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http://777.b*$n'&t'($'&."o/$n&'yo& http://777 .b*$n'&t'($'&."o/$n&'yo&/To /Topo,('-i'EnElIn"'n'to/9;1<;<=.htl po,('-i'EnElIn"'n'to/9;1<;<=.htl LA TO2O>RA?@A E LA CULTURA ICA: I>EIER@A ICA Lo& in"'& -*$(on &in l*,'( ' %*%'& ,('n%$& "on&t(*"to($& %$ ob('& pBbli"'&# $%i-i"'(on: t$plo t$plo&# &# -o(t'l -o(t'l$5' $5'&# &# p'l'"i p'l'"io& o& y t'bo& t'bo&## t('5'( t('5'(on on y "on&t( "on&t(*y$ *y$(on (on "'ino "'ino&# &# p*$nt$ p*$nt$&# &# "'pt'(on y "on%*3$(on $l ',*' y p($p'('(on 'n%$n$(' p'(' 'p(o)$"h'( "oo t$(($no& ',("ol'& l'& -*$(t$& p$n%i$nt$& %$ lo& 'n%$&. Lo& in"'& -*$(on in&i,n$& pl'ni-i"'%o($&# p($)i$n%o l' p(o%*""i+n y $l "on&*o# in"$nti)'n%o *n &i&t$' t(ib*t'(io q*$ l$& p$(it' 't$n%$( l'& n$"$&i%'%$& %$l ip$(io# %$l "*lto y %$ l' &o"i$%'%. 2o( t'l ('5+n t*)i$(on q*$ "ont(ol'( $l "i"lo ',("ol' y $l p(o%*"to %$ l' ti$(('.  A& i&o lo& in"'& pl'ni-i"'(on $l %$&'((ollo '(+ni"o %$l ,('n ip$(io '& "oo l' t('5' *(b'n' %$ l'& "i*%'%$& q*$ &on '(')ill' %$l *n%o# y p't(ionio %$ l' h*'ni%'%# 6o&qo# 6o&qo# M'"h*pi""h M'"h*pi""h*# *# Oll'nt'yt' Oll'nt'yt'bo# bo# $t"# %$&'((oll'(on %$&'((oll'(on *n' in"($ibl$ in"($ibl$ t$"nolo,' t$"nolo,' %$ "on&t(*""i+n %$ lo& *(o& %$ pi$%(' "on %i-$($nt$& 'p'($3o&# "$nt(o& in)$&ti,'"i+n "oo tip+n# Mo('y. E&p$"i'l ($-$($n"i' t$n$o& po( lo& l$,'%o& q*$ lo& %$3'(on l'& "*lt*('& p($ in"'& "oo l'& ln$'& %$ n'5"'# lo& p$t(o,li-o& %$ M'("'h*'&i# l' "i*%'%$l' %$ "h'n"h'n# l'& "h*lp'& %$ &ill*&t'ni# l' -o(t'l$5' %$ &'"&'yh*''n# lo& "'n'l$& %$ "*b$'yo $n C'3' C'3'' '(" ("'# '# lo& lo& &i&t &i&t$ $'& '& %$ i((i i((i,' ,'"i "i+n +n %$ l' A"hi A"hi(' ('n' n' $n i"' i"' $t". $t". C*yo C*yo ti$ ti$po po %$ "on&t(*""i+n $&t'o& &$,*(o& q*$ %$'n%'b' *"ho& 'o& po( t'l ('5+n l' -ilo&o-' y pl'n %$ $3$"*"i+n %$ ob(' %$b' $&t'( 't$(i'li5'%o $n 'l,Bn %o"*$nto %$ lo q*$ hoy 1

ll''o& $!p$%i$nt$ t"ni"o. Coo p'(t$ %$ $&t$ l$,'%o &$ $n"*$nt('n l'& 'q*$t'&: $n &'y7it$ y $n 'l,*no& t'll'%o& $n pi$%(' y "$(0i"' q*$ &$ $n"*$nt('n $n lo& *&$o& %$l "*&"o. To%o& $&to& h$"ho& y &*& in$)it'bl$& "on&$"*$n"i'&# "oo $%i( y p($)$( $l ti$po# *tili5'( l' $&"'l' y ot('& %$'n%'& %$ &* t'($' "on&t(*"to(' y pl'ni-i"'%o(' t$n'n q*$ 'poy'(&$ "on: h$(('i$nt'& "opl$3'&  in&t(*$nto& topo,(0-i"o& y &i&t$'& %$ $%i%'& %$ lo& "*'l$& *y po"' in-o('"i+n $!i&t$ y "oo in,$ni$(o& y p$(*'no& po%$o& $&p$"*l'(# p'(ti$n%o %$ q*$ $l "ono"ii$nto &$ ip'(t' $n lo& F'"h'yh*'&i& po( $%io %$ q*ip*& y ot(o& $l$$nto&# %on%$ &$ -o('b' ' lo& q*$ hoy ll''o& p(o-$&ion'l$& $n l'& %i-$($nt$& %i&"iplin'& %$l %$&'((ollo h*'no In,$ni$(o&# Gi+lo,o&#  A,(+noo&# M%i"o&# $t". l'$nt'bl$$nt$ $l &'l)'3$ p(o"$&o %$ l' "oloni5'"i+n %$&t(*yo ,('n p'(t$ %$l l$,'%o hi&t+(i"o ($-$(i%o ' $&t' 0($'.

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o h$o& 'n'li5'%o to%o& lo& pol,ono& q*$ h'y %$ h'&t' 1< l'%o& po(q*$ ti$n$n in-ini%'% %$ 'n$('& %$ %ib*3'(&$ y n$"$&it'o& $l$,i( &+lo *n' -o(' q*$ "oin"i%' "on $l 0($' %$ lo& "+%i"$&. Lo& "*'%(il0t$(o& &+lo ti$n$n %o& po&ibili%'%$&# po( $&o no& -*$ 0& -0"il "o$n5'( "on $llo&# %i3o po( &* p'(t$ >'(5' J*$.  A*n "*'n%o l'& in)$&ti,'"ion$& "ontinB'n y lo& t($& in)$&ti,'%o($& "oin"i%$n $n q*$ l' ',(i$n&*(' '"olh*' $(' *y ')'n5'%' p'(' &* ti$po# &o&ti$n$n q*$ &$ %$b$ ($"ono"$(  q*$ $('n $!"$l$nt$& "o*ni"+lo,o&# po(q*$ *n' )$5 q*$ &$ $nti$n%$ l' no$n"l't*(' $& *y -0"il %$ l$$( y $n *n p$q*$o %ib*3o h'y *n *n%o %$ in-o('"i+n lo& "'t'&t(o& $('n *y $l'bo('%o&. A%$0&# $&to& "+%i"$& "onti$n$n in-o('"i+n %$ int$(& p'(' *"h'& ot('& %i&"iplin'& "oo po( $3$plo: lo& "$n&o& pobl'"ion'l$& q*$ p$(it$n $&t*%io& %$o,(0-i"o&# lo& ,li-o& %$ tipo %$ &*$lo y ot(o& '&p$"to& 0&# '&$,*(+ M'(' %$l C'($n Qo(,$ y Qo(,$. http://777.'b".$&/h$$(ot$"'/hi&to(i"o;4;49;;8/'b"/So"i$%'%/'5t$"'&y"hi"hi$"'& $pl$'b'nl''(it$ti"'p'('$%i(y($,i&t('(ti$(('&1K41HK<;8<.htl Lo& '5t$"'& o $!i"'& %$ T$no"htitl'n y &*& )$"ino& "hi"hi$"'& '"olh*' %$ T$!"o"o no $pl$'b'n l' (*$%' $!"$pto $n lo& 3*,*$t$& %$ lo& nio&# "*(io&'$nt$ p$(o# &$,Bn *n $&t*%io q*$ hoy p*bli"' l' ($)i&t' S"i$n"$# & 'pli"'b'n "0l"*lo& '(itti"o& ' l' $%i"i+n y ($,i&t(o %$ p'("$l'&. L'& in)$&ti,'%o('& G'(b'(' Pilli'& y M'(' %$l C'($n Qo(,$ y Qo(,$ h'n ll$,'%o ' $&t' "on"l*&i+n t('& 'n'li5'( y 'pli"'( p(o,(''& in-o(0ti"o& ' %o& %o"*$nto& hi&t+(i"o&# $l C+%i"$ %$ S'nt' M'(' A&*n"i+n y $l C+%$! N$(,'('# %o& 'n*&"(ito& pi"t+(i"o& q*$ %o"*$nt'n $l "'t'&t(o ',("ol' %$ l' "i*%'%$&t'%o %$ T$p$tl'o5to" $nt($ 14; y 144.  A*nq*$ $n %o"*$nto& $&p'ol$& %$ l' po"' "oloni'l y' &$ &$'l'b' q*$ %$t$(in'%o& ,li-o& $q*i)'l%('n ' $%i%'& %$ lon,it*% "'&t$ll'n'&# $&t$ n*$)o $&t*%io &*,i$($ q*$ $&t'& ($p($&$nt'"ion$& &$ "o(($&pon%$('n "on *n &i&t$' p(opio %$ ',(i$n&*('# *tili5'%o p'(' $l ($,i&t(o y l' t('n&'""i+n %$ bi$n$& ('"$&. El 'n0li&i& %$ $&to& %o& "+%i"$& q*$ p(opo("ion'n %'to& po( *ni%'% %$ )i)i$n%' &ob($ l' $%'%# $l &$!o# $l p'($nt$&"o# $l $&t't*& &o"io$"on+i"o y l' po&$&i+n %$ ti$(('& %$ &*& o"*p'nt$& o-($"$# '%$0&# n*$)'& b'&$& p'(' int$(p($t'( lo& ' $n*%o "on-*&o& t$!to& $n $&p'ol y $n n'h*' %$l p$(io%o in$%i't'$nt$ po&t$(io( ' l' Conq*i&t'. Si&t$' %$ "0l"*lo p(opio 2'(ti$n%o %$ l' hip+t$&i& %$ q*$ l'& 0($'& ($,i&t('%'& $n lo& "+%i"$& &on $l ($&*lt'%o %$ *n &i&t$' %$ "0l"*lo p(opio %$ lo& p*$blo& in%,$n'&# l'& in)$&ti,'%o('&# t('& $&t*%i'(  t$(($no& %$ -o(' "*'%(il0t$('# $n"ont('(on q*$ $l K; po( "i$nto %$ lo& )'lo($& %$ &*& 0($'& p*$%$n &$( ($p(o%*"i%o& "on $!'"tit*% $%i'nt$ "op*t'"i+n. En lo& "'&o& ($&t'nt$&# l'& %i&"($p'n"i'& h'll'%'& $nt($ lo& "0l"*lo& in-o(0ti"o& y lo& ($,i&t(o& o(i,in'l$& &on *y p$q*$'&. J. R. J'()$y y G. Q. Pilli'& y' h'b'n %$o&t('%o q*$ l'& %$&"(ip"ion$& %$ l'& p(opi$%'%$& '5t$"'& in"l*'n lo& "on"$pto& %$ $%i%'& lin$'l$& y %$ 0($'&# p$(o no "op($n%i$(on "+o &$ %$t$(in'b'n %i"ho& )'lo($&. M$%i%'& p(opo("ion'l$& El n*$)o $&t*%io *$&t(' $)i%$n"i'& %$l *&o %$ p(in"ipio& 't$0ti"o& "on,(*$nt$&# b'&'%o& $n p(opo("ion$& $nt($ l' $%i%' lin$'l $&t0n%'( %$ lo& '"olh*' y ot('& *ni%'%$& $no($&. A%$0&# &$ 'p($"i'n )'(i'"ion$& $nt($ l'& *ni%'%$& t(i"'& y &*& ($p($&$nt'"ion$& %$l p*$blo q*$ h'bit'b' T$!"o"o y l'& *tili5'%'& po( lo& t$no"h"' pobl'%o($& %$ l' )$"in' T$no"htitl'n. 4

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