Three Phase Fault Analysis

G.S.M Based Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset

CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURE.......................................................................................................................4 CHAPTER 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................6 1.1 FUNCTIONALITY............................................................................................................... 1.! PROBLE" CONTE#T.........................................................................................................$ 1.% CHALLENGES IN THE PRO&ECT......................................................................................$ 1.%.1 N'( t'c)no*o+, n''d to -' *'rnt:................................................................................../ 1.4 TANGIBLE BENEFIT 0 INTANGIBLE BENEFITS........................................................../ 1.4.1 TANGIABLE BENEFIT................................................................................................./ 1.4.! INTANGIBLE BENEFITS...........................................................................................1 1.2 N''d o3 uc) ,t'5................................................................................................................1 1.6 TARGET USERS.................................................................................................................1 1. R'ort L,out..........................................................................................................................11 CHAPTER !: PRO&ECT "ANAGE"ENT.................................................................................1! !.1 TI"E "ANAGE"ENT......................................................................................................1! !.! PERT CHART......................................................................................................................16 !.% TI"ELINE...........................................................................................................................16 !.4 PRO&ECT RIS7 "ANAGE"ENT ISSUE.........................................................................16 CHAPTER %: TECHNICAL LITERATURE RE8IE9................................................................1$ %.1 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE RE8IE9............................................................................1$ %.! NEE OF LITERATURE RE8IE9...................................................................................1$ %.% FAULT FAULT ETECTION 0 CLASSIFICATION: CLASSIFICATION: PRE8IOUS STUIES 0 RESEARCH....1/ RESEARCH.. ..1/ %.4 FAULT ETECTION TECHNI;UE..................................................................................!! %.4.1 I5'dnc'
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%.4.!. Tr='*in+ 9=' I8E> POSITI8 POSITI8E E SE;UENCE 0 ?ERO SE;UENCE CURRENT......................................................................%1 4.4 USE OF SY""ETRICAL CO"PONENT "ETHO IN FAULT FAULT ANALY ANALYSIS................ SIS................%% %% C)t'r 2: 5t)'5tic* 5od'*in+................................................................................................%4 2.1 THE A OPERATOR.............................................................................................................%4 2.! THE & OPERATOR..............................................................................................................%4 2.% FAULT FAULT CALCULAT CALCULATION IN THREE PHASE SYSTE"........................................... SYSTE"................................... ................ ........%4 %4 2.%.1 T)r''< )' 3u*t..........................................................................................................%4 2.%.! Sin+*' P)' to +round Fu*t.........................................................................................%2 2.%.% Lin' @to @Lin' 3u*t.......................................................................................................%2 2.%.4 Lin'< to



























6.2.1T)r'' )' to +round 3u*t............................................................................................42 6.2.! Lin' @Lin' @+round 3u*t...............................................................................................42 6.2.% L



























1%.! So3t(r' r'uir'd................................................................................................................... R'3'r'nc'......................................................................................................................................$ A'ndi A....................................................................................................................................$! A'ndi B....................................................................................................................................$4 A'ndi ..................................................................................................................................../4 A'ndi c: H't) S3't, nd Et)ic* A'5'nt.....................................................................14 A'ndi : U'r 5nu*...........................................................................................................16 APPENI# E : RE8IE9 0 RESERCH PAPER.......................................................................1$

TABLE TA BLE OF O F FIGURE Fi+ur' 1 : '='*o'd )rd(r'........................................................................................................6 Fi+ur' !: Trn5iion *in'.............................................................................................................6 Fi+ur' %: ProD'ct "n+'5'nt F*o( c)rt....................................................................................14 Fi+ur' 4: P'rt c)rt........................................................................................................................16 Fi+ur' 2: 3*o( c)rt o3 3u*t d't'ction 5't)od..............................................................................!! Fi+ur' 6: 8riou 5't)od 3or d't'ctin+ 3u*t.................................................................................!! Fi+ur' : 3u*t d't'ction uin+ 5+n'tic 3i'*d 'nor....................................................................!2 Fi+ur' $: 3u*t c*i3iction *+orit)5..........................................................................................!6 Fi+ur' /: L



























Fi+ur' !2: itri-ut'd r5't'r *in'............................................................................................4! Fi+ur' !6: T)r'' )' 8



























tt' ()ic) )'n 5or' o3t'n *'din+ to t)' 3i*ur' o3 5n, 'ui5'nt or 5, '='n -' *i3' t)r't'nin+ to t)' o'rtin+ 'ron*> o to o='rco5' t)i 'n+in''r )=' d'='*o'd  ,t'5 to n*,i t)' 3u*t in o('r ,t'5. T)' 3u*t n*,i o3 o('r ,t'5 i r'uir'd in ord'r to ro=id' in3or5tion to '*'ction o3 3't, +'r .

Fi+ur' 1 : '='*o'd )rd(r' Fu*t uu**, occur in  o('r ,t'5 du' to 'it)'r inu*tion 3i*ur'> 3*)o='r> ),ic* d5+' or )u5n 'rror. T)'' 3u*t> 5, 'it)'r -' t)r'' )' in ntur' in=o*=in+ ** t)r'' )' in  ,55'tric* 5nn'r> or 5, -' ,55'tric*  ,55'tric* ()'r' uu**, on*, on' or t(o )' 5, -' in=o*='d.

Fi+ur' !: Trn5iion *in'






























o'rt' on =*u' o3 t)' ord'r o3 unit,. R'*tin+ to on' in+*' )' +i=' in3or5tion r'*t'd to t(o or t)r'' )'  ('** o it i 5or' o-=iou 0 u33ici'nt to do c*cu*tion in on' )'. T)i roD'ct ,t'5 (i** -' d'i+n'd to d'='*o n uto5tic +riin+ 5'c)ni5 3or t)r'' )' u*, ,t'5. T)' outut (i** r''t uto5tic**, ()'n t)'r' i -ri'3 int'rrution t'5orr, 3u*t or r'5in tri'd ot)'r(i' in c' o3 'r5'nt 3u*t. To r'c) t)' i5 3o**o(in+ r' t)' 3i'*d r'uir'd in ()ic) r''rc)'r i to (or on: 1. !. %. 4. 2.

Fu*t Fu*t d't'cti d't'ction on in t)r'' t)r'' )' trn5 trn5ii iion on *in'. *in'. Fu*t c*i3icti c*i3iction on in t)r'' )' trn5iion trn5iion *in'. Fu*t Fu*t *octio *octionn in t)r'' t)r'' )' trn trn5i 5iio ionn *in'. *in'. B't 3u*t 3u*t c*cu*t c*cu*tion ion 5't)od 5't)od to to -' i5*'5'nt i5*'5'nt'd 'd 3or c*cu* c*cu*tion tion Int'r3cin+ Int'r3cin+ G.S." G.S." t'c)no*o+, t'c)no*o+, (it) (it) trn5iion trn5iion *in' *in' to *'rt t)' t)' o'rtin+ o'rtin+ 'ron*. 'ron*.

!.! FU#CTIO#ALIT%

A trn5iion *in' i n i5ortnt co5on'nt o3 t)' '*'ctric* o('r ,t'5 0 it rot'ction i n'c'r, 3or 'nurin+ ,t'5 t-i*it,.    

Fu*t d't'ction Fu*t c*i3iction Fu*t *oction SOS 5'+'

Fault dete&tion 'r3or5

n i5ortnt ro*' in 5ini5iin+ d5+in+ 'ui5'nt du' to )ort

circuit 0 3t d't'ction o3 3u*t in n, *in' cond'n' to uic io*tion o3 3u*t, *in' 3ro5 'r=ic' nd )'nc' rot'ctin+ it 3ro5 )r53u* '33'ct o3 t)' 3u*t.
































T)' 5'ur'5'nt o3 ti5' -'t(''n 'ndin+ 0 r'c'i=in+ n '*'ctric u*' r'3*'ct'd 3ro5



3u*t *oction. T)' 5'ur'5'nt o3 3und5'nt* 'riodic co5on'nt o3 =o*t+' 0 curr'nt in t'r5in* o3 t)' *in'.

SOS (essa)e < In c' i3 t)' o'rtin+ 'ron*

i not n'r t)' o'rtin+ ,t'5 ()'n t)' 3u*t

occurr'd t)' roo'd ,t'5 (i** 'nd SOS 5'+' to t)' indi=idu* (it) t)' )'* o3 GS" 5od'5 int**'d in t)' ,t'5 'nurin+ t)t o'rtin+ ct  oon  oi-*'. !.* PROBLEM CO#TE+T

Trn5iion *in' rot'ction i n i5ortnt iu' in o('r ,t'5 r'on -')ind it i $2<$ 3u*t occur in trn5iion *in'. Fu*t d't'ction 0 c*i3iction i n i5ortnt t' to 3'+urd o('r ,t'5. n uto5t'd n*,i roc) ()ic) cn uto5tic**, c)rct'ri'd 3u*t nd u-'u'nt r'*, o'rtion i r'uir'd i 3u*t d't'ction *, n i5ortnt ro*' in in d5+in+ 'ui5'nt du' to )ort circuit nd 3t d't'ction o3 3u*t In n, *in' conduc' to uic io*tion o3 3u*t, *in' 3ro5 'r=ic' nd )'nc' rot'ctin+ rot'ctin+ it ro5 )r53u* '33'ct o3 3u*t i r'uir'd. r'uir'd. So> t)' roo'd ,t'5 i r'uir'd to ct 3t to t)' 3u*t condition. !., CALLE#GES I# TE PRO-ECT

"n, c)**'n+' ('r' to -' 3c'd to d'='*o t)' roo'd ,t'5 G.S." -'d t)r'' )' 3u*t n*,i (it) uto r''t on trni'nt trni'nt 3u*t or r'5in r'5in tri'd tri'd ot)'r(i'J. ot)'r(i'J. A5on+ t)' 5Dor






























t)' 'itin+ ,t'5. To 3u*3i* t)i n''d> '='r* t'c)no*o+i' n''d to -' *'rn'd to ddr' t)' 3u*t r'='ntion ,t'5. !.,.! #E TEC#OLOG% #EE$ TO BE LEAR#T"

'='*o'r n''d to *'rn n'( t'c)no*o+, 3or d'='*o5'nt o3 roD'ct ()ic) inc*ud' =riou 3u*t n*,i 5't)od roo'd in r'c'nt ti5' uc)  ,nc)roni'd 5*in+ or 7
B'*o( 5'ntion'd r' tn+i-*' nd intn+i-*' -'n'3it to uort t)' rtion*: !./.! TA#GIABLE BE#EFIT

i. ii. ii.

Incr' Incr'i in+ n+ t)' t)' o(' o('rr ,t' ,t'5 5 3' 3't, t, 5 5in in++ it 5or' 5or' '33 '33ic ici' i'nt nt.. T)'' roo' T) roo'dd ,t'5 ,t'5 (i** (i** ''d ''d u t)' d'='* d'='*o5 o5'n 'ntt nd 3'tu 3'tur' r' r'* r'*t' t'dd to t)r'' t)r'' )' )'

iii. iii.

3u*t n*,i too*. SOS SOS 5' 5'+ +'' o3 t)' t)' ro roo o'd 'd ,t'5 ,t'5 *r5 *r5 t)' t)' o'r o'rt tin in++ 'r 'ron on* * -, d'*i d'*i=' ='ri rin+ n+

i=. i=. =.

5'+' t'**in+ t)'5 to o'rt' in t)' 3u*t, r'. Proo'd Proo'd ,t'5 ,t'5 i r'*i r'*i-* -*'' nd cot cot '33' '33'cti cti=' =' GS" GS" -'d -'d 3u*t 3u*t n*, n*,i i too* too*.. Proo'd Proo'd ,t'5 ,t'5 ctK ctK uto5 uto5tic tic** **,, in c' c' o3 'r5n'n 'r5n'ntt 3u*t 3u*t t)' ,t'5 ,t'5 (i** (i** io* io*t' t' t)' t)'






























T)' roo'd ,t'5 (i** ro=id' 5or' 3't,  it (i** =oid -'cu' o3 it uto

i1.

triin+ 5'c)ni5.

!.2 #EE$ OF SUC S%STEM $% o3 3u*t in o('r ,t'5 i in trn5iion *in' cu'd -, ,t'5 ro-*'5 i.'. 3i*ur' o3 n, '*'ctric* 'ui5'nt or )u5n 'rror or 't'rn* )indrnc' uc)  *i+)tnin+ to o='rco5' uc) 3u*t i not (it)in our r'c) -ut t)' 3u*t ()ic) occur in ,t'5 du' to ,t'5 3i*ur' cn -' contro**'d. "n, t,' o3 to contro* uc) ro-*'5  ro'r uto5t'd d'=ic' i r'uir'd ()ic) cn 'n' t)' 3u*t nd 'r3or5 t)' u-'u'nt r'*, o'rtion. "in+ uc) d'=ic' cn 'nur' t)' r'*i-i*it, o3 o('r ,t'5 !.3 TARGET USERS

T)i ,t'5 i d'i+n'd to =' *i3' ()'n t)'r' i 3u*t in trn5iion *in' uc)  'rt) to +round or dou-*' *in' to *in' 3u*t. Sinc' t)i 3u*t r' in )i+) =o*t+' trn5iion ()ic) i t *'t 6 7" *on+ )ort trn5iion *in' crr,in+ )'=, =o*t+' cn t' *i3' ()oo'='r co5' in contct'ron> ni5* >'tc. (i** -' *i3' t)r't'nin+ o it i n'c'r, to io*t' t)' )' 3or *' d5+'. T)i ,t'5 i 'ci**, d'i+n'd 3or 

Po('r 'ctor i. Po(' Po('rr +'n +'n'r 'rt tio ionn * *nt nt o( o('r 'r *n *nt t ii. Trn5 n5i ii ion on u- u-t tti tion on iii it itri ri-u -uti tion on u- u-t tttion






























C)t'r 6 inc*ud' "t*- i5u*tion 0 r'u*t A3t'r C)t'r 6 3urt)'r c)t'r > $ nd / inc*ud' S,t'5 d'i+n> i5*'5'nttion> t'tin+ nd '=*ution *on+ (it) t)' outut r'u*t r' *o inc*ud'd in t)' r'ort. T)' t'tin+ nd '=*ution r'u*t r'u*t r' dicu'd dicu'd in t)' 'nd nd t)'n 3in* conc*uion conc*uion i r'c)'d. R'3'r'nc'> nd 'ndic' r' *o ttc)'d t t)' 'nd o3 t)' docu5'nt. T)i roD'ct i on' ,'r (or nd n 'ti5tion o3 roi5t'*, !4 d, ( d'cid'd to co5*'t' it. i33'r'nt ti5' *ot r' **ott'd 3or di33'r'nt c)t'r o3 t)' r'ort. R'3'r to 'rt c)rt nd Gntt c)rt +i='n in 'ndi































A 'r3'ct 3u*t n*,i too* )ou*d -' -*' to 'r3or5 t)' 3o**o(in+ t 1. Fu*t Fu*t d't'cti d't'ction on in t)r'' t)r'' )' trn5 trn5ii iion on *in'. *in'. !. Fu*t c*i3icti c*i3iction on in t)r'' )' trn5iion trn5iion *in'. %. Fu*t Fu*t *octi *oction on in t)r'' t)r'' )' )' trn5i trn5ii ion on *in'. *in'. Int'r3cin+ t(o t'c)no*o+, 4. Int'r3cin+ Int'r3cin+ G.S." G.S." t'c)no*o+, t'c)no*o+, (it) trn5i trn5iion ion *in' *in' to *'rt t)' t)' o'rtin+ o'rtin+ 'ron* *.! TIME MA#AGEME#T

To c)i'=' roD'ct o-D'cti=' ti5' 5n+'5'nt i to -' t'n cr' o3 'riou*, 3ro5 t)' ='r, -'+innin+. T)' 3irt t' i to roD'ct in 'r=* rt or t t)t ) to -' 'r3or5'd. T)i roc' ro c' )ou*d -' co5*'t'd -'3or' t)' i5*'5'nttion o3 t)' roD'ct. For t)' roo'd roD'ct> it i n'c'r, to cr't'  ti5' *n -' 'ttin+ t)' o-D'cti=' nd t)'n u-di=idin+ t)'5 into 5n+'-*' 'u'nc' (it)  d'd*in' ttc) to it. T)' 3irt t' 3or t)' r''rc)'r i to id'nti3, )o( to 'r3or5 t)' 'ci3ic c)'du*' cti=it, to -' 'r3or5'd 0 ti5' 'riod n''d'd n''d 'd to co5*'t' t)o' cti=it,. T)' r''rc)'r 5ut -' (r' o3 ** t)' t n''d to -' crri'd out to c)i'=' t)' o-D'cti='. T)' 5ount o3 ti5' 'c) t (i** t' to co5*'t' )ou*d *o -' 'ti5t'd c*'r*,. T)' n't t' i to d'cid' ()ic) (or i 5ot i5ortnt nd 't t)' rioriti' r ioriti' ccordin+*,.
































In t)' **ott'd 'riod o3 ti5'> t)' roD'ct id' ( d'='*o'd -, t)' r''rc)'r 3t'r +oin+ t)rou+) =riou Dourn* r'*t'd to 3u*t d't'ction 0 c*i3iction ()ic) (i** ro=id' t)' i**r 3or t)' co5*iction o3 t)' roD'ct. To 5' toic 5or' Duti3i-*' =riou *i-rr, r'ourc'> -oo> E<-oo ('r' u'd -, t)' r''rc)'r. *. Pro5 Pro5e& e&tt 6lan 6lanni nin) n)

urtion: T T 'r3or5'd 'r3or 5'd i. ii. ii.

F'i-i*it, t tud, P*n P*nni nin+ n+ o3 t)' t)' r'' r''rc) rc) 5't) 5't)od od to -' dot dot'd 'd..

In t)i 'riod o3 ti5'> roD'ct *nnin+ ( don' -, t)' r''rc)'r 0 t)' 3'i-i*it, tud, -out t)' toic nd t)' 5't)odo*o+, to -' u'd ( 'r3or5'd. P*nnin+ 3or ri5r, nd 'condr, r''rc) 5't)od ()ic) (i** -' dot'd ( don' in t)i 'riod o3 ti5' +in 3or t)i uro' =riou -oo> E<-oo> *i-rr, r'ourc' ( u'd -, t)' r''rc)'r. ,. Re7uir Re7uire(e e(ent nt analysis analysis 0 rese resear& ar&h h

urtion: T T 'r3or5'd 'r 3or5'd i. Pr' Pr'r rt tiion o3 u' u'ti tion onn niir' ii ;u' ;u'ti tion on to -' ' 'dd in in int int'r 'r=i =i'( '(































































4. Mid6 Mid6oi oint nt su8 su8(i (iss ssio ion n

urtion: / d, T T 'r3or5'd 'r 3or5'd i. ocu5'nttion

"or' t)n  ('' ( t'n to co5*'t' 5id<oint u-5iion 9. I(6l I(6lee(ent (entat atio ion n

urtion: // d, T T 'r3or5'd: 'r3or 5'd:  So3t(r' i5*'5'nttion i. Cod' +'n'rtion ii. Si5u*tion  Hrd(r' i5*'5'nttion i. L,out d'i+n ii. Hrd(r (r' int'+rti tion

T)i 'ction inc*ud' )rd(r' nd o3t(r' i5*'5'nttion. :. Testin stin) ) 0 e1ol e1olut utio ion n

urtion: % d, T T 'r3or5'd 'r3or 5'd i. Hrd(r' t'tin+
































T)' critic* t) i t)' t) o3 t)' t ()ic) cnnot -' d'*,'d nd roD'ct (i** not 5o=' 3or(rd (it)out co5*'tin+ t)'' t. In t)' 'rt c)rt dr(n -'*o(> -*c *in'd t ()ic) r' 3ro5 t 1> 4> 2> > $> /> 1. T $ i d''nd'nt uon t / nd % nd t  d''nd uon 6. It 5'n / cnnot -' trtin+ -'3or' t $ i not co5*'t'd.

Fi)ure /" Pert &hart

*., TIMELI#E

For t)' roo'd roo'd roD'ct roD'ct r''rc)'r ) u'd  ti5'*in' ti5'*in' to '=*ut' ti5' ro'r*, nd ditri-ut' ditri-ut'


































d'd* d'd*in in'. '. It i ='r, ='r, 5uc) 5uc) o-=i o-=iou ou t)t t)t )rd )rd(r (r'' i5* i5*'5 '5'nt 'ntt tio ionn t' t' 5uc) 5uc) ti5' ti5' 5i5u5 out o3 ** t)' (or ditri-ution o3 t)' roD'ct. Relay or not wor=in)

R'*, i t)' 5t'r5ind 5t'r5ind o3 t)' roD'ct  it crri' t)' 5ot i5ortnt i5ortnt ro*' in t)' d'=ic' to d't'ct nd c*i3, 3u*t. So r''rc)'r 5ut t'  not' on t)i. Tin+ t)i i 5ind r''rc)'r r''rc)'r )ou*d '*'ct t)' ro'r r'*, 5''tin+ ,t'5 r'uir'5'nt r'uir'5'nt nd )ou*d -' 3irt t)'n *i'd in ,t'5.


































CAPTER ," TEC#ICAL LITERATURE RE>IE A +ood *it'rtur' r'=i'( (i** )'* ,ou Duti3, r''rc)'rK r''rc) nd d'='*o ,our t)'i oition. T)' *it'rtur' r'=i'( d'* (it) critic* n*,i o3 n, u-*i)'d i'c' o3 no(*'d+' t)rou+) tud, o3 t)' *it'rtur' nd co5rion o3 t)o' rior r''rc) 3indin+ to dr(  conc*uion ()ic) uort t)' roo'd r''rc) roD'ct. Lit'rtur' r'=i'( ) to -' t)' ''nti* rt o3 n, roD'ct o 5' *, 3or t)' roD'ct tit*'d G.S." -'d t)r'' )' 3u*t n*,i (it) uto r''t on trni'nt 3u*t or r'5in tri'd ot)'r(i'K  t)i r'=i'( ro=id'  co5*'t' o='r=i'( o3 t)' t'c)nic* 'r'cti=' o3 roD'ct


































t)' *it'rtur' r'=i'( o3 t)i roD'ct (i** c*'r*, 3ocu on =riou roc) r'*t'd to 3u*t ro-*'5 nd t)'r' *i5ittion. So5' o3 t)'5 r' 5'ntion'd -'*o(: 1. !. %. 4. 2.

8riou 3u*t occurrin+ occurrin+ in trn5iion trn5iion *in' "'t) "'t)od od u'd u'd to d't d't'ct 'ct 3u*t 3u*t "'t) "'t)od od u'd u'd to c* c*i i3, 3, 3u* 3u*tt U' o3 3u 3u*t *t *i5 *i5it itin in++ d'=i d'=ic' c' o' n, runnin+ runnin+ ,t'5 ) int'r3c' int'r3c'dd 3u*t (it) GS" t'c)no* t'c)no*o+,. o+,.

,., FAULT $ETECTIO# 0 CLASSIFICATIO#" PRE>IOUS STU$IES 0


































intntn'ou o('r on ** t)r'' )' conn'ct'd t t(o 'nd o3 trn5iion *in' uin+ ,nc)roni'd =o*t+' 0 currn't 5*'.  "*d'n 7'uno=ic> !14 4. Fu* Fu*tt n*, n*,i i i trn trn5 5i ii ion on *in' *in' uin uin++ 7 !14


































/. R'c'nt R'c'nt t'c)niu t'c)niu' ' u'd in trn5ii trn5iion on *in' rot'ctio rot'ction: n:  r'=i'( r'=i'( dicu' dicu' T)' ANN> ANN> 3u, *o+ic> +'n'tic *+orit)5> S8" nd (='*'t -'d t'c)niu' )=' -''n uit' ucc'3u* -ut r' not d'ut' 3or t)' r''nt ti5' =r,in+ n't(or con3i+urtion> o('r ,t'5 o'rtin+ condition nd '='nt. T)'r'3or'> it ''5 t)t t)'r' i  i+ni3icnt co' o3 r''rc) in AI t'c)niu' ()ic) cn i5*i3, t)' co5*' non*in'r ,t'5> r'*i' t)' cot '33'cti=' )rd(r' (it) ro'r 5odi3iction in t)' *'rnin+ 5't)odo*o+, nd r'roc'in+ o3 inut dt nd ()ic) r' co5uttion**, 5uc) i5*'r. A*o d'='*o5'nt o3 r'*i-*' o3t(r' nd co55uniction ,t'5 (i** =' t)' (,J Sin+)>Trit)i>8'tr5n>!1%J Sin+)>Trit)i>8'tr5n>!1%J





































































or trn5iion *in'. T)'' trn3or5'r r' ''ni='> ''ci**, ()'n t)' ,t'5 in=o*=' )i+) =o*t+' *in'. So5' *+orit)5 5in*, 3u*t i5'dnc'<-'d *+orit)5 r'uir' -ot) curr'nt nd =o*t+' in3or5tion.


































'='r* di33'r'nt (,. On' o3 t)' -'t<no(n o3 t)'' (, i t)' T+i 5't)od. T)i c)n+' t)' c*cu*tion to inc*ud' t)' di33'r'nc' -'t(''n t)' curr'nt 5'ur'd -'3or' t)' 3u*t nd t)' curr'nt 5'ur'd 3t'r t)' 3u*t ()ic) i t)' 3u*t curr'nt. T)i '*i5int' t)' 3u*t i5'dnc'


































3'rro5+n'tic 5t'ri* in ord'r to conc'ntrt' t)' 5+n'tic 3i'*d into t)' trnduc'r   r'u*t> t)' trnduc'r do' not n''d to -' *oct'd (it)in t)' rcin+ ditnc' o3 t)' conductor. T)' 5'ur'd 5+n'tic 3i'*d r'u*t cn t)'n -' u'd i5i*r*, to  curr'nt 5'ur'5'nt 3or 3u*t


































B'*o( )o(n 3i+ur' i t)' i5*' 3*o( c)rt u' 3or c*i3iction t'c)niu' o3 3u*t in trn5iion *in'.




































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































9.,.* OUTPUT >OLTAGE OF RELA%

Fi+ur' 2!:2.Outut =o*t+' o3 t)' 1!= dc u*,




























9./ COMPO#E#T ASSEMBL% Power su66ly

Po('r u*, to t)' )rd(r' i +i='n t)rou+) t)r'' )' c ourc' R> Y> nd B. T)' inut !!8 i t' do(n (it) t)' )'* o3 1!8 t' do(n trn3or5'r. B'*o( )o(n 3i+ur' )o( t)' initi* conn'ction o3 )rd(r' 3ro5 t)r'' )' u*,

Fi+ur' 24: Po('r u*, 3ro5 t)r'' )' ourc' In6ut Su66ly

T)' inut u*, to )rd(r' i +i='n 3t'r t'in+ do(n t)' =o*t+' to 1!8 it =o*t5't'r r'din+ i not'd




























Asse(8ly For sin)le 6hase

L,in+ co5on'nt in PCB 3irt*, on' in+*' t)r'' )' ourc' i u'd ()ic) i 3'd -, t)r'' trn3or5'r 'c) trn3or5'r ) R> Y> B )' ourc' r''cti='*, ()ic) i t)'n r'cti3i'd indi=idu**, 0 0 3'd u) -utton ()ic) i conn'ct'd to 1!= r'*,

Fi+ur' 26: A'5-*, 3or in+*' )' Asse(8ly 'or all siH trans'or(er

Si5i*r*,> -o=' t' i r''t'd to i trn3or5'r ourc' ()ic) ) t)' 5' conn'ction  )o(n in t)' -o=' 3i+ur' T)'' % trn3or5'r r' conn'ct'd in tr conn'ction o3 -ot) ri5r,  ('**  'condr, id' o3 trn3or5'r. T)' outut o3 t)t % trn3or5'r i +i='n to t)' % r'*, coi* (it) r'cti3i'd nd 3i*t'r'd indi=idu**,. T)' % u) -utton r' u'd to cr't'  3u*t condition condition nd t)', r' conn'ct'd conn'ct'd cro t)' 'c) r'*, coi*. T)'' T)'' % u) -utton r' cr't'd 




























Fi+ur' 2: A'5-*, 3or i trn3or5'r Conne&tion o' 222 ti(er with relay

A3t'r A3t'r co5*' co5*'tin tin++ t)' trn3or trn3or5'r 5'r conn'ct conn'ction ion 0 =o*t+ =o*t+'' r'cti3i r'cti3ict ction ion (itc) (itc)' ' 0 r'*, r'*, r' conn'ct'd. R'*, nc contct i *'3t o'n 0 ()o' outut i 3'd to 222 ti5'r. T)' r**'* conn'ct'd NC outut i +i='n to t)' in ! t)rou+)  r'it'r R2 to  ti5'r IC 222 i.'. (ir'd in 5ono t-*' 5od'. T)' outut o3 t)t ti5'r i +i='n to t)' r''t in 4 o3 not)'r ti5'r 222 (ir'd it i )=in+ in ct-*' 5od'. T)' inut o3 o<5 L" %2$ i t'n 3ro5 in % nd ()ic) i t)' outut o3 U% ti5'r 222 t)rou+) (ir' 11 nd d1! to t)' non t)' in='rtin+ inut i 't t  3i'd =o*t+' -,  ot'nti* di=id'r. B'*o( i t)' )o(n 3i+ur'




























555 Timer

Fi+ur' 2$: Conn'ction o3 222 ti5'r 0 L5%2$ Conne&tion o' O6@a(6 0 transistor with 222 ti(er 0 relay

B'*o( )o(n 3i+ur' )o( t)' conn'ction o3 O<5 ()ic) i 3'd -, in  o3 222 ti5'r IC. T)' outut o3 O<5 r'5in )i+) ind'3init'*, t)rou+)  oiti=' 3''d-c ro=id'd 3or it in1 to in% t)rou+)  3or(rd -i'd diod' nd  r'itor in 'ri'. T)i r'u*t in t)' r'*,






























t)rou+) $> / 0 1 3or unint'rrut'd u*, to t)' circuit =o*t+' o3 1!= C nd 2= C d'ri='d out o3 =o*t+' r'+u*tor IC $2

Op-Amp

Transistor Transistor

Fi+ur' 2/: Conn'ction o3 O<5 0 trnitor (it) 222 ti5'r 0 r'*,






























Fi+ur' 6: Co5*'t'd A'5-*'d Circuit Final &ir&uit






























CAPTER :" AR$ARE TESTI#G .Condu&ti1ity Te Test" st"

In '*'ctronic>  continuit, t't i t)' c)'cin+ o3 n '*'ctric circuit to '' i3 curr'nt 3*o( t)t it i in 3ct  co5*'t' circuit. A continuit, t't i 'r3or5'd -, *cin+  5** =o*t+' (ir'd in 'ri' (it) n LE or noi'<roducin+ co5on'nt uc)   i'o'*'ctric ''r cro t)' c)o'n t). I3 '*'ctron 3*o( i in)i-it'd -, -ro'n conductor> d5+'d co5on'nt> or 'c'i=' r'itnc'> t)' circuit i Xo'nX. '=ic' t)t cn -' u'd to 'r3or5 continuit, t't inc*ud' 5u*ti 5't'r ()ic) 5'ur' curr'nt nd 'ci*i'd continuit, t't'r ()ic) r' c)''r> 5or' -ic d'=ic'> +'n'r**, (it)  i5*' *i+)t -u*- t)t *i+)t u ()'n curr'nt 3*o(. An i5ortnt *iction i t)' continuit, t't o3  -und*' o3 (ir' o  to 3ind t)' t(o 'nd -'*on+in+ to  rticu*r on' o3 t)'' (ir' t)'r' (i** -'  n'+*i+i-*' r'itnc' -'t(''n t)' Xri+)tX 'nd> nd on*, -'t(''n t)' Xri+)tX 'nd. T)i t't i t)' 'r3or5'd Dut 3t'r t)' )rd(r' o*d'rin+ nd con3i+urtion ) -''n co5*'t'd. T)i t't i5 t 3indin+ n, '*'ctric* o'n t) in t)' circuit 3t'r t)' o*d'rin+. "n,  ti5'> t)' '*'ctric* continuit, in t)' circuit i *ot du' to i5ro'r o*d'rin+> (ron+ nd rou+) )nd*in+ o3 t)' PCB> i5ro'r u+' o3 t)' o*d'rin+ iron> co5on'nt 3i*ur' nd r''nc' o3 -u+ in t)' circuit di+r5. 9' u'  5u*ti 5't'r to 'r3or5 t)i t't. 9' '' t)' 5u*ti 5't'r in -u'r 5od' nd conn'ct t)' +round t'r5in* o3 t)' 5u*ti 5't'r to t)' +round. 9' conn'ct -ot) t)' t'r5in* cro t)' t) t)t n''d to -' c)'c'd. I3 t)'r' i continution t)'n ,ou (i** )'r t)' -'' ound Power O# Test"






























n inut o3 1!8 nd  r'uir'd outut d''ndin+ on t)' r'+u*tor u'd in t)' circuit. E#: i3 (' r' uin+ $2 (' +'t outut o3 28 nd i3 uin+ $/ (' +'t /8 t outut in nd o on. T)i outut 3ro5 t)' =o*t+' r'+u*tor i +i='n to t)' o('r u*, in o3 'ci3ic IC. H'nc' (' c)'c 3or t)' =o*t+' *'='* t t)o' in ()'t)'r (' r' +'ttin+ r'uir'd =o*t+'. Si5i*r*,> (' c)'c 3or t)' ot)'r t'r5in* 3or t)' r'uir'd =o*t+'. In t)i (, (' cn ur' t)t t)' =o*t+' t ** t)' t'r5in* i  'r t)' r'uir'5'nt

Fi+ur' 6!: Function* Circuit






























CAPTER" !; CALCUATIO# For L@G

Pbase V base×√ 3

P -' 

500



250 × √ 3

1.!227A



V base 8 -'  I base×√ 3 12



1.255 × √ 3

2.2!Ω



Z actual Z base base

? u  6



5.52

  1.$Ω

Mva ? u< trn3or5'r-' Transformer Mva × Z / 100 500 500

×

6 100

=0.06
































11

√ 3 × 6.92

./1A 10000

B'5=

1000

=1 Mva

1 Mva

"= =*u' √ Zu 

1 0.06

=16.66 A

Ad5ittnc' 5't)od to c*cu*t' 3u*t curr'nt 1

#tilit$ mva

1 / Transformrer

1 1 1 + = 500 16.66 Mva 1

.!Q.6 Mva

1

 Mva
































CAPTER" !! REFLECTI>E SUMMAR% 0 O>ER>IE Fu*t rot'ction ,t'5 ) -'co5' 3und5'nt**, i5ortnt du' to it -i*it, to r'='nt 'cono5ic* *o'. T)' 5in uro' o3  rot'ction ,t'5 i to roc' t)' =o*t+' ndMor curr'nt i+n* to d't'r5in' ()'t)'r  3u*t i r''nt> to c*i3, ()t ind o3 3u*t it 5, -'> to 'ti5t' t)' 3u*t *oction> nd to t' ction to r'5o=' t)' 3u*t 3ro5 t)' o('r trn5iion< *in' ,t'5. T)' continuit, 'r=ic' d''nd )'=i*, on t)' oi-i*it, o3 d't'ctin+> c*i3,in+> *octin+> nd io*tin+ 3u*t in t)' o('r trn5iion<*in' ,t'5. Con='nt Con='ntion ion* * 5't)od 5't)od 3or r'*, r'*, to rot'ct rot'ct t)' trn5 trn5ii iion<* on<*in' in' ,t'5 ,t'5 ('r' to 5onito 5onitor r ditortion in =o*t+' ndMor curr'nt i+n* in ti5' nd 3r'u'nc, do5in. Prot'ction ,t'5 +'n'r**, 3it into t)r'' ct'+ori': 1. untit untitti ti=' =' 5od'* 5od'*<- <-'d 'd r roc) oc)' ' !. u*i u*it tti ti=' =' 5od' 5od'*< *<- -'d 'd %. roc) roc)'> '> nd nd dt






























































CAPTER !*" CO#CLUSIO# T)i roD'ct i d'i+n'd in t)' 3or5 o3 Hrd(r' 3or t)r'' in+*' )' trn3or5'r !%= to 1!8 o3 outut 3or to d'='*o n uto5tic triin+ 5'c)ni5 3or t)' t)r'' )' u*, ,t'5 ()i*' t'5orr, 3u*t nd 'r5n'nt 3u*t occur. H'r' (' u'd 222 ti5'r (it) r'*, 3or t)' 3u*t i t'5orr, or 'r5n'nt. S)ort durtion 3u*t r'turn t)' u*, to t)' *od i55'dit'*, c**'d  t'5orr, tri ()i*' *on+ durtion )** r'u*t in 'r5n'nt tri T)' roD'ct outut r''t uto5tic**, 3t'r  -ri'3 int'rrution in t)' '='nt t'5orr, 3u*t ()i*' it r'5in in tri'd condition in c' o3 'r5n'nt 3u*t. T)' '*'ctric* u-ttion ()ic) u*, t)' o('r to t)' conu5'r> )=' 3i*ur' 3i*ur' du' to o5' 3u*t ()ic) cn -' t'5orr, or 'r5n'nt. T)'' 3u*t *'d to u-tnti* d5+' to t)' o('r ,t'5 'ui5'nt. In Indi it i co55on> t)' 3u*t 5i+)t -' LG Lin' to Ground> LL Lin' to Lin'> %L T)r'' *in' in t)' u*, ,t'5 nd t)'' 3u*t in t)r'' )' u*, ,t'5 cn 33'ct t)' o('r ,t'5. To o='rco5' t)i ro-*'5  ,t'5 i -ui*t> ()ic) cn 'n' t)'' 3u*t nd uto5tic**, diconn'ct diconn'ct t)' u*, to =oid *r+' c*' d5+' to t)' contro* contro* +'r in t)' +rid u-<ttion. u-<ttion. T)i ,t'5 i -ui*t uin+ t)r'' in+*' )' trn3or5'r ()ic) r' (ir'd in tr inut nd tr

































































CAPTER !," COST ESTIMATIO# Cot 'ti5tion *,  =it* ro*' in roD'ct 5n+'5'nt nd i on' o3 t)' 5ot di33icu*t r'oni-i*it,. T)' r''rc)'r 5ut t'  c*o' =i'( on t)i 'ction. T)' uro' o3 cot 'ti5tion i i5*' t)t i to r'ci'*, 'ti5t' r'uir'd r'ourc' ()ic) (ou*d **o( t)' r'' r''rc) rc)'r 'r to i5* i5*'5 '5'n 'ntt nd nd d'='* d'='*o o t)' t)' roo roo'd 'd ,t' ,t'5. 5. Not Not +i=i +i=in+ n+ i5or i5ort tnc' nc' or und'r'ti5tin+ t)' 'ction 5, r'u*t in 'c''din+ t)' 'ti5t'd -ud+'t o3 t)' roD'ct> oor u*it, 0 '='n r''rc)'r 5i+)t 3i* to co5*'t' roD'ct on ti5'. I(6ortan&e o' Cost Esti(ation


































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REFERE#CES 1. 9d)( d)(>> C.L> C.L> !2. !2. '*'ctr '*'ctric ic* * o(' o('rr ,t' ,t'5 5 . 2t) 2t) 'd. d'*)i: d'*)i: N'( N'( A+' A+' Int'rn Int'rnt tio ion n** Pu-*i)'r. !. T. T+i> T+i> Y. Y. Y5o)i> ". Y55ur> Y55ur> R. 7ondo(> T. "tu)i5> '='*o5'nt o3  N'( T, T,' ' Fu*t Loctor Uin+ t)' On'J in IEEE Trnction on Po('r Artu nd S,t'5> 8o*. PAS<11> No. $> Au+ut !12> . !$/! > &. B. Ro-' Ro-'rt rt> > G. B'n5 B'n5ou, ou,*> *> N'( N'( "u "u*t *tiJ in '='*o5'nt in Po('r S,t'5 Prot'ction


































12. 7'Dri 7'Dri(* (*>> 't *. Fu*t 't'ct 't'ction ion nd Locti Loction on S,t'5 S,t'5 3or Po('r Po('r Trn5 Trn5i iion ion nd itri-ution Lin'. T)' R''rc) nd '='*o5'nt Intitut'> Inc. t "ontn Stt' Uni='rit,. Pt'nt 2>%4%>122. % Au+ut !14. 16. ". 8intn> 8intn> Fu*t Curr'nt itri-ution itri-ution Co5uttion Co5uttion on O='r)'d O='r)'d Trn5i Trn5iion ion Lin'>J in Proc''din+ o3 t)' Fi3t) Int'rntion* 9or*d En'r+, S,t'5 Con3'r'nc'> =o*. II> !4> Ord'> Ro5ni> . !% +> Y. Lin> Lin> &. Yn+> n+> T. Too> C. Liu> Liu> An An Adt dtii=' P" P"U U B' B'dd Fu* Fu*tt 't'ctionMLoction T'c)niu' 3or Trn5iion Lin'ZPrt II: P"U I5*'5'nttion nd P'r3or5nc' E=*ution>J in IEEE Trnction on Po('r '*i='r,> 8o*. 12> No. 4> Octo-'r !> . 11%6<1146.


































!$. S.". 7,> S.L. "r*'> S'ctru5 An*,i An*,i: : A "od'5 P'r'cti='>J P'r'cti='>J Proc''din+ o3 t)' ?EEE> =o*. 6/> no. 11> )o=. 1/$1> . 1%$< 14 1 / !/. !/. . C. Ro-' Ro-'rt rto on> n> . I. C5 C5> > &. S. ", ",'r> 'r> nd nd 9. B. Gi) Gi)>> 9 9='* ='*'t 't nd nd E*'ctr E*'ctro5 o5+n't +n'tic ic Po('r Po('r S,t'5 S,t'5 Trni Trni'nt 'ntJ> J> IEEE Trn Trnct ction ion on Po('r Po('r '*i=' '*i='r, r,>> 8o*.11> o*.11> No.!> . 12<12$> Ari* 1/// %. H. "o)*i "o)*i1> 1> H5ini H5ini "o)5d "o)5d>> A. H. A. Br1> Br1> H. Y. Li> Li> E=*u E=*utio tionn o3 Fu*t Fu*t Loction B'd on 8o*t+' S+ Pro3i*':  Stud, on t)' In3*u'nc' o3 8o*t+' S+ Ptt'rnJ> !11 %1. ".S Sc)d'=> FIEEE> R.A+r(*> St. "IEEE>  A T'c)niu' T'c)niu' 3or 'ti5tin+ trn5iion *in' 3u*t *oction 3ro5 di+it* i5'dnc' r'*, 5'ur'5'ntJ>!/




































4!. L(r'nc'> L(r'nc'> .&.> nd 9'r> 9'r> .L> Trn5iion Trn5iion *in' 3u*t *oction *oction uin+ di+it* di+it* 3u*t r'cord'rJ> IEEE Trn.> 1/$$> P9R<%> !. . 4/6<2! 4%. ". 7'uno=it> &. "ric> B. P'runiEiC> P'runiEiC> An Accurt' Fu*t Loction Loction A*+orit)5 A*+orit)5 Uin+


































o'rt' on =*u' o3 t)' ord'r o3 unit,. R'*tin+ to on' in+*' )' +i=' in3or5tion r'*t'd to t(o or t)r'' )'  ('** o it i 5or' o-=iou 0 u33ici'nt to do c*cu*tion in on' )'. T)i roD'ct ,t'5 (i** -' d'i+n'd to d'='*o n uto5tic +riin+ 5'c)ni5 3or t)r'' )'


































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Trn5iion *in' rot'ction i n i5ortnt iu' in o('r ,t'5 'n+in''rin+ -'cu' $2$ 3u*t occur in trn5iion *in'. S''in+ 3ro5 ot)'r ro'cti=' itK  5ut roc' to =' 'o*' 0 +o='rn5'nt +o='rn 5'nt 5on',.



























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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