Tongkat V

TAWAS ANTIPERSPIRAN DAN PERAWATAN VAGINA TONGKAT ALI, CRYSTAL X, THE CRYSTAL

white alum KAl(SO4)2 • 12 H2O magnesium sulfate (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2 • 6 H2O

green ammonium

KATA PENGANTAR

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

MOTTO

Daftar isi Kata pengantar Ucapan terima kasih Motto

1. Pendahuluan 2. Latar belakang 3. Tawas 4. Anti perspirant ( deodorant ) a. Applicatons of antiperspirant i. Original rock ii. Stick iii. Roll on iv. Spray v. Towelettes b. Function of antiperspirant c. Ingredient of ant iperspirant d. Herbs of antiperspirant 5. Treatment herbal vagina a. Penyakit kewanitaan b. Herbal untuk kewanitaan i. Tawas ii. Delima putih iii. Jambe / pinang iv. Kayu rapet v. Majakani vi. Gambir

vii. Sambiroto viii. Sirih ix. Kunir putih c. Tongkat V 6. Tawas dan gangguan kesehatan 7. Penutup TAMBAHAN

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN Tawas, atau dalam bahasa Inggrisnya disebut "Alum" adalah suatu kristal sulfat dari logamlogam seperti lithium, potassium, calcium, alumunium, dan logam-logam lainnya. Kristal tawas ini cukup mudah larut dalam air, dan kelarutannya berbeda-beda tergantung pada jenis logam dan suhu. Tawas telah dikenal sebagai flocculator yang berfungsi untuk menggumpalkan kotoran-kotoran pada proses penjernihan air. Selain itu, tawas juga digunakan sebagai deodorant, karena sifat antibakterinya.

Pada kesempatan kali ini, saya akan menjelaskan mengenai pemakaian larutan tawas sebagai deodorant alami. Resep ini saya dapatkan dari sumber yang ada di internet dan pengalaman pribadi. Lain halnya dengan deodorant-deodorant komersial yang ada sekarang ini, larutan tawas tidak berfungsi untuk mencegah keluarnya keringat. Dengan memakai tawas, keringat tetap saja keluar dari ketiak, tetapi tidak timbul bau khas ketiak yang aduhai. Jadi, walaupun basah, keteknya gak bau .Dan hal ini lebih saya sukai daripada deodorant komersial itu (baca: rexona), yang dalam iklannya menggembar-gemborkan bahwa dengan memakai rexona, ketiak tidak akan berkeringat walaupun habis lari-lari. Menurut saya, keringat yang keluar dari ketiak itu merupakan hal alami, dan tidak boleh dicegah karena bisa saja hal itu menimbulkan sesuatu yang tidak diinginkan, seperti halnya kalau kita menahan-nahan pipis. Biarkan saja keluar keringat itu, yang penting tidak bau.

Selain itu, perlu diketahui bahwa tawas ini tidak memberi aroma yang wangi, tetapi memberi aroma tawar, alias tidak berbau apa-apa. Dan ini lebih saya sukai dibanding aroma-aroma wangi yang lebay. Kalau ingin wangi, bisa saja memakaiparfum lain.

( pembahasan sebagai antiseptic vagina??????)

BAB 2 LATAR BELAKANG

In antiquity The word "alumen" occurs in Pliny's Natural History. In the 52nd chapter of his 35th book, he gives a detailed description. By comparing this with the account of stupteria given by Dioscorides in the 123rd chapter of his 5th book, it is obvious that the two are identical. Pliny informs us that alumen was found naturally in the earth. He calls it

salsugoterrae.

Different substances were distinguished by the name of "alumen"; but they were all characterized by a certain degree of astringency, and were all employed in dyeing and medicine, the light-colored alumen being useful in brilliant dyes, the dark-colored only in dyeing black or very dark colors. One species was a liquid, which was apt to be adulterated; but when pure it had the property of blackening when added to

pomegranate juice. This

property seems to characterize a solution of iron sulfate in water; a solution of ordinary (potassium) alum would possess no such property. Pliny says that there is another kind of alum that the Greeks call schistos. It forms in white threads upon the surface of certain stones. From the name schistos, and the mode of formation, it appears that this species was the salt which forms spontaneously on certain salty minerals, as alum slate and bituminous shale, and which consists chiefly of sulfates of iron and aluminium. Possibly in certain places the iron sulfate may have been nearly wanting, and then the salt would be white, and would answer, as Pliny says it did, for dyeing bright colors. Several other species of alumen are described by Pliny, but we are unable to make out to what minerals he alludes. The alumen of the ancients, then, was not always the same as the alum of the moderns. They certainly knew how to produce alum from alunite, as this process is archaeologically attested on the island Lesbos. This site was abandoned in the 7th century but dates back at least to the 2nd century AD. Native alumen from Melos appears to have been a mixture mainly of alunogen (Al 2(SO4)3.17H2O) with alum and other minor sulfates. The western

desert of Egypt was a major source of alum substitutes in antiquity. These evaporites were mainly

FeAl2(SO4)4.22H2O,

MgAl 2(SO4)4.22H2O,

NaAl(SO 4)2.6H2O,

MgSO 4.7H2O and

Al2(SO4)3.17H2O.Any contamination with iron sulfate was greatly disliked as this darkened and dulled dye colours. They were acquainted with a variety of substances of varying degrees of purity by the names of misy, sory, and chalcanthum. As alum and green vitriol were applied to a variety of substances in common, and as both are distinguished by a sweetish and astringent taste, writers, even after the discovery of alum, do not seem to have discriminated the two salts accurately from each other. In the writings of the alchemists we find the words misy, sory, chalcanthum applied to alum as well as to iron sulfate; and the name atramentum sutorium, which ought to belong, one would suppose, exclusively to green vitriol, applied indifferently to both. Various minerals are employed in the manufacture of alum, the most important being alunite, alumschist, bauxite and cryolite.

Alchemical and later discoveries and uses In the 18th century, J. H. Pott and Andreas Sigismund that alumina was

a

constituent.

Pott

in

his

Marggraf demonstrated

Lithogeognosiashowed

that

the precipitate obtained when an alkali is poured into a solution of alum is quite different from lime and chalk, with which it had been confounded by G.E. Stahl. Marggraf showed that alumina is one of the constituents of alum, but that this earth possesses peculiar properties, and is one of the ingredients in common clay. He also showed that crystals of alum can be obtained by dissolving alumina in sulfuric acid and evaporating the solutions, and when a solution of potash or ammonia is dropped into this liquid, it immediately deposits perfect crystals of alum. Torbern Bergman also observed that the addition of potash or ammonia made the solution of alumina in sulfuric acid crystallize, but that the same effect was not produced by the addition of soda or oflime, and that potassium sulfate is frequently found in alum. After M.H. Klaproth had discovered the presence of potassium in leucite and lepidolite, it occurred to L.N. Vauquelin that it was probably an ingredient likewise in many other minerals. Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is adouble salt, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash. Soon after, J.A. Chaptal published the analysis of four different kinds of alum, namely, Roman alum, Levant alum, British alum and alum manufactured by himself. This analysis led to the same result as Vauquelin.

Early uses in industry Egyptians reportedly used the coagulant alum as early as 1500 BC to reduce the visible cloudiness (turbidity) in the water. Alum was imported into England mainly from the Middle East, and, from the late 15th century onwards, the Papal States for hundreds of years. Its use there was as a dye-fixer (mordant) for wool (which was one of England's primary industries, the value of which increased significantly if dyed). These sources were unreliable, however, and there was a push to develop a source in England especially as imports from the Papal States were ceased following the

excommunication of King Henry

VIII. With state financing, attempts were made throughout the 16th century, but without success until early on in the 17th century. An industry was founded in Yorkshire to process the shale which contained the key ingredient, aluminium sulfate, and made an important contribution to the Industrial Revolution. One of the oldest historic sites for the production of alum from shale andhuman urine are the Peak alum works in Ravenscar, North Yorkshire. Alum (known as turti/sphatika in local Indian languages) was also used for water treatment by Indians for thousands of years.Ayurveda describes sphatika as an astringent, haemostatic, antiseptic. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and antibiotic properties. Sphatika’s use in treating tonsillitis has been referred in ancient Ayurvedic texts. Sphatika is used internally as well as externally.

BAB 3 TAWAS

Alum (

/ˈæ ləm/) is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical

compounds.

The

specific

compound

the hydrated potassium aluminium sulfate (potassium

alum)

is

with

the formula

KAl(SO4)2.12H2O. The wider class of compounds known as alums have the related empirical formula, AB(SO4)2.12H2O

Alums are useful for a range of industrial processes. They are soluble in water; have an astringent,

acid,

and

sweetish

taste;

react acid tolitmus;

and crystallize in

regular octahedra. When heated they liquefy; and if the heating is continued, the water of crystallization is driven off, the salt froths and swells, and at last an amorphous powder remains.

Potassium alum is the common alum of commerce, although soda alum , ferric alum , and ammonium alum are manufactured. Alum is also used in purification of drinking water in industries. In a holding tank, some alum (phitkari) is added to the water so that the negatively charged light colloidal parts stick together and get heavy ( flocculate) when alum makes the colloidal particles neutralized by making its aluminum ions get loaded with the colloidal parts. When the colloidal parts get heavy they can be easily separated from the tank prior to further filtration and disinfection of the water.

Alum crystal with small amount of chrome alum to give a slight violet color Potash alum Aluminum potassium sulfate, potash alum, KAl(SO4)2·12H2O is used as an astringent and antisepsis in various food preparation processes such as pickling and fermentation and as a flocculant for water purification among other things. A common method of producing potash alum is leaching of alumina from bauxite which is then reacted with potassium sulfate. As a naturally occurring mine ral pota sh alum is known as kalunite. Other potassium aluminium sulfate minerals are

alunite (KAl(SO4)2·2Al(OH)3)

and kalinite (KAl(SO4)2·11H2O). The molecular weight of potash alum is 474 g/mole. Soda alum Main article: Soda alum Soda alum, NaAl(SO4)2·12H2O, mainly occurs in nature as the mineralmendozite. It is very soluble in water, and is extremely difficult to purify. In the preparation of this salt, it is preferable to mix the component solutions in the cold, and to evaporate them at a temperature not exceeding 60 °C. 100 parts of water dissolve 110 parts of sodium alum at 0 °C, and 51 parts at 16 °C. Soda alum is used in theacidulent of food as well as in the manufacture of baking powder. Ammonium alum Main article: Ammonium alum Ammonium alum, NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O, a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminium, is used in water purification, in vegetable glues, in porcelain cements, in deodorants (though potassium alum is more commonly used), in tanning, dyeing and in fireproofing textiles. Chrome alum

Main article: Chrome alum Chrome alum, KCr(SO4)2·12H2O, a dark violet crystalline double sulfate of chromium and potassium, was used intanning. Selenate-containing alums Alums are also known that contain selenium in place of sulfur in the sulfate anion, making selenate (SeO42-) instead. They are called selenium- or selenate-alums. They are strong oxidizing agents.

Aluminium sulfate Aluminium sulfate is referred to as papermaker's alum. Although reference to this compound as alum is quite common in industrial communication, it is not regarded as technically correct. Its properties are quite different from those of the set of alums described above. Most industrial flocculation done with alum is actually aluminum sulfate.

Solubility The solubility of the various alums in water varies greatly, sodium alum being readily soluble in water, whilecaesium and rubidium alums are only sparingly soluble. The various solubilities are shown in the following table. At temperature T, 100 parts water dissolve: T

Ammonium Alum Potassium Alum Rubidium Alum Caesium Alum

°C 0

2.62

3.90

0.71

0.19

10 °C

4.50

9.52

1.09

0.29

50 °C

15.9

44.11

4.98

1.235

80 °C

35.20

134.47

21.60

5.29

100°C

70.83

357.48

Crystal chemistry Double sulfates with the general formulaA2SO4·B2(SO4)3·24H2O, are known where A is a monovalent cation such as sodium, potassium,rubidium, caesium, or thallium(I), or a compound cation such as ammonium (NH4+), methylammonium (CH3NH3+), hydroxylammonium(HONH3+) or hydrazinium (N2H5+), B is a trivalent metal ion, such as aluminium, chromium, titanium, manganese, vanadium, iron (III),cobalt(III), gallium, molybdenum, indium, ruthenium, rhodium, or iridium.[7] The specific combinations of univalent cation, trivalent cation, and anion depends on the sizes of the ions. For example, unlike the otheralkali metals the smallest one, lithium, does not form alums, and there is only one known sodium alum. In some cases, solid solutions of alums occur. Alums crystallize in one of three different crystal structures. These classes are called α-, β- and γ-alums. Related compounds In addition to the alums, which are dodecahydrates, double sulfates and selenates of univalent and trivalent cations occur with other degrees of hydration. These materials may also be referred to as alums, including the undecahydrates such as mendozite and kalinite, hexahydrates such asguanidinium (CH6N3+) and dimethylammonium ((CH3)2NH2+) "alums", tetrahydrates such asgoldichite, monohydrates such as thallium plutonium sulfate and anhydrous alums (yavapaiites). These classes include differing, but overlapping, combinations of ions. A pseudo alum is a double sulfate of the typical formula ASO4·B2(SO4)3·22H2O, where A is a divalent metal ion, such as cobalt (wupatkiite),manganese (apjohnite), magnesium (pickingerite) or iron (halotrichite or feather alum), and B is a trivalent metal ion. A Tutton salt is a double sulfate of the typical formula A 2SO4·BSO4·6H2O, where A is a univalent cation, and B adivalent metal ion. Double sulfates of the composition A2SO4·2BSO4, where A is a univalent cation and B is a divalent metal ion are referred to aslangbeinites, after the prototypical potassium magnesium sulfate.

In popular culture Much use was made of the supposed properties of alum as a comedy gag in films, primarily in the 1920s and 1930s. In a typical situation it would be introduced by accident or intent into foodstuffs, with ingestion causing the victim's mouth to assume a tight

pucker.

Speech

was

usually

difficult

or impossible.

In

animation, cartoon physics could magnify the effect- the victim's head might shrink (as in the 1949 Bugs Bunny cartoon Long-Haired Hare) or the voice alter to a shrill squeak.

Cosmetic a. Alum in block form (usually potassium alum) is used as a blood coagulant.

b. Styptic pencils containing aluminium sulfate or potassium aluminium sulfate are used as astringents to prevent bleeding from small shaving cuts. c. Alum was used as a base in skin whiteners and treatments during the late 16th century. A recipe for one such compound was given thus: d. "For the Freckles which one getteth by the heat of the Sun: Take a little Allom beaten small, temper amonst it a well brayed white of an egg, put it on a milde fire, stirring it always about that it wax not hard, and when it casteth up the scum, then it is enough, wherewith anoint the Freckles the space of three dayes: if you will defend your self that you get no Freckles on the face, then anoint your face with the whites of eggs." —Christopher Wirzung,General Practise of Physicke, 1654.

e. Alum may be used in depilatory waxes used for the removal of body hair, or applied to freshly waxed skin as a soothing agent.

f. In the 1950s, men sporting crewcut or flattop hairstyles sometimes applied alum to their front short hairs as an alternative topomade. When the hair dried, it would stay up all day. g. Alum's antibacterial properties contribute to its traditional use as an underarm deodorant. It has been used for this purpose in Europe; Mexico; Thailand, where it is called Sarn-Som; throughout Asia; and in the Philippines,

where it is called Tawas. Today, potassium alum is sold commercially for this purpose as a "deodorant crystal," often in a protective plastic case.

BAB 4 ANTI PERSPIRANT ( DEODORANT )

Deodorants are substances applied

to the body

to affect body

odor caused

by bacterial growth and the smell associated with bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands. Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA). Antiperspirants are classified asdrugs by the FDA. The first commercial deodorant, Mum, was introduced and patented in the late nineteenth century by an inventor inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, whose name has been lost to history. The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S., but is currently available at U.S. retailers under the brand Ban. The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941. This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which

Time Magazine called "the best-

selling deodorant of the early 1950s". Stopette was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired.

A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and may experience contact dermatitis when exposed to aluminium containing deodorants. Aluminium-containing antiperspirants are generally safe according to current research.

Human perspiration is largely odorless until it is fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and

sweat glands provide moisture, which when

excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with alkaline pH soap, the skin loses its acid mantle (pH 4.5 - 6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier. As many bacteria thrive in this elevated pH environment, this makes the skin susceptible to bacterial colonization. The bacteria feed on the sweat from the apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasingtrans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor. Underarm hair wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore is ideal for preventing the bacterial odor. Deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) and

are

designed

to

eliminate

odor.

Deodorants

are

usually alcohol-based. Alcohol initially stimulates sweating, but may also temporarily kill bacteria. Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials such as triclosan, or with metal chelant compounds that slow bacterial growth. Deodorants may contain perfume fragrances or natural essential oils intended to mask the odor of perspiration. Deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as drugs by the FDA. Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive. Aluminium chloride, aluminium chlorohydrate, andaluminium-zirconium compounds,

most

notably aluminium

zirconium

tetrachlorohydrex glyand aluminium zirconium trichlorohydrex gly, are frequently used in antiperspirants. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most frequent active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants. Aluminiumbased complexes react with the electrolytes in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural sloughing of the skin. The metal salts work in another way to prevent sweat from reaching the surface of the skin: the aluminium salts interact with the keratin

fibrils in the sweat ducts and form a physical plug that prevents sweat from reaching the skin’s surface. Aluminium salts also have a slight astringenteffect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing sweat from reaching the surface of the skin. The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person. Over-the-counter products labeled as "natural deodorant crystal" containing the chemical potassium alum have gained new-found popularity as an alternative health product. A popular alternative to modern commercial deodorants is ammonium alum, which is a common type ofalum sold in crystal form and often referred to as a deodorant crystal. It has been used as a deodorant throughout history in Thailand, the Far East, Mexico and other countries. Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe, aerosol sprays are popu lar, as are cream and roll-on forms. In the United States, solid or gel forms are dominant.

In the 9th century,Ziryab invented under-arm deodorants inAl-Andalus. In 1888, the first commercial

deodorant, Mum,

was

developed

and

patented

by

a

U.S. inventor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, whose name has been lost to history. The small company was bought by Bristol-Myers in 1931 and in the late 1940s, marketing executive Edward Gelsthorpe decided to develop an applicator based on the newly invented ball-point pen. In 1952, the company began marketing the product under the name Ban Roll-On. The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S. It is once again available at retailers in the U.S. under the brand Ban. In the UK it is sold under the names Mum Solid and Mum Pump Spray. Chattem acquired Ban deodorant brand in 1998 and subsequently sold it toKao Corporationin 2000. The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941. This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminium chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble nitrile or a similar compound. This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time Magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s". "Stopette" gained its prominence as the first and long-time sponsor of the game show What's My Line?, and was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired.

In the early 1960s, the first aerosol antiperspirant in the marketplace was Gillette's Right Guard, whose brand was later sold to Henkel in 2006. Aerosols were popular because they let the user dispense a spray without coming in contact with the underarm area. By the late 1960s, half of all the antip erspirants sold in the U.S. were aerosols, and continued to grow in all sales to 82% by the early 1970s. However, in the late 1970s two problems arose which greatly changed the popularity of these products. First, in 1977 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the active ingredient used in aerosols, aluminium

zirconium

inhalation. Second,

chemicals,

due

the Environmental

to

safety

Protection

concerns

over

long

term

Agency (EPA) limited the use

of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants used in aerosols due to awareness that these gases can contribute to depleting the ozone layer. As the popularity of aerosols slowly decreased, stick antiperspirants became more and more popular. Today, sticks are the most popular type of antiperspirant. 1.Application Of Antiperspirants a.

Original rock

b. Stick

c.

Roll on

d. Spray

e.

Towelette

A wet wipe , also known as a wet nap , wet towel , or a moist towelette, is a small moistened piece of paper or cloth that often comes folded and individually wrapped for convenience. Such towelettes are for cleansing or disinfecting. Wet wipes are produced as air-laid paper where the fibres are carried and formed to the structure of paper by air. They are moistened with water or other liquids like isopropyl alcohol depending on the applications. The paper might be treated with softeners, lotions or added perfume to get the right properties or "feeling". The finished wet wipes are folded and put in pocket size package or a box dispenser. Wet wipes can serve a number of household purposes. Although marketed primarily for wiping infants' backsides in diaper changing, it is not uncommon for consumers to also use the product to clean floors, toilet seats, and other surfaces around the home. Parents also use wet wipes, or as they are called for baby care, baby wipes, for wiping up baby vomit and use to clean babies' hands and face in feeding or general dirtiness.

2. Function Of Antiperspirants

Human sweat is brought onto the skin’s surface through exiguous channels of the sweat glands. Antiperspirants minimize the diameter of these sweat ducts by excitation. While the epidermal tissue around the small tubes expands, an organic plug, formed by merging proteins and aluminium chloride blocks the outer exit of the sweat glands. Despite of common apprehensions:

antiperspirants do not destroy the glands or any other parts of the body. There is also no cauterization or biochemical interference. Apart from the organic/chemical merge of the protein plug (by using loose scales of the skin) the whole effect of antiperspirants is solely based on a physical phenomena. The gland’s channels simply get plugged – like a wine with cork. Additionally: This is not a long-time effect. With the skin’s renewal and reproduction process the plug gets automatically released after a short time. How does an antiperspirant work?

fig 1 above | Model of the skin: Application of antiperspirant (pale

green droplets) while sweat (pale blue) is leaving the sweat pore (through the vertical duct). Loose scales (orange chips) from the skin are floating within the sweat bead.

fig 2 above | The antiperspirant (light green), mixed with the

sweat, sinks into the epidermis. A small plug, formed with loose scales, salt and ingredients of the antiperspirant, begins to develop.

fig 3 above | The diameter of the sweat duct is narrowed down by excitation(red areas) of the epidermis. The plug closes the pore.

Sweat cannot be secreted from the sweat gland any more. The dermis is not affected by the antiperspirant. No need to be afraid of Antiperspirants! Antiperspirants are topical agents. Their ingredients cannot sink into the skin, as they would get blocked by thestratum basale. By this, antiperspirants can neither reach the blood vessels nor the lymph ducts. Both are located deeper within thedermis and the fatty tissue beneath.

fig above | Model of the skin: Antiperspirants are topical

treatments which cannot sink into the deeper skin ( dermis). They would get blocked by the skin’s barrier, the stratum basale. 3. Ingredient of antiperspirant Effectiveness of antiperspirants is generally based on the concentration (commonly called strength) of the principal active agentaluminium chloride. Today, the antiperspirant market offers hundreds of different products, each with diverging concentrations. Beyond that, most industrial made products do not provide any information about theirstrength. In 2009, the collaborative projectwww.wiki-

products.org started an official compendium, (listing + chart) but most manufacturers of antiperspirants did not reply to the official request. As a consequence of this, customers still do not know how much aluminium chloride many well-known and prominently advertised products contain. Three examples for recipes and ingredients: 

Deodorant (often marketed asantiperspirant)



approx. 1 % – 5 %aluminium chloride(AlCl3)



perfumes



conservatives



emulsifiers (e.g. PEGs)



colourants



skin care additives (e.g. parabens)



alcohol denat.



butan (as propellent)



others



Industrially made antiperspirant



approx. 5 % – 15 %aluminum chloride (AlCl3)



aqua



citric acid



tartaric acid hydrochloric acid



glycerin (adhesive agent)



calcium chloride



sodium chloride



conservatives



emulsifiers



Prescription strength antiperspirant



approx. 15 % – 30 %aluminium hexahydrate(AlnCl[3n-m][OH]m) *



aqua







Usnea barbata plant extracts (Old Man’s Beard) Eugenia caryophyllusplant extracts (clove, blossom)



Salvia officinalis plant extracts (sage)



emulsifiers



alcohol denat.

fig. above | Only antiperspirants of the newest generation contain natural plant extracts which can prevent skin irritations. Recommended plant extracts are: sage (left); Usnea barbata (Old Man’s Beard, middle) and clove (right). Expert’s Tip: To battle excessive sweating or Hyperhidrosis, persons concerned should always prefer prescription strength antiperspirants with a percentage of 20 % or higher. People with sensitive skin should avoid products with various unacquainted ingredients. Customers should become aware of the fact that many industrially made antiperspirants contain a lot of substances which are therapeutically obsolete:

i. ii.

colourants are added for the visual impression only perfumes will only mask body odour, they cannot prevent its forming

iii.

conservatives simply allow fabrication and storage in very large numbers

iv.

acids of any kind will irritate the skin, allergic reactions can occur

v.

disinfectants or germicides (e.g. triclosan) are controversial additives in cosmetics as they can destroy the natural bacterialflora of the skin

fig. above | Chemical structure of triclosan (polychloro phenoxy phenol). Several studies indicated that triclosan could alter the hormone regulation. It also contributes to making bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Still, though, the cosmetic

industry use triclosan as a disinfectant in many products, for example in antiperspirants. Of course, some ingredients, such as emulsifiers, are not avoidable as they make safe and (bio)compatible liquids possible.

Denatured alcohol, as a further example, has a bad reputation, but in association with antiperspirants it is the preferred medium foraluminium chloride. The aluminium salt is known for its strong chemical reactions with water by which hydrochloric acid and gas are formed. In someaqueous products (with water instead of alcohol, see example above) this reaction is slowed down by adding glycerin and/or cellulose. Nevertheless, condensate or sweat (by using rollons) could get into the antiperspirant bottle continuously until the reversal point is eventually reached. By that, the forming of irritating acids is just a question of time. In general, customers should turn more attention onnatural ingredients. Plant extracts and organic oils are the best choice for people with sensitive skin (especially women and children). Raised suspicion: unacquainted ingredients Parabens: Parabens are the most widely used preservatives in cosmetic products. The most common parabens used in cosmetic products aremethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. A famous study published in 2004 (Darbre et al., Journal of Applied Toxicology) detected parabens in breast tumors. However, the study left several questions unanswered. For example, the study did not show that parabens cause cancer, or that they are harmful in any way, and the study did not look at possible paraben levels in normal tissue. In spite of that, a bustling unobjective discussion arose on the internet. Apprehensive people, mostly female customers who regularly were using cosmetics (approx. 50 % of which contain parabens), addressed the FDA (for example) and asked for an scientific evaluation of the risks. The FDA is aware that estrogenic activity in the body is associated with certain forms of breast cancer. Although parabens can act similarly to estrogen, they have been shown to have much less estrogenic activity than the body’s naturally occurring estrogen. For example, a 1998 study (Routledge et al., inToxicology and Applied Pharmacology) found that the most potent paraben tested in the study, butylparaben, showed from 10,000- to 100,000-fold less activity than

naturally occurring estradiol (a form of estrogen). Further, parabens are used at very low levels in cosmetics. In a review of the estrogenic activity of parabens, (Golden et al., in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2005) the author concluded that based on maximum daily exposure estimates, it was implausible that parabens could increase the risk associated with exposure to estrogenic chemicals. The FDA believes that at the present time there is no reason for consumers to be concerned about the use of cosmetics containing parabens. However, the agency will continue to evaluate new data in this area. If FDA determines that a health hazard exists, the agency will advise the industry and the public.

Expert’s tip: However, people who aren’t sure about the whole buzz should take a closer look at the label of their antiperspirant. There are several antiperspirants without parabens. Some products do not contain preservatives at all. Triclosan: Triclosan is an ingredient added to many consumer products to reduce or prevent bacterial contamination (=disinfectant or germicide). It may be found in products such as clothing, kitchenware, furniture, and cosmetics, for example in antiperspirants/deodorants. Several studies indicated that triclosan could alter the hormone regulation. It also contributes to making bacteria resistant to antibiotics – a serious problem for hospitals and clinics. Concerning the usage as a remedy for body odour in antiperspirants, triclosan has been accused to eliminate the complete bacterial floraof the skin – no matter if these germs are ‘good’ or ‘bad’ ones. Some germs, of course, are needful and important for healthy skin conditions. Expert’s tip: Since triclosan became part of many health discussions a lot of cosmetic manufacturers have updated the recipes of their products, thus there a serveral antiperspirants avaiable that do not contain triclosan or other disinfectants. Pentapeptides: Some products are sold as ‘alternative antiperspirants’ that do not contain any aluminium salts. As an equivalent for the renowned AlCl3, an unknown and quite ominous ingredient namedpentapeptide shall do the work of sweat reduction. Peptides are short polymers of amino acids (a pentapeptide has 5 amino acids) linked by peptide bonds, but this is roughly all that customers might be able to find out. Pentapeptides srcinally were tested for regeneration of wounded skin, later

they found their way intoanti-wrinkle creams and related products. Anyhow, it was never explained how these polymers could work as anti-perspirantion agents. The FDA is still collecting scientific data, so there is no final conclusion if pentapeptides are hazardous for humans or not. Expert’s tip: As long as there is no final evaluation or statement by the FDA people should avoid ‘revolutionary technologies’. Still, over 97 % of all antiperspirants trust in the classic effect of AlCl3. Nanoscale silver (nanoparticles) Nanotechnology (the common short form isnanotech) is now used in the development and production of foods, color additives, dietary supplements, cosmetics, drugs and clothing fabrics. Ananometer is one-billionth of a meter, or one 25-millionth of an inch. Ananoparticle is defined as any molecular particle that is less than 100 nanometers in size. Nanoparticles play a role in dozens ofeveryday products. Scientists estimate between 350 and 700 products manufactured in at least 17 different countries on the market employ nanotech. In cosmetical antiperspirants, nanoscaled silver (silver nanoparticles) is used for several reasons: 

Disinfectant: Silver, as a natural metal, has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals. For example, silver is capable of rendering stored drinking water potable for a long period of time. Many metallic surfaces of medical devices, refridgerators and washing machines are nowadays covered with a thin layer of nanosilver in order to prevent growth of bacteria. Fabrics of sportive clothing are often impregnated with silver nanoparticles for similar reasons (prevention of body odour). In antiperspirants, the same silver compounds shall reduce the development of BO as well.



Conveyor: the nanosilver enables transdermal transport and resorption. By ‘slipping’ through cell membranes which are made from wider scaled molecules it allows ingredients of all kinds to sink into the dermis (transcellular osmosis). This could be an issue, as AlCl3 is not meant to enter the deeper parts of the skin.



Cleaning agent: nanoscaled silver particles allow to create ‘clean’ conditions on the skin. The microscopical rough surface of the spreaded

particles has similar effects as the outer face of a lotus leave which easily rejects dirt and dust. This effect is known aslotus effect. Nanoscale silver was introduced to the public as an innovative and spectacular technology which offers millions of chances. In no time, industry has avariciously adopted this invention to create endless variations. Today there are reams of products that use nanotech. A billion dollar business. Ever since, critical observers said that the rampant use of nanoparticles came much too fast, without any regulation and previous research. As a matter of fact, there were no long-time studies, or official informations if these particles could be dangerous in any way. Not until much later, when a comparable discussion about hazardous dieselfine particles led to strict laws (regulated exhaust emissions), critics reminded the responsible authorities to re-examine nanotech.

photo above | Electron microscope image of nanoscale silver. Scientist are still not sure if nano particles could be hazardous to health and environment. What could happen if nanosilver pollutes the hydrologic circle? Will animals, for example fishes, develop cellular deformations? Subsequent evaluation: The nanotech article onwikipedia.org quotes several recent studies concerningnanotoxicology, it says: “nanoparticles present possible dangers, both medically and environmentally. Most of these are due to the high surface to volume ratio, which can make the particles very reactive or catalytic. They are also able to pass through cell membranes in organisms, and their interactions with biological systems are relatively unknown. ” (complete article)

* Aluminium hexahydrate (also known as aluminium chlorohydrate) is a pure and hydrated (by water purification) form of aluminium chloride. It is used in high-quality antiperspirants for an improved drying effect. 4.Herbal antiperspirant Tumbuhan yang dapat digunakan untuk anti perspirant atau deodorant adalah sebagai berikut; Aloevera,

rose

leaf

extract,

Salvia

officinalis

(sage),

Eugenia

caryophyllus (clove, blossom), Usnea barbata plant extracts (Old Man’s Beard), lemon, tea tree oil, astringents witch hazel

Sage

Usnea barbata

clove

Aloevera

Teatreeoil

rose

lemon

witchhazel

BAB 5 TREATMENT HERBAL VAGINA

a. Penyakit ke wanitaan Kiat Mencegah Keputihan Karena Infeksi Jamur di Bulan Puasa. Bulan puasa merupakan bulan hikmah untuk beribadah bagi kaum muslim di seluruh dunia dan tentunya dalam beribadah diperlukan kenyamanan terutama kebersihan dari luar maupun dari dalam. Khususnya bagi kaum muslimah, ada penyakit tertentu yang jika dibiarkan dapat menganggu kenyamanan dalam beribadah seperti keputihan, dimana sebetulnya

penyakit ini dapat diatasi karena ada cara-cara pencegahan dan solusinya.

Keputihan merupakan penyakit umum yang sering diderita perempuan dan salah satu faktor pencetusnya adalah pola makan yang tidak sehat. Pada bulan puasa umumnya perempuan tidak memperhatikan asupan makanan yang dikonsumsi saat berbuka sehingga dapat mempengaruhi risiko keputihan akibat infeksi jamur.

Epidemiologi

75 persen dari seluruh wanita di dunia pasti akan mengalami keputihan paling tidak sekali seumur hidup dan sebanyak 45% akan mengalami dua kali atau lebih. 92 persen keputihan disebabkan oleh jamur yang disebut Candida albicans.

Tentang Keputihan

Keputihan atau istilah medisnya Fluor Albus, adalah cairan yang berlebihan yang keluar dari vagina. Terdapat dua jenis keputihan:

Bersifat fisiologis (dalam keadaan normal) dengan ciri-ciri: * berwarna putih jernih, * berwarna kuning terang, * konsistensi seperti lendir (encer-kental) tergantung siklus hormon, * tidak berbau dan tidak menimbulkan keluhan

Bersifat patologis (karena penyakit) dengan ciri-ciri: * cairan yang keluar dari vagina lebih banyak dari biasanya dan terus menerus muncul hingga terasa mengganggu, * berbau tidak sedap, * berwarna (putih susu – kuning tua – coklat – kehijauan – bercampur darah), * konsisten encer berbuih hingga kental menggumpal seperti susu basi, * timbul benjolan atau luka dan gatal atau panas disertai rasa nyeri ketika berhubungan.

Keputihan dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi dari: bakteri (Chlamydia, N.Gonorrhoeae, Bakterial Vaginosis, dll), Jamur (Candida Spp) dan Parasit (Trichomonas Vaginalis).

Keputihan dapat dicegah dengan menjaga kebersihan genitalia dan pola makan yang sehat, menghinda rkan faktor resiko infeksi seperti berganti-ganti pasangan seksual,

pemeriksaan ginekologi secara teratur termasuk pemeriksaan deteksi dini kanker serviks (pap smear) satu tahun sekali bagi yang pernah melakukan hubungan seksual.

Infeksi Jamur Vagina

Infeksi jamur vagina disebabkan oleh Candida Albicans dan merupakan penyebab keputihan yang sering di temui di Indonesia. Semua perempuan di semua usia dapat mengalaminya termasuk mereka yang belum pernah berhubungan seksual.

Infeksi jamur vagina merupakan akibat pertumbuhan yang berlebihan dari mikroorganisme yang secara normal ada dalam saluran pencernaan dan vagina. Terjadinya pertumbuhan abnormal dari jamur vagina disebabkan oleh gangguan keseimbangan flora saluran pencernaan dan vagina akibat turunnya imunitas tubuh, hamil, obesitas, penggunaan antibiotika, pola makan atau konsumsi gula yang tinggi, gangguan pencernaan termasuk konstipasi.

Gejala yang dihadapi adalah keputihan yang kental putih kekuningan, kerap menggumpal seperti kepala susu dan berbau tidak sedap, rasa gatal pada daerah vagina dan sekitarnya, rasa tidak nyaman saat buang air dan nyeri ketika berhubungan seksual.

Penatalaksanaan infeksi jamur vagina adalah dengan menjaga kebersihan dan perawatan daerah ginetalia, mengatasi faktor resiko seperti obesitas/kegemukan, penyakit kencing manis, turunnya imunitas tubuh, penggunaan obat-obat antibiotika dalam jangka waktu yang lama dan bahan/kondisi yang mengiritasi vagina, pengaturan pola makan sehat dan obat-obat anti jamur.

Tips yang perlu diperhatikan selama bulan puasa agar terhindar dari resiko keputihan

Cukup asupan cairan, minimal 8 gelas per hari dalam bentuk minuman maupun makanan Cukup asupan serat dari buah dan sayuran Hindari makanan yang terlalu banyak mengandung tepung dan gula

b. Herbal untuk kewanitaan

i. Delima putih

Delima (punica granatum) adalah tanaman buah-buahan yang dapat tumbuh hingga 5-8 m. Tanaman ini diperkirakan berasal dari Iran, namun telah lama dikembangbiakkan di daerahMediterania.

Bangsa Moor memberi

nama

salah

satu

kota

kuno

di Spanyol, Granada berdasarkan nama buah ini. Tanaman ini juga banyak ditanam di daerah Cina Selatan dan Asia Tenggara. Delima

berasal

Tengah,

tersebar

dari Timur di

daerah

subtropik sampai tropik, dari dataran rendah sampai di bawah 1.000

m

dpl.

Tumbuhan

ini

menyukai tanah gembur yang tidak terendam air, dengan air tanah yang tidak dalam. Delima sering ditanam di kebun-kebun sebagai tanaman hias, tanaman obat, atau karena buahnya yang dapat dimakan. Berupa perdu atau pohon kecil dengan tinggi 2–5 m. Batang berkayu, ranting bersegi, percabangan banyak, lemah, berduri pada ketiak daunnya, cokelat ketika masih muda, dan hijau kotor setelah tua. Daun tunggal, bertangkai pendek, letaknya berkelompok. Helaian daun bentuknya lonjong sampai lanset, pangkal lancip, ujung tumpul, tepi rata, pertulangan menyirip, permukaan mengkilap, panjang 1–9 cm, lebar 0,5–2,5 cm, warnanya hijau. Bunga tunggal bertangkai pendek, keluar di ujung ranting atau di ketiak daun yang paling atas. Biasanya, terdapat satu sampai lima bunga, warnanya merah, putih, atau ungu. Berbunga sepanjang tahun. Buahnya buah buni, bentuknya bulat dengan diameter 5–12 cm, warna kulitnya beragam, seperti hijau keunguan, putih, cokelat kemerahan, atau ungu kehitaman. Kadang, terdapat bercak-bercak yang agak menonjol berwarna tebih tua. Bijinya banyak, kecil-kecil, bentuknya bulat panjang yang bersegi-segi agak pipih, keras, tersusun tidak beraturan, warnanya merah, merah jambu, atau putih.

Manfaat delima tersebut bisa diperoleh dengan berbagai cara, seperti dalam bentuk sari buah atau bisa juga memakan bijinya, sirup, pasta atau konsentrat delima. Secara tradisional, buah delima biasa digunakan untuk membersihkan kulit dan mengurangi peradangan pada kulit. Jus buah delima juga bisa mengurangi derita radang tenggorokan. Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh American Journal of Clinical

Nutrition, buah delima yang kaya antioksidan ini bisa mencegah oksidasi LDL atau kolesterol jahat dalam tubuh. Selain yang sudah disebutkan tadi, khasiat buah delima bagi kesehatan antara lain dapat untuk penyakit-penyakit seperti: gangguan perut, gangguan jantung, kanker, perawatan gigi, rematik, kurang darah dan diabetes. Di Asia, sari buahnya juga dikentalkan menjadi suatu sirup yang digunakan sebagai saus. Di Mesir buah ini dijadikan semacam minuman anggur, sirup, dan sari buah. Dalam satu gelas sari delima lebih banyak kandungan antioksidannya dibandingkan dengan satu gelas red wine, green tea atau orange juice. Di Amerika, produk sari buah delima yang dikenal sebagai pom wonderful menjadi tren minuman kesehatan terkini. Minuman sari buah delima dikenal sebagai sari buah sehat, tinggi khasiatnya. Sari buah delima tinggi kandungan ion kalium (potasium), vitamin A, C dan E serta asam folic. Dari bagian biji yang dapat dimakan, kandungan kalium per 100 gram (259 mg/gr), energi 63 kal, 30 mg vitamin C. Komponen ini dianggap sangat penting bagi kesehatan jantung (Time, Desember 2003). Sari buah delima juga tinggi kandungan flavonoidnya, suatu jenis antioksidan kuat yang penting perannya untuk mencegah berkembangnya radikal bebas di dalam tubuh sekaligus memperbaiki sel-sel tubuh yang rusak, serta mampu dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap penyakit jantung, kanker kulit, dan kangker prostat. Antioksidan yang terkandung didalamnya membantu mencegah penyumbatan pada pembuluh darah arteri oleh kolesterol. Bahkan kandungan antioksidan dalam buah delima jumlahnya tiga kali lebih banyak daripada wine atau teh hijau. Peneliti dari Vanderbilt University Medical Center menemukan bahwa orang yang meminum jus 3 kali atau lebih dalam seminggu, dapat menurunkan risiko terkena alzheimer hingga 76% dibandingkan orang yang tidak minum jus sama sekali.

ii. Jambe / pinang Pinang adalah

sejenis palma yang tumbuh di

daerah Pasifik, Asia dan Afrik

a bagian timur. Pinang juga

merupakan nama buahnya

yang diperdagangkan orang.

Pelbagai nama daerah di

antaranya

adalah pineung (Aceh), pining

(Batak Toba), penang (Md.), jamb

e (Sd., Jw.), bua, ua, wua, pua, fua, hua (aneka bahasa di Nusa Tenggara dan Maluku) dan berbagai sebutan lainnya. Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai Betel palm atau Betel nut tree, dan nama ilmiahnya adalah Areca catechu.

Pinang terutama ditanam untuk dimanfaatkan bijinya, yang di dunia Barat dikenal sebagai betel nut. Biji ini dikenal sebagai salah satu campuran orang makan sirih, selain gambir dan kapur. Biji pinang mengandung alkaloida seperti misalnya arekaina (arecaine) dan arekolina (arecoline), yang sedikit banyak bersifat racun dan adiktif, dapat merangsang otak. Sediaan simplisia biji pinang di apotek biasa digunakan untuk mengobati cacingan, terutama untuk mengatasi cacing pita. [3] Sementara itu, beberapa macam pinang bijinya menimbulkan rasa pening apabila dikunyah. Zat lain yang dikandung buah ini antara lainarecaidine, arecolidine, guracine (guacine), guvacoline dan beberapa unsur lainnya. Secara tradisional, biji pinang digunakan dalam ramuan untuk mengobati sakit disentri, diare berdarah, dankudisan. Biji ini juga dimanfaatkan sebagai penghasil zat pewarna merah dan bahan penyamak. Akar pinang jenis pinang itam, di masa lalu digunakan sebagai bahan peracun untuk menyingkirkan musuh atau orang yang tidak disukai. Pelepah daun yang seperti tabung (dikenal sebagai upih) digunakan sebagai pembungkus kue-kue dan makanan. Umbutnya dimakan sebagai lalapan atau dibikin acar. Batangnya kerap diperjual belikan, terutama di kota-kota besar di Jawa menjelang perayaan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan 17 Agustus, sebagai sarana untuk lomba panjat pinang. Meski kurang begitu awet, kayu pinang yang tua juga dimanfaatkan untuk bahan perkakas atau pagar. Batang pinang tua yang dibelah dan dibuang tengahnya digunakan untuk membuat talang atau saluran air. Pinang juga kerap ditanam, di luar maupun di dalam ruangan, sebagai pohon hias atau ornamental.

iii. Kayu rapet

Parameria

laevigata (Juss)

Moldenke

- Kayu

Rapet Deskripsi tanaman Habitat : Tanaman ini banyak tumbuh liar di huta n dan tempat lain yan g bertanah tandus dan cukup mendapatkan sinar matahari. Semak menjalar, panjang kurang lebih 4 meter. Tumbuh liar di hutan pada dataran rendah samapai 1200 dpl Batang Daun

: membelit, bulat, berkayu, berambut, cokelat. : tunggal, lanset, berhadapan, pangkal dan daun meruncing, daun

muda berwarna hijau kemerahan setelah tua berwarna hijau, berhadapan, pertulangan menyirip, panjang 5-12 cm, lebar 2-5 cm, bertangkai panjang 2-4 cm. Bunga

: bentuk malai, majemuk, mahkota bentuk corong, panjang 2-2,5 cm,

warna putih. Berbunga pada bulan juni-oktober. Buah

: polong, panjang 15-45 cm, ujung lanciip, berisi 4-10 biji, berbuah

bulan oktober-desember. Biji

: bulat, warna cokelat kehitaman.

Akar : tunggang, berwarna coklat. SEBAGAI semak menjalar, kayu rapat atau kayu rapet baik dipelihara sebagai tanaman hias Kandungan kimia Kulit, kayu dan akar Parameria laevigata mengandung flavonoida dan polifenol, daunnya juga mengandung saponin dan Tanin. Saponin adalah senyawa surfaktan. Dan berbagai hasil penelitian disimpulkan, saponin bersifat hipokolesterolemik, imunostimulator, dan antikarsinogenik. Mekanisme antikoarsinigenik saponin meliputi efek antioksidan dan sitotoksik langsung pada sel kanker Saponin memberikan rasa pahit pada bahan pangan nabati. Sumber utama saponin adalah biji-bijian khususnya kedele. Saponin dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kanker kolon dan membantu kadar kolesterol menjadi normal. Tergantung pada jenis bahan makanan yang dikonsumsi, seharinya dapat mengkonsumsi saponin sebesar 10-200 mg.

Tanin adalah astringen jalur usus, dapat mengurangi sekresi cairan dalam usus, sehingga kadar air dalam kotoran manusia berkurang sehingga dapat mencegah mencret Polifenol adalah kelompok zat kimia yang ditemukan padatumbuhan. Zat ini memiliki tanda khas yakni memiliki banyak gugusfenol dalam molekulnya. Polifenol berperan dalam memberi warna pada suatu tumbuhan seperti warna daun saatmusim gugur. Pada beberapa penelitian disebutkan bahwa kelompok polifenol memiliki peran sebagai antioksidan yang baik untuk kesehatan. Antioksidan polifenol dapat mengurangi risikopenyakit jantung dan pembuluh darah dan kanker. Terdapat penelitian yang menyimpulkan polifenol dapat mengurangi risikopenyakit Alzheimer. Berfungsi sebagai antihistamin (antialergi) Flavonoid , berfungsi : ·

melancarkan peredaran darah ke seluruh tubuh dan mencegah terjadinya penyumbatan pada pembuluh darah

·

mengurangi kandungan kolesterol serta mengurangi penumbunan lemak pada dinding pembuluh darah

·

mengurangi kadar resiko penyakit jantung koroner

·

mengandung antiinflamasi (antiradang)

·

berfungsi sebagai anti-oksidan

·

membantu mengurangi rasa sakit jika terjadi pendarahan atau pembengkakan Khasiat Kulit kayu Parameria laevigata berkhasiat sebagai obat rahim nyeri sehabis bersalin, disentri, koreng-koreng dan luka-luka. Untuk obat rahim nyeri sehabis bersalin dipakai 15 gr kulit kayu Parameria laevigata, dicuci, direbus dengan 3 gelas air selama 25 menit, setelah diangkat disaring. Hasil saringan diminum 2x sama banyak pagi dan sore. Juga berkhasiat sebagai Stomakik; Antipiretik; Desinfektan. ( http://dhedia.wordpress.com/2008/02/16/kayu-rapet-salah-satu-tumb-herba-indonesia/ )

iv. Majakani

Majakani (manjakani), also known as Oak Gall, is found on the twigs or leaves of the oak tree (specifically dyer’s oak or quercus infectoria). It is a small tree indigenous to Asia Minor and Persia. Majakani (manjakani) has natural antiseptic properties, and is used to treat female vaginal discharge (leucorrhoea). In written records as far back as 100 A.D., the Roman gynaecologist, Soranus has used this plant to treat his patients. In Asia it is widely believed that majakani (manjakani) can rejuvenate the vaginal muscular cells, resulting in tighter vagina muscles. Many Asian women consume majakani (manjakani) after childbirth to tighten their vagina. Majakani (manjakani) is also available as a topical cream. Majakani (manjakani) is a very powerful astringent herb and is believed to firm and tighten the vaginal wall, restore elasticity, and improve muscle tone. Dibandingkan dengan daun sirih, manjakani memang relatif kurang dikenal. Padahal tanaman ini juga berkhasiat untuk merawat kesehatan, membersihkan organ intim wanita dan menghilangkan bau tak sedap, bersih harum dan kesat, bangkitkan rasa percaya diri untuk kemesraan hubungan suami-istri. Merawat organ intim dengan ramuan bahan alami sebenarnya telah dilakukan sejak dahulu kala. Yang paling populer adalah air rebusan daun sirih untuk menghilangkan keputihan. Sebenarnya masih ada bahan lain untuk menjaga organ intim, yakni manjakani (oak galls). Manjakani “Herbal Ajaib” Manjakani

yang

dikenal

“herbal

ajaib”

mengandung

kaya

akan

tannin untuk

mengencangkan otot vagina, vitamin A dan C, kalsium, protein, serta mengandung elemen astringent untuk menghilangkan bakteri penyebab keputihan, serta menambah kerapatan. Aman diminum dan bebas efek samping karena Alami. Selama berabad-abad, tanaman yang punya nama lain Mecca Manjakani ini telah dipakai dalam obat tradisional oleh orang Arab, Iran, Cina, India, dan Melayu. Walaupun banyak tumbuh di Indonesia, tumbuhan manjakani belum banyak dikenal masyarakat. Menurut pakar herbal dan obat tradisional, Prof. Dr. Hembing Wijayakusuma, seperti daun sirih, manjakani juga dapat membersihkan jamur dan bakteri di area vagina. “Manjakani sebenarnya lebih bagus karena bisa mengatasi cairan berlebih di vagina,” katanya.

Manjakani Dambaan Pasutri Buah Manjakani sebagai obat-obatan herbal yang dapat membantu elastisitas organ intim kewanitaaan sudah dikenal sejak ribuan tahun lalu. Khasiat Manjakani bukan saja dapat dirasakan oleh kaum Hawa, tetapi secara tidak langsung juga membantu kepuasan pria dan wanita saat behubungan intim. Ekstrak manjakani tidak hanya dikenal dapat membantu mengencangkan otot vagina, mengurangi keputihan dan mengurangi cairan, namun juga dapat membantu vagina yang kering,” ungkap Prof. Dr. Hembing Wijayakusuma. Menurut Hembing, penggunaan manjakan i di zaman dulu biasanya dihaluskan lalu disaring sebelum dioleskan di organ kewanitaan. Ada pula yang meminum jamu manjakani untuk meningkatkan elastisitas otot area V. Namun begitu, lanjut Hembing, bahan manjakani tak bisa dipakai begitu saja, karena harus diformulasikan dulu, dicampur dengan bahan ramuan lain sesuai dengan tujuan pengobatannya. Berikut ini Beberapa Khasiat Manjakani: •

Memulihkan elastisitas organ intim kewanitaaan (kencangkan otot Miss V)

•

Menghilangkan gatal-gatal, Keputihan dan bau yang kurang menyenangkan.

•

Mencegah penuaan dini

•

Menstabilkan PH asam dan mengurangi cairan (basah) berlebihan (tidak kering).

•

Meningkatkan hormon estrogen

•

Mempertingkatkan daya alat kelamin dan tenaga batin.

•

Membina rahim dan membersihkan (selepas bersalin / haid)

•

Melancarkan pencernaan sehingga BAB lancar.

•

Mencegah Kanker Servix dan Kanker Payudara.

•

Mengobati sakit maag dan mengurangi selulit.

v. Gambir Gambir adalah dikeringkan

yang

sejenis getah yang berasal

remasan

daun

dan

bernama

sama

( Uncaria

dari

ranting

ekstrak

tumbuhan

gambir Roxb.).

Di Indonesia gambir pada umumnya digunaka n pada menyirih. Kegunaan yang lebih penting

adalah

sebagai

bahan penyamak kulit

mengandung katekin (catechin),

suatu

dan bahan

pewarna.

Gambir

alami

juga

yang

bersifatantioksidan. India mengimpor 68% gambir dari Indonesia, dan menggunakannya sebagai bahan campuran menyirih. Gambir dihasilkan pula dari tumbuhan U. acida.

Gambir adalah ekstrak air panas dari daun dan ranting tanaman gambir yang disedimentasikan dan kemudian dicetak dan dikeringkan. Hampir 95% produksi dibuat menjadi produk ini, yang dinamakan betel bite atau plan masala. Bentuk cetakan biasanya silinder, menyerupai gula merah. Warnanya coklat kehitaman. Gambir (dalam perdagangan antarnegara dikenal sebagai gambier) biasanya dikirim dalam kemasan 50kg. Bentuk lainnya adalah bubuk atau "biskuit". Nama lainnya dalah catechu, gutta gambir, catechu pallidum (pale catechu). Daerah penghasil utama adalah Sumatra bagian tengah dan selatan. Harga jualnya di tingkat petani per kg adalah IDR5.000 hingga IDR20.000; di pasaran ekspor harganya berkisar dari USD1,46 hingga USD2,91. Ekspor gambir juga menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang baik. Umumnya, gambir dikenal berasal dari Sumatera Barat. Terutama dari Kabupaten 50 Kota,Pesisir selatan(kec koto XI Tarusan Desa siguntur muda). Sebagai sentra penghasil gambior, Kabupaten 50 Kota merupakan lokasi yang strategis dan cocok untuk investor perkebunan.

Kegunaan utama adalah sebagai komponen menyirih, yang sudah dikenal masyarakat kepulauan Nusantara, dari Sumatra hingga Papua sejak paling tidak 2500 tahun yang lalu. Diketahui, gambir merangsang keluarnya getah empedu sehingga membantu kelancaran proses di perut dan usus. Fungsi lain adalah sebagai campuran obat, seperti sebagai luka bakar, obat sakit kepala, obat diare, obat disentri, obat kumur-kumur, obat sariawan, serta obat sakit kulit (dibalurkan); penyamak kulit; dan bahan pewarna tekstil. Fungsi yang tengah dikembangkan juga adalah sebagai perekat kayu lapis atau papan partikel. Produk ini masih harus bersaing dengan sumber perekat kayu lain, seperti kulit kayu Acacia mearnsii, kayu Schinopsis balansa, serta kulit polong Caesalpinia spinosa yang dihasilkan negara lain.

Kandungan yang utama dan juga dikandung oleh banyak anggota Uncaria lainnya adalah flavonoid (terutama gambiriin), katekin (sampai 51%), zat penyamak (22-50%), serta sejumlah alkaloid (seperti gambirtannin dan turunan dihidro- dan okso-nya. Selain itu gambir dijadikan obat-obatan modern yang diproduksi negara jerman, dan juga sebagai pewarna cat, pakaian. Bila ditinjau dari ketersediaan lahan di Sumatera Barat maka terlihat adanya keterbatasan. Sekitar 60 persen dari lahan yang ada merupakan perbukitan dan lahan miring dan 15 persen saja yang telah disepakati untuk lahan pertanian. Secara keseluruhan hanya tersedia sekitar 450000 ha lahan yang potensial untuk perluasan tanaman perkebunan. Di Sumatera Barat tanaman gambir tumbuh dengan baik didaerah Limapuluh Kota, Pesisir Selatan dan daerah tingkat II lainnya. Di Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota sebanyak 11937 Ha dengan produksi 7379 ton pertahun. Di Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan sebanyak 2469 Ha dengan produksi 688 ton pertahun dan Kabupaten lainnya seluas 175 Ha yang sebahagian besar belum berproduksi. Luas diatas potensial dan memenuhi skala ekonomi untuk dikembangkan. Jumlah unit usaha pengolahan gambir di Sumatera Barat tercatat sebanyak 3571 unit dengan tenaga kerja 6908 orang dan investasi Rp 1029614000. Data produksi gambir di Sumatera Barat sebenarnya belum tersedia dengan lengkap, khususnya untuk konsumsi dalam negeri. Bila berpedoman kepada angka produksi tahun 1997 dan angka ekspor pada tahun yang sama maka 98 persen produksi gambir diekspor dan 2 persen dikonsumsi dalam negeri. Di negara lain juga ada produk sejenis gambir yang ditawarkan seperti tannin dari kulit kayu Acacia mearnsii, kayu Schinopsis balansa. Pada tahun 1983 diproduksi 10000 ton

perekat berbasis tannin Acacia mearnsii di Afrika Selatan. Di New Zealand telah mulai produksi tiap tahunnya 8000 ton perekat berbasis tannin dari kulit kayu Pinus radiata. Di Peru diproduksi Tara tannin dari kulit buah Caesalpinia spinosa yang juga akan dijadikan bahan baku perekat. Prospek gambir sebagai bahan baku perekat untuk bahan berbasis kayu atau bahan berlignosellulosa lainnya terlihat ada. Sebagai langkah awal penulis telah mendaftarkan paten pada Departemen Kehakiman dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia dengan judul “Proses gambir sebagai bahan baku perekat dengan nomor P 00200200856” dengan memanfaatkan insentif dari Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi. Gambir dapat juga dijadikan sebagai bahan baku utama perekat perekat kayu lapis dan papan partikel. Bila gambir yang diekspor tersebut digunakan sebagai bahan baku perekat kayu lapis di dalam negeri maka baru akan memenuhi kebutuhan tiga pabrik kayu lapis yang berkapasitas 5000-6000 m3/bulan. Hal ini akan masih tetap terlalu sedikit dibanding kebutuhan pabrik kayu lapis dan papan partikel yang ada di Pulau Sumatra. Dan gambir dapat diolah di dalam negeri menjadi bentuk yang lain dari sekarang, seperti bentuk biskuit dan tepung gambir sesuai dengan permintaan pasar dunia. Negara India saja membutuhkan gambir sebanyak 6000 ton pertahun. Terlihat bahwa prospek luar negeri masih terbuka. Ditinjau dari aspek konservasi ditemui juga penanaman pada lahan termasuk areal kawasan lindung dengan salah satu ciri kelerangan diatads 40 persen. Di Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota terutama perkebunan gambir ada di Kecamatan Kapur IX, Mahat, Pangkalan Koto Baru dan Suliki Gunung Mas. Kapur IX merupakan kecamatan penghasil gambir terbesar (hampir 2/3 total produksi) dengan wilayah utama yaitu Nagari Sialang. Areal penanaman gambir tersebut sebahagian besar berasal pada Sub Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Kampar Kanan dan DAS Mahat. Berdasarkan peta Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan (TGHK), fungsi kawasan hutan kedua Sub DAS tersebut adalah 64,30 persen sebagai kawasan lindung dan 35,70 persen sebagai kawasan yang boleh diusahakan (kawasan eksploitasi). Kawasan lindung tersebut terdiri dari 61,37 persen (204412 Ha) sebagai hutan lindung dan 2,93 persen sebagai hutan suaka alam.

vi.

Sambiroto Sambiloto merupakan tumbuhan berkhasiat

obat berupa terna tegak yang tingginya bisa mencapai 90 sentimeter. Asalnya diduga dari Asia tropika. Penyebarannya dari India meluas ke selatan sampai di Siam, ke timur sampai semenanjung Malaya, kemudian ditemukan Jawa. Tumbuh baik di dataran rendah sampai ketinggian 700 meter dari permukaan laut. Sambiloto dapat tumbuh baik pada curah hujan 2000-3000 mm/tahun dan suhu udara 25-32 derajat Celcius. Kelembaban yang dibutuhkan termasuk sedang, yaitu 70-90% dengan penyinaran agak lama. Nama daerah untuk sambiloto antara lain: sambilata (Melayu); ampadu tanah (Sumatera Barat); sambiloto, ki pait, bidara, andiloto (Jawa Tengah); ki oray (Sunda); pepaitan (Madura), sedangkan nama asingnya Chuan xin lien (Cina). Batang sambiloto berkayu, berpangkal bulat, berbentuk segi empat saat muda dan bulat setelah tua, percabangan monopodial, dan berwarna hijau. Daun kecil-kecil berbentuk lanset, pangkal rata, permukaan berwarna hijau tua, tepi tidak bergerigi. Bunga berwarna putih kekuningan dan bertangkai. Buah berbentuk jorong kecil, bila tua akan pecah menjadi 4 keping. Bunganya berwarna putih atau ungu dan berbunga sepanjang tahun. Buah yang dihasilkan berbentuk memanjang sampai jorong, sedang bijinya berbentuk gepeng. Tanaman sambiloto digunakan untuk mencegah pembentukan radang, memperlancar air seni (diuretika), menurunkan panas badan (antipiretika), obat sakit perut, kencing manis, dan terkena racun. kandungan senyawa kalium memberikan khasiat menurunkan tekanan darah. Hasil percobaan farmakologi menunjukkan bahwa air rebusan daun sambiloto 10% dengan takaran 0.3 ml/kg berat badan dapat memberikan penurunan kadar gula darah yang sebanding dengan pemberian suspensi glibenclamid. Selain itu, daun Sambiloto juga dipercaya bisa digunakan sebagai obat penyakit tifus dengan cara mengambil 10-15 daun yang direbus sampai mendidih dan diminum air rebusannya. Andrographolide memiliki sifat melindungi hati (hepatoprotektif), dan terbukti mampu melindungi hati dari efek negatif galaktosamin dan parasetamol. Khasiat ini berkaitan erat dengan aktifitas enzim-enzim metabolik tertentu. Sambiloto telah lama dikenal memiliki khasiat medis. Ayurveda adalah salah satu sistem pengobatan India kuno yang mencantumkan sambiloto sebagai herba medis, dimana sambiloto disebut dengan nama Kalmegh pada Ayurveda.

Selain berkhasiat melindungi hati, sambiloto juga dapat menekan pertumbuhan sel kanker.

Hal

ini disebabkan

karena

senyawa

aktifnya,

yakni

Andrographolide,

menurunkan ekspresi enzim CDK4 (cyclin dependent kinase 4). Andrographolide juga memiliki khasiat meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh, dengan cara meningkatkan pembelahan limfosit dan produksi interleukin-2. Khasiat sitotoksik limfosit ditingkatkan oleh Andrographolide, yang membuatnya memiliki khasiat tidak langsung terhadap penghambatan sel kanker. Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa di dalam daun sambiloto terdapat senyawa kimia Andrographolide yang mampu melindungi hati, melawan kanker, serta meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh. Nampaknya Andrographolide ini berpotensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai obat.

vii. Sirih Sirih merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia yang tumbuh merambat atau bersandar pada batang pohon lain. Sebagai budaya daun dan buahnya biasa dimakan dengan cara mengunyah bersamagambir, pinang dan kapur. Namun mengunyah sirih telah dikaitkan dengan penyakit kanker mulutdan pembentukan squamous cell carcinoma yang bersifat malignan. Sirih digunakan sebagai tanaman obat (fitofarmaka); sangat berperan dalam kehidupan dan berbagai upacara adat rumpun Melayu.

Tanaman merambat ini bisa mencapai tinggi 15 m. Batang sirih berwarna coklat kehijauan,berbentuk bulat, beruas dan merupakan tempat keluarnya akar. Daunnya yang tunggal berbentuk jantung, berujung runcing, tumbuh berselang-seling, bertangkai, dan mengeluarkan bau yang sedap bila diremas. Panjangnya sekitar 5 - 8 cm dan lebar 2 - 5 cm. Bung anya majemuk berbentuk bulir dan terdapat daun pelindung ± 1 mm berbentuk bulat panjang. Pada bulir jantan panjangnya sekitar 1,5 3 cm dan terdapat dua benang sari yang pendek sedang pada bulir betina panjangnya sekitar 1,5 - 6 cm dimana terdapat kepala putik tiga sampai lima buah berwarna putih

dan hijau kekuningan. Buahnya buah buni berbentuk bulat berwarna hijau keabuabuan. Akarnya tunggang, bulat dan berwarna coklat kekuningan.

Minyak atsiri dari daun sirih mengandung minyak terbang (betIephenol), seskuiterpen, pati, diatase, gula dan zat samak dan kavikol yang memiliki daya mematikan kuman, antioksidasi dan fungisida, anti jamur. Sirih berkhasiat menghilangkan bau badan yang ditimbulkan bakteri dan cendawan. Daun sirih juga bersifat menahan perdarahan, menyembuhkan luka pada kulit, dan gangguan saluran pencernaan. Selain itu juga bersifat mengerutkan, mengeluarkan dahak, meluruhkan ludah, hemostatik, dan menghentikan perdarahan. Biasanya untuk obat hidung berdarah, dipakai 2 lembar daun

segar Piper

betle,

dicuci,

digulung

kemudian

dimasukkan

ke

dalam

lubang hidung. Selain itu, kandungan bahan aktif fenol dan kavikol daun sirih hutan juga

dapat

dimanfaatkan sebagai pestisida nabati untuk mengendalikan hama

penghisap.

viii. Kunir putih Temu rapet atau kunci pepet (Kaempferia rotunda L.), atau kadang kala disebut kunir putih, adalah sejenis rempahrempah rimpang yang masih berkerabat dekat dengan kencur. Berbeda dengan kencur, yang banyak dipakai sebagai bumbu masak, temu rapet lebih khusus dipakai untuk khasiat pengobatannya. Selain itu, karena daunnya yang indah, temu rapet ditanam pula di pekarangan sebagai tanaman hias. Tanaman ini dikenal pula sebagai temu putri atau temu lilin (Btw.); ardong, kunir putih, kunci pĕpĕt (Jw.); dan koncé pĕt (Md.). Namun soal nama ini perlu berhati-hati, karena kunir putih atau kunyit putih juga merupakan nama dari Curcuma zedoaria dan kunci pepet juga digunakan untuk menyebut Kaempferia angustifolia. Dalam bahasa Inggris Kaempferia rotunda dikenal sebagai Round-rooted Galangal. Terna yang tak seberapa tinggi, tegak, berdaun 2–5 helai.Daun-daun bertangkai, dengan pelepah 7–24 cm; helaian daun lanset menjorong, 7–36 cm × 4–11 cm; sisi

atas gundul, sering dengan pola-pola kembang yang simetris, hijau dan keputihan; sisi bawah sedikit berambut, keunguan. Perbungaan muncul dari kuncup yang lain pada rimpang, berisi 4–6 kuntum bunga. Kelopak bunga putih atau kehijauan, 3–7 cm panjangnya; mahkota serupa tabung di pangkalnya, dengan taju bentuk garis, putih, melengkung ke luar, lk. 5 cm. Labellum atau bibir (yakni staminodiayang membesar, melebar, dan berwarnawarni) berbentuk jantung terbalik, berbagi hingga setengah jalan atau lebih, 4–7 cm × 2–4 cm, ungu-lila dengan rusuk kekuningan. Kaempferia rotunda diduga berasal dari wilayah Indocina[2], namun didapati menyebar secara alami di Asia mulai dari India di barat, Sri Lanka, Burma, Cina (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan, ke selatan melalui Indocina hingga Thailand, Malaysia, danIndonesia.[3][4] Tumbuhan ini ditemukan tumbuh di hutan-hutan jati, hutan pegunungan bawah, hutan bambu, dan juga padang-padang rumput, hingga ketinggian 1.300 m dpl.

Secara tradisional, rimpang kunci pepet ini digunakan sebagai obat sakit perut dan disentri. Umbi-umbinya yang kecil dan berair mempunyai khasiat mendinginkan. Karenanya, temu rapet juga dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bedak, campuran jamu ibu melahirkan dan penambah nafsu makan. Selain itu Kaempferia rotunda digunakan dalam pembuatan harum-haruman, anti serangga, serta dijadikan bahan makanan sebagai sayuran atau lalapan.

c. Tongkat V Merupakan produk yang dapat digunakan untuk membersihakan, menyehatkan vagina dari berbagai macam penyakit. Merupakan paduan bahan mineral alami tawas dengan ramuan tumbuh tumbuhan yang berfungsi meyehatkan, membuat elastis dinding vagina. Dengan paduan bahan pelembab alami aloevera, moisturizer glikol, zat aktif permukaan surfaktan cg 110 yang sudah terbukti sngat membantu untuk membunuh candida albicans.

Tongkat V 1.

Tawas sebagai mineral menghilangkan bau.

alami

untuk

menghambat

pertumbuhan

bakteri

dan

2.

Ramuan herbal; delima putih, jambe, kayu rapet, majakani, gambir, sambiloto, sirih, kunir putih, kepel .

3.

Pelembab alami aloevera, olive oil

4.

Moisturizer ; gliserin, propilen glikol. Peg 400.

5.

Surfaktan ( zat aktif permukaan) triton cg 110.

6.

Penjaga pH asam susu.

7.

Chelating agent EDTA.

8.

Anti oksidan BHT

BAB 6. TAWAS DAN KESEHATAN

Toxicology The health effects of antiperspirants are a matter of dispute regarding their extent. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and may experience contact dermatitis when exposed to aluminium-containing deodorants. Aluminium salts from use of deodorants causedcontact dermatitis to the skin. After using a deodorant containing zirconium, the skin may develop an allergic, axillary granulomaresponse. Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made potassium alum were found to be a weak irritant to the skin. Alcohol-free deodorant is available for those with sensitive skin. Aluminium is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function to living cells (non-essential metal). Frequent use of deodorants was associated with blood concentrations of the synthetic muskgalaxolide.

Aluminium neurotoxicity Aluminium, present most often in antiperspirants, but not usually present in non-antiperspirant deodorants, has been established as aneurotoxin. At high doses, aluminium itself adversely affects

the blood-brain

barrier ,

is

capable

of

causing DNA damage,

and

has

adverse epigenetic effects. Research has shown that high doses of the aluminium salts used in antiperspirants have detrimental effects to a number of species such as nonhuman primates, mice, and dogs.

Experiments with mice applying aqueous solution of aluminium chloride to the skin resulted in "a significant increase in urine, serum, and whole brain aluminium" and transplacental passage. A 2001 study showed that the use of aluminium chlorohydrate, the active ingredient in many antiperspirants, does not lead to a significant (vs. ingestion via diet) increase in aluminium

levels

in

the

body

with

one-time

use. The

Food

and

Drug

Administration "acknowledges that small amounts of aluminium can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin."

An increased amount of aluminium is present in the brains of many Alzheimer's patients. A 1990 study showed an association between exposure to aluminium and long term use of Antiperspirants and Alzheimer's disease with a trend toward a higher risk with increasing frequency of use. A 1998 study indicated the use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants has been linked with the systemic accumulation of aluminium which increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Society advises that "environmental factors have been put forward as possible contributory causes of Alzheimer's disease in some people. Among these is aluminium. There is circumstantial evidence linking this metal with Alzheimer's disease, but no causal relationship has yet been proved. As evidence for other causes continues to grow, a possible link with aluminium seems increasingly unlikely."

Breast cancer A 2002 study stated "[t]he rumor that antiperspirant use causes breast cancer continues to circulate the Internet. Although unfounded , there have been no published epidemiologic studies to support or refute this claim." The American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) were very much concerned about the e-mails antiperspirants to cancer that both put out information on the

rumors directly linking

Internet stating there was no

evidence linking the cosmetic products with cancer. According to the ACS "studies have not shown any direct link between parabens and any health problems, including breast cancer. What has been found is that there are many other compounds in the environment that also mimic naturally produced estrogen." According to researchers at the NCI, they "are not aware of any conclusive evidence linking the use of underarm antiperspirants or deodorants and the subsequent development of breast cancer." "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence of a harmful effect" and "these chemicals are being directly applied daily, by very large numbers of people, and the long-term health effects of exposure are essentially unknown,"

toxicologist Philip W. Harvey tells WebMD in an interview. But ACS epidemiologist Michael Thun argued that "even if the parabens do promote estrogen-dependent tumor growth, the risk from cosmetic use is "minuscule" compared with other known tumor promoters." The cosmetics industry insists the paraben chemicals used as preservatives in underarm deodorants and other cosmetics, which are regulatory approved, are safe. A study published in 2003 by the European Journal of Cancer Prevention, found a correlation between earlier diagnosis of breast cancer and antiperspirant/deodorant use. A 2003 study indicated "underarm shaving with antiperspirant/deodorant use may play a role in breast cancer." A 2004 study reviewing the evidence for and against the possible link between breast cancer and underarm cosmetics wrote "Although animal and laboratory studies suggest a possible link between certain chemicals used in underarm cosmetics and breast cancer development, there is no reliable evidence that underarm cosmetics use increases breast cancer risk in humans." 2004 and 2005 studies led by researcher Phil Darbre, hypothesizes that particular substances in deodorants, such as preservatives calledparabens, or bolts such as aluminium chloride used in antiperspirants, get into the bloodstream or accumulate in breast tissue, where they enhance or emulate the effects of estrogen, which stimulates the growth of cancerous breast cells. A 2007 study found that personal care products are a potential contributor to the body burden of aluminium and newer evidence has linked breast cancer [22]

with aluminium-based antiperspirants. A 2008 study stated that no scientific evidence supports the hypothesis that deodorants and/or antiperspirants increase the incidence of breast cancer. [50] A study published in 2009 by the journal The Breast Cancer Research proposed a link between breast cancer and the application of cosmetic chemicals including phthalates and aluminium salts in the underarm region, because of their oestrogenic and/or genotoxic properties, which provides an evidence-based hypothesis capable of further research.

Renal dysfunction

The FDA warns "that people with renal dysfunction may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminium may put them at a higher risk because of exposure to aluminium in the product." The agency warns people with renal dysfunction to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants containing aluminium.

Clothing Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, is a cause of "armpit stains" on clothing, reacting with sweat to create yellow stains. Underarm liners are an alternative to deodorants that do not leave stains.

BAB 7 PENUTUP

Tambahan 1.

Antiperspirants = Deodorants?

Despite widely held beliefs: Antiperspirants and Deodorants are NOT the same! Nowadays advertising often disguisessimple deodorants as antiperspirants. People who are suffering from excessive sweating might find this frivolous branding misleading … Deodorants – the word itself gives the hint – are products which are meant to prevent or mask body odour. Once invented as simple aerosol driven perfumes, deodorants got upgraded ever since. Today the cosmetic industry offers a wide range of products, most of them still are predominantly made from perfume ingredients (mostly synthetic btw) but some will also contain a minimum of aluminium cloride (1 % to 5 % max.) in order to reduce sweating. Others use modern (yet controversial) technologies, for example nano-scaled silver, antibacterial triclosan or parabensfor skin care. To cut a long story short: with a portion of only 5 % aluminium chloride (or less) these products can neither prevent slightly increased perspiration of healthy humans (for example under estival conditions) nor would they ever be able to stop severe sweating (see Hyperhidrosis)! Deodorants will suceed to help with other things, though. They will provide a fresh and clean feeling throughout the day. Perfumes of one’s personal preference will set an individual note and hopefully others will enjoy this scent, too. The groth of dermal bacteria (which cause body odour) is kept low, either by disinfectants or by nano parcticles (such as silver or pentapeptides). Antiperspirants, on the other hand, usually contain between 10 % and 30 % active ingredients. They are solely made for sweat relief. Antiperspirants do not

contain any perfumes since these could cause unpleasant reactions (reddened skin or itching). Body odour is normally caused by the biodegration of sweat on the skin, so if the sweating gets significally reduced by antiperspirants, less odour can develop.

3.

Application Of Antiperspirants

Antiperspirants are fluids which are applied locally and superficially, directly onto the skin wherever it is needed. They are commonly sold in three different type of dispensers:



dropping bottle (dropper)



pump spray bottle (or can)

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roll-on bottle (stick)

Experts repeatingly have recommendednot to use strong antiperspirants in pump spray bottles or roll-on sticks. Here is why: Disadvantages and risks of spray bottles: 1.

sprayed amount cannot be controlled (overdose)

2.

accurate local appliance is impossible (e.g. face, private parts)

3.

liquid could be inhaled

4.

liquid could get into eyes

5.

liquid could get onto mucosa (tissue)

6.

abuse is possible (abusive inhealing as a drug, known assniffing, see below)

Most antiperspirants in spray bottles containbutane gas as a propellent. Sniffing, the inhalation of butane (or other solvents), is a type of drug use that is particularly associated with young people. The practice has become of increasing concern in the last few decades with the widespread availability of solvent-based chemical products. Other than ‘traditional drugs’ (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana or other narcotic drugs) even youngest people are able to

butane in every supermarket purchase deodorant or antiperspirant sprays with Sniffing rapidly became a or dep-store at a very cheap price. No wonder, that very popular form of drug abuse among young people, including preadolescents. Several cases of death in the year 2010 (including the death of two 12 year olds) proofed how dangerous and fatalsniffing is. It can result in shortterm and long-term harm to the health of users or in death, known asSudden

Sniffing Death (SSD). SSD can occur among first time users of butane or those who have been sniffing for years.

Disadvantages and risks of roll-on bottles: 1. 2.

people tend to use it liberally like a deodorant roll-on stick (overdose) the sticky roller ball collects continuously water, sweat, dust and scales from the skin

3. 4.

liquid gets contaminated by these particles (see 2.) uncontrolled chemical reactions between water/dust and aluminium chloride

5.

forming of hydrochloric acid (due to reactions, see 4.)

6.

harmful skin irritation through contamination and

7. 8.

acerbic ingredients (see 5.) can occur effectivity of the fluid will degrade quickly after contamination short durability

Advantages of dropping bottles: 1.

maximum amount control – drop by drop

2.

most accurate appliance with fingertip or cotton pad

3.

no danger of c ontamination

4.

longer lasting content

5.

optimized durability (min. 24 month)

Expert’s Tip: antiperspirants with aluminium chloride are very light sensitive. For marketing reasons (beautiful packaging) most industrial products are filled into glas bottles. By buying solid and closed plastic bottles instead, you can prevent that your antiperspirant is affected by sun or interior light!

Correct application of antiperspirants: Prescription-strength antiperspirants are highly effective liquids. A few drops of antiperspirant are strong enough to stop sweating. The drying effect will last for a minimum of 24 hours and for a maximum of three full days (or even longer = best case scenario). In order to achieve this maximum it is very important to follow the instructions for application which are usually documented on the leaflet. In general there are the following rules for application of an antiperspirant: 

use it at night/late eveningonly

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use it right before sleeping (store it in the nightstand)

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use it after washing/showering/bathing

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use it on totally dry skin only (use a hairdryer)

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do not use antiperspirants after shaving – wait for at least24 hours

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use a few drops only (for example: 2 drops per armpit are enough!) apply drop per drop with your fingertip or with a cotton dapper

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for skin care: use a fatty cream or lotionafter 20 minutes

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4.

History Of Antiperspirants

Products to control sweating and body odour have been used for centuries. Before bathing became commonplace, people used heavy perfumes and powders to mask body odour. In the late nineteenth century, chemists developed products (soaps) that were able to prevent the formation of these body odours. Early antiperspirants were sticky pastes that were applied to the axillary area or otherwise; the first such product to be trademarked in the United States was Mum in 1888. It was a waxy cream that was difficult to apply and very messy. A few years later, the first antiperspirant to usealuminum chloride was

developed. Within 15 years, a variety of products were marketed in a number of different forms including creams, solids, pads, dabbers, roll-ons, and powders.

In the late 1950s, manufacturers began using aerosol technology to dispense personal care products such as perfumes and shaving creams. In the early 1960s,Gillette® introduced Right Guard®, the first aerosol antiperspirant. Aerosols became a popular way to dispense antiperspirants, by 1967, half the antiperspirants sold (in the USA) were aerosol sprays, and by the early 1970s, they accounted for 82% of all sales. However, in late 1970s two technical issues arose which greatly impacted the popularity of these products: 1.

in 1977 aluminum zirconium complexes were banned by theFDA due to concerns about long term inhalation safety. ®

2.

the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) got strictly limited by the EPA shortly after, due to growing concerns that it may be involved in the disintegration of the ozone layer.

Although the cosmetic industry hastily tried to reformulate their products, consumers had lost confidence in aerosol antiperspirants. By 1977, sales of the CFC free versions dropped to only 50% of the market and under 30% in the mideighties. Today, some brands still offer antiperspirants in aerosol form, these account for a very small percentage of the total antiperspirant market.

Antiperspirants in roll-on (stick) form became increasingly popular. Consumers embraced sticks as an clean alternative to aerosols (market share 1985: approx. 35%). Today, roll-on sticks are still the most popular antiperspirant form, although many dermatologist recommend dropper bottles (better dosing and appliance).

photo above | Roll-on sticks and sprays may cause an antiperspirant rash and

inflammation of the skin because they induce people to apply far too much of the fluid. Antiperspirants of the newest generation use exclusively dropping bottles. Still, many customers find these small dispensers quite uncomfortable because they are not as easy to use as roll-ons. With the industry still marketing theireasy-to-

use sticks aggressively, the sensible dropper bottle is fighting for its acceptance until today.

Natural Deodorants and Antiperspirants FEBRUARY 26, 2008 BY STEPHANIE EVANS 49 COMMENTS

Whether we like it or not, it is part of our culture: we are perceived in part by how we smell. Since the body’s natural process of cooling itself involves sweating, perspiration is an essential part of its natural functioning.

Thus, most of us use deodorants, which neutralize the smell of perspiration, or antiperspirants, which minimize body odor by blocking sweat from escaping through underarm pores onto the surface of the skin. Most conventional deodorants and antiperspirants contain several ingredients linked to serious health

effects,from

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deodorants and antiperspirants are designed to stay on our bodies for hours, this allows the potential for more harmful chemicals to be absorbed through the skin. While natural options are available, many people have lodged complaints about the inadequacy of natural deodorants to adequately mask body odor. There is now an abundance of alternative options—many improved upon since their initial introduction several years ago—that may inspire you to think again about incorporating natural deodorants into your body care regime. Many of these new natural body products can protect you from exposure to unnecessary, harmful ingredients and still leave you smelling fresh and feeling confident.

The Physiology of Perspiration

The apocrine glands are the reason that underarm perspiration smells stronger than the sweat secreted

by the rest of the body. The two types of sweat glands

that cover the

human skin are: 

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apocrine, or scent, glands located only in the armpit, ear, navel, nipple, and genital regions eccrine glands do the work of regulating the body’s temperature by secreting a watery sweat over the skin. This sweat quickly evaporates and keeps the body cool.

In hot weather or under stress or hard exercise, excessive perspiration exceeds the rate of evaporation. Sweat produced by the eccrine glands does not contribute to body odor because eccrine sweat contains no substances that are attractive to bacteria. Apocrine sweat, on the other hand, contains organic compounds that are quickly populated by bacteria on the surface of the skin. This bacterial activity is what produces underarm odor.

What is the Difference Between Antiperspirants and Deodorants? Antiperspirants work by clogging, closing, or blocking the pores with aluminum ions so they cannot release perspiration. Aluminum is a hazardous material that the FDA allows to be added to body care products in regulated amounts. There is no proof that these “regulated amounts” of what is essentially poisonous to the human body are actually safe. Arguments against the use of aluminum emphasize the fact that aluminum accumulates in the brain over time and may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease and breast cancers. Recent studies on the effects of aluminum and the dangers of antiperspirant usage suggest that it travels more easily into the lymphatic system when underarms are shaved. Your antiperspirant label may list aluminum as: 

aluminum chlorohydrate

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ammonium aluminum sulfate

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potassium aluminum sulfate

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aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly

Aside from aluminum, most antiperspirants also containparabens, antimicrobial agents derived from toluene—a toxic petrochemical derivative. Some evidence suggests that repeated exposure to toluene may contribute to hormone disruption. Thirteen research studies performed since 2000 have shown that various types of parabens act like estrogen in living tissue. Estrogen is known to drive the growth of cancerous cells. Some people with sensitive skin have an allergic reaction to parabens, which results in a skin condition known as contact dermatitis. Antiperspirants also have harsh astringent salts containing metals that can cause granulomas (small, itchy bumps) on underarm skin. Deodorants work by: neutralizing the smell of the perspiration mixed with bacteria 



antiseptic action against that bacteria

Deodorants are more healthy than antispirants because they don’t interfere with perspiration, but many conventional brands contain harsh, potentially toxic ingredients that should be avoided. Deodorant ingredients to avoid include parabens, all forms of aluminum, and the following substances: 

Propylene glycol: a penetration enhancer that absorbs quickly through the skin and which has not been fully investigated for carcinogenic potential.

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Talc: classified as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer if it contains asbestiform fibers, which are unregulated in cosmetic grade talc.

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Steareth-n: (‘n’ may be any number, say 100), may be vegetable derived but is processed with ethylene oxide (ethoxylated), a known human carcinogen.

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Triclosan: an antibacterial found in deodorants and soaps. It has an astounding ability to create resistant bacteria.

Ammonium alum is a prevalent natural compound that cannot be absorbed into the skin and doesn’t clog pores the way aluminum chloride does. While it doesn’t kill the bacteria or stop perspiration, ammonium alum inhibits bacterial growth that causes odor. It is the primary ingredient in deodorant crystals, a safe and effective alternative to antiperspirant and commercial deodorants.

Environmental Impact of Conventional Deodorants

Showering washes our deodorants and antiperspirants down the drain, introducing known or suspected toxins into our nation’s waterways. Octoxynol compounds, otherwise known as alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs), are found in deodorants, antiperspirants, and bodies of water. These chemicals are slow to break down and have been shown to disrupt the endocrine systems of fish, birds, and mammals. The process of mining aluminum used in antiperspirants destroys the landscape, pollutes water, and consumes vast amounts of electricity. According to Lester Brown’s Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth (Norton,2000), each year the aluminum industry consumes as much electricity as the entire continent of Africa.

Alternative Options It’s up to you, conscious consumer, to choose the best and safest product for your body. Before you buy any deodorant or product that goes on your skin, always read the ingredients. Eschew conventional antiperspirants altogether and opt instead for hypoallergenic, paraben-free, and aluminum-free deodorant. Choose deodorants with ingredients like: 

Vegetable glycerin Charcoal

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Vinegar

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Baking soda

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Algae extracts

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Green tea

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Aloe vera gel



Natural preservatives like bioflavanoids and lichen



Essential oils



Many of these new natural body products can protect you from exposure to unnecessary, harmful ingredients and still leave you smelling fresh and feeling confident.

COSMETIC INGREDIENT http://www.ecochem.cn/cosmetic.asp?action=f

Antioxidants Ascorbyl Palmitate Caffeic Acid Chlorogenic Acid Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) Ellagic Acid Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Ethyl Ferulate Ferulic Acid Green Tea Extract (Tea Polyphenols) Alpha Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid) Mixed Tocopherols Concentrate (Low,High Alpha) Quercetin Resveratrol Rosemary Extract Tocophersolan (Vitamin E TPGS)

Skin Lightening Agents N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine Arbutin Ascorbyl Isostearate Edothelin Antagonist

Hydroquinone Dipropionate Kojic Acid Kojic Acid Dipalmitate Licorice Extract (Glabridin) Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate Mequinol Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate Raspberry Ketone Glucoside Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate

UV Absorbers Benzophenone-1 Benzophenone-2 Benzophenone-3 Benzophenone-4 Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) Ethylhexyl Dimethyl PABA Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate (Octinoxate) Isopropyl Metoxycinnamate 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor (4-MBC) Pentyl Dimethyl PABA Titanium Dioxide Ultrafine Zinc Oxide Ultrafine

Skin Conditioning Agents

N-Acetyl D-Glucosamine Aescin Allantoin Arachidonic Acid (ARA) Asiatic Acid Alpha Bisabolol Carboxymethyl Chitosan L-Carnosine Cholesterol Collagen Ergosterol Erythritol Ethyl Nicotinate 18-Beta Glycyrrhetinic Acid (18-BGA) Lanolin Anhydrous Orotic Acid Papain Pearl Powder Phytonadione (Vitamin K1) Phytosterols Potassium Cholesterol Sulfate Potassium PCA Rice Bran Wax Silk Peptide

Sodium Chloesterol Sulfate Sodium Hyaluronate Sodium PCA Stigmasterol DL-Alpha Tocopheryl Nicotinate (Vitamin E Nicotinate) Trehalose Anhydrous Trehalose Dihydrate

Antiperspirant Agents Aluminum Chlorhydrate Aluminum Zirconium Nitratohydrex Gly Aluminum Zirconium Octachlorohydrex Gly Aluminum Zirconium Pentachlorohydrex Gly Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrex Gly Aluminum Zirconium Trichlorohydrex Gly

Hair Conditioning Agents Betaine Biotin (Vitamin H) Calcium D-Pantothenate Guar Hydroxypropyl Trimonium Chloride DL-Panthenyl Ethyl Ether D-Panthenol USP D-Panthenol 50PGS D-Panthenol 75WS D-Panthenol 50WS

Polyquaternium 6 Polyquaternium 7 Polyquaternium 10 Polyquaternium 47 Pyridoxine Dipalmitate Sericin Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate Stearalkonium Chloride

Antidandruff Agents Climbazole Ketoconazole Piroctone Olamine Zinc Pyrithione (ZPT)

Biocides Benzalkonium Bromide Benzalkonium Chloride Cetrimonium Bromide Cetrimonium Chloride Chlorhexidine Digluconate Chlorhexidine Dihydrochloride Chlorhexidine Diacetate Chloroxylenol (PCMX) Chlorphenesin Ciclopirox Olamine

Dequalinium Chloride Lauralkonium Chloride Laurtrimonium Chloride PVP Iodine Triclocarban Triclosan Undecylenic Acid Zinc Undecylenate

Preservatives Bronopol Butylparaben Diazolidinyl Urea DMDM Hydantoin Ethylparaben Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate (IPBC) Isobutylparaben Isopropylparaben Kathon (CIT/MIT) Methylparaben Nisin Propylparaben Sodium Isobutylparaben Sodium Isopropylparaben Sodum Pyrithione

Insect Repellents N,N-Diethylmetatoluamide (DEET) Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate (EBAAP)

Cosmetic Oils Aloe Vera Oil Black Currant Oil Evening Primrose Oil Grape Seed Oil Neem Seed Oil Rice Bran Oil Sea Buckthorn Berry Oil Sea Buckthorn Seed Oil Thea Seed Oil

Cosmeceuticals Acetamidophenyl Retinoate Acitretin Adapalene Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Betamethasone Dipropionate Bifonazole Capsaicin L-Carnitine Base Beta Carotene (Synthetic) Clobetasol Propionate

7-Dehydrocholesterol Dipalmitoyl Hydroxyproline (DPHP) Fucoidan 6-Furfuryl Aminopurine (Kinetin) Ginkgo Biloba Extract (GBE) Inositol Hexaphosphate (Phytic Acid) Isoretinoic Acid (Isotretinoin) Metallothionein (Zn-MT) Minoxidil Sulphate Mometasone Furoate Octocosanol Oleanolic Acid Gamma Oryzanol Phycocyanin C Puerarin Retinoic Acid (Tretinoin) Salicin Salicylic Acid Silymarin Beta Sitosterol Soybean Isofavones Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Tocoretinate Tranexamic Acid

Ursolic Acid Viaminate

Miscellaneous Cholesteryl Benzoate Cholesteryl Nonanoate Glycolic Acid Delta Gluconolactone Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Laurocapram (Azone) Lawsone Menthyl Lactate Povidone (PVP) K30 Povidone (PVP) K60 Silicon Dioxide Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC Na) Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Sodium Thioglycolate Sodium Percarbonate Tetrahexydecyl Ascorbate Zeolite 4A