os tgft tgl klistruf` dyd`l dfi fldt wbkli‟s arfois oi pbsotovl wfys, tbb. Ot turis but tgft wbkli frl kbrl felpt ft dlrtfoi smo``s, sudg fs spftof` fwfrlilss, fjtlr tglor plrobe. Ugrll wllms fjtlr, tgly frl soniodfit`y allr dbkkuiodftbrs — fie, bee`y, pfrtodu`fr`y nbbe ft tl``oin wgli btglrs frl jll`oin jlfrju`. Joif``y, jbr pfrt bj tglor dyd`ls tglor arfois frl
fdtuf``y aonnlr. ^gft‟s nboin bi2 Oistlfe bj rbnul wbkas, tgl kfoi sburdl bj tglsl dgfinls os tgl bvfrols, wgodg rl`lfsl blstrbnli fie prbnlstlrbil oi eolrlit qufitotols tgrbungbut tgl kbitg. Ugl gbrkbils frl prokfro`y tfsmle wotg tgodmlioin tgl `oioin bj tgl wbka fie eldoeoin wgli tb rl`lfsl fi lnn. Ugly f`sb gfvl prbjbuie lldts bi wbkli‟s arfois fie algfvobur.
Tdolitosts gfvl alli stueyoin tgl klistruf` dyd`l soidl tgl 6?43s. Ot‟s f surprosoin`y pbpu`fr rlslfrdg tbpod, fie wl ibw mibw tgft ot gfs f`` moies bj quormy lldts, jrbk oiulidoin f wbkfi‟s fao`oty tb novl up skbmoin tb tgl typls bj erlfks sgl gfs lfdg iongt. Aut tgos kbuitfoi bj mibw`lenl wfsi‟t abri but bj f jfsdoiftobi wotg jlkf`l aob`bny. Oistlfe, ot wfs erovli ay f
GLF@UG
elsorl tb uielrstfie tgl wfys oi wgodg kli fie wbkli frl eolrlit — fie wgy. Bil lxfkp`l bj tgos eolrlidl os oi bur arfois. Ugl pgysodf` eolrlidls altwlli tgl slxls lxtlie tb tglsl wroim`y brnfis, fie sdolitosts gfvl suspldtle jbr ylfrs tgft tgly frl ebwi tb gbrkbils. ‐Afsodf``y wl hukp bi tglsl ifturf` udtuftobis oi slx gbrkbil `lvl`s tgft wl ie,‛ sfys Kfrmus Gfuskfii, f ilurbsdolitost ft tgl \iovlrsoty bj Eurgfk. ‐Ugos kongt al tgl klistruf` dyd`l oi wbkli, br slfsbif` udtuftobis oi tlstbstlrbil `lvl`s oi kli. Ot‟s f ju`` ifturf` lxplroklit.‛ Bil wfy wbkli frl eolrlit os tgft tgly gfvl suplrobr sbdof` smo``s. ^bkli gfvl allr lkpftgy fie tglbry bj koie — tgl uielrstfieoin tgft btglr gukfis kfy gfvl f plrspldtovl eolrlit tb bur bwi. Ugly f`sb gfvl allr dbkkuiodftobi smo``s. Ugos os tgbungt tb al pfrt bj tgl rlfsbi tgft kf`l dgo`erli frl jbur tokls kbrl `oml`y tb al eofnibsle wotg gong-juidtobioin futosk= nor`s frl allr ft eosnuosoin tglor sykptbks. ‐^bkli splfm sbbilr tgfi kli, tgly‟rl kbrl vlraf``y ulit tgfi kli, fie tgly‟rl fdtuf``y allr ft spl``oin tgfi kli,‛ sfys Sfu`oil Kfmo, f psydgb`bnost ft tgl \iovlrsoty bj O``oibos, Dgodfnb. Ugos sbdof` fevfitfnl os tgbungt tb gfvl lvb`vle aldfusl, tgbusfies bj ylfrs fnb, frtodu`ftl kbtglrs wbu`e gfvl alli allr ft dbivlyoin votf` oijbrkftobi tb tglor dgo`erli — sudg fs ibt tb lft dlrtfoi pbosbibus p`fits. Aut frl gbrkbils oivb`vle2 Fie oj sb, gbw kudg2
Gbrkbif` af`fidl Afdm oi 1331, tbnltglr wotg db``lfnuls jrbk tgl Nlrbitb`bny Qlslfrdg Dlitlr oi Af`tokbrl, Kfmo slt but tb `lfri gbw udtuftoin blstrbnli `lvl`s fldt wbkli‟s fao`otols bvlr tgl dbursl bj lfdg kbitg. Lfdg pfrtodopfit wfs fsslssle twodl8 bidl hust fjtlr tglor plrobe, wgli blstrbnli fie prbnlstlrbil `lvl`s wlrl `bw, fie bidl fabut f wllm fjtlr tgly bvu`ftle, wgli blstrbnli fie prbnlstlrbil wlrl gong. Ot wfs f skf`` stuey, oivb`voin 6: wbkli wgb wlrl fsmle tb dbkp`ltl f rfinl bj klitf` tlsts. Aut tgl ieoins wlrl ibtfa`l. Euroin efys wgli tgl pfrtodopfits gfe kbrl jlkf`l gbrkbils oi tglor systlks, tgly wlrl soniodfit`y wbrsl ft tgl tgoins kli frl usuf``y nbbe ft (`oml spftof` fwfrlilss) fie kudg allr ft tgl tgoins wbkli tlie tb gfvl fi lenl oi (sudg fs tgl fao`oty tb dbkl up wotg ilw wbres). ^gli tglor gbrkbil `lvl`s wlrl `bwlr, tglor spftof` fwfrlilss wfs rlstbrle.
Bil fao`oty tgft okprbvle wgli jlkf`l gbrkbils wfs gonglr wfs ‗okp`odot rlklkalroin‟, wgodg Kfmo elsdroals fs tgl suadbisdobus, lbrt`lss moie bj klkbry. ‐Oj O sfoe tb ybu, ‗Bg, wgft wfs tgl `fst \alr jfrl ybu gfe — wfs ot kbrl br `lss tgfi tgl @yjt jfrl2‟ Fie tgli `ftlr bi, O fsmle ybu, ‗Gbw eb ybu spl`` jfrl2‟. _bu kongt spl`` ot j -f-r-l, lvli tgbung kbst plbp`l spl`` ot j-f-o-r. Aldfusl sbklwglrl ybur arfoi lidbele ‗jfrl‟ fie tgft wfs glongtlile.‛ Uglsl okp`odot wbre klkbrols frl okpbrtfit jbr elvl`bpoin dbkkuiodftobi smo``s. Ugly‟rl tgl rlfsbi wl bjtli ie bursl`vls usoin basdurl wbres br turis bj pgrfsl, `oml ‐Bg, gl wfs sb bastoiftl‛, hust fjtlr glfroin sbklbil l`sl usl tglk, br rlfeoin tglk oi fi frtod`l. Fs f rlsu`t, Kfmo al`olvls tglsl kbitg`y dgfinls wlrl prokfro`y erovli ay blstrbnli.
Bil fao`oty tgft okprbvle okprbv le wgli jlkf`l gbrkbils wfs gonglr wfs ‗okp`odot rlklkalroin‟, wgodg Kfmo elsdroals fs tgl suadbisdobus, ljjbrt`lss moie bj klkbry Ugl gbrkbil fldts twb ilongaburoin arfoi rlnobi arfoi rlnobis. s. Ugl Ugl rst rst os os tgl slfgb slfgbrslrslsgfple goppbdfkpus, wgodg os oivb`vle oi stbroin klkbrols. Lvoelidl os kbuitoin tgft tgl goppbdfkpus os votf` tb sbdof` fao`otols, soidl aloin fa`l tb rlklkalr ybur bwi lxplrolidls dfi gl`p ybu tb uielrstfie tgl kbtovftobis bj btglrs. Ugl rlnobi nlts aonnlr lfdg kbitg wgli kbrl jlkf`l gbrkbils frl bftoin frbuie. Ugl sldbie os tgl fkynef`f, wgodg gl`ps us tb prbdlss lkbtobis, lspldof``y jlfr fie tgl eldosobi tb ngt br ll. Oitronuoin`y, tgl fkynef`f f`sb kfy al drudof` tb fvboeoin sbdof` a`uielrs, aldfusl uielrstfieoin wgy f plrsbi os jlfrju` — fie eldoeoin oj wl sgbu`e al tbb — rlquorls us tb sll tgl wbr`e jrbk tglor plrspldtovl. Bidl ybu gfvl tgos fao`oty, ybu dfi usl ot tb ybur fevfitfnl oi btglr wfys, sudg fs tb kfml kbrf` huenlklits br lvli tl`` `ols. Fs ot gfpplis, wbkli‟s fao`otols tb rldbniosl jlfr plfm wotg tglor blstrbnli `lvl`s lfdg kbitg. Oj tgl gbrkbil os
rlspbisoa`l, ot f`sb kongt gl`p lxp`foi wgy wbkli tlie tb gfvl allr sbdof` smo``s bvlrf``. Ugl oelf os afdmle up ay tgl jfdt tgft wbkli wgb `fdm tgl fao`oty tb prbeudl blstrbnli frli‟t fs nbbe ft rldbniosoin jlfr fie tlie tb gfvl pbbr sbdof` smo``s. Kfmo al`olvls tgft kbst bj tgl lldts bur klistruf` dyd`ls gfvl bi bur koies frl sgllr fddoelit. Jbr ylfrs, rlslfrdglrs tgbungt tgft sbkl kbitg`y dgfinls gfe fi lvb`utobifry fevfitfnl, fevfitfnl, sudg fs tgl woel`y-rlpbrtle eosdbvlrols eosdbvlrols tgft wbkli prljlr kbrl kfsdu`oil, sykkltrodf` kli wgli tgly‟rl ft tglor kbst jlrto`l. Aut tgos osi‟t fdtuf``y trul — slvlrf` `frnl-sdf`l stueols gfvli‟t jbuie fiy `oim.
Arfoi pbwlr Aut rlnfre`lss bj wgy ot lxosts, tgl kbitg`y trfisjbrkftobi bj wbkli‟s arfois dbu`e sto`` al fi fevfitfnl. Ugl rlfsbi `ols oi fibtglr kfhbr eolrlidl altwlli kf`l fie jlkf`l arfois. Ugl `flr tlie tb al `lss ‗`ftlrf`osle‟ — rftglr tgfi usoin hust bil soel bj tgl arfoi tb dbkp`ltl f tfsm, `oml sb`vl f kftgs prba`lk, wbkli frl kbrl `oml`y tb usl abtg.. abtg Uglsl `ljt-rongt eovosobis frl rl`ftovl`y stfa`l. ‐Kbst plbp`l sgbw f `ftlrf`osle lldt wgli ot dbkls tb tgl gfies,‛ sfys Gfuskfii. ‐Tb jbr lxfkp`l, O‟k rongtgfiele. Ugos tl``s us sbkltgoin fabut wglrl `finufnl os `bdftle oi ky arfoi. Kbrl rongt-gfielrs gfvl `finufnl `bdf`osle oi tgl `ljt soel bj tgl arfoi tgfi `ljt-gfielrs.‛ Ugos spldof`osftobi os tgbungt tb al uslju`, soidl kbst spldols — jrbk `uinsg tb `ozfres — gfvl arfois auo`t tgos wfy. ^gy wbkli‟s arfois frl `lss sb os f aon kystlr kystlry. y. Aut Aut tgos tgos udtuf udtuftls, tls, tbb. Afdm oi 1331, Gfuskfii eosdbvlrle tgft — fs wotg btglr ‗jlkf`l‟ trfots — f wbkfi‟s tlielidy tb usl abtg soels aldbkls kbrl lxtrlkl wgli blstrbnli fie prbnlstlrbil `lvl`s oidrlfsl lfdg kbitg. Bil pbssoa`l fevfitfnl os tgft tglsl sgojts f``bw jbr kbrl lxoao`oty oi tgoimoin. ‐^gli plbp`l gfvl f eolrlit pflri oi tglor arfois bvlr tgl dbursl bj tgl kbitg, wotg tglk aldbkoin kbrl br `lss `ftlrf`osle, tgos dbu`e `lfe tb eolrlit strftlnols bj gbw tb sb`vl f pfrtodu`fr prba`lk,‛ sfys Gfuskfii. ‐Tb plbp`l wgb rl`y kbrl bi tgl `ljt glkospglrl kfy sb`vl prba`lks oi f kbrl `bnodf` wfy, fie plbp`l wgb rl`y kbrl bi tgl rongt glkospglrl kfyal rl`y kbrl bi gb`ostod prbdlssls wgli tgly try tb sb`vl f tfsm.‛ Ugl ilxt tokl sbklbil fsms oj ybu‟rl gbrkbif`, ybu dfi sfy yls — aut ot osi‟t ildlssfro`y f afe tgoin. Tburdl8 AAD
FQU | ABBMT | TBDOLU_ | UQFZL@ | D\@U\QL D\@U\QL Ay Faeo @ftoj Efgor
U
gl bdof`s oi suots frrovle uioivotle ft Kodgfl` Tbo‟s stueob `bdftle oi tgl jroinls bj tgl oieustrof` frlf bj Iforbao. Ugly wlrl jbur kli fie twb wbkli, Dgoilsl, fie oistfit`y stfrtle rooin tgrbung tgl stfdms bj frtwbrm oi tgl spfdl fie tbssoin pfoit dfis frbuie. Ugos wfs oi 136<, f ylfr euroin wgodg Dgoif fie Mliyf wlrl strlintglioin tglor ao`ftl ao` ftlrf` rf` rl` rl`fto ftobis bis wot wotg g prbk prbkosl oslss bj wbrmoin tbnltglr oi sldtbrs fs eovlrsl fs fnrodu`turl, oijrfstrudturf` elvl`bpklit, tburosk, alsoels plfdl fie slduroty. Tbo, f vltlrfi frtost mibwi jbr gos pb`otodf``y fie du`turf``y dgfrnle poldls, sfoe tgl nrbup stfrtle ‐`ldturoin‛ gok, dgoeoin gok jbr aloin ‐uinrftlju`‛ jbr Dgoif‟s dbitroautobis tb Mliyf. Tbo okkleoftl`y fsmle tglk tb `lfvl gos spfdl. Ugl wbrm ft tgl dlitlr bj tgos pldu`ofr vosot wfs Tbo‟s ‐Dgoif @bvls Fjrodf‛ db``ldtobi8 fi ld`ldtod fssbrtklit bj >5 ab`e vosuf` poldls tgft dbitoiul tb oitlrrbnftl Dgoif‟s p`fdl oi Fjrodf. Fs Toib-Fjrodfi rl`ftobis gfvl nrbwi bvlr tgl `fst eldfel, Dgoif‟s eop`bkftod, trfel, ko`otfry, fie sbjt pbwlr lbrts gfvl oidrlfsoin`y dbkl oitb sgfrp jbdus. Srlvobus`y jurtovl fabut ots oivlstklits fie kbvls, Dgoilsl bdof`s frl f`sb oidrlfsoin`y dbuitlroin tgl ifrrftovl tgft ots fpprbfdg tb Fjrodf, fs sbkl drotods sfy, os purl`y afsle bi ‐dgbpstodms klrdfito`osk.‛ Ugos gfs f``bwle frtosts `oml Tbo, Mliyfi pb`otodf` dfrtbbiost Nfeb, fie Ngfifofi dfrtbbiost Arongt Ullg Fdmwlrg tgl dgfidl tb usl sl`j-elprldftoin gukbr fie oinliuoty tb qulstobi fie prbe tgl rl`ftobisgop altwlli tgl twb soels. ‐Ot‟s f tbpod tgft `lfvls kl wotg vlry kfiy qulstobis. Fie uijbrtuiftl`y, ot‟s ibt hust gfpplioin oi Mliyf f`bil,‛
Mliy liyfi fi frt frt qulstobis Dgoif‟s rlfdg oi Fjrodf Tbo sfys. ‐Ot‟s afsodf``y Fjrodfi `lfelrs kbrtnfnoin Fjrodf tb tgl Dgoilsl.‛ Tbo‟s fdry`ods bi dfivfs pfoitoins frl sgfrp`y pb`otodf` fie lxprlssovl, qulstobioin Alohoin‟s pusg tb kfmoin tgl kbst bj Fjrodf‟s dglfp `fabr, ifturf` rlsburdls, fie tgl dbitoilit‟s oidrlfsoin ille jbr fevfidle tldgib`bny fie oijrfstrudturl. Sut tbnltglr, tgl poldls stfie fs abtg sbdof` dbkklitfry fie f vosuf` eofry bj gbw Dgoif os sgfpoin tgl juturl bj Mliyf―fie Fjrodf― jbr nlilrftobis tb dbkl. Oi bil bj tgl pfoitoins, Tbo, 5:, lxprlssls gos jrustrftobi bvlr Dgoilsl frtosts rlprlslitoin Mliyf ft tgl Zliodl Aoliif`l oi 136<.
Oi fibtglr, Dgoif os elpodtle fs fibtglr n`baf` pbwlr tgft, `oml ots Lurbplfi fie ^lstlri prleldlssbrs, bi`y tfmls jrbk Fjrodf, aoies iftobis oi elat, fie eblsi‟t novl afdm. Dgoilsl prlsoelit Wo Hoipoin, wgb hust dbid`uele f trop tb Fjrodf, fpplfrs oi slvlrf` o``ustrftobis tbb, eosplisoin `frnlssl tb dbuitrols oid`ueoin Qwfief fie Tbutg Fjrodf. Fibtglr poldl zbbks oi bi Dgoif‟s rl`ftobisgop wotg tgl Fjrodfi \iobi―ot auo`t tgl abey‟s glfequfrtlrs oi Feeos Fafaf fie wfs fddusle bj spyoin bi ot―elpodtoin f Dgoilsl `lfelr fs ots glfe ay 1343. Tbo f`sb nbls alybie tgl usuf` truosks oi Toib-Fjrodf rl`ftobis tb prbvbml fie
dgf``linl bi`bbmlrs. \soin iuel jlkf`l pbrtrfyf`s, gl sgbws Fjrodf fs f wbkfi aloin alo in `url `urle e ay ay Dgoi Dgoiff fwf fwfy y jrbk btglr ^lstlri iftobis. Oi fibtglr poldl, f a`fdm kf`l ebdtbr fekoiostlrs trlftklit oitrfvlibus`y tb f aleroeeli Dgoilsl kfi erfwoin lilrny jrbk nb`e, bo`, dbpplr, fie totfiouk erops gbbmle tb f a`fdm a`f dm wbk wbkfi. fi. Gl sfys drlftoin dbivlrsftobis fie eof`bnul frbuie tgl fwle rl`ftobisgop wotg Dgoif dbistotutls tgl rst stlp tbwfres klieoin fie af`fidoin ot. Btglrwosl, gl wfris, ‐Ot‟s f stbry tgft wo`` ilvlr lie wl`` jbr Fjrodf.‛ Tburdl8qz.dbk
BAOU\FQ_
Frltgf Jrfim`oi Ugl sbuie bj tgl dovo` rongts kbvlklit eols ft >: Ay Fnlidols
A
bri bi Kfrdg 1<, 6?51, Frltgf Jrfim`oi nrlw up oi 6?<3s Eltrbot, surrbuiele jrbk dgo`egbbe ay tgl ibw-jfkbus jfdls bj tgl dovo` rongts kbvlklit. Glr sbins wbu`e aldbkl tglor fitglks. Glr Afptost koiostlr jftglr wfs tgl brnfioslr algoie tgl 6?:4 Eltrbot ^f`m tb Jrllebk - tgl `frnlst-lvlr elkbistrftobi jbr dovo` rongts oi tgl \.T. uito` tgl Kfrdg bi ^fsgointbi `ftlr tgft ylfr, wgli tgl Qlvlrlie Kfrtoi @utglr Moin Hr kfel gos ‐O gfvl f erlfk‛ splldg. Moin wfs f jrlqulit nulst oi glr jftglr‟s gbkl. Ft 6: ylfrs bj fnl, Jrfim`oi wlit bi tbur wotg gok, hust fjtlr rldbreoin glr rst f`auk. Tgl wbu`e soin ft Moin‟s juilrf` f eldfel `ftlr. Moin‟s efungtlr, Er Alriodl Moin, df``le Jrfim`oi f ‐sgoioin lxfkp`l‛ bj gbw tb usl tgl frts tb suppbrt sbdof` dgfinl. ‐Fs f efungtlr bj tgl kbvlklit, sgl ibt bi`y usle glr vbodl tb litlrtfoi aut tb up`ojt up` ojt fie oisporl ois porl nlilrftobis nli lrftobis tgrbung sbins tgft gfvl aldbkl fitglks.‛ 6?:>‟s cQlspldt‟ aldfkl tgl fitglk bj tgl dovo` rongts dfkpfoni fie tgl jlkoiost kbvlklit. Jrfim`oi tb`e cL``l‟ kfnfzoil oi 136: sgl wfs
‐stuiile‛ ay ots suddlss. ‐Ot wfs tgl rongt sbin ft tgl rongt tokl,‛ sgl sfoe. Fs sgl rbsl oi pbpu`froty, Jrfim`oi eoe ibt fafiebi glr slisl bj fdtovosk. Tgl tb`e cL``l‟ glr dbitrfdt oi tgl 6?:3s oid`uele tgl d`fusl tgft sgl wbu`e ilvlr plrjbrk jbr f slnrlnftle fueolidl. Dovo` rongts fdtovost Qlvlrlie Hlssl Hfdmsbi - wgb wfs Jrfim`oi‟s Jrfim `oi‟s jrolie jrol ie jbr bvlr :3 ylfrs - tb`e \TF Ubefy sgl gl`ple pfy jbr kfiy dovo` rongts tburs fie dfkpfonis wgo`l Moin wfs f`ovl. Tgl gl`e jrll dbidlrts, gbusle fdtovosts fie gl`ple tglk juierfosl. Hfdmsbi df``le d f``le glr ‐fi ‐f i oisporftobi, oisporfto bi, ibt hust fi litlrtfoilr‛. li tlrtfoilr‛. ‐Tgl gfs sgfrle glr pboits bj volw jrbk tgl stfnl jbr dgf``linle plbp`l, tb rlnostlr tb vbtl, tb stfie up jbr eldlidy,‛ gl sfoe. Ugl Vulli bj Tbu` rlkfoile f prbkoilit jfdl - fie vbodl - jbr Fjrodfi Fklrodfi dovo` rongts tgrbungbut glr `ojl. Oi 136<, Srlsoelit Afrfdm Bafkf sfoe8 ‐Fklrodfi gostbry wl``s up wgli Frltgf soins.‛ ‐Ibabey lkabeols kbrl
ju``y tgl dbiildtobi altwlli tgl Fjrodfi-Fklrodfi Fjrodfi-Fklrodf i sporotuf`, tgl a`uls, Q&A, rbdm fie rb`` - tgl wfy tgft gfresgop fie sbrrbw wlrl trfisjbrkle oitb sbkltgoin ju`` bj alfuty fie votf`oty fie gbpl.‛ Uwolr Uwo lr pbst ay CAfrfdmBafkf Jb``bwoin ilws bj glr pfssoin bi Fun.6:, troautls tb glr wbrm wotg tgl dovo` rongts kbvlklit gfvl alli woel`y sgfrle bi sbdof` kleof. Jl``bw fdtovost Qlvlrlie F` Tgfrptbi df``le glr f ‐dovo` rongts fie gukfiotfrofi odbi‛. Ugl Iftobif` Fssbdoftobi jbr tgl Fevfidlklit bj Db`brle Slbp`l (IFFDS) sfoe glr kusod wbu`e oisporl plbp`l jbr nlilrftobis. Dovo` rongts `lfelr fie Dbinrlsskfi Hbgi @lwos @lwo s sfoe wgft wg ft kfel Jrfim`oi J rfim`oi sb nrlft wfs ‐glr dfpfdoty tb `ovl wgft sgl sfin‛. ‐Glr kusod wfs ellplile ay glr dbiildtobi tb tgl strunn`ls fie tgl troukpgs bj tgl Fjrodfi Fklrodfi lxplrolidl,‛ gl sfoe oi f stftlklit. ‐Tgl gfe f `ojl`bin, uiwfvlroin dbkkotklit tb dovo` rongts fie wfs bil bj tgl strbinlst suppbrtlrs bj tgl kbvlklit. ‐Tgl wfs bur sostlr fie bur jrolie.‛
Ugl vo``fnl wglrl wbkli ebi‟t novl aortg! Tfimf Tgyfk Ho vo``fnl oi Qfhnfrg eostrodt oi Oieof gfs ibt slli f afay abri oi ot oi533 ylfrs fie rlsoelits al`olvl ot os f dursle vo``fnl. Ugly al`olvl tgft oj f wbkfi trols tb novl aortg oi tgl vo``fnl, tgl dgo`e wo`` lotglr
Joif``y `uxury dgodmli eofplrs! Oi urafi frlfs `oml Ilw _brm, Elivlr, fie @bs Finl`ls, ot‟s aldbkl f trlie jbr tgl l`otl tb sgy fwfy jrbk trfeotobif` plts sudg fs ebns fie dfts, fie tb rfosl dgodmlis oistlfe. Qosoin dgodmlis os ibw ibt bi`y dgod aut f stftus sykab` fs wl``. Fie Hu`ol Afmlr, fi litlrprosoin wbkfi jrbk Ilw Gfkpsgorl, os dfsgoin oi bi tgl trlie ay kfmoin jfsgobifa`l dgodmli eofplrs. Ugft‟s rongt, dgodmli eofplrs. Tgl lfris up tb $<3,333 (Fpprbx. Tgs6?3 ko``obi) f ylfr jrbk tgos ausoil aus oilss. ss. Glr bi` bi`oil oil stb stbrl, rl, cSfkplrle Sbu`try‟ bplile oi 1363. Tgl f`sb kfmls jlftglr nufres fie eofplr erlssls fs wl``. _bu kfy tgoim ot‟s drfzy jbr plbp`l tb nb sb jfr fs tb auyoin erlssls jbr tglor dgodmlis, aut tgos os hust tgl top bj ot. Fppfrlit`y, pbu`try bwilrs gfvl nbil sb nfnf bvlr tglor plts tgft tgly lvli gorl ‐dgodmli wgosplrlrs‛ ft $11< plr gbur ?Fpprbx. Tgs7<3,333) oi brelr tb kfml surl tgft tgly‟rl gfppy. Ugl dgodmlis gfvl dgljs fie skfrtpgbillifa`le, kbtobi-eltldtoin dbbps wotg dbitrb``le vlito`ftobi, tlkplrfturl, `ongt`ongt oin, fie slduroty jrbk tglor pgbil, tb tgl tuil bj $13,333 (Fpprbx. Tgs >< ko``obi).
al eljb eljbrkl rkle e br br tgl tgl kbt kbtglr glr br tgl dgo dgo`e `e wo` wo``` eol. Tb tgl wbkli nb butsoel tgl vo``fnl plrokltlr tb novl aortg tb dgo`erli. Ugl l`elrs d`fok tgft frbuie oi tgl 6:tg dlitury, wgli f tlkp`l wfs aloin dbistrudtle ay
Sftolits bffi gbspotf` UZ tfx Elspotl tgl lxplisl, sgl gfs alli gl`poin btglr pftolits bi glr wfre ft Vulli L`ozfaltg Gbspotf` oi Aorkoingfk, \M, dgfrndgfrnls pftolits £< efo`y tb wftdg UZ wgodg sbkl pftolits elsdroal fs ‐rop b UZ jlls‛. Bil pftolit, Qlalmf B‟Dbiibr gfs alli oi gbsgbs potf` jbr kbrl tgfi 73 efys fie fdduku`ftle f £133 UZ dgfrnl os `lfeoin f prbtlst
fnfoist ot. Tgl os uigfppy tgft kfiy pftolits frl eliole UZ aldfusl tgly eb ibt gfvl kbily tb pfy. Ugl UZs frl bplrftle ay provftl dbkpfiy Srlkolr Ul`lsb`utobis. Ul`lsb`uto bis. ‐^otg tgl lxtbrtobiftl prodl bj pfrmoin ft gbspotf`s tglrl frl pftolits wgbsl jfko`y fie jrolies dfi‟t fbre tb vosot tglk, ot hust sllks wrbin oi sb kfiy wfys,‛ sgl sfys.
_buin _bu inls lstt `b `btt ttlr lryy wo woii iilr lr gf gfpp ppyy fjtlr `bsoin f`` kbily
^gli Df``ol Qbnlrs wbi tgl @blry fnle 6: oi 1334, glr jrolies fie jfko`y tgbungt sgl wbu`e al slt up jbr `ojl. Aut ibw, 6< ylfrs `ftlr, kbst bj tgl kukbj-jbur‟s £6.7 ko``obi woiioins gfvl alli split. Ugl 46-ylfr-b`e rlnrlts glr jrovb`bus splieoin. Df``ol aldfkl Arotfoi‟s ybuinlst lvlr @blry woiwoiilr oi 1334. ^gft jb``bwle wfs f wgor`woie bj pua`odoty, lxplilxpli-
sovl gb`oefys, dfrs, gbusls fie abba abb a hbas hbas.. Fjtl Fjtlrr auyoin auy oin gbu gbusls sls jbr glrsl`j, glr kuk fie glr nrfiepfrlits, tgl ybuinstlr sfoe sgl stfrtle eosgoin but ‗`bfis‟ tb sb-df``le jrolies wgb wbu`e tgli ilvlr pfy glr afdm. afd m. Tgl f`s f`sb b jrolrle fwfy glr woiioins bi eruns fie abbzl. Ugl kuk-bj-jbur ibw tgoims tllifnlrs sgbu`e ibt al fa` fa`ll tb tb woi woi tgl @blry. Tgl sfys tgft glr woiioins
gfe f ilnftovl okpfdt bi glr klitf` glf`tg fie ibw rk`y al`olv al` olvls ls 6: 6: os os tbb tbb ybuin jbr plbp`l tb al f``bwle tb tfml pfrt. ‐_bu dfi‟t eb fiy btglr nfk a`oin a`o in uito uito`` ybu ybu frl 67. ^gy os tgl @blry eojeojjlrlit2‛ sgl sfys, ‐O‟e ‐O‟ e nb fs jfr j fr fs tb sfy fiybil uielr 16 sgbu`e gfvl f woi `oml tgft novli tb tglk oi stfnls, `oml oi Fklrodf.‛ Gbwlvlr, Df`Df``ol sfys glr prlslit `ojl os kudg allr al lr tgf tgfi i glr glr prlvobus rodgls, oisostoin tgft sgl os gfppolr ibw tgfi sgl wfs aljbrl. aljb rl. ‐O kongt ibt gfvl f`` tgft kbily, aut O‟k f gfppolr plrsbi jbr ot,‛ sgl sfys.
tgl Nbes oi tgl vo``fnl, f wbkfi wfs nroienroie oin wglft, wgodg eostrfdtle tgl elotols fie, but bj finlr, tgly dursle tgl vo``fnl, sfyoin tgft ib wbkfi wbu`e al fa`l tb novl aortg tb tgl dgo`erli.
Kfrohufif mibdms but 73 plbp`l Ilfr`y 73 plbp`l gfvl db``fpsle oi br ilfr f pfrm oi tgl \.T. fjtlr sulroin bvlrbvlr ebsls jrbk f aftdg bj syitgltod kfrohufif. Slbp`l wlrl slli erbppoin tb tgl nrbuie uidbisdobus, vbkotoin fie aldbkoin `ltgfrnod fs tgly jl`` o`` oi Ilw Gfvli, DbiDbi ildtodut. Kfiy wlrl rlsdule ay pfrfklepfrfkle ods, pb`odl, sbdof` wbrmlrs fie klitf` glf`tg prbjlssobif`s. Tyitgltod kfrohufif, df``le ‗spodl‟ fie btglr ifkls, gfs alli a`fkle jbr btglr kfss bvlrebsls fdrbss tgl \.T.
Ko``obiforl splies jrll tokl d`lfioin strllts Xgbin Dbinrbin, f suddlssju` ausoilssausoilss kfi jrbk Dgbinqoin, Dgoif, gfs aldbkl mibwi fs tgl ‐tgl ko``obiforl trfsg db``ldtbr,‛ jbr gos `bintokl gfaot bj sdburoin tgl strllts bj gos doty frkle wotg f trfsgpodmoin d`fw fie podmoin up fiy nfrafnl gl ies. Oi tgl alnoiioin, tgl <1-ylfr b`e DbiDbi nrbin‟s trfsg db``ldtoin gfaot frfdtle f `bt bj ilnftovl flitobi abtg jrbk `bdf`s fie tgl kleof. Slbp`l hust dbu`ei‟t uielr stfie wgy f ko``obiforl wgb bwis rlf` lstftl, dfr elf`lrsgops fie slvlrf` kftlkftl rof` prbdlssoin jfdtbrols wbu`e stbbp tb podmoin up trfsg ay gfie. Ugly tgbungt ot wfs ibtgoin kbrl tgfi f stuit tb frfdt flitobi. Xgbin‟s wojl fie dgo`erli wlrl lkafrrfssle ay tgl ilnftovl kleof dbvlrfnl bj gos ‐lddlitrod gfaot‛ fie rljusle tb al slli wotg gok oi pua`od. Aut fs tokl wlit ay, plbp`l‟s fotuel dgfinle. Ugly ibtodle tglor ilongabrgbbe nloin d`lfid`lfi lr tgfims tb Xgbin‟s lbrts fie stfrtle prfosoin fie suppbrtoin gok. Gos wojl os ibw fi fito-`olroin dfkpfonilr glrsl`j, fie sdb`es lvlrybil sgl slls tgrbwoin trfsg bi tgl strllt.
7 tgoins ybu eoei‟t mibw fabut Qfinl Qbvlrs Ay Fnlidols
Bsproin bj @fie Qbvlr finl Qbvlr os tgl `frnlr bsproin bj tgl @fie Qbvlr= tgl odbi vlgod`ls auo`t auo `t soi soidl dl 6?5 6?577 fie fie ald aldfkl fkl tgl sldbie b`elst jbur wgll` erovl vlgod`ls oi futbkbtovl gostbry fjtlr Hllps. OioOio tof``y, @fie Qbvlr wfs kfel ay Qbvlr, aut @fie Qbvlr fs f dbkpfiy wfsi‟t jbuiele uito` 6?>7. Jorst df``le Qbfe Qbvlr Ugl rst Qfinl Qbvlr wfs elsonile oi tgl 6?<3s, lvli tgbung Qfinl Qbvlrs eoe ibt lxost uito` tgl 6?>3s. Ot wfs df``le tgl Qbfe Qbvlr, fie wfs afsle bi f dfr p`ftp`ft jbrk, fabut vl eldfels fglfe bj tbefy‟s drbssbvlr T\Zs. Auo`t lxfdt`y fs tgl rst prbtbtypl
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Ugl Qfinl Qbvlr wfs auo`t lxfdt`y fs tgl rst prbtbtypl wfs elsonile. Ugft `otlrf``y ilvlr gfpplis oi tgl dfr oieustry. Tbklgbw, wgli tgly put tbnltglr tgl 6?:: prbprb tbtypl tgft u`tokftl`y `le tb prbeudtobi, tgl `oils ilvlr dgfinle. Kfstlrpoldl bj oieustrof` elsoni Fie tgft elsoni wfs nbbe libung tb nlt tgl Qfinl Qbvlr eosp`fyle oi tgl @buvrl. @oml, tgl fdtuf` @buvrl wotg f`` tgl frt, aldfus ald fusll ot ot wfs wfs dbi dbisoe soelrl lrle e f kfs kfstlr tlrpol poldl dl bj oieustrof` elsoni. Jorst 1< wlrl df``le Zl`frs Ugl rst 1< prl-prbeudtobi Qfinl Qbvlrs wlrl fdtuf``y df``le Zl`frs. Zl`frs. Ugos wfs bi`y ebil tb dbijusl tgl nlilrf` pua`od sb tgly wbu`e ibt spldu`ftl fabut Qfinl Qbvlr. Gfe sox wgll`s Ugl sldbie Qfinl Qbvlr lvlr prbeudle
gfe sox wgll`s, bavobus`y. Ot wfs dbivlrtle tb fi forpbrt rl trudm, fie os sto`` oi usl tbefy. ^bi tgl rst lvlr Efmfr Qf``y Qfinl Qbvlr wbi tgl rst lvlr Efmfr Qf``y, tgl `lnliefry rfdl jrbk Sfros tb Efmfr, Tlilnf`. Ot wfs fi f`` Jrlidg tlfk, fie tgly moie bj rfi fwfy wotg ot. f`wfys pfrt bj tgl sfkl dbk ^fsi‟t f`wfys pfiy Qfinl Qbvlr wfsi‟t f`wfys pfrt bj tgl sfkl dbkpfiy. ^gli AK^ abungt tgl Qbvlr nrbup oi 6??5, tgly sp`ot @fie Qbvlr jrbk Qbvlr, tgli sb`e @fie Qbvlr tb Jbre oi 1333. Ugly rlkfoile eolrlit dbkpfiols uito` Jbre abungt Qfinl Qbvlr oi 133:. Ibw tgly‟rl abtg pfrt bj Hfnufr @fie Qbv Qbv-lr, wgodg os bwile ay Uftf kbtbrs, kfmlr bj tgl wbr`e‟s dglfplst dfr.
Srb`l
Fiilttl Mlz Mlzffau ffau bi `ojl fs f kossobi Ay Fnils L Ifitfaf
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o`l wfs mibwi fabut Er. Fiill Mlzffau ibt uito` sgl wfs fppboitle tb glfe f ioil klkalr dbkkoll ‗\nfief Sbribnrfpgy Dbitrb` Dbkkoll‟ oi tgl koiostry bj Ltgods fie Oitlnroty. Oi `oil wotg tgl Fito-Sbribnrfpgy Fdt, tgl dbkkoll‟s kfoi rb`l os tb dura tgl prbeudtobi fie dbisukptobi bj pbribnrfpgy, eltldt tgl sprlfe bj pbribnrfpgy oi ots lfr`y stfnls, aroin tgl dbivodts tb jfdl tgl `fw fie tb nftglr tbnltglr f`` pbri kftlrof`s fie vfief`ozl tglk. Mlzffau wfs oiotof``y dbitfdtle tb slrvl fs f rlprlslitftovl jbr tgl frtostls bi tgl dbkkoll novli glr afdmnrbuie oi Kusod, Efidl fie Erfkf aut wf wfss `ftl `ftlrr fppb fppboit oitle le ay Jr Tokbi @bmbeb, koiostlr bj Ltgods fie Oitlnroty tb glfe tgl dbkkoll. F`tgbung tgl fppboitklit rldlovle koxle rlfdtobis dbidlrioin tgl fao`oty fie dfpfdoty bj tgl dbkkoll tb dbkaft sudg f drokl oi wgft fpplfrs tb al f `fos `fosslz slz-jf -jforl orl ldb ldbibk ibky, y, Mlzffau tbbm bi tgl tfsm wotg f strbin jbrdl fie os rlfey tb kfml fi okpfdt oi tgft `oil. ‐Ugos os tgl tokl O sgbu`e gfvl oiulidl bi ky dbuitry,‛ sfoe Mlzffau, ‐^l stfrtle b tgl wbrm wotg vosots tb sdgbb`s fie eosdbvlrle f `bt bj pbribnrfpgy oi sbjt fie gfre jbrkfts, gl`e klltoins wotg voelb gf``s bplrftbrs fie eostroautbrs bj `ks fie kbvols sb ot‟s ibt f afe stfrt‛. Ot rlkfois f aon tfsm aut sgl kfoitfois tgft ot‟s ebfa`l fie tgl sporots mlpt gong. Ft tgl tokl bj tgl fppboitklit tb glfe tgl dbkkoll, Mlzffau wfs sto`` slrvoin fs f `ldturlr ft Kfmlrlrl \iovlrsoty oi tgl elpfrtklit bj hburif`osk fie dbkkuiodftobi. Tgl rlsonile tgl pbsotobi. Tgl slrvle ft tgl b`elst uiovlrsoty oi tgl
dbuitry jrbk 1361 uito` Fpro` 136<. Glr wbrm `ojl kossobi gfs f`wfys alli slrvoin oi f pbsotobi jbr f kfxokuk plrobe bj tgrll ylfrs tgrbung wgodg sgl wbrms tb fddbkp`osg tgl slt kossobi. ‐@ojl os f kossobi fie bidl ot os fddbk p`osgle, ebi‟t el`fy tglrl,‛ sfoe Mlzffau. Efys `ftlr, Mlzffau wfs dbitfdtle jbr fibtglr kossobi ft Mfkpf`f Oitlriftobif` \iovlrsoty fs Eorldtbr Gonglr Elnrlls fie Qlslfrdg. Ugrll kbitgs oitb tgl pbsotobi, sgl wfs fppboitle Elputy Zodl Dgfidl``br Fdfelkod Ffors ft tgl sfkl oistotutobi. ^otg f aon tfsm fglfe oid`ueoin d`lfioin tgl systlk bj jfml rldruots fie fwfres, Mlzffau wlit oi wotg fi bpli koie bi`y tb ju`` tgl kossobi wotgoi tgrll ylfrs. ‐Ugl fpprbfdg rlf``y wbrmle fie O wfs fa`l tb rlbrnfiozl lvlrytgoin oid`ueoin kossoin kfrms,‛ sgl sfoe. Mlzffau tgrlw oi tgl tbwl` f wllm fnb upbi d`bdmoin tgrll ylfrs ft tgl oistotutobi. Tgl proels oi auo`eoin strbin tlfks fie d`lfioin tgl systlk. Fs bil wgb gfs f`wfys wbrmle bi f kossobi, sgl os rlfey tb tfml bi glr ilxt kossobi fs ot dbkls. Tgl sfys, ‐Bil bj tgl tgoins O fk abri jbr os tb sll f dgfinl oi koieslt jrbk afe tb allr‛. Bjtli tokls, Mlzffau gfs wbrmle oi turioin pboits. Jbr oistfidl, sgl hboile Kfmlrlrl \io\io vlrsoty oi 6??> jbr f eop`bkf oi KEE ft tgl tokl tgl uiovlrsoty wfs `oalrf`ozoin tb oid`uel provftl spbisbrle stuelits. Oiotof``y, pursuoin f eop`bkf sllkle kbrl bj f kostfml tgft frbsl ``oin tgl fpp`odftobi jbrks aut tglrl wfs ib dgfidl jbr dgfinl bj dbursl. ‐O lvlituf``y jl`` oi `bvl `bvl wotg ot fie ot oiulidle ky `ftlr eldosobis,‛ sgl sfys. ^go`l tglrl, Mlzffau wfs nrlft`y oiulidle ay Srb Srbjj Qbsl Qbsl Kab Kabbw bwff (QOS (QOS)) wotg wotg glr wf wfy y bj bj sgfpoin nlielr oelb`bny bj gbw wbkli sgbu`e tfml up pbsotobis fie ibt al ebwi trbeeli. Fs nrfeuftobi erlw d`bslr, Mlzffau tbbm bi tb tgl erfwoin abfre tb rlelil glr purpbsl oi `ojl. Ugbungts bj aloin f ilws fidgbr erbvl glr tb pursul f elnrll oi Kfss Dbkkuiodftobi ft KfmKfm lrlrl \iovlrsoty oi 6??? fie nrfeuftle oi 1334. Tgl aroly wbrmle wotg tgl Ilw Zosobi, Kbiotbr Qfeob fie Qfeob Bil aljbrl drbssoin bvlr tb tgl Ul`ldbkkuiodftobis Ul`ldbkkuio dftobis wbr`e oi \U@. Uwb ylfrs `ftlr, Mlzffau wlit afdm tb tgl erfwoin abfre fie tgl urnl tb oiulidl sbdolty wfs rlfwfmlile. Oi 133:, sgl lirb``le jbr fi gbigbi brs elnrll oi pua`od glf`tg prbkbtobi vof litlrtfoiklit leudftobi aljbrl pursuoin f kfstlr‟s elnrll oi glf`tg prbkbtobi psydgb`bny ft tgl \iovlrsoty bj Mwfzu`u Iftf`. Oi 1361, sgl tbbm bi f SgE oi glf`tg ldbibkods. Euroin tgl sfkl tokl, sgl wfs fpprbfdgle ay Kfmlrlrl \iovlrsoty tb hboi hbo i tgl tgl tlfk tlfk oi tgl elp elpfrt frtklit klit bj Hbu Hburif rif`os `osk k fie fie Dbkkuiodftobi. Mlzffau os tgl slvlitg abri oi f jfko`y bj 61, abri oi 6?>:. Tgl wlit tb Quiyoiyf prokfry sdgbb`, Infiwf Abfreoin Huiobr Srokfry Tdgbb`, Kfry Go`` Kafrfrf fie Awlrfiyfino Nor`s‟ Tdgbb`.
V&F V& F
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Fiilttl Mfsokafzo‟s @otlsoel Fiy tgrll tgoins tgft wl ebi‟t mibw fabut ybu2 vli oj sbkltgoin gurts kl, aut os suppbsle tb al jfor, O wo`` jb``bw ot. O `lfvl kysl`j but tb eb tgl rongt tgoin fie O tgoim tgft kfmls kl eojjlrlit jrbk btglrs. Tbkl plbp`l elsdroal kl fs f vlry strodt plrsbi= tglrl os ib kudg bj kbily ybu dfi novl kl tb dgfinl ky koie fabut sbkltgoin lspldof``y oj ot os jrfueu`lit. Btglr plbp`l gfvl f`sb dbkkliele ky wosebk fie O al`olvl tgft ot‟s f nojt jrbk Nbe. O fk fa`l tb tfml eldosobis vlry jfst ald fusl O gftl gf tl a url urlfudr fudrfdy fdy O fttrfdt plbp`l lvlrywglrl O nb fie sbkltokls, ot nbls bjj tgl prbjlssobif` `lvl`
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^gft os ybur oelf bj plrjldt gfppoilss2 Aloin ft plfdl wotg sl`j, jfko`y fie stftlskli. Ugft klfis fddbkp`osgoin tgft wgodg ybu wlrl slt but tb eb ^gft os tgl trfot ybu kbst elp`brl oi ybursl`j2 O tfml tgl gfre `oil fie sbkltokls ot eblsi‟t nb wl`` wotg btglr plbp`l. Ubwoin tgl gfre `oil lvli wgli ot‟s nboin tb gurt ybu `bbms stupoe fie ylt jbr kl tgft‟s vlry bmfy
lxtrfvfnfidl2 O rlfe f `bt bj abbms jbr p`lfsurl aut O f`sb splie sb kudg bi btglr plbp`l ^gft os tgl nrlftlst tgoin ybu gfvl lvlr ebil2 Aloin f plrsbi bj oij`ulidl wglrlvlr O gfvl wbrmle. ^gft os ybur durrlit stftl bj koie2 Ft plfdl wfotoin jbr ky ilxt kossobi ^gft eb ybu dbisoelr tgl kbst bvlrrftle vortul2 O wbielr wgy plbp`l gfvl tb dbkpltl wotg btglrs ylt bur `fils frl eojjlrlit. ^gft ebls aloin pbwlrju` klfi tb ybu2 Oitlnroty fie tgos nbls wotg rlsostoin tlkptftobi, tgoimoin bj btglrs fie wbrmoin tb trfisjbrk sbdolty jbr alttlr. Aloin pbwlrju` os f`sb aloin purpbslju` Bi wgft bddfsobi eb ybu `ol2 O wo`` tl`` f `ol oj ot os db``ldtovl rlspbisoao`oty aut wo`` dry fjt fjtlrwf lrwfres res ^gft eb ybu kbst eos`oml fabut ybur fpplfrfidl2 Uglrl os sbkltgoin tgft gfs stfyle wotg kl jrbk dgo`egbbe aut O wo`` ibt klitobi
oi tlrks bj prbvosobi ^gli fie wglrl wlrl ybu gfppolst2 Joiosgoin ky stueols wotg f SgE oi 1365 `bbmle `oml ot gfe `oinlrle bi jbr sbkl tokl. O wfs f`sb gfppy aloin fa`l tb nlt oi tbudg wotg kbst bj ky Afsbinbrf plbp`l fjtlr f vlry `bin tokl. ^gli O gfe ky dgo`e oi 1334, ot wfs f gfppy kbklit fie sto`` novls kl nrlft hby ^gft eb ybu dbisoelr ybur nrlftlst fdgolvlklit2 Ugl wbr`e dfi al bvlrwgl`koin aldfusl tglrl os sb kudg tb eb aut O gfvl kfifnle tb dfusl oij`ulidl bi plbp`l O gfvl `le, tfungt fie wbrmle wotg ^glrl wbu`e ybu kbst `oml tb `ovl2 _bu wbu`e ibt tfml kl fiywglrl fwfy jrbk \nfief ^gft os ybur kbst trlfsurle pbsslssobi2 Nbbe glf`tg kfttlrs. O f`sb trlfsurl tgl nojt bj novoin ^gft eb ybu rlnfre fs tgl `bwlst elptg bj koslry2 Aloin oi f p`fdl wglrl ybu frl gbpl`lss fie ebi‟t mibw Nbe
^gft os tgl trfot ybu kbst elp`brl oi btglrs2 Aloin jrfueu`lit fie uirlf`
^godg `ovoin plrsbi eb ybu kbst elsposl2 Fiyabey wgb os jrfueu`lit
^godg `ovoin plrsbi eb ybu kbst fekorl2 Fiybil wgb dfi rlsost tlkptftobis bj tgoins `oml kbily fie rlkfoi purpbslju` tb fddbkp`osg f kossobi
^gft os tgl quf`oty ybu kbst `oml oi f wbkfi2 Tftosjfdtobi, `ovoin ft plfdl wotg sl`j fie btglrs, dfroin jbr jfko`y
^gft os ybur jfvbrotl bddupftobi2 Aloin f Elputy Zodl Dgfidl``br ft MO\ nfvl kl oielplielidl tb tfml eldosobis, plfdl bj koie, lxtlisobi bj wbrmoin tokl fie fi bppbrtuioty tb oitlrfdt wotg eojjlrlit plbp`l
^gft os tgl quf`oty ybu kbst `oml oi f kfi2 Ufmoin Uf moin dfrl bj tgl jfko`y
^gft eb ybu kbst vf`ul oi ybur jrolies2 Slfdl= f jrolie sgbu`e
^gft os ybur nrlftlst
ibt al f tbxod plrsbi fie sgbu`e f`sb al elpliefa`l ft f`` tokls ^gb frl ybur jfvbrotl wrotlrs2 O `oml oisp orftobif` wrotlrs ^gb os ybur glrb bj jodtobi2 Jbr kl ot‟s f`wfys fabut dgfrfdtlrs wgb trfisjbrk plbp`l fie el`ovlr tglk jrbk bil p`fdl tb fibtglr ^godg gostbrodf` jonurl eb ybu kbst oelitojy wotg2 O f`rlfey oelitojy wotg Elabrfg oi tgl aoa`l fie oj O gfe f wfy, O wbu`e fee glr tb ky ifkl. Tgl wfs f `oalrftbr fie gfe wgftlvlr O fekorl oi f strbin wbkfi. O f`sb tgoim tgft wgo`l wbkli sgbu`e nlt kfrrole, tgly sgbu`e ibt nlt `bst oi tgft `ojl aldfusl tgly gfvl f kossobi fs oieovoeuf`s ^gb frl ybur glrbls oi rlf` `ojl2 Il`sbi Kfiel`f wlit tgrbung f `bt bj sujjlroin jbr gos plbp`l ^gft os ybur nrlftlst rlnrlt2 Lvlrytgoin os fddbreoin tb kossobi Gbw wbu`e ybu `oml tb eol2 O wfit tb al oi tgft p`fdl wglrl O gfvl lkptole kysl`j bj f`` tgl nojts tgft Nbe gfs novli kl, wl`dbkls kl fs f jfotgju` slrvfit, tgli nb oi ky s`llp ^gft os ybur kbttb2 ‗Lkpty ybursl`j bj wgft ybu gfvl fie novl ot tb tgl wbr`e‟ fie ‗Novl tgfims tb Nbe jbr lvlrytgoin tgft gfpplis‟
N@BAF@ DBKKLIU
Ay Kfgkbue Kbgol`eoi fie Fiif ^l``listloi
@fie rongts strlintgli elv elvl`bpklit l`bpklit Ttrbin, prbplr`y lijbrdle `fie rongts dfi abbst nrbwtg, rleudl pbvlrty, fie suppbrt sbdof` prbnrlss
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br kbst bj tgl wbr`e‟s pbbr fie vu`ilrfa`l plbp`l, sldurl prbplrty rongts, oid`eoin `fie tliurl, frl f rfrl`y fddlssoa`l `uxury. \i`lss tgos dgfinls, tgl Tustfoifa`l Elvl`bpklit Nbf`s (TENs) wo`` al okpbssoa`l tb fdgolvl. @fie tliurl eltlrkoils wgb dfi usl `fie, jbr gbw `bin, fie uielr wgft dbieotobis. Uliurl frrfinlklits kfy al afsle abtg bi bdof` `fws fie pb`opb`odols, fie bi oijbrkf` dustbks. Oj tgbsl frrfinlklits frl sldurl, uslrs bj `fie gfvl fi oidlitovl ibt hust tb okp`lklit alst prfdtodls jbr tglor usl bj ot (pfyoin flitobi tb, sfy, livorbiklitf` okpfdts), aut f`sb tb oivlst kbrl. Fi oitlriftobif` dbislisus gfs lklrnle rlnfreoin tgl okpbrtfidl bj sldurl `fie tliurl jbr elvl`bpklit butdbkls. Oi 1361, tgl Dbkkoll bi ^br`e Jbbe Tlduroty, afsle ft tgl Jbbe fie Fnrodu`turl Brnfiosftobi bj tgl \iotle Iftobis, liebrsle tgl Zb`uitfry NuoelNuoel `oils bi tgl Qlspbisoa`l Nbvlrifidl bj Uliurl fs tgl n`baf` ibrk bi tgos jrbit. _lt tgl ibrk os ibt aloin fpp`ole fp p`ole woel`y libung. Oi jfdt, bi`y 43% bj tgl wbr`e‟s pbpu`ftobi gfs `lnf``y rlnostlrle rongts tb tglor `fie fie gbkls, wotg tgl pbbr fie pb`otodf``y kfrnoif`osle lspldof``y `oml`y tb sulr jrbk oisldurl tliurl. Oi Qbkfiof, jbr lxfkp`l, kfiy Qbkf gfvl `lss sldurl jfrk`fie tliurl tgfi tglor ibi-Qbkf ilongaburs. @omlwosl, oi Tbutglfst Fsof, go`` troals rfrl`y g fvl `lnf` rongts tb tglor oieonlibus gb`eoins, wgodg frl bjtli `bdftle oi stftl jbrlsts. Oi Xokafawl, f dustbkfry eovbrdl sl`lklit kfy rlsu`t oi f``bdftoin f`` jfko`y `fies fie prbplrty (fie lvli dgo`erli) tb tgl gusafie, wotg tgl wojl `ljt tb rlturi tb glr jftglr br fibtglr kf`l rl`ftovl. Oi Tfrfhlvb, tgbusfies bj fpfrtklits gfvl alli ellkle o``lnf` eul tb buteftle urafi p`fis fie kossoin auo`eoin plrkots, `bdmoin jfko`ols‟ kbst vf`ufa`l fsslts butsoel tgl kfoistrlfk ldbibky. Ay stooin ldbibkod nrbwtg, oifeoife lquftl `fie-tliurl systlks plrpltuftl pbvlrty fie kfrnoif`osftobi. Aut tgl bppbsotl os f`sb trul8 strbin, prbplr`y lijbrdle `fie rongts dfi abbst nrbwtg, rleudl pbvlrty, strlintgli gukfi dfpotf`, prbkbtl ldbibkod jforilss
(oid`ueoin nlielr lquoty), fie suppbrt sbdof` prbnrlss kbrl arbfe`y. Kbrlbvlr, sldurl `fie rongts frl lsslilssli tof` tb rleudl eosfstlr rosm fie auo`e d`okftl rlso`olidl, wgodg os fi urnlit okplrftovl ft f tokl wgli d`okftl dgfinl os f`rlfey jul`oin kbrl — fie kbrl jrlqulit — lxtrlkl wlftglr. ^gli sudg eosfstlrs eosp`fdl plbp`l fie elstrby tglor gbkls, prbplr`y kfoikfoi tfoile `fie rldbres prbvoel tgl afsl`oil jbr dbkplisftobi fie rldbistrudtobi bj sgl`tlrs, fie gl`p fldtle dbkkuiotols rlauo`e allr. Qlldtoin tgl okpbrtfidl bj sldurl `fie bwilrsgop tb tgl TENs‟ suddlss, tgl ^br`e Afim Nrbup os ibw wbrmoin wotg elvl`bpoin dbuitrols tb okprbvl tglor `fie-tliurl systlks fie lxpfie tgl dbvlrfnl bj `lnf``y rldbniosle fie rlnostlrle rongts. Jbr lxfkp`l, oi Oiebilsof‟s Mf`okfitfi fie Tukftrf prbvoidls, wl frl gl`poin tb prbkbtl tgl stfiefreosftobi bj `fie rongts, wotg pfrtodu`fr flitobi tb wbkli fie oieonlibus dbk kuiotols, wgo`l elioin stftl jbrlsts‟ abuiefrols usoin pfrtodopftbry kltgbes jbr kfppoin fie rlnostrftobi. F`rlfey, ^br`e Afim Nrbup lbrts gfvl lifa`le bil ko``obi gldtfrls bj oieonlibus `fie oi Iodfrfnuf — bvlr 43%
Oi Qbkfiof, jbr lxfkp`l, kfiy Qbkf gfvl `lss sldurl jfrk`fie tliurl tgfi tglor ibi-Qbkf ilongaburs
bj tgl dbuitry‟s tlrrotbry — tb al elkfrdftle, tot`le, fie rlnostlrle, f prbdlss tgft gfs aliltle sbkl bj tgl dbuitry‟s kbst vu`ilrfa`l nrbups. Ugos oiotoftovl f`sb fokle tb okprbvl Iodfrfnuf‟s dfpfdoty tb rlspbie prbkpt`y fie lld tovl`y tb lklrnlidols. Ilw prbhldts frl ibw aloin prlpfrle oi Kbzfkaoqul fie Uf Ufizfiof izfiof tb prbvoel dustbkfry sl`lklits wotg dbkkuif` tot`ls tgft wo`` lisurl `lnf` rldbniotobi bj tglor dbkkbi gb`eoins, tglrlay strlintglioin tgl prbtldtobi fie kfifnlklit bj tglsl fsslts. Oi tgl 136>-136? plrobe, tgl ^br`e Afim‟s pbrtjb`ob bj oivlstklit `lieoin jbr `fie fekoiostrftobi fie slduroty bj tliurl os prbhldtle tb nrbw ay 4?%. Ugos os okpbrtfit prbnrlss. Aut rlf`osoin mly TEN tfrnlts — wgodg frl ju``y f`onile wotg tgl ^br`e Afim Nrbup‟s bwi twoi nbf`s bj lieoin lxtrlkl pbvlrty fie abbstoin sgfrle prbsplroty — wo`` rlquorl f kudg `frnlr oivlstklit prbnrfk jbdusle bi strlintglioin `fie tliurl fdrbss tgl elvl`bpoin wbr`e. Ub tgft lie, tgl ^br`e Afim Nrbup os linfnoin wotg pfrtilrs ft tgl `bdf`, iftobif`, fie n`baf` `lvl`s tb strlintgli dbuitrols‟ dbkkotklits fie kbao`osl rlsburdls tb fdgolvl tgl fkaotobus tfrnlt bj fdgolvoin felquftl `fie fie prbplrty rongts jbr f`` ay 1343. @fie os ft tgl glfrt bj elvl`bpklit. Tldurl `fie tliurl os tgus votf` tb auo`eoin tgl oid`usovl, rlso`olit, fie sustfoifa`l dbkkuiotols tgft wo`` prbpl` ldbibkod fie sbdof` prbnrlss wl`` oitb tgl juturl. Kfgkbue Kbgol`eoi os ^br`e Afim Nrbup Tliobr Zodl Srlsoelit jbr tgl 1343 Elvl`bpklit Fnlief, \iotle Iftobis Ql`ftobis fie Sfrtilrsgops. Fiif ^l``listloi ^l`` listloi os Eorldtbr bj Ttrftlny fie Bplrftobis jbr tgl ^br`e Afim Nrbup‟s Tbdof`, \rafi, Qurf`, fie Qlso`olidl (T\QQ) N`baf` Srfdtodl. Dbpyrongt8 Srbhldt Tyieodftl, 1367.
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#IAT@ovlFt?