2 (Taken (Taken and adopted from Chesterman, 2000, pp 87 – 116, 116, MEMES MEMES OF TRANSLA TRANSLATIO TION) N) Translation Strategies
Translation strategies to solve problems commonly encountered in a text: 1. Syntactic Strategies (manipulate form):such as: translation; b) Loan, calque; c) Transposition; Transposition; d) Unit shift; shift; a) Literal translation; e) Phrase structure change; f) Clause structure change; g) Sentence structure structure change; h) Cohesion change; i) Level shift; ) Scheme change
2. Semantic Strategies !manipulate meaning): a) S"nonom"; b) #ntonom"; c) $"ponom"; $"pono m"; d) Converses; e) #bstraction change; f) %istribution change; g) &mphasis change; h) Paraphrase; i) Trope change; ) 'ther semantic changes
3. ragmatic strategies !manipulate the message itself): a) Cultural filtering; b) &(plicitness change; c) nformation change; d) nterpersonal change; e) llocutionar" change; f) Coherence change g) Partial translation; h) *isibilit" *isibilit" change; i) Transediting Transediting ) 'ther pragmatic changes, such as naturali+ing, too man" ords-too fe ords
!naly"ing the Translation Translation #sing the Syntactic Strategy
a$ %iteral translation
&(ample: .e drink tea in the afternoon Kita minum teh sore hari
&$ %oan, cal'#e
&(ample: %oan
Pesaat ar#da /012/ lepas landas pu3ul enam 3emarin4 5light ar#da /012/ too3 off at si( "esterda"4
0 Cal'#e
6oada"s ever" student use comp#ters in their schools4 Sekarang setiap siswa memakai komputer di sekolah mereka
c$ Transposition ()ord*class change$
&(ample: Shift: +er& proposition -ample: 'ne such tale concerns an elderl" oman 74
Salah satu ceritera itu adalah tentang seorang wanita tua … concerns: verb tentang : preposition
d) Unit shift {this is a term from Catford (1965) The units are morpheme! "ord! phrase! clause! sentence! paragraph) # unit shift occurs "hen a $T unit is translated asa different unit n the TT %xample: &nit of $T ' clause unit of TT ' phrase The change from cla#se phrase 8%o "ou have an" idea what this is going to do to your areer!"
!#ause )
8#pa3ah 3au tahu akibatnya ter dap kairemu!"
! phrase)
or from cla#se sentence She found that she was rying 4 !#ause)
Ia menangis4
!sentene )
e$ hrase str#ct#re change
This strateg" !or rather group of strategies) comprises a number of changes at the level of the phrase, including number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and person, tense and mood in the verb phrase4
/ &(ample: St#dents over the orld are coming to the "outh conference held in Colorado ne(t "ear4
Mahasiswa seluruh dunia akan datang ke konperensi yang diadakan di Colorado tahun depan.
St#dents 74
plural
Mahasiswa 74 singular !nomina tunggal )
Thus there is a change in phrase structure, namel" in n#m&er
f) Clause structure change
changes that have to do "ith the structure of the clause in terms of its constituent phrases *arious subclasses include constituent order (analy+ed simply as sub,ect! verb! ob,ect! compliment! adverbial)! active versus passive voice! finite vs nonfinite structure! transitive vs intransitive
%xample: The performance opened ith a sad song4 acti+e Pertunjukan itu dimu#ai dengan lagu yang sedih4 passi+e ! pasi$ )
g$ Sentence str#ct#re change
This group of strategies affects the structure of the sentence9unit, insofar as it is made up of clause9units4 ncluded are changes beteen main9clause and cub9clause status, changes of sub9 clause t"pes etc4 &(ample: This program )ill &e s#stained of )hich the go+ernment )ill assist )ith man po)er. main*cla#se s#&*cla#se %rogram ini akan terus dipertahankan dan pemerintah akan membantu dengan sumber daya . main*cla#se main*cla#se
Thus the &nglish comple- sentence consists of main*cla#se and s#&*cla#se The ndonesian translation is a compo#nd sentence consisting of main*cla#se and main*cla#se 4
h$ Cohesion change
&(ample: 8.easle", "ou heard Professor Snape, cut up these roots4 !source) “Weasley, kau mendengar apa kata Proessor Snape, potong-potong akar ini.! !target)
The complete nglish te-t should be: 8.easle", "ou heard )hat Professor Snape said, cut up these roots4 Thus there is an ellipsis of 7 )hat / said ; this component is left out to avoid repetition based on the previous te(t4 n the translated te(t the ellipsis is added , namel" 7 apa kata 7
Thus there is ellipsis and addition of Cohesion
The other )ay ro#nd goes as follo)s eleting cohesion
“Weasley, kau mendengar apa kata Proessor Snape, potong-potong akar ini.! !source) 8.easle", "ou heard Professor Snape, cup up these roots4 !target) -planation
Some component is left out in the &nglish te(t, in full it shoud be: 8.easle", "ou heard )hat Professor Snape said, cut up these roots4 Thus hat is left out 7 )hat / said is one of the cohesi+e resources called ellipsis of hich in the source te(t is 7 apa kata 7
i$ %e+el shift
.hat is meant b" levels is phonolog", morpholog", s"nta( and le(is4 n a level shift, the mode of e(pression of a particular item is shifted from one level to another4 #n obviousl" influential factor here is the t"pe of languages concerned, hether the" ae more anal"tic or more agglutinative, for instance4 #nother factor is the role of intonation in some languages !e4g4
E &nglish) this can e(press meaning !such as 8interrogativeness) hich other languages e(press through morpholog" !e4g 5inish) or holl" or pa rtl" through ord order !e4g4
&(ample :Situation: =ou are sitting in a train ith other people4 t is lunch time and "ou ta3e out "our lunch bo(, >efore "ou begun to eat, for politeness sa3e "ou sa" 8?ari ma3an !literall" it means: 8let@s eat) there is no &nglish translation for this part as &nglish people usuall" do not sa" an"thing to people around them if the" begin to eat4 So: 8?ari ma3an !ndonesian) translated /3 !&nglishA
n this case the ndonesian sentence uses le(is but the &nglish does not4
j) Scheme change Scheme change strategies refers to rhetorical schemata, such as parallelism, alliteration and, in
poetr", metrical rh"thm and rh"ming4 Parallelism refers to the similar arrangement of a pair or series of rela"ed ords, phrases or sentences !e4g4 B li3e simming, s3iing and s3ating@ instead of B li3e simming, to s3i and s3ating@), hile alteration refers to the fact that several ords in a ro begin ith the same letter !e4g4 Bsomething smelled seet)4 These are four possible scheme changes: !2) ST scheme # TT scheme # !use the same scheme) &(ample: Dohn li3es simming, surfing and sun bathing4 "ohn gemar #erenang, #erselancar dan #erjemur di matahari
!0) ST scheme # TT scheme > !use a different scheme) &(ample: That house is e(otic, e(pensive and e(traordinar"4 $umah itu istimewa, mahal dan luar #iasa4
(3) ST scheme # TT scheme 1 !delete the scheme)
F &(ample: #s a governor of a metropolitan cit" Do3oi should be informative, >esides as a public official he also should be c ommunicative, 5urthermore as the head of a cit" ith so man" problems , he should be imaginative4
Se#agai gu#ernur kota metropolitan "okowi harus sering mem#eri penerangan, kecuali itu se#agai peja#at pu#lik ia harus juga suka #ersawala dua arah, selanjutnya se#agai penguasa se#uah kota dengan #egitu #anyak masalah ia harus dapat #erkhayal.
(4) ST scheme 1 TT scheme # !add a scheme) &(ample: # translator should be able to master both languages !the source language and the target language), those to languages should be understood ell b" him and he should have a computer s3ill
Seorng penerjemah harus dapat menguasai kedua #ahasa %#ahasa sum#er dan #ahasa sasaran&, dapat memahami nas yang diterjemahkan dan dapat menggunakan komouter.
!naly"ing the Translation #sing the Semantic Strategy
Under semantic strategies Chesterman groups the 3inds of changes hich mainl" have to do ith le(ical semantics, but also in cludes aspe(ts of clause meaning such as emphasis4 Semantic strategies manipulate meaning4 Several of these strategies derive from *ina" and %arbelnet@s concept of modulation4 Semantic strategies consists of :
a) S"non"me; b) #ntonom"; c) $"ponom"; d) Converses; e) #bstraction change; f) %istribution change; g) &mphaisis change; h) paraphrase i) trope change; ) other semantic changes
a) Synonyme
H This strateg" selects not the 8obvious equivalent b ut a s"non"m or near s"non"m for ot4e4g4 to avoid repetition, &(ample: This research )as cond#cted in 2GGH4 Penelitian ini diadakan dalam tahun '((). The research of 2GGH )as cond#cted satisfactoril" Penelitian tahun '(() di#akukan dengan memuaskan.
The ndonesian translation uses to near s"non"ms !diadakan & di#akukan) for the &nglish phrae )as cond#cted.
b) !ntonomy The translation selects an anton"m and combines this ith a negation element4 &(ample: 5or three da"s a discount of /1I as given for all 3inds of clothes for ladies e-cl#ding evening dresses4 Selama tiga hari di#erikan potongan harga se#anyak *+ untuk semua pakaian wanita,tidak termasuk gaun malam
c) 4yponomy Shifts ithin the h"ponom" relation are common4 n principle this strateg" comes in three subclasses4
(1) ST supordinate J TT h"pon"m &(ample: $er garden is full of various roses, kam&o5as, and t#lips 4 7 roses, 3amboas, tulips h"pon"ms
Ke#unnya penuh dengan #eraneka bunga yang #erwarna-warni4 7 #unga 7 superordinate
M
(2) ST h"pon"m J ST supordinate &(ample: Learning lang#ages is her hobb"
elajar bahasa Inggris& bahasa 'erman& bahasa %eranis& bahasa 'epang& bahasa Mandarin& bahasa (orea dsb , adalah kegemarannya
7 languages 7 hyponym
7 bahasa Inggris& bahasa 'erman& bahasa %eranis& bahasa 'epang& bahasa Mandarin& bahasa (orea*+ s#pordinate
(3) ST h"pon"m K J TT h"pon"m = &(ample: 5rom managers until office &oys in that office are members of the la&or organi"ation
ulai dari para pemimpin sampai pe#ayan kantor di /pa#erik itu adalah anggota serikat buruh
$ere the translator has shift from managers and office &oys into pemimpin and pe#ayan kantor 4
d$ Con+erses
Converse are pairs of !usuall") verbal structures hich e(press the same state o f affairs from opposing viepoint, such as #uy and sell 4 &(ample: indl" note that the prices of those boo3s are e,#usi-e of postal charges4 ?ohon diperhati3an baha nilai "ang tertera itu semata*mata harga bu3u sa5a, tida3 termasu3 ong3os pengiriman4
e) !&straction change # different selection of abstraction level ma" either move from abstract to more concrete or from concrete to more abstract &(ample: %onation for the sunami disaster in #ceh came from all corners of the glo&e
G Sum#angan untuk malapetaka sunami di 0ceh dating dari seluruh pen.uru dunia
The &nglish source te(t 444 corners of the glo&e is more concrete than the target te(t 7 pen.uru dunia/
f) istri&#tion change This is a change in the distribution of the same 8semantic components over more items !e(pansion) or feer items !compression)4 &(pansion 8dilutes the te(t somehat4
•
e-pansion or red#ction compression (9ida and Ta&er$:
&(ample: .e can, of course, also for)ard the documentation to "ou &y mail. 1entu saja, kami dapat meneruskan #er#agai dokumen terse#ut kepada 0nda
The &nglish source te(t uses 7 for)ard / &y mail is translated into ndonsesian using onl" the ord ,,, meneruskan 7 ithout further e(planation of the manner of forarding, thus there is a compression or reduction of the te(t
g) mphasis change This strateg" adds to, reduces or alters the emphasis or thematic focus, for one reason or another4 &(ample: The governor of Da3arta announced the increase of par3ing fees in a comm#nicati+e a"4 The governor of Da3arta announced the increase of par3ing fees in such a a" that it is +ery #nderstanda&le to all people4 23planation ... comm#nicati+e )ay ; more emphasi+ed b" stating 7 +ery #nderstanda&le ,,,
h) araprase The paraphrase strateg" results in a TT version that can be described as loose, free, in some conte(ts even under9translated4
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This is a t"pical strateg" for the translation of idioms, for instance, for hich no corresponding idiomatic e(pression can be found in the TL &(ample:
1entukan kamu ingin melanjutkan di 45 atau 6unadarma
i) trope change This strateg", or rather set of strategies, applies in the translation of rhetorical tropes !i4e4 figurative e(pressions)4 Correspondingl", three main subclasses of strateg" can be distinguished here N!2) O !/)4
(1) ST trope K TT trope K4 5or instant, a ST metaphor is retained at a metaphor in the TT4 &(ample: Corruption is a disease that is usuall" found in a ne emerging countr"4 Korupsi adalah penyakit yang #iasanya muncul dalam negeri yang #aru tum#uh
(2) ST trope K TT trope =4 $ere the general feature of figurativeness has been retaned, but the reali+ation of this feature is different, so that for instance an ST metaphor might be translated as ne based on a different tenor, or as some other trope altogether4 &(ample :
n the &nglish ST and the ndonesian TT the emphasis is different, the ST gives emhasis on the ord =ndonesian , hile in the TT the emphasis is on the ord rasa.
(3) ST trope K TT trope 1 !none)4 n this TT the figurative element is dropped altogether4 &(ample:
22 %ufan is a paradise for children %ufan merupa3an tempat "ang sangat digemari ana39ana34 The metaphorical use of paradise in the &nglish ST is dropped in the ndonesian TT4
j) >ther semantic changes These ould include other modulations of various 3inds, such as change of !ph"sical) sense or of deictic direction, &(ample
!naly"ing the Translation #sing the ragmatic Strategy
>" pragmatic strategies Chesterman means those hich primaril" have to d o ith the selection of information in the target te(t, a selection that is governed b"b the translator@s 3noledge of the prospective readership of the translation4 f syntactic strategies manip#late form , and semantic strategies manip#late meaning , pragmatic strategies can be said to manip#late the message itself 4 These strategies are often the result of a translator@s global decisions concerning
the appropriate a" to translate the te(t as a hole4
a$ C#lt#ral filtering
This strateg" is referred to as nat#rali"ation, domestication or adaptation ; it describes the a" in hich the source language items, especiall" cultural9specific items, are translated as the target language cultural or functional equivalents, so that the " conform to the target language norms4 The opposite proced#re , hereb" such items are not adapted in this a" but e4g4 &orro)ed or transferred directly , is thus e-otici"ation, foreigni"ation or estrangement.
&(ample 2: The president of the universit" is going to give e(planation about the ne financial polic"4 Rektor uni7ersitas itu akan mem#eri keterangan tentang ke#ijakan #aru mengenai keuangan.
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n #merica usuall" the head of the universit" is called president, in ndonesia he-she is called rektor. &(ample 0:
b) -plicitness change This change is either toards more e(plicitness !e(plicitation) or more implicitness !implicitation)4 &(plicitation is ell 3non to be one of the most common translatorial strategies4 t refers to the a" in hich translators add componenets e(plicitl" in the TT hich are onl" implicit in the ST4 &(ample: The articles "ou order ill be sent cash9on9deliver" !C'%) b" post to "our address4 er#agai #arang yang 0nda pesan akan dikirim dengan ara #ayar tunai di tempat melalui pos ke alamat 0nda. n the ndonesian translation the phrase7 dengan ara is e(plicitl" stated , hile in the &nglish source te(t it is left implicit4 =mplication is the opposite change: bearing in mind hat the readers can be reasonabl" e(pected to infer, the translator leaves some elements of the message implicit4
&(ample: f "ou need an"thing, the flight attendants on &oard the plane ill be glad to help "ou4 >ila #nda memerlu3an sesuatu, para pramugari a3an dengan hati membantu4
n the ndonesian te(t the phrase / on &oard the plane / is left impolicit4
c) =nformation change
2/ nformation change is the !Shaffner, 0112) 8addition of ne, relevant, and non9inferrable, information or omission of irrelevant information; ith Baddition@ and Bomission@ often listedas separate translation strategies in the literature and used in the annotations !p4/2)4 &(ample: em#utuhkan waktu '9+ menit naik kereta api ke andung %S1&. 5rom ?akarta Rit ta3es onl" 01 minutes b" train to go to >andung4
t is not mention "et in the te(t that the starting point is Da3arta, for some readers the addition of ?akarta 7 might be a relevant information4
:ari ini cerah, kaum dewasa mauoun anank-anak main ke lapangan main sepak #ola, #ola 7o li, dan kasti .
The eather is fine,adults amnd children go out to the field to pla" football,and volle" ball4 , a game of throing a ball to the target !the opponent pla"er) as-is pla"ed b" children (asti outdoor, at least in Daa, not man" people are familiar ith it, that is h" it is omitted4
d) =nterpersonal change This strateg" effects the overall st"le of the te(t, ma3ing it more-less formal-less technical etc4 &(ample 2: ear passengers 7
Para penumpang yang terhormat … The &nglish norm e(presses solidarit", hile the ndonesian norm e(presses the high status of the addressee4
e) =loc#tionary change
2 llocutionar" changes !changes of speech act), are usuall" lin3ed ith other strategies too4 5or e(ample, changing the mood of the verb from indicative to imperative or from reporting to a command, or from direct to an indirect speech4
&(ample: 8.hat is he doing there ;ipertanyakan apa yang dia kerjakan di sana.
f) Coherence change The coherence change is similar to the cohesion change in the s"ntactic strateg"4 .hile cohesion change has to do ith a single sentence or paragraph, coherence change involves changes in the logical arrangement in the te(t4 t ma" include rearranging, combining or splitting paragraphs4 &(amples of this strateg" ould demand much space, hich is the reason that there is no e(ample given here4
g) artial translation This covers an" 3ind of partial translation, such as summar" translation, transcription, translation of the sounds onl", translation of song l"rics and poetr", etc4, in hich cases the degree of fidelit" to the original te(t can be quite lo4
&(ample:
h) @isi&ility change This refers to the intrusion of the translator in the original source te(t of hich he has translated4 The translator is thus visibl" interposed beteen the original author and the reader, and the author is accordingl" bac3grounded !temporaril")4 #n e(treme e(ample of this change in translator@s transparenc" is in the postmodern ussian novel b" Devgeni P'P'*, translated into 5inish as 0aton aatttona !literall", B'n the eve of the eve@) b" Du33a
2E ussia to $elsin3i, hich is portra"ed as a haven of peace and opportunit" and personified in the figure of one 8Uncle Du33a4 The point is that this Uncle Du33a is ithout a doubt Du33a
hich
i) Transediting Transediting is a term suggested b" Stetting !2GMG) to refer to the fact that the original te(t is often in need of e(tensive editing4 sometimes radical re9editing that translators have to do on badl" ritten original te(ts: it includes drastic re9ordering, re9riting at a more general level thatn the 3inds of changes covered b" the strategies so far mentioned4 8n other ords this term refers to the fact that the original te(t is often in need of e(tensive editing4 This leads to the reorgani+ation of the information, reording, and ma3ing changes that go be"ond those covered this far! >ergen, date anon"m, p420)4
j) >ther pragmatic changes 'ne e(ample ould be the la"out: e see belo that the la"out is in to parallel columnson a sngle page, ith the TT on the right4 S>ABC TT >ut no tears floed no4
Cind" ould let the s3" cr" the rest of her tears4
! T!BT TT 0 6amun ta3 ada air mata "ang mengalir se3arang4 Cind" a3an membiar3an langit menangisi sisa 3epedihan hatin"a.
ST: >ut no tears floed no4 Cind" ould let the s3" cr" the rest of her tears4 TT: 6amun ta3 ada air mata "ang mengalir se3arang4 Cind" a3an membiar3an langit menangisi sisa 3epedihan hatin"a. .e can see that the la"out has been changed4 The ST is on top, hile the TT follos on the ne(t line4
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