Trusted Systems, Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems

Inbgqhd|ign Uèqi|y Pni|(3

Biq`{djju* \qu|`l Uyu|`hu* In|quign L`|è|ign Uyu|`hu

Biq`{djj Lùikn pqineipjù* \qu|`l Uyu|`hu. In|quign L`|è|ign Uyu|`hu

BIQ@[DJJU D biq`{djj iu inu`q|`l a`|{``n |c` pq`hiuù n`|{gqf dnl |c` In|`qn`| |g ù|dajiuc d egn|qgjj`l jinf dnl |g `qè| dn g|`q uèqi|y {djj gq p`qih`|`q* bgqhink d uinkj` ecgf` pgin| {c`q` uèqi|y dnl dli| edn a` ihpgu`l. D biq`{djj= 4. L`binù d uinkj` ecgf` pgin| |cd| f``pu nd|cgqi}`l u`qu g| gb |c` pqg|è|`l n`|{gqf* pqgciai|u pg|`n|idjjy rjn`qdaj` u`qrieù bqgh `n|`qink gq j`drink |c` n`|{gqf* dnl pqgrilù pqg|è|ign bqgh rdqigu finlu gb I_ upggbink dnl qg|ink d||defu. 1. pqgrilù d jged|ign bgq hgni|gqink uèqi|y(q`jd|`l `r`n|u 5. iu d egnr`ni`n| pjd|bgqh bgq u`r`qdj In|`qn`| In| `qn`| bne|ignu |cd| dq` ng| uèqi|y q`jd|`l* uec du ND\ dnl In|`qn`| udk` dli|u gq jgku <. D biq`{djj edn u`qr` du |c` pjd|bgqh bgq I_Uè |g ihpj`h`n| riq|dj pqird|` n`|{gqfu. Lùikn Kgdju gb Biq`{djju

Djj |qdbbie bqgh inuil` |g g|uil` hu| pduu |cqgkc |c` biq`{djj #pcyuiedjjy ajgefink djj deeùu |g |c` jgedj n`|{gqf `se`p| rid |c` biq`{djj) Gnjy d|cgqi}`l |qdbbie #l`bin`l ay |c` jgedj uèqi|y pgjie`) {ijj a` djjg{`l |g pduu \c` biq`{djj i|u`jb iu ihhn` |g p`n`|qd|ign #u` gb |qu|`l uyu|`h {i|c d uèq` gp`qd|ink uyu|`h) \c` bgq k`n`qdj |ècnitù |cd| biq`{djju u` |g egn|qgj deeùu dnl `nbgqe` |c` ui|ù uèqi|y pgjieiù dq`= 

= L`|`qhinù |c` |ypù gb In|`qn`| u`qrieù |cd| edn a` deeùu`l* inagnl gq g|agnl



= L`|`qhinù |c` liqè|ign in {ciec pdq|iejdq u`qrie` q`tù|u dq` djjg{`l |g bjg{

 

= Egn|qgju deeùu |g d u`qrie` deegqlink |g {ciec u`q iu d||`hp|ink |g deeùu i| = Egn|qgju cg{ pdq|iejdq u`qrieù dq` u`l #`.k. bij|`q `(hdij)

\c` jihi|d|ignu gb Biq`{djju dq` =

4. Ednng| pqg|è| dkdinu| d||defu |cd| aypduu |c` biq`{djj* `k _Eu {i|c lidj(g| edpdaiji|y |g dn IU_* gq lidj(in hgl`h pggj u`.

4



1. lg ng| pqg|è| dkdinu| in|`qndj |cq`d|u* `k liukqn|j`l `hpjgy`` gq gn` {cg eggp`qd|ù {i|c dn d||def`q 5. ednng| pqg|è| dkdinu| |c` |qdnub`q gb riqu(inbè|`l pqgkqdhu gq bijù* kir`n {il` rdqi`|y gb G'U " dppjied|ignu uppgq|`l

\ypù gb Biq`{djju Biq`{djju dq` k`n`qdjjy ejduuibi`l du |cq`` |ypù= pdef`| bij|`qu* dppjied|ign(j`r`j kd|`{dyu* " eiqei|(j`r`j kd|`{dyu.

_def`|(bij|`qink Qg|`q D pdef`|(bij|`qink qg|`q dppjiù d u`| gb qjù |g `dec ineghink dnl g|kgink I_ pdef`| |g bgq{dql gq liuedql |c` pdef`|. Bij|`qink qjù dq` adu`l gn inbgqhd|ign egn|din`l in d n`|{gqf pdef`| uec du uqe " lù| I_ dllqùuù* pgq|u* |qdnupgq| pqg|gegj " in|`qbde`.

Ib |c`q` iu ng hd|ec |g dny qj`* |c`n gn` gb |{g l`bdj| pgjieiù dq` dppji`l= 

|cd| {ciec iu ng| `spqùujy p`qhi||`l iu pqgciai|`l #l`bdj| de|ign iu liuedql pdef`|)* egnu`qrd|ir` pgjiey



|cd| {ciec iu ng| `spqùujy pqgciai|`l iu p`qhi||`l #l`bdj| de|ign iu bgq{dql pdef`|)* p`qhiuuir` pgjiey

\c` l`bdj| liuedql pgjiey iu hgq` egnu`qrd|ir`. Ini|idjjy* `r`qy|cink iu ajgef`l* dnl u`qrieù hu| a` dll`l gn d edu`(ay(edu` aduiu. \ciu pgjiey iu hgq` riuiaj` |g u`qu* {cg dq` hgq` jif`jy |g u`` |c` biq`{djj du d cinlqdne`. \c` l`bdj| bgq{dql pgjiey pgjiey ineq`duù `du` gb u` bgq `nl u`qu a| pqgrilù q`le`l uèqi|y6 |c` uèqi|y dlhiniu|qd|gq hu|* in ùu`ne`* q`de| |g `dec n`{ uèqi|y |cq`d| du i| aèghù fng{n. Gn` dlrdn|dk` gb d pdef`|(bij|`qink qg|`q iu i|u uihpjiei|y. Djug* pdef`| bij|`qu |ypiedjjy dq` |qdnupdq`n| |g u`qu dnl dq` r`qy bdu|.

1



\c` |daj` kirù ugh` `sdhpjù gb pdef`|(bij|`qink qj` u`|u. In `dec u`|* |c` qjù dq` dppji`l |gp |g ag||gh.

D. Inagnl hdij iu djjg{`l |g d kd|`{dy cgu| gnjy #pgq| 10 iu bgq UH\_ ineghink A. `spjiei| u|d|`h`n| gb |c` l`bdj| pgjiey E. |qiù |g upèiby |cd| dny inuil` cgu| edn u`nl hdij |g |c` g|uil`* a| cdu pqgaj`h |cd| dn

g|uil` hdecin` egjl a` egnbikq`l |g cdr` ugh` g|c`q dppjied|ign jinf`l |g pgq| 10 L. pqgp`qjy ihpj`h`n|u hdij u`nlink qj`* ay ecèfink DEF bjdk gb d \E_ u `kh`n| iu u`| @. |ciu qj` u`| iu gn` dppqgdec |g cdnljink B\_ egnnè|ignu egnnè|ignu

Ugh` gb |c` d||defu |cd| edn a` hdl` gn pdef`|(bij|`qink qg|`qu " egn|`qh`duqù dq`= 

I_ dllqùu upggbink= {c`q` in|ql`q |qdnuhi|u pdef`|u bqgh |c` g|uil` {i|c in|`qndj cgu|

ugqe` I_ dllqùuù* n``l |g bij|`q " liuedql uec pdef`|u 

Ugqe` qg|ink d||defu = {c`q` ugqe` upèibiù |c` qg|` |cd| d pdef`| ucgjl |df` |g

aypduu uèqi|y h`duqù* ucgjl liuedql djj ugqe` qg|`l pdef`|u 

\iny bqdkh`n| d||defu = in|ql`q uù |c` I_ bqdkh`n|d|ign gp|ign |g eq`d|` `s|q`h`jy uhdjj

bqdkh`n|u dnl bgqe` |c` \E_ c`dl`q inbgqhd|ign in|g u`pdqd|` bqdkh`n|u |g eiqehr`n| bij|`qink qjù n``link bjj c`dl`q inbg* edn `nbgqe` hinihh bqdkh`n| ui}` |g inejl` bjj c`dl`q.

5



U|d|`bpj _def`| Bij|`qu D |qdli|igndj pdef`| bij|`q hdfù bij|`qink lèiuignu gn dn inlirildj pdef`| aduiu dnl lgù ng| |df` in|g egnuil`qd|ign dny cikc`q jdy`q egn|`s|. D u|d|`bj inupè|ign pdef`| bij|`q |ikc|`nu p |c` qjù bgq \E_ |qdbbie ay eq`d|ink d liqè|gqy gb g|agnl \E_ egnnè|ignu* dnl {ijj djjg{ ineghink |qdbbie |g cikc(nha`q`l pgq|u gnjy bgq |cgu` pdef`|u |cd| bi| |c` pqgbij` gb gn` gb |c` `n|qiù in |ciu liqè|gqy. C`ne` |c`y dq` a`||`q daj` |g l`|è| agku pdef`|u u`n| g| gb egn|`s|.

Dppjied|ign j`r`j kd|`{dy Dn dppjied|ign(j`r`j kd|`{dy #gq pqgsy u`qr`q)* de|u du d q`jdy gb dppjied|ign(j`r`j |qdbbie. \c` u`q egn|de|u |c` kd|`{dy uink d \E_'I_ dppjied|ign* uec du \`jn`| gq B\_* dnl |c` kd|`{dy dufu |c` u`q bgq |c` ndh` gb |c` q`hg|` cgu| |g a` deeùu`l. [c`n |c` u`q qùpgnlu dnl pqgrilù d rdjil u`q IL dnl d|c`n|ied|ign inbgqhd|ign* |c` kd|`{dy egn|de|u |c` dppjied|ign gn |c` q`hg|` cgu| dnl q`jdyu \E_ u`kh`n|u egn|dinink |c` dppjied|ign ld|d a`|{``n |c` |{g `nlpgin|u. Ib |c` kd|`{dy lgù ng| ihpj`h`n| |c` pqgsy egl` bgq d upèibie dppjied|ign* |c` u`qrie` iu ng| uppgq|`l dnl ednng| a` bgq{dql`l deqguu |c` biq`{djj.

Dppjied|ign(j`r`j kd|`{dyu |`nl |g a` hgq` uèq` |cdn pdef`| bij|`qu. Qd|c`q |cdn |qyink |g l`dj {i|c |c` nh`qgu pguuiaj` eghaind|ignu |cd| dq` |g a` djjg{`l dnl bgqaill`n d| |c` \E_ dnl I_ j`r`j* |c` dppjied|ign(j`r`j kd|`{dy n``l gnjy ueq|ini}` d b`{ djjg{daj` dppjied|ignu. In dlli|ign* i| iu `duy |g jgk dnl dli| djj ineghink |qdbbie d| |c` dppjied|ign j`r`j. D pqih` liudlrdn|dk` gb |ciu |yp` gb kd|`{dy iu |c` dlli|igndj pqgeùuink gr`qc`dl gn `dec egnnè|ign. In `bbè|* |c`q` dq` |{g upjie`l egnnè|ignu a`|{``n |c` `nl u`qu* {i|c |c` kd|`{dy d| |c` upjie` pgin|* dnl |c` kd|`{dy hu| `sdhin` dnl bgq{dql djj |qdbbie in ag|c liqè|ignu.

<



Eiqei| J`r`j Kd|`{dy D eiqei|(j`r`j kd|`{dy q`jdyu |{g \E_ egnnè|ignu* gn` a`|{``n i|u`jb dnl dn inuil` \E_ u`q* dnl |c` g|c`q a`|{``n i|u`jb dnl d \E_ u`q gn dn g|uil` cgu|. Gne` |c` |{g egnnè|ignu dq` ù|dajiuc`l* i| q`jdyu \E_ ld|d bqgh gn` egnnè|ign |g |c` g|c`q {i|cg| `sdhinink i|u egn|`n|u. \c` uèqi|y bne|ign egnuiu|u gb l`|`qhinink {ciec egnnè|ignu {ijj a` djjg{`l. I| iu |ypiedjjy u`l {c`n in|`qndj u`qu dq` |qu|`l |g lèil` {cd| `s|`qndj u`qrieù |g deeùu.

Gn` gb |c` hgu| eghhgn eiqei|(j`r`j kd|`{dyu iu UGEFU* l`bin`l in QBE 4913. I| egnuiu|u gb d UGEFU u`qr`q gn |c` biq`{djj* dnl d UGEFU jiaqdqy " UGEFU(d{dq` dppjied|ignu gn in|`qndj eji`n|u. \c` pqg|gegj lùeqia`l c`q` iu lùikn`l |g pqgril` d bqdh`{gqf bgq eji`n|(u`qr`q dppjied|ignu in ag|c |c` \E_ dnl PL_ lghdinu |g egnr`ni`n|jy dnl uèq`jy u` |c` u`qrieù gb d n`|{gqf biq`{djj. \c` pqg|gegj iu egne`p|djjy d !ucih(jdy`q! a`|{``n |c` dppjied|ign jdy`q dnl |c` |qdnupgq| jdy`q* dnl du uec lgù ng| pqgril` n`|{gqf(jdy`q kd|`{dy u`qrieù* uec du bgq{dqlink gb IEH_ hùudkù.

Adu|ign Cgu| D adu|ign cgu| iu d eqi|iedj u|qgnk pgin| in |c` n`|{gqf’u uèqi|y* u`qrink du d pjd|bgqh bgq dn dppjied|ign(j`r`j gq eiqei|(j`r`j kd|`{dy* gq bgq `s|`qndj u`qrieù. I| iu |cu pg|`n|idjjy `spgu`l |g !cgu|ij`! `j`h`n|u dnl hu| a` uèq`l |g {i|cu|dnl |ciu. Eghhgn ecdqde|`qiu|ieu gb d adu|ign cgu| inejl` |cd| i|= `sè|ù d uèq` r`quign gb i|u G'U* hdfink i| d |qu|`l uyu|`h cdu gnjy ùu`n|idj u`qrieù inu|djj`l gn |c` adu|ign cgu| hdy q`tiq` dlli|igndj d|c`n|ied|ign a`bgq` d u`q iu djjg{`l deeùu |g |c` pqgsy u`qrieù iu egnbikq`l |g uppgq| gnjy d uau`| gb |c` u|dnldql dppjied|ign’u eghhdnl u`|* {i|c deeùu gnjy |g upèibie cgu|u

0



hdin|dinu l`|dij`l dli| inbgqhd|ign ay jgkkink djj |qdbbie cdu `dec pqgsy hglj` d r`qy uhdjj ugb|{dq` pdefdk` upèibiedjjy lùikn`l bgq n`|{gqf uèqi|y cdu `dec pqgsy inl`p`nl`n| gb g|c`q pqgsiù gn |c` adu|ign cgu| cdr` d pqgsy p`qbgqhu ng liuf deeùu g|c`q |cdn |g q`dl i|u ini|idj egnbikqd|ign bij` cdr` `dec pqgsy qn du d ngn(pqirij`k`l u`q in d pqird|` dnl uèq`l liqè|gqy D adu|ign cgu| hdy cdr` |{g gq hgq` n`|{gqf in|`qbdeù #gq pgq|u)* dnl hu| a` |qu|`l |g `nbgqe` |qu|`l u`pdqd|ign a`|{``n |cù` n`|{gqf egnnè|ignu* q`jdyink |qdbbie gnjy deegqlink |g pgjiey.

Biq`{djj Egnbikqd|ignu In dlli|ign |g |c` u` gb d uihpj` egnbikqd|ign egnuiu|ink gb d uinkj` uyu|`h* hgq` eghpj`s egnbikqd|ignu dq` pguuiaj` dnl inl``l hgq` eghhgn. \c`q` dq` |cq`` eghhgn biq`{djj egnbikqd|ignu. \c` bgjjg{ink bikq` ucg{u |c` ‚ueq``n`l cgu| biq`{djj* uinkj`(cgh`l adu|ign egnbikqd|ign ‘* {c`q` |c` biq`{djj egnuiu|u gb |{g uyu|`hu= ‡

d pdef`|(bij|`qink qg|`q ( djjg{u In|`qn`| pdef`|u |g'bqgh adu|ign gnjy

‡

d adu|ign cgu| ( p`qbgqhu p` qbgqhu d|c`n|ied|ign dnl pqgsy bne|ignu

\ciu egnbikqd|ign cdu kq`d|`q uèqi|y* du i| ihpj`h`n|u ag|c pdef`|(j`r`j " dppjied|ign(j`r`j bij|`qink* bgqeù dn in|ql`q |g k`n`qdjjy p`n`|qd|` |{g u`pdqd|` uyu|`hu |g eghpqghiu` in|`qndj uèqi|y* " djug dbbgqlu bj`siaiji|y in pqgrilink liqè| In|`qn`| deeùu |g upèibie in|`qndj u`qr`qu #`k {à) ib lùiq`l.

2



\c` n`s| egnbikqd|ign ijju|qd|ù |c` ‚ueq``n`l cgu| biq`{djj* ldj(cgh`l adu|ign egnbikqd|ign‘ {ciec pcyuiedjjy u`pdqd|ù |c` `s|`qndj dnl in|`qndj n`|{gqfu* `nuqink |{g

uyu|`hu hu| a` eghpqghiu`l |g aq`dec uèqi|y. \c` dlrdn|dkù gb ldj jdy`qu gb uèqi|y dq` djug pqù`n| c`q`.

Dkdin* dn inbgqhd|ign u`qr`q gq g|c`q cgu|u edn a` djjg{`l liqè| eghhnied|ign {i|c |c` qg|`q ib |ciu iu in deegql {i|c |c` uèqi|y pgjiey* a| dq` ng{ u`pdqd|`l bqgh |c` in|`qndj n`|{gqf. \c` |ciql egnbikqd|ignu ijju|qd|`l a`jg{ ucg{u |c` ‚ ueq``n`l uan`| biq`{djj egnbikqd|ign ‘* aìnk |c` hgu| uèq` ucg{n.

I| cdu |{g pdef`|(bij|`qink qg|`qu* gn` a`|{``n |c` adu|ign cgu| dnl |c` In|`qn`| dnl |c` g|c`q a`|{``n |c` adu|ign cgu| dnl |c` in|`qndj n`|{gqf* eq`d|ink dn iugjd|`l ua(n`|{gqf. u a(n`|{gqf. \ciu hdy egnuiu| gb uihpjy |c` adu|ign cgu| a| hdy djug inejl` gn` gq hgq` inbgqhd|ign u`qr`qu dnl hgl`hu bgq lidj(in edpdaiji|y. \ypiedjjy* a g|c |c` In|`qn`| dnl |c` in|`qndj i n|`qndj n`|{gqf cdr` deeùu |g cgu|u gn |c` ueq``n`l uan`|* a| |qdbbie deqguu |c` ueq``n`l uan`| iu ajgef`l. \ciu egnbikqd|ign gbb`qu u`r`qdj dlrdn|dkù= ‡ \c`q` dq` ng{ |cq`` j`r`ju gb l`b`nu` |g |c{dq| in|ql`qu

;



‡ \c` g|uil` qg|`q dlr`q|iuù gnjy |c` `siu|`ne` gb |c` ueq``n`l uan`| |g |c` In|`qn`|6 |c`q`bgq` |c` in|`qndj n`|{gqf iu inriuiaj` |g |c` In|`qn`| ‡ Uihijdqjy* |c` inuil` qg|`q dlr`q|iuù gnjy |c` `siu|`ne` gb |c` ueq``n`l uan`| |g |c` in|`qndj n`|{gqf6 c`ne` uyu|`hu gn |c` inuil` n`|{gqf ednng| egnu|qe| liqè| qg|ù |g |c` In|`qn`|

\qu|`l Uyu|`hu Ld|d Deeùu Egn|qgj Egn|qgj

D ueeùubj jgkgn {gjl ng| a` ubbiei`n| bgq d uyu|`h |g kqdn| deeùu ib i| inejlù u`nui|ir` inbgqhd|ign in i|u ld|d adu`. D u`q edn a` il`n|ibi`l |g |c` uyu|`h ay u`q deeùu egn|qgj pqge`lq`* {c`q` `dec u`q iu duugeid|`l {i|c d pqgbij` |cd| upèibiù p`qhiuuiaj` gp`qd|ignu dnl bij` deeùuù `ndajink |c` gp`qd|ink uyu|`h |g `nbgqe` |c`h. D k`n`qdj hgl`j gb deeùu egn|qgj iu |cd| gb dn deeùu hd|qis* |c` aduie `j`h`n|u gb {ciec dq`= ‡ ‡

Uamè| = Dn `n|i|y #|ypiedjjy d pqgeùu) edpdaj` gb deeùuink gamè|u Gamè| = Dny|cink |g {ciec deeùu iu egn|qgjj`l* `k bijù* pgq|ignu gb bijù* pqgkqdhu* h`hgqy u`kh`n|u

‡

Deeùu qikc| = \c` {dy in {ciec dn gamè| iu deeùu`l ay d uamè|* `k. q`dl* {qi|` dnl `sè|` Gn` dsiu gb dn deeùu hd|qis egnuiu|u gb il`n|ibi`l uamè|u |cd| hdy d||`hp| ld|d

deeùu* |c` g|c`q jiu|u gamè|u |cd| hdy a` deeùu`l* " `dec `n|qy in |c` hd|qis inlied|ù |c` deeùu qikc|u gb |cd| uamè| bgq |cd| gamè|.

In pqde|ie`* dn deeùu hd|qis iu udjjy updqu` dnl iu ihpj`h`n|`l ay lèghpgui|ign in gn` gb |{g {dyu. Ib lèghpgu`l ay egjhnu* yg cdr` deeùu egn|qgj jiu|u* {ciec jiu| u`qu " |cìq p`qhi||`l deeùu qikc|u bgq `dec gamè|. Ib lèghpgu`l ay qg{u i| yi`jlu edpdaiji|y |ief`|u * {ciec upèiby d|cgqi}`l gamè|u " gp`qd|ignu bgq d u`q. \cù` |ief`|u hu| a` nbgqk`daj`

3



{ciec iu hdl` pguuiaj` ay cdrink |c` gp`qd|ink uyu|`h cgjl djj |c` |ief`|u gn a`cdjb gb u`qu dnl cgjl |c`h in d q`kign gb h`hgqy* indeeùuiaj` |g u`qu.

Deeùu Egn|qgj Jiu|

Edpdaiji|y Jiu|

Egne`p| gb \qu|`l Uyu|`hu D {il`jy dppjiedaj` dppqgdec bgq pqg|è|ign gb ld|d dnl qùgqeù iu adu`l gn j`r`ju gb uèqi|y. \ciu iu eghhgnjy bgnl in hiji|dqy* {c`q` inbgqhd|ign iu ed|`kgqi}`l du nejduuibi`l #P)* egnbil`n|idj #E)* uèq`| #U)* |gp uèq`| #\U)* gq a`ygnl. \ciu egne`p| iu `tdjjy dppjiedaj` in g|c`q dq`du* {c`q` inbgqhd|ign edn a` gqkdni}`l in|g ed|`kgqiù dnl u`qu edn a` kqdn|`l ej`dqdneù |g deeùu e`q|din ed|`kgqiù gb ld|d. [c`n hj|ipj` ed|`kgqiù gq j`r`ju gb ld|d dq` l`bin`l* |c` q`tiq`h`n| iu q`b`qq`l |g du hj|ij`r`j uèqi|y . \c` k`n`qdj u|d|`h`n| gb |c` q`tiq`h`n| bgq hj|ij`r`j uèqi|y iu |cd| d uamè| d| d cikc j`r`j hdy ng| egnr`y inbgqhd|ign |g d uamè| d| d jg{`q gq ngn(eghpdqdaj` j`r`j njùu |cd| bjg{ deeqd|`jy q`bjè|u |c` {ijj gb dn d|cgqi}`l u`q. Bgq ihpj`h`n|d|ign pqpguù* |ciu q`tiq`h`n| iu in |{g pdq|u dnl iu uihpjy u|d|`l. D hj|ij`r`j uèq` uyu|`h hu| `nbgqe` |c` bgjjg{ink= Ng q`dl(p= D uamè| edn gnjy q`dl dn gamè| gb jùu gq `tdj uèqi|y j`r`j. \ciu iu

q`b`qq`l |g in |c` ji|`qd|q` du |c` uihpj` uèqi|y pqgp`q|y Ng {qi|`(lg{n= D uamè| edn {qi|` in|g dn gamè| gb kq`d|`q gq `tdj uèqi|y j`r`j. \ciu

iu q`b`qq`l |g du |c` -(pqgp`q|y #pqgngne`l u|dq pqgp`q|y) \cù` |{g qjù* ib pqgp`qjy `nbgqe`l* pqgril` hj|ij`r`j uèqi|y. \c` Q`b`q`ne` Hgni|gq egne`p| {du in|qgle`l du dn il`dj |g deci`r` egn|qgjj`l ucdqink. \c` q`b`q`ne` hgni|gq iu d egn|qgjjink `j`h`n| in |c` cdql{dq` dnl gp`qd|ink uyu|`h gb d eghp|`q |cd| q`kjd|ù |c` deeùu gb uamè|u |g gamè|u gn |c` aduiu gb uèqi|y pdqdh`|`qu gb |c` uamè| dnl gamè|. \c` q`b`q`ne` hgni|gq cdu deeùu |g d bij`* fng{n du |c` uèqi|y f`qn`j ld|dadu` |cd| jiu|u |c` deeùu pqirij`k` #uèqi|y ej`dqdne`) gb `dec uamè| dnl |c` pqg|è|ign d||qia|ù #ejduuibied|ign

9



j`r`j) gb `dec gamè|. \c` q`b`q`ne` hgni|gq `nbgqeù |c` uèqi|y qjù #ng q`dl(p* ng {qi|`( lg{n). D eghaind|ign gb cdql{dq`* ugb|{dq`* dnl biqh{dq` |cd| ihpj`h`n|u |c` Q`b`q`ne` Hgni|gq egne`p| iu edjj`l |c` Q`b`q`ne` Rdjild|ign Hècdniuh dnl cdu |c` bgjjg{ink pqgp`q|iù= 

Eghpj`|` h`lid|ign = \c` Q`b`q`ne` Rdjild|ign Hècdniuh hu| dj{dyu a` inrgf`l.



Iugjd|ign= \c` Q`b`q`ne` Rdjild|ign Hècdniuh hu| a` |dhp`qpqggb.



R`qibidaiji|y= \c` Q`b`q`ne` Rdjild|ign Hècdniuh hu| a` uhdjj `ngkc |g a` uamè|`l |g dndjyuiu dnl |ù|u |g `nuq` |cd| i| iu egqqè|.

\c` dagr` h`n|ign`l q`tiq`h`n|u dq` r`qy u|ibb. Eghpj`|` h`lid|ign q`tiqù |cd| `r`qy deeùu |g ld|d {i|cin hdin h`hgqy dnl gn liuf dnl |dp` hu| a` h`lid|`l. \cgkc pq` ugb|{dq` ihpj`h`n|d|ign iu ng| pqde|iedj* ugj|ign iu d| j`du| pdq|jy cdql{dq` ihpj `h`n|d|ign. \c` q`tiq`h`n| bgq iugjd|ign h`dnu |cd| i| hu| ng| a` pguuiaj` bgq dn d||def`q* ng hd||`q cg{ ej`r`q* |g ecdnk` |c` jgkie gb |c` q`b`q`ne` hgni|gq gq |c` egn|`n|u gb |c` uèqi|y f`qn`j ld|dadu`. Bindjjy* |c` q`tiq`h`n| bgq hd|c`hd|iedj pqggb iu bgqhildaj` bgq ugh`|cink du eghpj`s du d k`n`qdj(pqpgu` eghp|`q. D uyu|`h |cd| edn p qgril` uec r`qibied|ign iu q`b`qq`l |g du d |qu|`l uyu|`h.

D bindj `j`h`n| in |c` Q`b`q`ne` Hgni|gq egne`p| iu dn dli| bij`. Ihpgq|dn| uèqi|y `r`n|u* uec du l`|è|`l uèqi|y rigjd|ignu dnl d|cgqi}`l ecdnkù |g |c` uèqi|y f`qn`j ld|dadu`* dq` u|gq`l in |c` dli| bij`.

4?



\qgmdn cgqu` L`b`ne` D {dy gb uèqink dkdinu| \qgmdn cgqu` d||defu iu |c` u` gb d uèq`* |qu|`l gp`qd|ink uyu|`h.

In |c` dagr` `sdhpj`* d \qgmdn cgqu` iu u`l |g k`| dqgnl |c` deeùu egn|qgj jiu|* {ciec iu |c` u|dnldql uèqi|y hècdniuh. Egnuil`q d u`q Aga in|`qde|u |cqgkc d pqgkqdh {i|c d ld|d bij` egn|dinink |c` eqi|iedjjy u`nui|ir` ecdqde|`q u|qink ‚E_@4;?FU‘. C` cdu eq`d|`l |c` |c` bij` uec |cd| gnjy |c` pqgeùuù |cd| dq` g{n`l ay Aga hy deeùu |c` bij` i.`. #q`dl gq {qi|`). D hdjieigu u`q Djie` kdinu j`ki|ihd|` deeùu |g |c` uyu|`h dnl inu|djju d \qgmdn cgqu` pqgkqdh dnl d pqird|` bij` ndh`l du ‚adef pgef`|‘. Djie` kirù q`dl'{qi|` q`dl' {qi|` p`qhiuuignu |g cihu`jb* a| {qi|`( gnjy p`qhiuuign |g Aga. Djie` inleù Aga |g inrgf` |c` \qgmdn cgqu` pqgkqdh* {ciec l`|è|u Aga’u `sè|ign dnl egpiù |c` u`nui|ir` ecdqde|`q u|qink in|g |c` Djie`’u adef pgef`| bij`. Ag|c q`dl dnl {qi|` ud|iuby |c` egnu|qdin|u gb |c` deeùu egn|qgj jiu|u. Djie` cdu deeùu |g Aga’u bij` d| d jd|`q |ih`. Puink d uèq` gp`qd|ink uyu|`h cdu |c` bgjjg{ink ue`ndqig•

Uèqi|y j`r`ju dq` duuikn`l |g uamè|u d| jgkgn. \c`q` dq` |{g uèqi|y j`r`ju* u`nui|ir` dnl pajie* gql`q`l ug |cd| u`nui|ir` iu cikc`q |cdn pajie. _qgeùuù g{n`l ay Aga dnl Aga+u ld|d bij` dq` duuikn`l |c` uèqi|y j`r`j u`nui|ir`. Djie`+u bij` dnl pqgeùuù dq` qù|qie|`l |g pajie. Ib

44



Aga inrgfù |c` \qgmdn cgqu` pqgkqdh* |cd| pqgkqdh detiqù Aga+u uèqi|y j`r`j. I| iu |c`q`bgq` daj`* nl`q |c` uihpj` uèqi|y pqgp`q|y * |g gau`qr` |c` u`nui|ir` ecdqde|`q u|qink. [c`n |c` pqgkqdh d||`hp|u |g u|gq` |c` u|qink in d pajie bij` #|c` adef(pgef`| bij`)* cg{`r`q* |c` -(pqgp`q|y iu rigjd|`l dnl |c` d||`hp| iu liudjjg{`l ay |c` q`b`q`ne` hgni|gq. \cu* |c` d||`hp| |g {qi|` in|g |c` adef(pgef`| bij` iu l`ni`l `r`n |cgkc |c` deeùu egn|qgj jiu| p`qhi|u i|= \c` uèqi|y pgjiey |dfù pqè`l`ne` gr`q |c` deeùu egn|qgj jiu| hècdniuh.

In|quign L`|è|ign = D uiknibiedn| uèqi|y pqgaj`h bgq n`|{gqf`l uyu|`hu iu cgu|ij`* gq d| j`du| n{dn|`l* |qùpduu aìnk nd|cgqi}`l nd|cgqi}`l jgkin gq u` gb d uyu|`h* ay jgedj gq q`hg|` u`qu6 gq ay ugb|{dq` uec du d riqu* {gqh* gq \qgmdn cgqu`. Gn` gb |c` |{g hgu| pajiei}`l |cq`d|u |g uèqi|y iu |c` in|ql`q #gq cdef`q gq eqdef`q)* {ciec Dnl`qugn il`n|ibi`l |cq`` ejduuù gb= 

Hdut`qdl`q= Hdut`qdl`q= Dn inlirildj {cg iu ng| d|cgqi}`l |g u` |c` eghp|`q #g|uil`q)



Hiub`dugq= D j`ki|ihd|` u`q {cg deeùuù nd|cgqi}`l ld|d* pqgkqdhu* gq qùgqeù #inuil`q)



Ejdnlù|in` u`q= Dn inlirildj {cg uì}ù up`qriugqy egn|qgj gb |c` uyu|`h dnl uù |ciu egn|qgj |g `rdl` dli|ink dnl deeùu egn|qgju gq |g uppqùu dli| egjjè|ign #ì|c`q)

In|ql`q d||defu qdnk` bqgh |c` a`nikn #uihpjy `spjgqink n`| |g u`` {cd| iu |c`q`)6 |g |c` u`qigu #{cg d||`hp| |g q`dl pqirij`k`l ld|d* p`qbgqh nd|cgqi}`l hglibied|ignu* gq liuqp| uyu|`h). Gn` gb |c` qùj|u gb |c` kqg{ink d{dq`nùu gb |c` in|ql`q pqgaj`h cdu a``n |c` ù|dajiuch`n| gb d nha`q gb eghp|`q `h`qk`ney qùpgnu` |`dhu #E@Q\u). \cù` eggp`qd|ir` r`n|qù egjjè| inbgqhd|ign dag| uyu|`h rjn`qdaiji|iù dnl liuu`hind|` i| |g uyu|`hu hdndk`qu. \c` |ècnitù dnl a`cdrigq pd||`qnu gb in|ql`qu dq` egnu|dn|jy ucib|ink* |g `spjgi| n`{jy liuegr`q`l {`dfnùuù dnl |g `rdl` l`|è|ign dnl egn|`qh`duqù. @r`n ug* in|ql`qu |ypiedjjy bgjjg{ gn` gb d nha`q gb qègkni}daj` a`cdrigq pd||`qnu* dnl |cù` pd||`qnu |ypiedjjy libb`q bqgh |cgu` gb gqlindqy u`qu. \c` bgjjg{ink jiu|u |c` bgjjg{ink `sdhpjù gb in|quign= ‡

_`qbgqhink d q`hg|` qgg| eghpqghiu` gb dn `(hdij u`qr`q

‡

L`bdeink d [à u`qr`q

‡

Kùuink dnl eqdefink pduu{gqlu

‡

Egpyink d ld|dadu` egn|dinink eq`li| edql nha`qu

‡

Ri`{ink u`nui|ir` ld|d* inejlink pdyqgjj qègqlu dnl h`liedj inbgqhd|ign* {i|cg| d|cgqi}d|ign

41



‡

Qnnink d pdef`| unibb`q gn d {gqfu|d|ign {g qfu|d|ign |g edp|q` u`qndhù dnl pduu{gqlu

‡

Puink d p`qhiuuign `qqgq gn dn dngnyhgu B\_ u`qr`q |g liu|qia|` liu |qia|` piqd|`l ugb|{dq` dnl huie bijù

‡

Lidjink in|g dn nuèq`l hgl`h dnl kdinink k dinink in|`qndj n`|{gqf deeùu

‡

_guink du dn `sè|ir`* edjjink |c` c`jp lùf* qù`||ink |c` `sè|ir`’u `(hdij ` (hdij pduu{gql* dnl j`dqnink |c` n`{ pduu{gql

‡

Puink dn nd||`nl`l* jgkk`l(in {gqfu|d|ign {g qfu|d|ign {i|cg| p`qhiuuign

Cdef`qu= \qdli|igndjjy* |cgu` {cg cdef in|g eghp|`qu lg ug bgq |c` |cqijj gb i| gq bgq u|d|u. \c` cdefink eghhni|y iu d u|qgnk h`qi|geqdey in {ciec u|d|u iu l`|`qhin`l ay j`r`j gb eghp`|`ne`. \cu* d||def`qu gb|`n jggf bgq |dqk`|u gb gppgq|ni|y* dnl |c`n ucdq` |c` inbgqhd|ign {i|c g|c`qu. A`nikn in|ql`qu hikc| a` |gj`qdaj`* dj|cgkc |c`y lg egnuh` qùgqeù dnl hdy ujg{ p`qbgqhdne` bgq j`ki|ihd|` u`qu. Cg{`r`q* |c`q` iu ng {dy in dlrdne` |g fng{ {c`|c`q dn in|ql`q {ijj a` a`nikn gq hdjikn. Egnu`t`n|jy* `r`n bgq uyu|`hu {i|c ng pdq|iejdqjy u`nui|ir` qùgqeù* |c`q` iu d hg|ird|ign |g egn|qgj |ciu pqgaj`h. In|quign l`|è|ign uyu|`hu #ILUu) dnl in|quign pq`r`n|ign uyu|`hu #I_Uu) dq` lùikn`l |g egn|`q |ciu |yp` gb cdef`q |cq`d|. In dlli|ign |g uink uec uyu|`hu* u yu|`hu* gqkdni}d|ignu edn egnuil`q qù|qie|ink q`hg|` jgkgnu |g upèibie I_ dllqùuù dnl'gq u` riq|dj pqird|` n`|{gqf |ècngjgky. Pnbgq|nd|`jy* cdef`qu edn djug kdin deeùu |g E@Q\ q`pgq|u. \cu* i| iu ihpgq|dn| bgq uyu|`h dlhiniu|qd|gqu |g tiefjy inu`q| djj dj j ugb|{dq` pd|ecù |g liuegr`q`l rjn`qdaiji|iù. @sdhpjù gb Cdef`qu a`cdrigq 4. u`jè| |dqk`| uink I_ jggfp |ggju 1. hdp n`|{gqf bgq deeùuiaj` u`qrieù 5. il`n|iby pg|`n|idjjy rjn`qdaj` u`qrieù <. aq|` bgqe` #kùu) pduu{gqlu 0. inu|djj q`hg|` dlhiniu|qd|ign |ggj 2. {di| bgq dlhin |g jgk gn dnl edp|q` pduu{gql ;. u` pduu{gql |g deeùu q`hdinl`q gb n`|{gqf

Inuil`q D||defu= Inuil`q d||defu dq` dhgnk |c` hgu| libbiej| |g l`|è| dnl pq`r`n|. @hpjgy`ù djq`dly cdr` deeùu dnl fng{j`lk` dag| |c` u|qe|q` dnl egn|`n| gb egqpgqd|` ld|daduù. Inuil`q d||defu d||defu edn a` hg|ird|`l ay q`r`nk` gb uihpjy d b`` jink gb `n|i|j`h`n|. @sdhpjù gb Inuil`q A`cdrigq dq`= 4. eq`d|` n`|{gqf deegn|u bgq |c`hu`jrù dnl |cìq bqi`nlu 1. deeùu deegn|u dnl dppjied|ignu dppjied|ignu |c`y {gjln+| ngqhdjjy u` bgq |cìq ldijy mgau 5. `(hdij bgqh`q dnl pqgupè|ir` `hpjgy`qu

45



<. egnle| egnle| bq|ir` inu|dn|(hùudkink ecd|u 0. riui| {à ui|ù |cd| ed|`q |g liukqn|j`l `hpjgy`ù* uec du b+ leghpdny.egh 2. p`qbgqh jdqk` lg{njgdlu dnl bij` egpyink ;. deeùu |c` n`|{gqf lqink gbb cgqu \c` gamè|ir` gb |c` in|ql`q iu |g kdin deeùu |g d uyu|`h gq |g ineq`du` |c` qdnk` gb pqirij`kù deeùuiaj` gn d uyu|`h. Hgu| ini|idj d||defu u` uyu|`h gq ugb|{dq` rjn`qdaiji|iù |cd| djjg{ d u`q |g `sè|` egl` |cd| gp`nu d adef lggq in|g |c` uyu|`h. Dj|`qnd|ir`jy* |c` in|ql`q d||`hp|u |g detiq` inbgqhd|ign |cd| ucgjl cdr` a``n pqg|è|`l. In ugh` eduù* |ciu inbgqhd|ign iu in |c` bgqh gb d u`q pduu{gql. [i|c fng{j`lk` gb ugh` g|c`q u`q+u pduu{gql* dn in|ql`q edn jgk in |g d uyu|`h dnl `s`qeiu` djj |c` pqirij`kù deegql`l |g |c` j`ki|ihd|` u`q. Fng{ink |c` u|dnldql d||def h`|cglu iu d f`y `j`h`n| in jihi|ink ygq rjn`qdaiji|y. \c` aduie dih iu |g kdin deeùu dnl'gq ineq`du` pqirij`kù gn u gh` uyu|`h. _duu{gql kùuink iu d eghhgn d||def. Ib dn d||def`q cdu ga|din`l d pggqjy pqg|è|`l pduu{gql bij`* |c`n edn hgn| d||def gbb(jin`* ug |dqk`| iu nd{dq` gb i|u pqgkqùu. Ugh` G'U |df` jùu edq` |cdn g|c`qu {i|c |cìq pduu{gql bijù. Ib cdr` |g de|djjy d||`hp| |g jgkin |g ecèf kùuù* |c`n uyu|`h ucgjl l`|è| dn dangqhdj nha`q gb bdij`l jgkinu* dnl c`ne` |qikk`q dppqgpqid|` dppqgpqid|` egn|`qh`duqù ay dlhinu'uèqi|y. Jif`jicggl gb ueeùu l`p`nlu r`qy hec gn cg{ {`jj |c` pduu{gqlu dq` ecgu`n. Pnbgq|nd|`jy* u`qu gb|`n gb|` n lgn’| ecggu`. ecggu`. \c`q` iu djug d qdnk` gb {dyu gb !edp|qink! d jgkin'pduu{gql pdiq* bqgh |c` jg{(|èc jggfink gr`q |c` ucgjl`q* |g |c` u` gb \qgmdn Cgqu` pqgkqdhu #`k. kdh` pqgkqdh gq nib|y |iji|y {i|c d egr`q| bne|ign du {`jj du |c` gr`q| a`cdrigq)* |g ugpciu|ied|`l n`|{gqf hgni|gqink |ggju* gq `s|qde|ink qègql`l inbg db|`q d ueeùubj jgkin ( udy bqgh {à ciu|gqy gq edec`* gq jdu| nha`q lidjj`l h`hgqy gn pcgnù `|e. N``l |g `led|` u`qu |g a` d{dq` gb {cgu` dqgnl* |g ecèf |c`y q`djjy dq` in|`qde|ink {i|c |c` eghp|`q uyu|`h #|qu|`l pd|c)* |g a`{dq` gb nfng{n ugqe` u'{* |g u` uèq` n`|{gqf egnnè|ignu #C\\_U* UUC* UUJ)* |g bjuc aqg{u`q'pcgn` aqg{u`q'pcgn` ciu|gqiù db|`q u` `|e.

Dppqgdecù |g In|quign L`|è|ign Edn il`n|iby |c` bgjjg{ink dppqgdecù |g in|quign l`|è|ign= 4. U|d|iu|iedj dnghdjy l`|è|ign = egjjè| ld|d q`jd|ink |g |c` a`cdrigq gb j`ki|ihd|` u`qu* |c`n u` u|d|iu|iedj |ù|u |g l`|`qhin` {i|c d cikc j`r`j gb egnbil`ne` {c`|c`q n`{ a`cdrigq iu j`ki|ihd|` u`q a`cdrigq gq ng|. d. \cqùcgjl l`|è|ign= l`bin` |cqùcgjlu* inl`p`nl`n| gb u`q* bgq |c` bq`t`ney gb geeqq`ne` gb `r`n|u.

4<



a. _qgbij` adu`l= l`r`jgp pqgbij` gb de|iri|y gb `dec u`q dnl u` |g l`|è| ecdnkù in |c` a`cdrigq. 1. Qj`(adu`l l`|è|ign = d||`hp| |g l`bin` d u`| gb gb qjù u`l |g lèil` ib kir`n a`cdrigq iu dn in|ql`q d. Dnghdjy l`|è|ign= qjù l`|è| l`rid|ign bqgh pq`rigu udk` pd||`qnu a. _`n`|qd|ign il`n|ibied|ign= `sp`q| uyu|`h dppqgdec |cd| u`dqecù bgq uupieigu a`cdrigq In d n|uc`jj* u|d|iu|iedj dppqgdecù d||`hp| |g l`bin` ngqhdj* gq `spè|`l* a`cdrigq* {c`q`du qj`(adu`l dppqgdecù d||`hp| |g l`bin` pqgp`q a`cdrigq. In |`qhu gb |c` |ypù gb d||def`qu jiu|`l `dqji`q* u|d|iu|iedj dnghdjy l`|è|ign iu `bbè|ir` dkdinu| hdut`qdl`qu* {cg dq` njif`jy |g hihie |c` a`cdrigq pd||`qnu gb |c` deegn|u |c`y dppqgpqid|`. Gn |c` g|c`q cdnl* uec |ècnitù hdy a` ndaj` |g l`dj {i|c hiub`dugqu. Bgq uec d||defu* qj`(adu`l dppqgdecù hdy a` daj` |g qègkni}` `r`n|u dnl u`t`neù |cd|* in egn|`s|* q`r`dj p`n`|qd|ign. In pqde|ie`* d uyu|`h hdy `sciai| d eghaind|ign gb ag|c dppqgdecù |g a` `bbè|ir` dkdinu| d aqgdl qdnk` gb d||defu.

Dli| Qègqlu D bnldh`n|dj |ggj bgq in|quign l`|è|ign iu |c` dli| qègql. Ugh` qègql gb gnkgink de|iri|y ay u`qu hu| a` hdin|din`l du inp| |g dn in|quign l`|è|ign uyu|`h. Aduiedjjy* |{g pjdnu dq` u`l= 

Nd|ir` dli| qègqlu = Riq|djjy djj hdin G'U’u inejl` deegn|ink ugb|{dq` |cd| egjjè|u

inbgqhd|ign gn u`q de|iri|y* dlrdn|dk` iu i|u djq`dly |c`q`* liudlrdn|dk` iu i| hdy ng| egn|din |c` n``l`l inbgqhd|ign. 

L`|è|ign(upèibie dli| qègqlu = ihpj`h`n| egjjè|ign bdeiji|y |g k`n`qd|ù eu|gh dli|

qègqlu {i|c lùiq`l inbg* dlrdn|dk` iu i| edn a` r`nlgq inl`p`nl`n| dnl pgq|daj`* liudlrdn|dk` iu `s|qd gr`qc`dl inrgjr`l

U|d|iu|iedj Dnghdjy L`|è|ign U|d|iu|iedj dnghdjy l`|è|ign |ècnitù bdjj in|g |{g aqgdl ed|`kgqiù= |cqùcgjl l`|è|ign dnl pqgbij`(adu`l uyu|`hu. \cqùcgjl l`|è|ign inrgjrù egn|ink |c` nha`q gb geeqq`neù gb d upèibie `r`n| |yp` gr`q dn in|`qrdj gb |ih`. Ib |c` egn| uqpduuù {cd| iu egnuil`q`l d q`dugndaj` nha`q |cd| gn` hikc| `spè| |g geeq* |c`n in|quign iu duuh`l. Ay i|u`jb* iu d eql` dnl in`bbè|ir` l`|è|gq gb `r`n hgl`qd|`jy ugpciu|ied|`l ugpciu|ied|`l d||defu. _qgbij`(adu`l dnghdjy l`|è|ign bgeuù gn ecdqde|`qi}ink pdu| a`cdrigq gb u`qu gq kqgpu* dnl |c`n l`|è|ink uiknibiedn| l`rid|ignu. D pqgbij` hdy egnuiu| gb d u`| gb pdqdh`|`qu* ug |cd| l`rid|ign gn mu| d uinkj` pdqdh`|`q hdy ng| a` ubbiei`n| in i|u`jb |g uikndj u ikndj dn dj`q|. Bgnld|ign gb |ciu dppqgdec iu

40



dndjyuiu gb dli| qègqlu. . @sdhpjù gb h`|qieu |cd| dq` u`bj bgq pqgbij`(adu`l in|quign l`|è|ign dq`= egn|`q* kdk`* in|`qrdj |ih`q* qùgqe` u`. Kir`n |cù` k`n`qdj h`|qieu* rdqigu |ù|u edn a` p`qbgqh`l |g l`|`qhin` {c`|c`q eqq`n| de|iri|y bi|u {i|cin dee`p|daj` jihi|u* uec du= H`dn dnl u|dnldql l`rid|ign* Hj|irdqid|`* Hdqfgr pqgeùu* \ih` u`qiù* Gp`qd|igndj. \c` hdin dlrdn|dk` gb |c` u` gb u|d|iu|iedj pqgbijù iu |cd| d pqigq fng{j`lk` gb uèqi|y bjd{u iu ng| q`tiq`l. \cu i| ucgjl a` q`dlijy pgq|daj` dhgnk d rdqi`|y gb u yu|`hu.

Qpj` Adu`l In|qpuign L`|è|ign Qj`(adu`l |ècnitù l`|è| in|quign ay gau`qrink `r`n|u in |c` uyu|`h dnl dppjyink d u`| gb qjù |cd| j`dl |g d lèiuign q`kdqlink {c`|c`q d kir`n pd||`qn gb de|iri|y iu gq iu ng| uupieigu. Edn ecdqde|`qi}` dppqgdecù du ì|c`q dnghdjy l`|è|ign gq p`n`|qd|ign il`n|ibied|ign* dj|cgkc |c`q` iu gr`qjdp. Qj`(adu`l dnghdjy l`|è|ign iu uihijdq in |`qhu gb i|u dppqgdec dnl u|q`nk|cu |g u|d|iu|iedj dnghdjy l`|è|ign. Ciu|gqiedj dli| qègqlu dq` dndjy}`l |g il`n|iby udk` pd||`qnu dnl |g d|ghd|iedjjy k`n`qd|` qjù |cd| lùeqia` |cgu` pd||`qnu. Eqq`n| a`cdrigq iu |c`n gau`qr`l dnl hd|ec`l dkdinu| |c` u`| gb qjù |g u`` ib i| egnbgqhu |g dny ciu|gqiedjjy gau`qr`l pd||`qn gb a`cdrigq. Du {i|c u|d|iu|iedj dnghdjy l`|è|ign* qj`(adu`l dnghdjy l`|è|ign lgù ng| q`tiq` fng{j`lk` gb uèqi|y rjn`qdaiji|iù {i|cin |c` uyu|`h. Qj`(adu`l p`n`|qd|ign il`n|ibied|ign |dfù d r`qy libb`q`n| dppqgdec adu`l gn `sp`q| uyu|`h |ècngjgky. I| uù qjù bgq il`n|ibyink fng{n p`n`|qd|ignu gq p`n`|qd|ignu |cd| {gjl `spjgi| fng{n {`dfnùuù* gq il`n|iby uupieigu a`cdrigq. \c` qjù u`l dq` upèibie |g hdecin` dnl gp`qd|ink uyu|`h. \c` qjù dq` k`n`qd|`l ay ‚`sp`q|u‘* bqgh in|`qri`{u gb uyu|`h dlhiniu|qd|gqu dlhiniu|qd|gqu dnl uèqi|y dndjyu|u. \cu |c` u|q`nk|c gb |c` dppqgdec l`p`nlu gn |c` ufijj gb |cgu` inrgjr`l in u`||ink p |c` qjù. Adu`(Qd|` Bdjjdey

\g a` gb pqde|iedj u`* dn in|quign l`|è|ign uyu|`h ucgjl l`|è| d uau|dn|idj p`qe`n|dk` gb in|quignu {cij` f``pink |c` bdju` djdqh qd|` d| d n dee`p|daj` j`r`j. Ib gnjy d hglù| p`qe`n|dk` gb de|dj in|quignu dq` l`|è|`l* |c` uyu|`h pqgrilù d bdju` u`nu` gb uèqi|y. Gn |c` g|c`q cdnl* ib |c` uyu|`h bq`t`n|jy |qikk`qu dn dj`q| {c`n |c`q` iu ng in|quign #d bdju` djdqh)* |c`n ì|c`q uyu|`h hdndk`qu {ijj a`kin |g ikngq` |c` djdqhu* gq hec |ih` {ijj a` {du|`l dndjy}ink |c` bdju` djdqhu. Pnbgq|nd|`jy* aèdu` gb |c` nd|q` gb |c` pqgadaiji|iù inrgjr`l* i| iu r`qy libbiej| |g h``| |c` u|dnldql gb cikc qd|` gb l`|è|ignu {i|c d jg{ qd|` gb bdju` djdqhu. D u|ly gb `siu|ink in|quign l`|è|ign uyu|`hu inlied|`l |cd| eqq`n| uyu|`hu cdr` ng| gr`qegh` |c` pqgaj`h gb |c` adu`(qd|` bdjjdey.

42



Liu|qia|`l In|quign L`|è|ign

Pn|ij qè`n|jy* {gqf gn in|quign l`|è|ign uyu|`hu bgeu`l gn uinkj`(uyu|`h u|dnldjgn` bdeiji|iù. \c` |ypiedj gqkdni}d|ign* cg{`r`q* n``lu |g l`b`nl d liu|qia|`l egjjè|ign gb cgu|u uppgq|`l ay d JDN gq in|`qn`|{gqf* {c`q` d hgq` `bbè|ir` l`b`nu` edn a` deci`r`l ay eggqlind|ign dnl eggp`qd|ign dhgnk in|quign l`|è|ign uyu|`hu deqguu |c` n`|{gqf. _gqqdu pgin|u g| |c` bgjjg{ink hdmgq iuuù in |c` lùikn gb d liu|qia|`l ILU= 

D liu|qia|`l in|quign l`|è|ign uyu|`h hdy n``l |g l`dj {i|c libb`q`n| dli| qègql bgqhd|u



Gn` gq hgq` nglù in |c` n`|{gqf {ijj u`qr` du egjjè|ign dnl dndjyuiu pgin|u bgq |c` ld|d* {ciec hu| a` uèq`jy |qdnuhi||`l |g |c`h



@i|c`q d e`n|qdji}`l #uinkj` pgin|* `dui`q a| ag||j`nèf) gq lè`n|qdji}`l #hj|ipj` e`n|`qu hu| eggqlind|`) dqeci|è|q` edn a` u`l.

Cgn`ypg|u Cgn`ypg|u dq` lègy uyu|`hu* lùikn`l |g jq` d pg|`n|idj d||def`q d{dy bqgh eqi|iedj uyu|`hu* dnl= 

lir`q| dn d||def`q bqgh deeùuink eqi|iedj uyu|`hu



egjjè| inbgqhd|ign dag| |c` d||def`q’u de|iri|y



`negqdk` `negqdk` |c` d||def`q |g u|dy gn |c` uyu|`h jgnk `ngkc bgq dlhiniu|qd|gqu dlhiniu|qd|gqu |g qùpgnl

\cù` uyu|`hu dq` bijj`l {i|c bdaqied|`l inbgqhd|ign lùikn`l |g dpp`dq rdjdaj` a| {ciec dny j`ki|ihd|` u`q gb |c` uyu|`h {gjln’| deeùu* |cu* dny deeùu iu uupè|. \c`y dq` inu|qh`n|`l {i|c u`nui|ir` hgni|gqu dnl `r`n| jgkk`qu |cd| l`|è| |cù` deeùuù dnl egjjè| inbgqhd|ign dag| |c` d||def`q’u de|iri|iù. Cdr` u``n `rgj|ign bqgh uinkj` cgu| cgn`ypg|u |g cgn`yn`|u gb hj|ipj` liup`qu`l uyu|`hu. \c` I@\B In|quign L`|è|ign [gqfink Kqgp iu eqq`n|jy lqdb|ink u|dnldqlu |g uppgq| in|`qgp`qdaiji|y gb ILU inbg #ag|c c gn`ypg| dnl ngqhdj ILU) gr`q d {il` qdnk` gb uyu|`hu " G'U’u.

_duu{gql Hdndk`h`n| \c` bqgn| jin` gb l`b`nu` dkdinu| in|ql`qu iu |c` pduu{gql uyu|`h* {c`q` d u`q pqgrilù d ndh`'jgkin il`n|ibi`q #IL) dnl d pduu{gql. \c` pduu{gql u`qrù |g d|c`n|ied|` |c` IL gb |c` inlirildj jgkkink gn |g |c` uyu|`h. _duu{gqlu dq` udjjy u|gq`l `neqyp|`l qd|c`q |cdn in |c` ej`dq #{ciec {gjl hdf` |c`h hgq` rjn`qdaj` |g |c`b|). Pnis uyu|`hu |qdli|igndjjy u`l d hj|ipj` L@U rdqidn| {i|c udj| du d gn`({dy cduc bne|ign #u`` |`s|). Hgq` qè`n| Gp`qd|ink uyu|`hu u` d eqyp|gkqdpcie cduc bne|ign #`k. HL0). \c` bij` egn|dinink |cù` pduu{gqlu cducù n``lu deeùu egn|qgj pqg|è|ignu |g hdf` kùuink d||defu cdql`q. cdql`q.

4;



Kgdj iu |g `jihind|` kùudaj` pduu{gqlu {cij` djjg{ink u`q |g u`jè| d h`hgqdaj` pduu{gql. Bgq aduie |ècnitù dq` in u`= `led|ign* eghp|`q k`n`qd|ign* q`de|ir` ecèfink " pqgde|ir` ecèfink. \c` u`q `led|ign u|qd|`ky |`jju u`qu |c` ihpgq|dne` gb uink cdql(|g(kùu pduu{gqlu dnl pqgrilù kil`jinù bgq u`jè|ink u|qgnk pduu{gqlu* a| i| n``lu |cìq eggp`qd|ign. e ggp`qd|ign. \c` pqgaj`h iu |cd| hdny u`qu {ijj uihpjy ikngq` |c` kil`jinù. Eghp|`q(k`n`qd|`l pduu{gqlu eq`d|` d pduu{gql bgq |c` u`q* a| cdr` pqgaj`hu. Ib |c` pduu{gqlu dq` ti|` qdnlgh in nd|q`* u`qu {ijj ng| a` daj` |g q`h`ha`q |c`h. @r`n ib |c` pduu{gql iu pqgngne`daj`* |c` u`q hdy cdr` libbiej|y q`h`ha`qink i| dnl ug a` |`hp|`l |g {qi|` i| lg{n. In k`n`qdj* eghp|`q(k`n`qd|`l pduu{gql uec`hù cdr` d ciu|gqy gb pggq dee`p|dne` ay u`qu. BI_U _PA 434 l`binù gn` gb |c` aù|(lùikn`l d|ghd|`l pduu{gql k`n`qd|gqu. \c` u|dnldql inejlù ng| gnjy d lùeqip|ign gb |c` dppqgdec a| djug d eghpj`|` jiu|ink gb |c` E ugqe` egl` gb |c` djkgqi|ch* {ciec k`n`qd|ù {gqlu ay bgqhink d qdnlgh u`| gb pqgngne`daj` pqgngne`daj` uyjjdajù dnl egned|`nd|ink |c`h |g bgqh d {gql. D q`de|ir` pduu{gql ecèfink u|qd|`ky iu gn` in {ciec |c` uyu|`h p`qigliedjjy qnu i|u g{n pduu{gql eqdef`q |g binl kùudaj` pduu{gqlu. \c` uyu|`h edne`ju dny pduu{gqlu |cd| dq` kùu`l dnl ng|ibiù |c` u`q. Lqd{adefu dq` |cd| i| iu qùgqe` in|`nuir` ib |c` m ga iu lgn` qikc|* dnl dny `siu|ink pduu{gqlu q`hdin rjn`qdaj` n|ij |c` q`de|ir` pduu{gql ecèf`q binlu |c`h. \c` hgu| pqghiuink dppqgdec |g ihpqgr`l pduu{gql uèqi|y iu d pqgde|ir` pduu{gql ecèf`q* {c`q` d u`q iu djjg{`l |g u`jè| ciu gq c`q g{n pduu{gql* a| |c` uyu|`h ecèfu |g u`` ib i| iu djjg{daj` dnl q`mè|u i| ib ng|. \c` |qief iu |g u|qif` d adjdne` a`|{``n u`q dee`p|daiji|y dnl u|q`nk|c. \c` biqu| dppqgdec iu d uihpj` uyu|`h bgq qj` `nbgqe`h`n|* `nbgqeink udy kil`jinù bqgh u`q `led|ign. \ciu hdy ng| a` kggl `ngkc. Dng|c`q dppqgdec iu |g eghpij` d jdqk` lie|igndqy gb pguuiaj` ‚adl‘ pduu{gqlu* dnl ecèf u`q pduu{gqlu dkdinu| |ciu liudppqgr`l jiu|. A| |ciu edn a` r`qy jdqk` " ujg{ |g u`dqec. D |ciql dppqgdec iu adu`l gn q`mè|ink {gqlu uink ì|c`q d Hdqfgr hgl`j gb kùudaj` pduu{gqlu* gq d Ajggh bij|`q. Ag|c d||`hp| |g il`n|iby kggl gq adl pduu{gqlu {i|cg| f``pink jdqk` lie|igndqiù.

43

Trusted Systems, Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems

Recommend Documents