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Caruth, Cathy. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and and History. Baltimore: Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Introduction: The Wound and the Voice
Caruth engages in a d iscussion iscussion with Sigmund S igmund Freud¶s Beyond Freud¶s Beyond the Pleasure Principle within which he describes ³a pattern patt ern of suffering that is inexplicably persistent in the lives of certain individuals´ (1). She notes his suggestion that these persons ³are ³are perplexed by the terrifyingly literal nightmares of battlefield survivors are t he repetitive re-enactments of peo ple who have experienced painful events´ (1). She also mentions mentions Freud¶s marvelling at the ³peculiar ³peculiar and sometimes uncanny way in which catastrophic events seem to repeat t hemselves for those who have passed through them´ (1). This is a striking argument because the repetitions repetitions seem not to occur as an initiation initiation by the individual¶s own acts but rather they seem to be the result of a fate where they are subjected to a series of painful events that seem to be wholly beyond their wish or control. Caruth delves further as she engages with Freud¶s use of Gerusalemme of Gerusalemme Liberata by Tasso as the most moving moving poetic picture of fate. From this Freud Freud creates a definition of ³traumatic ³traumatic neurosis´ which emerges as ³the unwitting unwitt ing re-enactment of an event that one cannot simply leave behind´ (2). Caruth argues that ³if Freud turns tu rns to literature to describe traumatic experience, it is because literature, like psychoanalysis, is interested in the co mplex relation between knowing and not knowing. Ant is at the specific point at which which knowing and not knowing intersect that the language of literature and the psychoanalytic theory of traumatic experience precisely meet´ (3). Through Tasso¶s story of Tancred, Caruth draws the conclusion conclusion that ³it is always always the story of the wound that cries out, that addresses us in the attempt to tell us of a rea lity lity or o r a truth that is not otherwise available. The aim in this book boo k is to explore the ways in which texts t exts of a certain period ± both psychoanalysis of literature and literary theory ± speak about and speak through thro ugh the profound story of traumatic traumatic experience. The texts in this book engage with the central problem of listening, knowing and of representing that t hat which emerges from the actual experience o f the crisis.
1
U nclaimed
Experience: Trauma and the Possibility of History (Freud, Moses and Monotheism
de finition
Opening this chapter, Caruth provides a general definition of trauma as ³an overwhelming experience of sudden or catastrophic events in which the response to the event occurs in the often delayed and, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena´ (11).
Caruth argues that we can begin to recognise the possibility of a history that is no longer straightforwardly referential, meaning that it is not based on simple models of experience and reference. She argues that through the notion of trauma, one ³can understand a rethinking of reference aimed not at eliminating history but at resituating it in our understanding, i.e., permitting history to arise where immediate understanding may not ´ (11)