thesis-papers.docx

I. bINTRODUCTION

Living in a capitalist world, what people pay for their energy consumption is not the actual cost of what they really consume. In the recently published Power Development Plan 2017 to 2040, the Philippines has one of the highest electricity tariffs in Southeast Asia as of end-2016, posting an average industry rate of P5.84 per kWh. kWh. The country also accounts for having outstanding commercial and household rates of P7.49 per kWh and P8.90 per kWh, respectively.(Powerphilippines,2016) The reason is that before electricity enters their homes, it still runs through different types of private institutions which basically profit from it. As electricity is passed from one company to another, there are additional charges. This then makes electricity more expensive. As a result, rich owners of these private institutions gain more profit and are made even richer. Setting aside economics, energy production does not just cost us much money, but also incurs substantial cost in our environment. Typical energy production plants nowadays not only produce electricity but at the same time, produce harmful toxic materials that could harm the environment or the place in which we are living. This research was conducted in order to solve these two key issues that plague our society. First the economic issue and second the environmental issue as stated above. In this study, the researchers would develop a wind turbine system that would help Filipino houses located in urban areas like subdivisions to have electricity without relying greatly on the grid owned by big power companies and at the same time,

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reduce carbon emission produced by the thermal plants of these companies thus, reducing pollution. However, a challenge for urban wind energy is the lower mean wind speeds in the urban environment. This is due to an increased surface roughness of the free stream winds and reduced installation heights of small wind turbines. Next to lower mean wind speeds, the incoming wind will have higher turbulence intensity. (Eng., 2011) In order to respond to these challenges, the researchers have chosen to use a diffuser augmented type wind turbine or commonly known as D.A.W.T.

D.A.W.T. will be best described as a wind turbine modified with a cone shaped wind diffuser. In other words the rotor blades of the wind turbine are set inside a diffuser. The addition of a diffuser to a wind turbine has been found to increase power output for a given wind speed (Ohya et al, 2008) and to maintain the power production capabilities in turbulent conditions, making a DAWT more suited to small scale energy production in an urban environment than a traditional Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (Clausen, 2016).

Having known which type would best fit, this study would focus on improving the design of the pre-existing DAWT designs in terms of its blade and diffuser design, in order to improve further the efficiency of the turbine and suit the environmental and climatic condition of the research locale.











II. OBJECTIVES

The primary aim of this study is to develop a wind turbine system that will be suitable for the conditions in an urban residential area. 1. To design a wind turbine that can can provide and sustain electricity needed using clean energy 2. To fabricate the proposed design of this study 3. To Test the output for its workability 4. To present a cost analysis of the study 5. To test the output of this study











III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT

PROCESS

FINAL OUTPUT

1. Designing 1.Gathering data And calculation 2. Material selection

2. Fabrication 3. Evaluation and testing

Small scale diffuser augmented wind turbine

4. Cost analysis of the project

This figure represents the conceptual framework of the study. The framework suggests that the input of this study is the gathering of all the data needed and calculations,wherein related literature of past studies is considered. It is also suggests that the process would involve the manufacturing, evaluation and testing of the study. In the testing phase, redesigning is considered if the study is a failure or not functioning. When all the processes are are already successful, successful, the final output will be revealed.











IV.REVIEW IV. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the studies related to the research after a comprehensive and thorough search for information done by the researchers. This chapter will also include a definition of terms for better understanding of the research to be done.

Related Literature

Wind energy is produced by the movement of air or wind and converted into power for human use. Wind energy is produced with wind turbines. When the wind turns the blades, the blades turn a generator and create electricity. Wind turbines can either have a horizontal or a vertical axis. The following are studies relevant to the topic of this research entitled “Development “Develop ment of a Wind Turbine System for Residential Application”. Wind Energy

Areview of wind energy technologies recommended the use of renewable energy sources, such as wind energy, to help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. This study focused on wind energy and provided a brief background of it. It also incorporated a review on the different techniques and loads for design, control systems and economics of wind energy conversion system. (Herbert, et. al, 2005)











Wind Energy in the Philippines

The total wind electric potential from areas with good to excellent wind resource is conservatively estimated to be 76,000 megawatts of installed capacity or approximately 195 billion kilowatt hours per year. Even if only a small fraction of this potential can be readily developed, this still represents a substantial wind potential that is much greater than estimated in previous studies (Elliott, 2000). Wind turbine

The Case of Wind Turbines placed an emphasis on renewable energy systems as a key asset for global sustainable future development. Wind energy was highly recommended by this study due to its high conversion performances. However, the use of large scale plants for wind energy may still affect the environment (Savino, et al., 2016). A review on small scale wind turbines emphasized its preference on decentralized small scale turbines over the installation large scale wind farms and gives reasons in support of this. This study also reviewed the different types of small scale wind turbines such as horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines. Also, the positioning of wind turbines along with aero-acoustic aspects, and the lessons learnt from various studies/countries on actual installation of small wind turbines were presented (Tummala, et al., 2015). Design and State of Art of Innovative Wind Turbine Systems proposed the improvement of wind turbines to increase efficiency through an analysis of the factors relevant to the converted wind energy. This study













of the main wind turbine designs and to eliminate the technical contradictions which appear in the wind turbine systems. (Nikolic et al., 2016) Wind Turbine Analysis

On Analyzing a Wind Turbine System from Simulation to Formal Verification, looked into industrial systems that are hybrid in nature, specifically the wind turbines. This study also considered the challenges involved in designing industrial control systems like the wind turbines, and the methods used to address these challenges. Relevant modeling and verification challenges encountered during their experiences with the wind turbine system were also discussed. (Seceleanu, et al, 2016) Wind Turbine Reliability Analysis categorized the main designs of wind turbines in terms of reliability through comparison of data from selected major studies in their literature. The results indicated that the crucial parts of wind turbines are the blades and gear boxes, and that larger wind turbines fail more frequently than smaller ones. This study then considered the probable increase in necessity of condition monitoring for the improvement of the levels of reliability. (Perez, et al, 2013) Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine











Turbine).The diffuser controls the expansion of turbine exhaust flow, producing a highly sub atmospheric pressure at the turbine exit. The low static pressure induces greater mass flow through the turbine in contrast to a conventional turbine design of the same diameter. DAWT maximize the power output than the other unshrouded turbine. (Foreman & Oman, 1977) Development of a Shrouded Wind Turbine with a Flanged Diffuser developed a wind turbine system that consists of a diffuser shroud with a broad-ring flange at the exit periphery and a wind turbine inside it. This flanged-diffuse shroud serves as a device for collection and acceleration of the approaching wind. As a result, a shrouded wind turbine equipped with a flanged diffuser has been developed, and demonstrated power augmentation for a given turbine diameter and wind speed. In their field experiment using a prototype wind turbine with a flanged diffuser shroud, the output performance was as expected and equaled that of the wind tunnel experiment (Ohya, et al, 2008). Flow Analysis for DAWT

Design and Flow Velocity Simulation of Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine











also reduced (Saravana and Kannan, 2016). CFD Analysis of Flow Fields for Shrouded Wind Turbine’s Diffuser Model with Different Flange Angles showed a development and analysis of 2-D axisymmetric CFD model of flanged diffuser using fluent package. The package shows the flow characteristics inside diffuser model and around it for different flange angles, where the flowing conclusions are obtained. First, there is a good agreement between numerical results by fluent package and published experimental results. Second, the present numerical results validate the presence of vortices behind diffuser flange that causes negative pressure region, and consequently diffuser entrance air velocity increase. (Obiaa, n.d) Computational Analysis of Flow Fields around Flanged Diffusers shows the computation of flow fields around flanged diffusers to study small-type wind turbines. Their calculations under various conditions of diffuser opening angle and the flanged height, it is shown that the performance of a flanged diffuser strongly depends on the opening angle and flanged height because it greatly affects the nature of the separation appearing inside the diffuser.(Peyman and Meskinkhoda,2014).











V. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study primarily focuses on improving and redesigning the rotor blade and the shape of the diffuser of a diffuser augmented wind turbine or commonly known as DAWT that would best suit with the condition of the research locale. Navigation and battery systems shall also be taken account into the redesigning process of the wind turbine. The testing field would be subjected and be limited only to urban residential areas, other fields of application like industrial plants, universities and company buildings will be considered. The improved turbine shall only be a prototype for the future used.











Research Design

This study is an applied type of research wherethe results from various theoretical researches by the academe are used to give a probable solution to various problems. This study is to provide solution for residential houses to minimize dependence on the grid in producing electricity using clean energy. The proponents will achieve this study by developing the design of a diffuser augmented wind turbine system. Research Procedure

The first part of the study would be the literature review. In This phase,the proponents will do the data gathering, analyzing and review any existing articles, papers, thesis, journals and documents that would be useful for the proponents in establishing the most suitable design for this study. The environmental and climatic conditions of the selected house in a subdivision shall be gathered. These are some data needed; (1) average wind speed, (2) air temperature, (3) relative humidity. These data would be gathered using proper instruments.Consultations of qualified advisers are considered at this phase.













materials to be used and all components needed to form the blade, diffuser and everything involve in designing the turbine. Autodesk Inventor and Solid works shall be used in sketching and modeling the design. Using the data gathered from the literatures and site conditions and exploiting the design made by the researchers the next part would involve simulation using Autodesk Inventor. In this part, simulation would be conducted in order to foresee any abnormalities, defects and unwanted probabilities that may arrive from the design of the researchers. This also is the stage where adjustment would be done in the design if simulation results are not desirable. Designing and Simulation would be repeated until the desired results would be achieved. If desired design would already be determined by the simulation, the next step would be the purchasing of the components, and materials to use in fabricating the desired design of the researchers.











Design Procedure

The proponents shall use the results of their literature to help them design the wind turbine. The following shall be designed by the researchers Diffuser. Diffuser. The proponents shall design a diffuser that will produce a great change between the inlet pressure and the exit pressure. The exit pressure should have a lower pressure than the inlet pressure to produce vacuum. In designing this diffuser, the researchers must know what the angle of the diffuser should be and what auxiliary materials to be attached in order for the exit pressure to be lower than the inlet pressure Rotor Blade. The Blade. The proponents shall design a blade that would revolve efficiently in low wind speeds. However it should also handle a gear wing load in case of high wind speeds











Testing Procedure

The researchers shall perform thisin order to know the workability of the turbine; the researchers shall commence three phases of testing. The phases are as follows: Theoretical phase.In phase.In here the design of the researchers has no tangible body yet, the design of the researchers is still in paper and those designs shall be subjected into a simulator like SOLID WORKS Controlled phase. phase. The researchers shall put their tangible output into a test with controlled variable. These will be achieved by using the wind tunnel in the University On-Site phase.The phase.The researchers shall subject their final output into their prospected site, to determine its operation in real settings.











5. Barometer 

An instrument usedto measure atmospheric pressure

6. Thermometer 

An instrument used to measure the air temperature

7. Strain gauge 

Device for measuring the changes in distance between points in solid bodies that occur when the body is deformed

8. Accelerometer 

Is a device that measure proper acceleration











Research Constraints

This section presents the limiting factors that may occur in real worlds that the researchers need to evaluate with respect to specific criteria, to compare the relative strengths and weaknesses with, and toselect one or more of these concepts for further investigation, testing, or development. In this study the following constraints are Manufacturability, Economic, Safety and Sustainability. Manufacturability.The extent of which the wind turbine can be manufactured

with relative ease at minimum cost and maximum reliability.

1. Can be produced by existing Methods – This determines whether the

output can be easily manufactured by means of existing processes.













1. Expected Lifespan- How long the machine will last 2. Performance Under Heavy Usage- Is the ability of the output to perform efficiently and durably when subjected to heavy loads 3. Maintenance – This This determines the frequency of the output to be maintained.

Economical.This measures whether the wind turbine would yield better results

compared to the amount of money, time or effort spent. Safety – This determines whether the wind turbine does not cause harm to the

operator or the surrounding area.











DESIGN 1











GEAR BOX DESIGN











Table 1. Pugh Chart

t ni

t ar ts

h ) gi s

n

e W

o C yt il i b c

ut

ar u

af

18.17

%(

Pugh Concept Selection Matrix

Weight (%)

Can be produced by existing methods

5.54

Resouces are readilty available

5.17

Lesser production cost

6.00











COST ANALYSIS

The following are the tentative expense that will incur in the research. The researcher also notes that the following expenses are cumulated expenses per component and are mere estimations only. Table 2. Cost Analysis

COMPONENT

COST

QUANTITY

TOTAL COST

Brushed DC motor

P1,000

9

P9,000

Fabrication of Propeller

P1,000

500g

P1,000













REFERENCES

Ha, J., Oh, H., Park, J., Youn, B. (2016, October 30). Classification of operating condition monitoring strategy.Renewable Energy. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.071











Ohya, Y., Karasudani, T., Nagai, T., Watanage, K. (2017, January 19). Wind lens technology and its application to wind and water turbine and beyond. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from from https://doi.org/10.1051/rees/2016022











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