Percobaan
: VISKOSITAS
Kelompok
: IV A
Nama
:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Mokhammad Faridl Robitoh Muhammad Muhyiddin Salim Calvin Rostanto Danissa Hanum Ardhyni Rahmani Amalia
NRP. NRP. NRP. NRP. NRP.
2313 030 087 2313 030 053 2313 030 063 2313 030 033 2313 030 041
Tanggal Percobaan
: 11 Nopember 2013
Tanggal Penyerahan
: 18 Nopember 2013
Dosen Pembimbing
: Nurlaili Humaidah, S.T., M.T.
Asisten Laboratorium
: Dhaniar Rulandri W.
PROGRAM STUDI D3 TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2013
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ABSTRAK
Tujuan dari percobaan viskositas ini adalah untuk menghitung harga koefisien viskositas dan 0 0 densitas dari aquadest, Coca Cola, dan Tolak Angin dengan variabel suhu sebesar 30 C, 40 C, dan 0 50 C menggunakan Viskometer Ostwald. Prosedur yang digunakan untuk menentukan harga koefisien viskositas dari aquadest, Coca Cola, dan Tolak Angin adalah memasukkan aquadest ke dalam Viskometer Ostwald yang diletakkan dalam waterbath dan mengondisikan cairan pada variabel suhu 30˚ C. C. Selanjutnya menyedot cairan hingga melewati batas atas Viskometer Viskometer Ostwald. Setelah it u biarkan cairan mengalir ke bawah hingga tepat pada batas atas.Saat aquadest melewati batas atas viskometer, catat waktu yang diperlukan aquadest untuk mengalir dari batas atas ke batas bawah dengan menggunakan stopwatch.Mengulangi stopwatch.Mengulangi 0 0 percobaan tersebut dengan variabel suhu 40 C, dan 50 C kemudian mengganti aquadest dengan variabel cairan yang lainnya, yaitu Coca Cola dan Tolak Angin. Selain menentukan harga koefisien viskositas, dalam percobaan ini juga dihitung nilai densitas dari sampel. Prosedur yang dilakukan adalah mengondisikan aquadest pada suhu 30˚ C. C. Lalu menimbang massa piknometer kosong dengan menggunakan timbangan elektrik. Memasukkan 5ml aquadest yang sebelumnya telah diukur dengan menggunakan gelas ukur ke dalam piknometer kosong. Setelah itu timbang massa total piknometer dan aquadest dengan cara mencari selisih massa antara massa total dan massa piknometer kosong. Setelah itu densitas aquadest dapat dihitung dengan cara membagi massa aquadest dengan volume 0 0 aquadest. Mengulangi langkah-langkah tersebut dengan variabel suhu 40 C, dan 50 C kemudian mengganti aquadest dengan Coca Cola dan Tolak Angin. Dari percobaan ini didapat harga viskositas dan densitas aquadest pada suhu 30˚C adalah 0 0 221,2019cp dan 0,9gr/ml, 0,9gr/ml, pada suhu 40 C adalah 212,6116cp dan 0,9gr/ml, serta pada suhu 50 C adalah 197,5784cp dan 0,9 gr/ml. Untuk harga viskositas dan densitas Coca Cola pada suhu 30˚C 0 adalah 268,4489cp dan 0,9gr/ml, pada suhu 40 C adalah 236,2350cp dan 0,9gr/ml,serta pada suhu 500C adalah 219,0543cp dan 0,9gr/ml. Sedangkan untuk harga viskositas dan densitas Tolak Angin 0 pada suhu 30˚C adalah 2712,4083cp dan 1,2gr/ml, pada suhu 40 C adalah 2224,9050cp dan 0 1,1gr/ml, serta pada suhu 50 C adalah 2111,0826cp dan 1,1gr/ml. Hubungan viskositas dengan densitas adalah sebanding. Jika harga viskositas naik maka harga densitas pun akan naik, begitupun sebaliknya. Sedangkan hubungan viskositas dengan suhu adalah berbanding terbalik, semakin tinggi suhu suatu zat cair, maka harga viskositas akan semakin kecil begitu pula sebaliknya. Untuk hubungan antara densitas dengan suhu, semakin tinggi suhu suatu zat cair, maka harga densitas akan semakin kecil, begitu pula sebaliknya. Dalam praktikum ini, urutan koefisien viskositas dan densitas dari yang terkecil sampai terbesar adalah aquadest, Coca Cola, dan Tolak Angin. Kata Kunci : densitas, viskositas, aquadest, dan viskometer Ostwald
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DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK ABSTRAK ................................... ................................................... ................................. .................................. ................................... ................................ .............. i DAFTAR DAFTAR ISI .................................. ................................................... ................................... .................................. .................................. ............................. ........... ii DAFTAR DAFTAR GAMBAR GAMBAR .................................. ................................................... .................................. .................................. .................................. ................. iii DAFTAR DAFTAR TABEL.................. TABEL.................................... .................................. .................................. ................................... ................................... .................... .. iv DAFTAR DAFTAR GRAFIK GRAFIK.................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................... ................................... .................... .. v BAB I PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN I.1 Latar Latar Belakang.... Belakang..................... .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .......................... ......... I-1 I.2 Rumusan Rumusan Masalah Masalah.................................... ..................................................... ................................... .................................. ...................... ...... I-2 I.3 Tujuan Tujuan Percobaan Percobaan ................................. .................................................. ................................... ................................... ......................... ........ I-2 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA II.1 Dasar Teori................... Teori..................................... .................................. .................................. .................................. ............................... ............... II-1 BAB III METODOLOGI METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN III.1 Variabel Percobaan ........................................................................................ III-1 III.2 Bahan yang Digunakan .................................................................................. III-1 III.3 Alat yang Digunakan ...................................................................................... III-1 III.4 Prosedur Percobaan ........................................................................................ III-1 III.5 Diagram Alir Percobaan ................................................................................. III-3 III.6 Gambar Alat Percobaan .................................................................................. III-5 BAB IV HASIL PERCOBAAN DAN PEMBAHASAN IV.1 Hasil Hasil Percobaan Percobaan ................................. .................................................. ................................... ................................... ......................... ........ IV-1 IV.2 Pembahasan Pembahasan .................................. .................................................. .................................. .................................. ............................... ............... IV.2 BAB V KESIMPULA KESIMPULAN N ................................. ................................................. .................................. .................................. ............................... ............... V-1 DAFTAR DAFTAR PUSTAKA PUSTAKA ................................. .................................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ................. vi DAFTAR DAFTAR NOTASI NOTASI .................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................... ................................... .................... .. vii APPENDIK APPENDIKS S .................................. ................................................... ................................... .................................. .................................. ............................. ........... viii LAMPIRAN Laporan Sementara Fotokopi Literatur
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar II.1 Konsep Dua Fluida Sejajar ................... ......... ................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ......... II-7 Gambar II.2 Viskometer Kapiler Kapiler / Ostwald Ostwald .................................. ................................................... .................................. ................. II-10 Gambar II.2 Viskometer Hoppler Hoppler ................... .......... ................... .................. .................. ................... .................. .................. .................. ......... II-11 Gambar II.2 Viskometer Cup dan Bob ................... .......... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. .................. ........... II-12 Gambar II.2 Viskometer Cone dan Plate ........................... ................. ................... .................. .................. ................... .................. ........ II-13 Gambar II.2 Alat Ukur Massa Jenis .................. ........ ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. ................ ....... II-14 Gambar III.6 Gambar Alat Percobaan ............................................................................. III-5
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel II.1
Pebedaan Viskositas Cairan dan Viskositas Gas ................... .......... ................... ................... ............ ... II-5
Tabel II.2
Tetapan Fisik Aquadest pada Temperatur Tertentu .................. ......... ................... ................... ......... II-19
Tabel IV.1.1 Hasil Percobaan Viskositas ......................................................................... IV-1 Tabel IV.1.2 Hasil Perhitungan Densitas Cairan .............................................................. IV-1 Tabel IV.1.3 Hasil Perhitungan Viskositas Cairan ........................................................... IV-2
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DAFTAR GRAFIK
Grafik IV.2.1 Hubungan Antara Suhu dengan Densitas Aquadest ................................ IV-3 Grafik IV.2.2 Hubungan Hubungan Antara Suhu dengan Densitas Coca Cola .................. ......... .................. ............. .... IV-3 Grafik IV.2.3 Hubungan Antara Suhu dengan Densitas Tolak Angin ........................... IV-4 Grafik IV.2.4 Hubungan Antara Suhu dengan Viskositas Aquadest ................... ......... ................... ........... .. IV-5 Grafik IV.2.5 Hubungan Hubungan Antara Suhu dengan Viskositas Coca Cola ............... ............. ......... .... IV-5 Grafik IV.2.6 Hubungan Antara Suhu dengan Viskositas To lak Angin.................. ......... ................ ....... IV-6 Grafik IV.2.7 Hubungan Antara Viskositas dengan Densitas Aquadest ........................ IV-7 Grafik IV.2.8 Hubungan Antara Viskositas dengan Densitas Coca Cola ................... .......... ............. .... IV-7 Grafik IV.2.9 Hubungan Hubungan Antara Viskositas dengan Densitas Tolak Angin ................... ............. ...... IV-8
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
I.1 Latar Belakang
Dalam setiap fluida, gas atau cairan, masing masing memiliki suatu sifat yang dikenal dengan sebutan viskositas. Viskositas atau kekentalan suatu zat cair adalah salah satu sifat cairan yang menentukan besarnya perlawanan terhadap gaya gesek. Viskositas cairan akan menimbulkan gesekan dalam cairan fluida karena adanya interaksi antara molekul-molekul cairan. Salah satu cara untuk menentukan viskositas cairan adalah metode kapiler dari Poiseulle. Metode Ostwald merupakan suatu variasi dari metode Poiseulle. Metode Viskositas Ostwald adalah salah satu cara untuk menentukan harga kekentalan dimana prinsip kerjanya berdasarkan waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh sejumlah zat cair untuk dapat mengalir melalui pipa kapiler dengan gaya yang disebabkan oleh berat cairan itu sendiri. Pada percobaan ini kita akan mempelajari tentang pengaruh suhu terhadap viskositas cairan. Cairan yang digunakan dapat bermacam-macam, namun pada percobaan ini cairan ca iran yang digunakan adalah Coca Cola dan d an Tolak To lak Angin, sedangkan air a ir sebagai pembanding. Dengan melakukan percobaan ini kita kita akan mengetahui cairan mana yang memiliki viskositas tertinggi tert inggi maupun cairan yang memiliki viskositas terendah. Aplikasi percobaan ini adalah sering dijumpai pada dalam pembuatan lateks sebagai baham baku pembuatan karet. Lateks yang baik memiliki kekentalan yang lebih besar daripada zat cair lainnya. Dengan mengetahui komposisi dari lateks tersebut, penerapan viskositas sangat berpengaruh dalam menjaga kualitas produksi karet. Dalam pembuatan lateks tingkat kekentalannya harus mendekati batas ketentuan mutu dan nilai uji
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IV-2 Bab I Pendahuluan I.3 Tujuan Percobaan Percobaan
1. Untuk mengetahui harga koefisien viskositas menggunakan metode Ostwald dari o
o
aquadest, Coca Cola, dan Tolak Angin pada variabel suhu sebesar 30 C, 40 C, dan 50oC dengan menggunakan viskometer Ostwald. 2. Untuk menghitung nilai densitas dari aquadest, Coca Cola, dan Tolak Angin pada o
o
o
variabel suhu sebesar 30 C, 40 C, dan 50 C.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
II.1 Dasar Teori Fluida
Fluida adalah suatu zat yang bisa mengalami perubahan-perubahan bentuknya secara continue/terus-menerus continue/terus-menerus bila terkena tekanan/gaya geser walaupun relatif kecil atatu bisa juga dikatakan suatu zat yang mengalir, kata fluida mencakup zat cair, gas, air, dan udara karena zat-zat ini dapat mengalir.Sebaliknya batu dan benda-benda keras (seluruh zat - zat padat tidak dapat dikategorikan sebagai fluida karena zat - zat tersebut tidak bisa mengalir secara continue) continue) (Suryani, 2013). Fluida adalah gugusan yang tersusun atas molekul - molekul dengan jarak pisah yang cukup besar untuk gas dan jarak pisah yang cukup kecil untuk zat cair. Molekul molekul tersebut tidak dapat terikat pada suatu sisi, melainkan zat-zat tersebut saling bergerak bebas terhadap satu dengan yang yang lainnya (Suryani, 2013). Fluida merupakan salah zat - zat yang bisa mengalir yang mempunyai partikel kecil sampi kasat mata dan mereka dengan mudah untuk bergerak serta berubah-ubah bentuk tanpa pemisahan massa. Ketahanan fluida terhadap perubahan bentuk sangat kec il sehingga fluida dapat dengan mudah mengikuti bentuk ruang (Nurul, 2013). Fluida adalah zat yang berubah bentuk secara terus menerus bila terkena tegangan geser suatu fluida adalah suatu zat yang mengembanghingga memenuhi bejana. Fluida selalu mengalir bila dikenai bekas pengubah zat cair, fluida diartikan dengan dengan mempunyai mempunyai volume tertentu tapi bentuk tertentu itu itu mengalir menyesuaikan menyesuaikan dengan bentuk bentuk wadah. Zat cair mempunyai volume tertentu (Streeter, 1996).
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II-2 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka minyak, sirup, gelatin, dan lain-lain. Shear rate rate atau gaya pemisah viskositas berbanding lurus dengan shear stresss stresss secara proporsional dan viskositasnya merupakan slope slope atau kemiringan kurva hubungan antara shear rate rate dan shear stress. stress. Viskositas tidak tergantung shear rate dalam kisaran aliran laminar (aliran streamline dalam suatu fluida). Cairan newtonian ada 2 jenis, yang viskositasnya tinggi disebut “Viscous “Viscous”” dan yang viskositasnya rendah disebut “ Mobile” Mobile” (Dogra, 2006).
b. airan Non-Newtonian Yaitu cairan yang viskositasnya berubah dengan adanya perubahan gaya irisan dan dipengaruhi kecepatan tidak linear. Cairan mempunyai gaya gesek yang lebih besar untuk mengalir daripada gas, hingga cairan mempunyai koefisien viskositas yang lebih besar daripada gas. Viskositas gas berta mbah dengan naiknya naiknya temperatur, sedang viskositas cairan turun dengan naiknya temperatur (Sukardjo, 1997 ). ).
Viskositas
Viskositas dapat dinyatakan sebagai tahanan aliran fluida yang merupakan gesekan antara molekul – molekul cairan satu dengan yang lain. Jadi, semakin kental cairan semakin tinggi juga viskositas cairan tersebut. t ersebut. Namun, juga juga dapat diartikan sebagai sebag ai indeks hambatan alir cairan. Beberapa zat cair dan gas mempunyai sifat daya tahan terhadap aliran ini, dinyatakan dengan Koefisie n Viskositas (Anonim, 2009). Pengertian viskositas fluida (zat cair) adalah gesekan yang ditimbulkan oleh fluida yang bergerak, atau benda padat yang bergerak didalam fluida. Besarnya gesekan ini biasa juga disebut sebagai derajat kekentalan zat cair. Jadi semakin besar viskositas zat cair, maka semakin susah benda padat bergerak didalam zat cair tersebut. Viskositas
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II-3 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka mempunyai tahanan dalam terhadap gesekan geseka n yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan fluida yang mempunyai viskositas yang lebih besar (Anonim, 2009). Gejala ini dapat dianalisis dengan mengintrodusir suatu besaran yang disebut kekentalan atau viskositas (viscosity (viscosity). ). Oleh karena itu, viskositas berkaitan dengan gerak relatif antar bagian-bagian fluida, maka besaran ini dapat dipandang sebagai ukuran tingkat kesulitan aliran fluida tersebut. Makin besar kekentalan suatu fluida makin sulit fluida itu mengalir (Anonim, 2010). Adanya zat terlarut makromolekul akan menaikkan viskositas larutan. Bahkan pada konsentrasi rendahpun, efeknya besar karena molekul besar mempengaruhi aliran fluida pada jarak jarak yang jauh. jauh. Viskositas intrinsik merupakan analog analog dari koefisien virial virial dan mempunyai dimensi =[1/konsentrasi] (Atkins, 1996). 1996). Viskositas suatu cairan murni atau larutan larut an merupakan indeks hambatan alir cairan. Viskositas dapat diukur dengan mengukur laju aliran cairan yang melalui tabung berbentuk silinder. Cara ini merupakan salah satu cara yang paling mudah dan dapat digunakan baik untuk cairan maupun gas (Bird, 1987). 1987). Suatu jenis cairan yang mudah mengalir dapat dikatakan memiliki viskositas yang rendah, dan sebaliknya bahan – bahan bahan yang sulit mengalir dikatakan memiliki viskositas yang tinggi. Pada hukum aliran viskositas, Newton menyatakan hubungan antara gaya – gaya – gaya mekanika dari d ari suatu aliran viskos sebagai geseran dalam (viskositas) fluida adalah konstan sehubungan dengan gesekannya. Hubungan Hubungan tersebut berlaku untuk fluida Newtonian, dimana perbandingan antara tegangan geser (s) dengan kecepatan k ecepatan geser (g) nya konstan. Parameter inilah yang disebut dengan viskositas. Aliran viskos dapat digambarkan dengan dua buah bidang sejajar yang dilapisi fluida tipis diantara kedua bidang tersebut. Suatu bidang permukaan bawah yang tetap dibatasi oleh lapisan
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II-4 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka geser (g) pada lapisan fluida di suatu tempat pada jarak y dari bidang tetap dengan tidak adanya tekanan fluida (Kanginan, 2006). Sebenarnya ada dua kuantitas yang disebut viskositas. Kuantitas yang ditentukan di atas kadang-kadang disebut viskositas dinamik, viskositas absolut, atau viskositas sederhana untuk membedakannya dari kuantitas lain, namun biasanya hanya disebut viskositas. Kuantitas lain disebut viskositas kinematik (diwakili oleh simbol ν) adalah rasio viskositas fluida untuk densitasnya (Anonim, 2009). Viskositas Kinematik adalah ukuran dari arus resistif dari fluida di bawah pengaruh gravitasi. Hal ini sering diukur dengan menggunakan menggunakan perangkat yang disebut viskometer kapiler, pada dasarnya adalah bisa lulus dengan tabung sempit di bagian bawah. Bila dua cairan volume sama ditempatkan di viskometer kapiler identik dan dibiarkan mengalir di bawah pengaruh gravitasi, cairan kental memerlukan waktu lebih lama daripada kurang cairan kental mengalir melalui melal ui selang (Anonim, 2009). Hukum Stokes di atas berlaku bila: a. Fluida tidak berolak (tidak terjadi turbulensi). b. Luas penampang tabung tempat fluida cukup besar dibanding dibanding ukuran bola . Viskositas (kekentalan) dapat dianggap dianggap sebagai desakan dibagian dibagian dalam suatu fluida. Karena adanya suatu viskositas ini, maka untuk menggerakkan salah satu lapisan
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II-5 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka kosistensi light pada pada 5 menit setelah pencampuran akan sama dengan kosistensi regular pada 3 menit menit (Craigh, 1980). Tempat dua teknik utama untuk mengukur viskositas gas. Teknik pertama bergantung pada laju peredaman osilasi puntir dari piringan yang tergantung t ergantung dalam gas, yaitu konstanta waktu untuk pengurangan gerakan harmonis yang bergantung pada viskositas dan rancangan peralatannya. Teknik kedua didasarkan pada rumus poseuille untuk laju laju aliran fluida melalui melalui pipa dengan radius radius r (Atkins, 1997). Beberapa cairan mengalir ,dengan alasan yang lain mengalir dengan sangat mudah. Hambatan dari zat cair untuk mengalir terhadap suatu lapisan lainnya disebut viskositas. Semakin besar viskositas, maka semakin lambat pula suatu zat cair mengalir. Viskositas adalah bagian dari tempat dengan yang mana molekul suatu akan menyatu dengan molekul yang lainnya (Brown, 1977). Viskositas kinematik diperoleh dengan mempertimbangkan densitas larutan. Viskositas spesifik dan kinematik dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi larutan.Viskositas intrinsik dihitung dari perbandingan antara viskositas spesifik dengan konsentrasi larutan (_sp/C) yang diekstrapolasi sehingga nilai konsentrasi larutan mendekati nol. Dengan demikian nilai kelarutan tidak t idak berpengaruh terhadap viskositas intrinsik ( Rachima, 2007). Viskositas cairan juga dapat ditentukan berdasarkan jatuhnya benda melalui
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II-6 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Fluida yang ada dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah fluida sejati. Oleh karena itu, bahasan mengenai viskositas hanya akan aka n ditemukan d itemukan pada fluida sejati, yaitu fluida yang memiliki sifat-sifat sebagai berikut: a. Dapat dimampatkan (kompresibel), b. Mengalami gesekan saat mengalir (memiliki memiliki viskositas) dan aliran turbulen. Zat cair dan gas memiliki viskositas, hanya saja zat cair lebih kental (viscous) ( viscous) daripada gas. Dalam penggunaan sehari-hari, viskositas dikenal sebagai ukuran ketahanan oli untuk mengalir dalam mesin kendaraan.Viskositas oli didefinisikan dengan nomor SAE’S (Society ( Society of Automotive Engineer’s) (Saipudin, 2011). Aliran cairan dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam dua tipe. Yang pertama adalah alira n “laminar” atau aliran kental, yang secara umum menggambarkan laju aliran kecil melalui sebuah pipa dengan garis gari s tengah kecil. Aliran yang lain adalah aliran “turbulen”, yang menggambarkan laju aliran yang besar melalui pipa dengan diameter yang lebih besar (Dogra, 1990)
Viskositas cairan adalah fungsi dari ukuran dan permukaan molekul, gaya tarik menarik antar molekul dan struktur cairan. Tiap molekul dalam cairan dianggap dalam kedudukan setimbang, maka sebelum sesuatu lapisan melewati lapisan lainnya diperlukan energi tertentu. Sesuai hukum distribusi Maxwell-Boltzmann, jumlah molekul yang
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II-7 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka juga disebabkan oleh adanya gaya kohesi (gaya tarik menarik antara molekul sejenis). Sedangkan dalam zat gas, viskositas disebabkan oleh tumbukan antara molekul. Jadi, viskositas semakin rendah, misalnya air mempunyai tahanan dalam terhadap gesekan yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan fluida yang mempunyai viskositas yang lebih besar (Anonim, 2009) .
Gaya 2
A cm
Kecepatan V cm/detik
F dyne
L cm
2
A cm
Kecepatan V cm/detik Gambar II.1 Konsep Dua Fluida Sejajar
Gambar diatas merupakan 2 lapisan fluida sejajar dengan masing-masing 2
mempunyai luas A cm dan jarak kedua lapisan L cm. Bila lapisan atas bergerak sejajar dengan lapisan bawah pada kecepatan V cm/detik relatif terhadap lapisan bawah, supaya fluida tetap mempunyai kecepatan V cm/detik maka harus bekerja suatu gaya sebesar F (dyne) (Dogra, 1990). Persamaannya:
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II-8 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Viskositas didefinisikan besarnya gaya tiap cm 2 yang diperlukan supaya terdapat perbedaan kecepatan sebesar 1 cm tiap t iap detik untuk 2 lapisan zat cair yang paralel dengan jarak 1 cm. Viskositas dapat dihitung dihitung dengan rumus Poiseville rumus Poiseville (Sarojo, 2006). Hukum poiseuille poiseuille juga digunakan untuk menentukan distribusi kecepatan dalam arus laminer melalui pipa slindris dan menentukan jumlah cairan yang keluar perdetik (Sarojo, 2006). 4
R
8 LV
Keterangan: T = Waktu alir (detik) P = Tekanan yang menyebabkan menyebabkan zat cair cair mengalir ( dyne / cm 3 ) V = Volume Volume zat cair (liter) L = Panjang Panjang pipa (cm) = Koefisien Viscositas (centipoise)
R = Jari-jari Jari-jari pipa dialiri cair (cm) (Maron, 2000)
Makin besar kekentalannya, makin sukar zat cair itu mengalir dan bila makin
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II-9 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka c. Dapat dianggap tidak termampatkan. d. Mempunyai viskositas (kekentalan). e. Mempunyai kohesi, adesi dan tegangan per mukaan. 2. Faktor- faktor Viskositas yang mempengaruhi viskositas viskositas adalah sebagai berikut ber ikut : a. Tekanan Viskositas cairan naik dengan naiknya tekanan, sedangkan viskositas gas tidak dipengaruhi oleh tekanan. b. Temperatur Viskositas akan turun dengan naiknya suhu karena molekul-molekul cairan bergerak sehingga gaya interaksi antar molekul melemah, sedangkan viskositas gas naik dengan naiknya suhu. Dengan demikian viskositas cairan akan turun
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II-10 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka
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II-11 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Laju perubahan regangan geser = laju regangan Rumus yang di atas dapat defenisikan viskositas fluida, dinotasikan dengan η (eta), sebagai sebagai rasio tegangan geser dengan dengan laju regangan :
=
(Anonim,2009)
Mempelajari gerak bola yang jatuh ke dalam fluida kental, walaupun ketika itu hanya untuk mengetahui bahwa gaya kekentalan pada sebuah bola tertentu di dalam suatu suatu fluida tertentu berbandingan berbandingan dengan kecepatan relatifnya. Bila fluida sempurna yang viskositasnya nol mengalir melewati sebuah bola, atau apabila sebuah bola bergerak dalam suatu fluida yang diam, gari-garis arusnya akan berbentuk suatu pola yang simetris sempurna di sekeliling bola itu. Tekanan
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II-12 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka gelas yang berisi zat cair yang diselidiki. Kecepatan jatuhnya bola merupakan fungsi dari harga resiprok sampel (Nurul, 2012). c. Viskometer Cup dan Bob dan Bob Prinsip kerjanya sample digeser dalam ruangan antara dinding dinding luar dari dar i bob dan dinding dalam dari cup dimana cup dimana bob masuk bob masuk persis ditengah-tengah. Kelemahan viscometer ini adalah terjadinya aliran sumbat yang disebabkan geseran yang tinggi di sepanjang keliling bagian tube tube sehingga menyebabkan penurunan konsentrasi. Penurunan konsentras ini menyebabkab bagian tengah zat yang ditekan keluar memadat. Hal ini disebut aliran sumbat (Sudarjo, 2008).
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II-13 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Cara pemakaiannya adalah sampel ditempatkan ditengah-tengah papan, kemudian dinaikkan hingga posisi di bawah kerucut. Kerucut digerakkan oleh motor dengan bermacam kecepatan dan sampelnya digeser di dalam ruang semitransparan yang diam dan kemudian kerucut yang berputar (Anonim, 2008).
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II-14 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka terhadap rapat massa air. Massa jenis zat merupakan perbandingan antara massa zat dengan volume zat (Anonim, 2009). Untuk zat cair massa jenis zat dapat ditentukan dengan cara membandingkan dua zat cair yang mempunyai tekanan hidrostatis sama, dengan asumsi bahwa zat cair pertama sudah diketahui massa jenisnya dan zat cair kedua akan ditentukan massa jenisnya ( Anonim, 2009).
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II-15 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Keterangan: P = Tekanan yang yang menyebabkan zat cair ca ir mengalir mengalir ( dyne/cm3 ) 3
ρ = Densitas (gram/cm ) h = Ketinggian (cm) (Anonim, 2007)
Viskositas (kekentalan) adalah suatu sifat cairan yang berhubungan erat
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II-16 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Poiseuille dan Poise adalah satuan viskositas dinamis, juga disebut viskositas absolut. 1 Poiseulle (PI) = 10 Poise (P) = 1.000 Cp. Benda yang bergerak dalam fliuida kental mengalami gaya gesek yang besarnya dinyatakan dengan persamaan:
Ff = =
v(A/l) = k v
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II-17 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka Ff = gaya gaya gesek (N), FA = gaya gaya gesek (N),
b = massa jenis bola (kg/m3), f = massa jenis fluida (kg/m3). Khusus untuk benda benda yang berbentuk bola dan bergerak dalam fluida yang sifat sifatnya tetap, gaya gesekan tersebut memenuhi hukum Stokes sebagai sebagai berikut :
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II-18 Bab II Tinjauan Pustaka kekurangan
aquadest,
monopolisasi
serta
privatisasi
dan
bahkan
menyulut
konflik. Indonesia telah memiliki undang-undang undang-undang yang mengatur mengatur sumber daya aquadest sejak tahun 2004, yakni Undang Undang nomor 7 tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Aquadest (Wikipedia, 2013). 1. Sifat Fisika Kimia Aquadest Aquadest
adalah
substansi
kimia
dengan rumus
kimia H2O:
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