B6=81/2/5 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
RNDS 2 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqbv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`nv
@AKBFSDXBV
Obnbqej @akbfsdxb
; S` Rncbqvsenc sib j`odfej vsqrfsrqb vsqrfsrqb st}bv enc aevdf dnvsqrfsd`n dnvsqrfsd`n qbhbqv s` sib `qcbq `h bybfrsd`n `h dnvsqrfsd`nv dn }q`oqel.
V}bfdhdf @akbfsdxbv
; Es sib bnc `h sib rnds t`r wdjj ab eajb s` ;
cbvfqdab sib vburbnfb vsqrfsrqb
cbvfqdab sib vbjbfsd`n vsqrfsrqb
cbvfqdab sib Qb}bsdsd`n vsqrfsrqb
bybfrsb dnvsqrfsd`nv dnvsqrfsd`nv vburbnsdejjt `q jdnb at jdnb by}jedn by}jedn sib }q`oqel f`nsq`j vsqrfs v sqrfsrqbv rqbv
wqdsb sib vdl}jb }q`oqel rvdno }q`oqel f`nsq`j vsqrfsrqb
B6=81/2/1 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
DN]RS
2.=
Dnsq`crfsd`n S` J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb
J`odfej vsqrfsrqb vsqrfsrqb `q }q`oqel f`nsq`j f`nsq`j vsqrfsrqbv qbhbq s` sib `qcbq `h bybfrsd`n `h dnvsqrfsd`nv dn e }q`oqel. V` heq* dn ejj `rq byel}jbv* sib dnvsqrfsd`nv wbqb bybfrsbc vburbnsdejjt `nb `nb at a t `nb* hq`l sib s`} c`wnweqcv. I`wbxbq* l`vs qbej jdhb }q`ajblv qburdqb v`lb gdnc `h cbfdvd`n legdno* widfi dnx`jxbv f`l}eqdno f`l}eqdno xejrbv* enc aevbc `n sib f`l}eqdv`n* s` segb e fbqsedn f`rqvb `h efsd`n. Ibnfb* F'' }q`xd } q`xdcbv cbv vsqrfsrqb sies wdjj ejj`w sib n`n,vburbnsdej n`n,vburbnsdej bybfrsd`n `h }q`oqel dnvsqrfsd`nv. Sidv lbenv sies en dnvsqrfsd`n `q e wi`jb aj`fg `h dnvsqrfsd`nv dnvsqrfsd`nv fen ab bybfrsbc* qb}besbc `q vgd}}bc.
2.5
J`odfej Vsqrfsrqbv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`nv
F'' iev e vbs vb s `h qdfi enc }`wbqhrj f`nsq`j vsqrfsrqbv )vsesblbnsv$ )vsesblbnsv$ sies legbv ds e }`}rjeq jenoreob. F`nsq`j F`nsq`j vsqrfsrqb obnbqejjt hejj dns` h`rq fesbo`qdbv ars dn sidv rnds rn ds wb iexb s` gn`w `njt `n jt siqbb `h sibl* widfi eqb; d.
vburbnfb vburbnfb vsqrfsrqb
dd.
vbjbfsd`n vsqrfsrqb
ddd.
qb}bsdsd`n `q dsbqesd`n vsqrfsrqb
B6=81/2/6 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
2.5.5
Vburbnfb vsqrfsrqb
Sib vburbnfb f`nsq`j vsqrfsrqb dv sib vdl}jbvs `h ejj sib vsqrfsrqbv. Sib }q`oqel dnvsqrfsd`nv dnvsqrfsd`nv eqb bybfrsbc `nb at `nb* vseqsdno hq`l sib hdqvs dnvsqrfsd`n dnvsqrfsd`n enc bncdno dn sib jevs dnvsqrfsd`n ev dn sib }q`oqel vbolbns. Byel}jb ; y < 2
)V5$
t < 5=
)V1$
S`sej < y + t
)V6$
f`rs:: ‚ Zn “ :: ‚S`sej <“ ::S`sej:: ‚Zn“7
)V3$
Bnsqt
Byds V5
V1
V6
V3
Hdorqb 2.5 ; Sib vburbnfb vburbnfb vsqrfsrqb )Qbh. F'' Siq`roi Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$
2.5.1
Vbjbfsd`n Vsqrfsrqb
Sib vbjbfsd`n vsqrfsrqb ejj`wv s` ab b ybfrsbc ybfrsbc n`n,vburbnsdejjt. n`n,vburbnsdejjt. Ds ejj`wv sib f`l}eqdv`n f`l}eqdv`n `h sw` by}qbvvd`nv* enc aevbc `n sib f`l}eqdv`n* f`l}eqdv`n* s` vbjbfs e fbqsedn f`rqvb f`rqvb `h efsd`n. Dn Dn F'' * sibqb eqb siqbb st}bv `h vbjbfsd`n vbjbfsd`n vsesblbnsv. vsesblbnsv. Sibt eqb; e. dh vsesblbns a. dh,bjvb vsesblbns f. Vwdsfi vsesblbns. e.
dh Vsesblbns
Sib aevdf h`ql `h sib dh vsesblbns dv; Dh )by}qbvvd`n$ vsesblbns
B6=81/2/3 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Dn sidv h`ql* sib by}qbvvd`n dv hdqvs bxejresbc. Dh sib by}qbvvd`n bxejresbv s` n`n,{bq` )lbendno SQRB$* SQRB$* sib vsesblbns dv bybfrsbc7 dh ds bxejresbv s` {bq` {b q` )lbendno HEJVB$* HEJVB$* sib vsesblbns h`jj`wdno sib dh vsesblbns vsesblbns dv bybfrsbc. Eoedn* ds iev `nb bnsqt }`dns enc `nb byds b yds }`dns.
y >5=
N`
Tbv ]qdns y
Hdorqb 2.1 ; Dh , Vsesblbns )Qbh. F'' Siq`roi Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$ Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$
Byel}jb 2.5; Dh ) oqbc << ’E— ’E— $ f`rs:: ‚Zn ]EVV “ 7 Byel}jb 2.1;
&dnfjrcb:d`vsqbel.i> ledn)$ dns dXeq57 dns dXeq17 dXeq5 <1=7 dXeq1 <5=7 dh )dXeq5 > dXeq1$ f`rs :: dXeq5 :: ‚dv oqbesbq sien“ ::dXeq17 |
B6=81/2/2 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Sib dh vsesblbns fibfgv fibfgv s` vbb dh dXeq5 dv oqbesbq sien dXeq1. Dh dXeq dv oqbesbq sien dXeq1 )widfi dv sqrb dn sidv fevb$* sibn sib dnvsqrfsd`n dv bybfrsbc bybfrsbc enc sib `rs}rs abj`w dv d v efidbxbc. 1= dv oqbesbq sibn 2
a. dh ‖ bjvb vsesblbns vsesblbns Sib aevdf h`ql `h sib dh,bjvb vsesblbns dv ; dh )by}qbvvd`n$ vsesblbnsP5 vsesblbnsP5** bjvb vsesblbnsP1 bjvb vsesblbnsP1
Dn sidv h`ql* sib by}qbvvd`n dv hdqvs bxejresbc. Dh ds bxejresbv s` n`n, {bq`* vsesblbnsP5 dv bybfrsbc* `sibqwdvb )d.b* dh ds bxejresbv s` {bq`$ vsesblbnsP1 dv bybfrsbc. Sib bybfrsd`n `h sib vsesblbnsv eqb lrsrejjt
byfjrvdxb* lbendno* bdsibq vsesblbnsP5 dv bybfrsbc `q vsesblbnsP1* ars n`s a`si. Sib vsesblbns fen* fen* `h f`rqvb* segb sib h`ql h`ql `h aj`fgv.
y >5=0
Tbv
N`
Dnfqblbns y at 5
]qdns y
Hdorqb 2.6 ; Dh ‖ bjvb Vsesblbns )Qbh. F'' Siq`roi Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$ Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$
B6=81/2/8 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Byel}jb 2.6; dh ) oqbc << ’ B — $ f`rs:: ‚Zn HEDJ “ 7 bjvb f`rs:: ‚Zn ]EVV “ 7
Byel}jb 2.3;
&dnfjrcb:d`vsqbel.i> ledn)$ dns dNrl7 f`rs :: ‚Bnsbq e Nrlabq“ 7 fdn >> dNrl7 dh )dNrl %<=$ (( )dNrl"1$ << =$ f`rs :: ‚Bxbn Nrlabq“7 | bjvb f`rs :: ‚@cc Nrlabq `q Nrlabq Nrlabq dv =“ 7 | |
Sib dh ‖ bjvb vsesblbns dn sib Byel}jb2.3 Byel}jb2.3 dv s` fibfgv sib xejrb `h dNrl s` ab n`s burejv s` {bq` enc ejv` sies sib l`crjrv xejrb xejrb `h sib xeqdeajb xeqdeajb dNrl dv burej s` {bq`. Dh f`ncdsd`n dv sqrb* sibn sib lbvveob ’ Bxbn Nrlabq—
dv }qdnsbc `n sib vfqbbn. vfqbbn. Dh f`ncdsd`n dv n`s sqrb* sqrb* sibn sib lbvveob ’@cc ’@cc Nrlabq `q Nrlabq dv =— dv }qdnsbc `n vfqbbn.
B6=81/2/? J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
d.
nbvsbc dh ‖ bjvb vsesblbns
Sib aevdf h`ql `h sib dh,bjvb vsesblbns dv ; dh )by}qbvvd`nP5$ dh )by}qbvvd`nP1$ dh )by}qbvvd`nP1$ dh )by}qbvvd`nP6$ dh )by}qbvvd`nP6$ vsesblbnsP57 vsesblbnsP57 bjvb vsesblbnsP17 vsesblbnsP1 7 bjvb vsesblbnsP67 bjvb vsesblbnsP37
Dn sidv nbvsbc h`ql* by}qbvvd`nP5 dv bxejresbc. Dh ds dv {bq`* {b q`* vsesblbnsP3 dv bybfrsbc enc sib bnsdqb nbvsbc dh vsesblbns dv sbqldnesbc7 dh
n`s* f`nsq`j o`bv s` sib vbf`nc dh enc by}qbvvd`nP1 dv bxejresbc. Dh ds dv {bq`* vsesblbnsP6 dv bybfrsbc7 dh n`s* f`nsq`j o`bv s` sib sidqc dh enc by}qbvvd`nP6
dv bxejresbc. Dh ds dv {bq`* vsesblbnsP1 dv bybfrsbc7 dh n`s* vsesblbnsP5 dv bybfrsbc. Byel}jb 2.2 Dh )vby < ’L— dh )eob :<51$ f`rs :: ‚O``c Cet Levsbq“7 | bjvb f`rs :: ‚O``c Cet Ce t Ldvsbq“7 | bjvb dh )vby < ’H—$ dh )eob :< 51$ f`rs :: ‚O``c Cet Ldvv“7 | bjvb f`rs :: ‚O``c Cet Ce t Lecel“7 |
B6=81/2/9 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Dn sib }q`oqel* Byel}jb 2.2 sibqb eqb lrjsd}jdbv dh vsesblbnsv rvbc s` bxejresb sib vby `h e }bqv`n } bqv`n wibsibq sib }bqv`n dv e lejb `q hblejb. Sibn* ds dv hrqsibq sbvsbc `n sib eob `h sib }bqv`n s` cbfdcb `n sib sdsjb rvbc s` eccqbvv sib }bqv`n. f.
Vwdsfi vsesblbns vsesbl bns
Sib vwdsfi vsesblbns dv sib lrjsd}jb aqenfi cbfdvd`n vsesblbns dv v`lbsdlbv fejjbc sib lrjsd}jb,fi`dfb vsesblbns . Sib obnbqej h`ql `h sib vwdsfi vsesblbns vsesblbns dv ; Vwdsfi )by}qbvvd`n$ )by}qbvvd`n$ Fevb f`nvsensP57 Vsesblbns vburbnfb7 aqbeg7 fevb f`nvsensP17 vsesblbns vburbnfb7 vburbnfb7 aqbeg7 . . cbherjs ; vsesblbns vburbnfb7 vburbnfb7 |
Sib by}qbvvd`n bxejresbv bxejresbv s` en dnsbobq `q fieqefsbq fi eqefsbq f`nvsensv enc vsesblbns vburbnfb dv e a j`fg `h vsesblbnsv.
By}qbvvd`n y<0
y<5 t
y<1 t
cbherjs t
Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$ Hdorqb 2.3 ; Vwdsfi Vsesblbns)Qbh. F'' Siq`roi Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$
B6=81/2/4 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Byel}jb 2.8 &dnfjrcb:d`vsqbel.i> ledn)$ fieq fOqecb7 f`rs :: ‚]jbevb gbt dn oqecb )E,H$ ; “ 7 fdn >> fOqecb7 vwdsfi )fOqecb$ fevb ’E— f`rs :: ‚Ldndlrn leqgv dv 9=“ ::bncj7 aqbeg7 fevb ’A—; f`rs :: ‚Ldndlrn leqgv dv 8=“ ::bncj7 aqbeg7 fevb ’F— f`rs :: ‚Ldndlrn leqgv dv 3=“ :: bncj7 aqbeg7 fevb ’C—; f`rs :: ‚Ldndlrn leqgv dv 12“ :: bncj7 aqbeg7 cbherjs ; f`rs:: ‚Leqgv abswbbn =,13“ ::bncj7 |
Sib vel}jb `rs}rs `h sib }q`oqel;
]jbevb gbt dn oqecb )E,H$ ; F Ldndlrn leqgv dv 3=
Dn sib byel}jb ea`xb* E*A*F enc C eqb sib s ib }`vvdajb xejrbv sies fen ab evvdonbc s` sib xeqdeajb fOqecb. Dn befi fevb `h sib f`nvsensv* E s` C* e vsesblbns `q vburbnfb vburbnfb `h vsesblbnsv vsesblbnsv w`rjc ab bybfrsbc.
B6=81/2/5= J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
T`r w`rjc iexb n`sdfbc sies bxbqt jdnb iev vsesblb v sesblbns ns rncbq ds fejjbc ‚ aqbeg “. “. Sib aqbeg dv sib `njt sidno sies vs`}v e fevb vsesblbns vsesblbns hq`l f`nsdnrdno ejj sib wet c`wn siq`roi befi fevb jeabj rncbq ds. Dn hefs* dh t`r c` n`s }rs aqbeg dn* sib }q`oqel }q`oqel wdjj gbb} o`dno o`dno c`wn dn dn sib fevb vsesblbnsv* vsesblbnsv* dns` `sibq `sibq fevb jeabjv* rnsdj ds qbefibv sib bnc `h ` h e aqbeg . I`wbxbq* sib cbherjs }eqs dv sib f`cbv sies w`rjc ab bybfrsbc dh sibqb wbqb n` lesfidno fevb `h f`nvsens—v xejrbv.
B6=81/2/55 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Efsdxdst 2E
SBVS T@RQ RNCBQVSENCDNO ABH@QB T@R F@NSDNRB _DSI SIB NBYS DN]RS…%
2.5
Jdvs 6 st}bv `h v`jrsd`n vsesblbns0 d.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP dd.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ddd.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
2.1
Cbhdnb sib aevdf h`ql `h sib dh vsesblbns enc dh,bjvb vsesblbns0 vsesblbns0
2.6
_ies eqb sib ’aqbeg — enc ’cbherjs — vsesblbns eqb nbbcbc dn sib vwdsfi vsesblbns 0
B6=81/2/51 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Hbbcaefg S` Efsdxdst 2E
2.5 d.
dh vsesblbns
dd.
dh bjvb vsesblbns
ddd
vwdsfi vsesblbns
d.
dh )by}qbvvd`n$ )by}qbvv d`n$ vsesblbns7 vsesb lbns7
dd
dh bjvb )by}qbvvd`n$ )by}qbvvd`n $ vsesblbnsP5* bjvb vsesblbnsP17
2.1
2.6
Sib ’aqbeg— vsesblbns vsesblbns dv sib `njt sidno sies vs`}v e fevb vsesblbns hq`l f`nsdnrdno. Sib cbherjs vsesblbns vsesblbns dv sib }eqs } eqs `h sib f`cbv sies w`rjc ab bybfrsbc bybfrsbc dh sibqb sib qb wbqb n` lesfidno fevb `h f`nvsens—v xejrbv.
B6=81/2/56 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
DN]RS
2.5.6
Qb}bsdsd`n )`q Dsbqesd`n$ vsqrfsrqb
Sib qb}bsdsd`n )`q dsbqesd`n$ vsqrfsrqb }bqldsv e vburbnfb `h sib dnvsqrfsd`nv dnvsqrfsd`nv s` ab bybfrsbc qb}besbcjt rnsdj fbqsedn f`ncdsd`n dv qbefibc. Sib qb}bsdsd`n vsqrfsrqb `q j``} dn F'' f`lbv dn siqbb h`qlv widjb* enc h`q . widjb* c`,widjb enc h`q
e$ Sib widjb j``} Sib widjb j``} qb}besv sib a`ct `h sib j``} ev j`no ev sib j``} f`ncdsd`n i`jcv. Sib aevdf h`ql `h sib widjb vsesblbns vsesblbns dv ev abj`w; widjb )by}qbvvd`n$ vsesblbns7 vsesblbns 7
Dn sidv j``}* sib by}qbvvd`n by}qbvvd`n dv hdqvs bxejresbc. Dh ds d v sqrb )n`s {bq`$* sib vsesblbns )widfi fen ab e aj`fg dv bybfrsbc7 dh ds dv ){bq`$* sib vsesblbns dv at}evvbc
B6=81/2/53 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
dv y >5=0
Tbv
N` ]qdns y
y
Hdorqb 2.2 ; widjb j``} )Qbh. F'' Siq`roi Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$ Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$
Byel}jb 2.? _idjb ))fdn>>el`rns$ (()el`rns > =$ (( )el`rns:
a$ Sib c`,widjb Sib c`,widjb j``} Sib c`,widjb j``} bybfrsbv e vsesblbns vsesblbns ev j`no ev sib j``} f`ncdsd`n f`ncdsd`n i`jcv. Sib aevdf h`ql `h sib c`,widjb vsesblbns ev abj`w;
C` widjb
vsesblbns )by}qbvvd`n$ 7
B6=81/2/52 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Sidv c`,widjb j``} dv urdsb vdldjeq s` sib widjb wi djb j``} byfb}s sies sib by}qbvvd`n by}qbvvd`n dv bxejresbc b xejresbc ehsbq ehsbq sib vsesblbns dv bybfrsbc. Sidv lbenv sib vsesblbns vsesblbns dn sib c`,widjb wdjj ab bybfrsbc es jbevs `nfb. Dn sib widjb vsesblbns* vsesblbns* sib vsesblbns vsesblbns wdjj n`s ab bybfrsbc dh sib by}qbvvd`n dv hejvb.
y
]qdns y
N`
dv y >5=0 Tbv
Hdorqb 2.8 ; c`,widjb j``} )Qbh. F'' Siq`roi Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$ Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$
Byel}jb 2.9 //]q`oqel s` djjrvsqesb djjrvsqesb e c`,widjb j``} &dnfjrcb:d`vsqbel.i> ledn)$ dns vbjbfsd`n7 c` f`rs :: ‚Zn Lbnr “ :: ‚Zn“ 7 f`rs :: ‚Zn =. Byds “7 f`rs :: ‚Zn 5. E}}bnc “7 “7 f`rs :: ‚Zn 1. Cbjbsb “7 f`rs :: ‚Zn 6. L`cdht “7 f`rs :: ‚ZnZn Bnsbq vbjbfsd`n vbjbfsd`n ; “7 fdn >> vbjbfsd`n7 | widjb )vbjbfsd`n > = (( vbjbfsd`n : 3 $7 qbsrqn =7 |
B6=81/2/58 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Dn sib byel}j b yel}jbb 2.9* 2 .9* sib }q`oqel cdv}jetv sib lbnr enc sibn qburbvsv e vbjbfsd`n. Dh sib vbjbfsd`n dv 5* 1* `q 6* sib lbnr dv cdv}jetbc cdv}jetbc eoedn7 `sibqwdvb* sib j``} dv sbqldnesbc. sbqldnesbc. N`sb sies sib j``} dv qb}besbcjt qb}besbcjt bybfrsbc v` j`no ev sib vbjbfsd`n dv 5*1 `q 6. f$ Sib h`q Sib h`q J``} Sib h`q j``} qb}besv sib a`ct `h sib j``} ev j`no ev sib j``} f`ncdsd`n f`ncdsd`n i`jcv. Sib aevdf h`ql `h sib h`q j``} ev abj`w;
)dndsdejd{esd`n7 f`ncdsd`n sbvs7 dnfqblbnsesd`n$ dnfqblbnsesd`n$ h`q )dndsdejd{esd`n7 vsesblbnsv 7
Sib dndsdejd{esd`n dndsdejd{esd`n }eqs st}dfejjt qbhbq qb hbqvv s` sib dndsdej xejrb )dh ent$ odxbn s` e j``} xeqdeajb xeqdeajb `q f`rnsbq. Ars ds fen ejv` dnfjrcb sib dndsdejd{esd`n `h ent `sibq xeqdeajb. Sidv dndsdejd{esd`n dndsdejd{esd`n }eqs dv feqqdb f eqqdbc c `rs krvs `nfb es sib abodnndno `h sib j``}.
Sib by}qbvvd`n }eqs cbsbqldnbv cbsbqldnbv wibsibq sib j``} bybfrsd`n vi`rjc ab f`nsdnrbc. f`nsdnrbc. Dh sib by}qbvvd`n dv {bq` )hejvb$* )hejvb$* sib h`q j``} dv sbqldnesbc* sbqldnesbc* dh ds dv n`s n` s {bq` )sqrb$* sib h`q vsesblbns dv bybfrs b ybfrsbc. bc.
Sib dnfqblbnsesd`n dnfqblbnsesd`n }eqs st}dfejjt dnfqblbnsv )`q cbfqblbnsv$ sib j``} f`rnsbq xeqdeajb. xeqdeajb. Sidv dv c`nb ehsbq sib h`q vsesblbns dv bybfrsbc. Sidv }eqs* jdgb sib dndsdejd{es dn dsdejd{esd`n d`n }eqs* fen ejv` dnfjrcb sib dnfqblbnsesd`n `h `sibq xeqdeajbv.
B6=81/2/5? J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Byel}jb 2.4 &dnfjrcb:d`vsqbel.i> ledn)$ dns dNrl7 h`q ) dNrl <57 dNrl:<5= 7 dNrl'' dN rl'' $ f`rs :: dNrl+dNrl :: ‚ “7 | |
Sib byel}jb 2.4* odxbn dv e xbqt vi`qs }q`oqel enc ds dv bevt h`q rv s` rncbqvsenc rncbqvsenc sib h`q j``}. Hdqvs* en dnsbobq xeqdeajb dv cbfjeqbc. Sibn* dn sib dndsdejd{esd`n dndsdejd{esd`n }eqs* sib xeqdeajb* dNrl dv vbs s` 5. 5 . H`q sib f`ncdsd`n fibfgdno* dNrl dv fibfgbc s` vbb wibsibq ds dv burej s` `q jbvv sien sien 5=. Dn befi ftfjb `h sib j``}* dNrl dv dnfqblbnsbc at 5. @nfb dNrl qbefibv 5=* sib j``} bydsv. _b fen vbb sies sib }q`oqel fejfrjesbv fejfrjesbv sib vureqb ` h sib hdqvs sbn nesrqej nrlabqv. ]q`oqel `rs}rs; 5 3 4 58 12 68 34 83 95 5==
2.1
F`l}djbv Enc Qrn ]q`oqel
S` qrn e F'' }q`oqel* wb lrvs hdqvs fqbesb ds* sibn f`l}djb f` l}djb ds* sibn jdng ds wdsi `sibq l`crjbv ) `q `sibq f`l}djbc }q`oqelv$* enc enc hdnejjt qrn ds. T` r fen fqbesb e F'' }q`oqel rvdno sib F'' bcds`q. Sib bcds`q dv jdgb e w`qc }q`fbvv`q sies ejj`wv t`r s` st}b* bcds enc vexb t`rq }q`oqel. Sib }q`oqel t`r fqbesb dv fejjbc sib v`rqfb l`crjb.
B6=81/2/59 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Ehsbq t`r iexb f qbesbc qbesbc sib v`rqfb } q`oqel* q`oqel* t`r f`l}djbc f`l}djbc ds rvdno sib F'' f`l}djbq. f` l}djbq. Sib f`l}djbq sqenvjesbv t`rq F'' dnvsqrfsd`nv dnvsqrfsd`nv dns` e lefidnb,qbeceajb lefidnb,qbeceajb h`ql. Sib f`l}djbc f`l}djbc }q`oq } q`oqel el dv fejjbc f ejjbc sib `akbfs l`crjb. Abvdcbv f`l}djdno f`l}djdno sib v`rqfb l`crjb dns` en `akbfs l`crjb* sib f`l}djbq f` l}djbq ejv` obnbqesbv dnh`qlesd`n nbfbvveqt h`q jdngbq. Sib jdngbq jdngv sib `akbfs l`crjb obnbqesbc at sib f`l}djbq enc ent `sibq `akbfs l`crjbv* t`rq }q`oqel let qburbvs dns` e hdnej bybfrseajb l`crjb.
S``j
Vsb}
Bcds`q
Bcds
]q`crfs
V`rqfb l`crjb F`l}djbq
F`l}djb @akbfs l`crjb
Jdngbq
Jdaqeqt
Jdng Bybfrseajb l`crjb Qrn Qbvrjs/@rs}rs Hdorqb 2.? ; Vsb}v dn qrnndno e }q`oqel )Qbh. F'' Siq`roi Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$ Byel}jbv,]Vbjje}en$
B6=81/2/54 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Hbbcaefg S` Efsdxdst 2A
SBVS T@RQ RNCBQVSENCDNO ABH@QB T@R F@NSDNRB _DSI SIB NBYS DN]RS…% 2.5
_ies eqb siqbb j``}v `h dsbqesd`n vsesblbnsv0 vsesblbnsv0 d.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP dd.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP ddd.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
2.1
Vsesb sib aevdf h`ql `h sib h`q j``}enc wqdsb sib }eqs `h }q`oqel sies rvbv e h`q vsesblbns0
2.6
_ies dv sib f`l}djbq 0
2.3
_ies dv sib jdngbq0
B6=81/2/1= J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Hbbcaefg S` Efsdxdst 2A
2.5 d.
widjb j``}
dd. ddd
c`,widjb j``} h`q j``}
2.1 h`q j``} h`ql h`q )dndsdejd{esd`n7 by}qbvvd`n7 dnfqblbnsesd`n$ vsesblbns
]q`oqel sies rvbv e h`q vsesblbns; h`q )d<57 d:<1=7 d''$ F`rs :: :: ‚Zn Dnfqblbns sib hdqvs 1= nrlabqv< n rlabqv<“7 “7
2.6
Sib f`l}djbq sqenvjesbv t`rq F'' dnvsqrfsd`nv dns` e lefidnb, qbeceajb h`ql.
2.3
Sib jdngbq jdngv sib `akbfs l`crjb obnbqesbc at sib f`l}djbq enc ent `sibq `akbfs l`crjbv. l`crjbv.
B6=81/2/15 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
GBT HEFSV
5. J`odfej vsqrfsrqb `q }q`oqel f`nsq`j vsqrfsrqbv qbhbq s` sib `qcbq `h bybfrsd`n `h dnvsqrfsd`nv dn e }q`oqel. 1. Sib siqbb f`nsq`j vsqrfsrqb obnbqejjt wb iexb s` gn`w eqb; vburbnfb vsqrfsrqb vsqrfsrqb * vbjbfsd`n vsqrfsrqb* qb}bsdsd`n qb}bsdsd`n `q dsbqesd`n vsqrfsrqb. vsqrfsrqb. 6. S` qrn e F'' }q`oqel* wb lrvs hdqvs fqbesb ds* sibn f`l}djb f` l}djb ds* sibn jdng ds wdsi `sibq l`crjbv enc hdnejjt qrn ds.
B6=81/2/11 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
3.
VBJH,EVVBVVLBNS
T`r eqb e}}q`efidno vrffbvv. Sqt ejj sib urbvsd`nv dn sidv vbjh,evvbvvlbns vbjh,evvbvvlbns vbfsd`n enc fibfg t`rq envwbqv wdsi si`vb odxbn dn sib Hbbcaefg Hbbcaefg `n Vbjh,Evvbvvlbns Vbjh,Evvbvvlbns 1 odxbn `n sib nbys }eob. Dh t`r hefb ent }q`ajblv* cdvfrvv cdvfrvv ds wdsi t`rq jbfsrqbq. O``c jrfg.
Urbvsd`n 2,5 _qdsb sib }q`oqel rvdno vbjbfsd`n enc qb}bsdsd`n vsqrfsrqb ) dh* dh bjvb enc h`q $ s` v`jxb h`jj`wdno }q`ajbl. Bnsbq 6= dnsbobq xejrbv dn W5*1==\. Hdnc i`w lent `h sibvb xejrbv hejj dn sib qenob 5,2=* 25,5==* 5=5,52= enc 525,1== 0
Urbvsd`n 2,1 _qdsb sib }q`oqel rvdno vwdsfi j``} s` v`jxb h`jj`wdno }q`ajbl. Odxbn dnsbobq xeqdeajbv xeqdeajbv y *t enc e fieqefsbq xeqdeajb fi. Dn}rs xejrbv h`q y*t enc fi 4 sib xejrb h`q fi lrvs ab ’e—* ’l—* ’v—* ’c— `q ’q—. F`l}rsb F`l}rsb enc `rs}rs y ' t dh fi < ’e— y +t
dh fi < ’l—
y , t dh fi < ’v— y / t dh fi < ’c— y " t dh fi < ’q—
B6=81/2/16 J`odfej Vsqrfsrqb St}bv Enc Aevdf Dnvsqrfsd`n
Hbbcaefg S` Vbjh,Evvbvvlbns
++ ]jbevb qbhbq s` t`rq jbfsrqbq h`q fibfgdno }rq}`vb ++ Sib hbbcaefg h`q sidv Vbjh,evvbvvlbns Vbjh,evvbvvlbns sbvs dv aevbc `n sib vsrcbns—v fqbesdxdst fqbesdxdst ev j`no ev sib `rs}rs `r s}rs lbbsv sib fqdsbqde qburdqbc at sib urbvsd`n. urbvsd`n. Sib jbfsrqbq iexb s` }qb}eqb e vfiblb `q fibfgjdvs ev e ordcbjdnb s` fibfg vsrcbnsv— qbv}`nvb.
Sqt T`rq Abvs%%%