Title under Jurisprudence

 TITLE

IS RIGHT = TITLE? •

YES: Holland, Lord Blackburn • NO: Salmond, Salmond, Austn !"t# $l$m$nt o% a R&#t' !(act or $)$nt b* r$ason o% +#c# t#$ r&#t s )$st$d n t#$ o+n$r 

!m$r$l* an $l$m$nt o% t#$ r&#t' !%%$r$nc$: Ttl$ ndcat$s t#$ d$a o% n)$stt)$ %act  R&#t s -o+$r, %acult* or ca-act* founded  on  on t#$ ttl$'

IS RIGHT = TITLE? •

YES: Holland, Lord Blackburn • NO: Salmond, Salmond, Austn !"t# $l$m$nt o% a R&#t' !(act or $)$nt b* r$ason o% +#c# t#$ r&#t s )$st$d n t#$ o+n$r 

!m$r$l* an $l$m$nt o% t#$ r&#t' !%%$r$nc$: Ttl$ ndcat$s t#$ d$a o% n)$stt)$ %act  R&#t s -o+$r, %acult* or ca-act* founded  on  on t#$ ttl$'

LEGAL RIGHTS •

Ttl$ s t#$ de facto ant$c$d$nt, facto ant$c$d$nt, l$&al r&#t s ts de jure cons$.u$nt'

•

Ttl$: /a0 La+%ul mod$ o% ac.uston ac.uston /b0 1ural clam to #a)$ and #old

1ustc$ Holm$s •

E)$r* r&#t s a consequence attac#$d b* t#$ la+ to on$ or mor$ %acts +#c# t#$ la+ d$%n$s' • 2#$r$)$r la+ &)$s an*on$ special right  on t#$ &round o% c$rtan special facts tru$ to #m' • S-$cal %acts = ttl$'

Salmond •

Ttl$ s t#$ de facto ant$c$d$nt o% +#c# t#$ r&#t s t#$ de jure cons$.u$nt' • R&#t u-on on$ man du$ to c$rtan %acts tru$ to #m /ttl$0' • R&#t ma* b$ b* brt# or -$rsonal $%%orts, but ttl$ s $ss$ntal'

Holland •

(act &)n& rs$ to r&#t s ttl$' • (act o% trans%$r or $3tn&us#m$nt o% r&#t?

B$nt#am •

4ds-ost)$ %acts5 nst$ad o% 4ttl$5'

6LASSI(I6ATION O( TITLES •

Salmond • B$nt#am • 7u$ston o% #uman +ll

Salmond8s 6lass%caton 9$stt)$ %acts

In)$stt)$ %acts

$r)at)$ Ttl$

 Al$nat)$ (acts

Or&nal Ttl$

Salmond8s 6lass%caton 9$stt)$ %acts

Relation to Right /cr$aton, trans%$r, $3tncton0

In)$stt)$ (acts

$r)at)$ Ttl$

 Al$nat)$ (acts

Or&nal Ttl$

E3tnct)$ (acts

Salmond8s 6lass%caton 9$stt)$ %acts

)$stt)$ (acts $stro* r&#ts

 Al$nat)$ (acts

E3tnct)$ (acts

6r$at$ r&#ts

In)$stt)$ (acts

$r)at)$ Ttl$

Or&nal Ttl$

Salmond8s 6lass%caton 9$stt)$ %acts

In)$stt)$ %acts

 Al$nat)$ (acts

6r$at$d b* trans%$r o% an $3stn& r&#t

$r)at)$ Ttl$

De novo

Or&nal Ttl$

/No -r$)ous $3st$nc$0

Id$nt%caton 6as$: • A8 cau&#t %s# %rom t#$ r)$r' •

H$ sold t#$ %s# to B'

B$nt#am8s 6lass%caton s-ost)$ %acts

In)$stt)$ %acts

6ollat)$ %acts

Im-ost)$ %acts

)$stt)$ %acts

$struct)$ %acts

Translat) %acts

E3on$rat)$ %acts

B$nt#am8s 6lass%caton Trans%$rrn& o% r&#ts and dut$s

s-ost)$ %acts

In)$stt)$ %acts

6ollat)$ %acts

Im-ost)$ %acts

)$stt)$ %acts

$struct)$ %acts

Translat)$ %acts

E3on$rat)$ %acts

B$nt#am8s 6lass%caton s-ost)$ %acts

In)$stt)$ %acts

6ollat)$ %acts

6on%$r r&#ts

Im-ost)$ %acts

Im-os$ dut$s

)$stt)$ %acts

$struct)$ %acts

Translat)$ %acts

E3on$rat)$ %acts

B$nt#am8s 6lass%caton s-ost)$ %acts

In)$stt)$ %acts

6ollat)$ %acts

Im-ost)$ %acts

End r&#ts

)$stt)$ %acts

$struct)$ %acts

R$l$as$ -$rsons %rom dut$s

Translat)$ %acts

E3on$rat)$ %acts

Human 2ll 6lass%caton 9$stt)$ %acts

 Acts of  t#$ La+

 Acts in t#$ La+

;nlat$ral

Sub<$ct to dss$nt

Blat$ral

Ind$-$nd$nt o% dss$nt

6r$at)$

6ontracts

R$l$as$s

E3tnct)$

Ass&nm$nts

6r$at)$

Grants

E3tnct)$

Human 2ll 6lass%caton 9$stt)$ %acts

 Acts of  t#$ La+

 Acts in t#$ La+

;nlat$ral !2ll o% onl* on$ -art* s $%%$ct)$ or o-$rat)$ !9ald $)$n +t#out cons$nt o% ot#$r -art*

Blat$ral !6ons$ntn& +ll o% t+o or mor$ -art$s

Id$nt%caton 6as$ • A8 $ntrusts -ro-$rt* to B8 n trust %or 68 ;nlat$ral or Blat$ral?

Im-ortanc$ o% A&r$$m$nts ' E)d$nc$ o% ' r)at$ d$claraton o% r&#ts and dut$s .

@utual cons$nt . En%orc$d b* courts

nds o% A&r$$m$nts ' 6r$at$ R&#ts  6ontracts C Grants >' Trans%$r R&#ts D Ass&nm$nts ' E3tn&us# R&#ts D R$l$as$s

 A&r$$m$nt

9ald

In)ald

9od

!Not r$co&nF$d at all b* la+' !2ll o% t#$ -art$s do not matt$r 

9odabl$

!B* r$ason o% d$%$ct, labl$ to los$ ts $%%$ct at t#$ o-ton o% on$ -art* !Not null %rom t#$ b$&nnn&, but null%caton #as r$tros-$ct)$ $%%$ct !6o$rcon, %raud or msr$-r$s$ntaton' !@d+a* b$t+$$n 9od and 9ald a&r$$m$nt

9aldt* o% A&r$$m$nts ' >' ' ' "' '

6a-act* o% art$s L$&al (ormalt$s @oralt* and ublc olc* Error or @stak$ 6ons$nt 6onsd$raton

' 6a-act* o% art$s •

6$rtan -$rsons ar$ not com-$t$nt to $nt$r nto 6ontracts • 6ontracts b* t#$m ar$ In)ald • E&' @nors, Lunatcs

>' L$&al (ormalt$s •

Im-os$d b* la+ to /a0 -ro)$ cons$nt o% -art$s /b0 dstn&us# actual a&r$$m$nt %rom n$&otatons l$adn& to t • E&' Non r$&straton, omsson o% s&natur$s o% -art$s

' @oralt* and ublc olc* •

$clar$d In)ald b* La+ • E&' 2a&$rn& contracts, a&r$$m$nts n r$strant o% trad$

' Error or @stak$ •

@stak$ : /a0 Ess$ntal  no consensus ad idem /b0 In$ss$ntal  $3t$rnal crcumstanc$, nduc$d cons$nt

"' 6ons$nt •

In)ald % obtan$d b* m$ans o% com-ulson, undu$ n%lu$nc$ or co$rcon

' 6onsd$raton •

La+ r$.ur$s )aluabl$ consd$raton, $)$n % nad$.uat$' • S$c >" /I6A0 : A&r$$m$nt +t#out consd$raton s 9od' • E3c$-tons $3st'

@od$s o% Ac.urn& oss$sson (1)Animus- R&#t%ul or +ron&%ul />0$l)$r*  Actual or 6onstruct)$

@od$s o% Ac.urn& O+n$rs#/0rnc-l$ o% Occupatio />0r$scr-ton

' rnc-l$ o% Occu-ato •

T#n& conc$rn$d dd not b$lon& to an*bod*  res nullius. • Takn& -oss$sson s su%%c$nt'

>' r$scr-ton 4Lon& -oss$sson5 • ost)$  la-s$ o% tm$ con%$rs ttl$ • N$&at)$  Lmtaton

o% acton r&#t $3sts $r%$ct N$&at)$ r$scr-ton D La-s$ o% tm$ ma* $3tn&us# r&#t ts$l%  6as$ : Ad)$rs$ -oss$sson %or >J *$ars'

Is t %ar? • ublc olc*  c$rtant* • N$&at)$ -r$scr-ton s lmt$d to %3$d -$rod  r$-ars 4n