Background of water scarcity and water quality problem.
Water is important element in human life. Someone can not survive without water, so that water is the one that can support in our life. The water availability in this world is overflow, but just a little that can be used to drink. From the total amount of water in this world, o nly three percent that available to drink, and the other is salty water. Beside that, the problems are decreasing of clean water supply. The increasing of population in this world, make the nee d of drinking water are going larger. So the availability of clean water is getting less than before. Today, oday, the using of water in this world is rising two times but the availability is decreasing. As a consequence, water scarcity will be happen in more than forty percent of the world inhabitant. Water Water scarcity has negative effect in all of sector, belong to health. Without the hygienic drinking water, make 3800 children died everyday because of decease. Beside of increasing population, the environment damaging is one the cause of decreasing clean water source. Abration can contaminate water source in underground. Just throwing away the garbage in the river, can make the water in the river are getting dirty and healthy to use it. In Indonesia, almost sixty percent the rivers have been polluted any an y kind of waste. Fell down the trees in the forest can decrease the absorption of the land to the water and make the decreasing dec reasing of clean water supply. supply.
Definition : Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known • forms of life. Clean water is water that can be used in our daily routines. • Drinking water is water that has been preceded so can be drunk. • Surface water is all water that found in the surface. • Ground water is all water that found in the lower side of the ground (underground). • Water scarcity is an imbalance of supply and demand de mand under prevailing institutional • arrangements and/or prices. Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics cha racteristics of water in • relationship to a set of standards. CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY Some causes of water scarcity are natural, others are human agency : 1. Grow Growth th of popu popula lati tion on
The world’s population is growing rapidly-In 2020, it is estimated to be 7,9 billion, 50 % larger than in 1990. That condition makes the water demand also increase. Moreover, growth of population causes bad sanitation problem which also influential to the water quality. quality. For example, there are some houses in Jakarta which the distance between well and septic tank is l ess than 10 meters. It may ma y cause the water pollutant which can endanger the society. society. 2. Damag Damagee in envi enviro ront ntme ment nt -
Deforestation Deforestation is the main cause of drought and water scarcity. The forest which be a catchment
area has been damaged by human behaviour (wild cutting). The damage rating in all water source is faster. That condition condition threats the function and potency of the water source area as the supplier of clean water. -
Global Warming Global warming has been influenced the increase of earth temperature, land where the water
places will volatile faster to defense hidrology circle. ---------------------
3. Foo Food Prod Produc ucti tion on The growth in the demand for food is probably the single most important cause of pressure on water resources: over the last generation, most of the increment in food supply has been obtained by a expension in irrigated farming and the growing use of crops dependent on agronomic package based on irrigation. Looking ahead 20-30 years, in many regions, most of the required increase in food production is expected to come from irrigated agriculture. 4.
Contamination of existing water Pollution of normal water supplies effectively destroy part of the water resources, and force its
users users to turn turn elsewh elsewhere ere or reduce reduce their their consum consumpti ption. on. This may happe happen n to surfac surfacee suppl supplies ies or groundwater, and the pollution may be from industrial effluent, agrochemical run-off from fields, the casual dispoasal of human excrete or the release of insufficiently treated sewage from municipal works. 5. Huma Human n beha behav viour iour Most of people are still consider consider that water water is social social thing. They don’t don’t realize realize that water is ---------------6. Modifi Modificat cation ionss to lands landsape apess and land land use use The degradation and land use conversion of watersheds and catchments may reduce the amount of usable water available downstream, if there is greater run-off which can’t be captured. These same
processes processes can reduce reduce existing existing water storage storage capacity. capacity. Major land use changes may also induce microclimatic changes, leading to lower humadity. humadity.
EFFECTS OF WATER SCARCITY
1. Droughts Water is the main element for live creature to being alive. If it occur droughts, humans, animals, plants will no alive. Research tell that humans will dead if they don’t drink along 3 days. 2. Famines Water is required in huge quantity for irrigation systems. If there is no water for irrigation, there wiil be no food production. The world will lack of food and famine will happen in all the regions. 3. Econ Econom omy y pro probl blem em The government government in United States States has commanded investati investation on in supplyin supplying g water by private private companies (water privatation) for solving water scarcity. This solution is properly done in Indonesia because the water public company (PAM) doesn’t able to pay their debt. Hopefully, the society will thrifty and thankful because they have bought water expensively. Otherwise, water privatation makes the access to water is limited and expensive because all the costs will be arranged by the private companies. In that case, poor people are become harder to get clean water.
4. Healthy problem
1) Locate and Eliminate Sources of Contamination Finding the source of contamination is another approach to solving a water quality qua lity problem. While often difficult to locate or correct, some contamination problems can be corrected by eliminating the source. Lead contamination of water from corrosion of metal plumbing and solder is one water quality problem that can be eliminated by replacing pipes, fittings, and fixtures that contain lead. Contamination from leaking fuel tanks, salt storage, or a failing sewage system may also be reduced or eliminated by locating and removing the source of contamination.
3) Treat the Water Water treatment to remove contaminants is a well-recognized ap proach to solving a water quality problem. Water Water treatment is most often used to disinfect water supplies to eliminate a bacteria problem and to correct nuisances, n uisances, such as water that is hard or contains con tains iron and/or hydrogen sulfide.
All water treatment equipment requires maintenance to en sure proper operation. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, no single water treatment system can correct all water quality problems. Each treatment approach has its advantages and limitations. The objective is to select a treatment system that provides the advantages you want with limitations you can live with. 1. Surface water capture and storage Although supplies can be obtained ob tained without major structures, e.g. by run-of-the-river schemes, this option normally involves erecting some structure to dam or divert a river, and store water in a natural lake or artificial reservoir. reservoir. Such schemes can be multi-purpose, with supplementary benefits from power generation, flood control, navigation control, and recreation. However, most of the cheapest, simplest and most accessible projects of this kind have already been undertaken. Subsequent projects tend to have a sharply escalating incremental cost. There are also mounting environmental objections to this kind of project in many countries. The ideal, held by many engineers, of reducing river discharge into the sea to zero, is abhorrent to environmentalists. However, these arguments have to be balanced against the value of storing water from one year to another as insurance against drought. If a water supply is extensively contaminated by nitrate, salt, fuel, pesticides, or other organic chemicals, abandoning the supply and developing a new one may be the only practical option. Drilling a new well, developing a surface water supply, supply, or purchasing water from an existing water system are all options. Careful evaluation by geologists, engineers, and other professionals is usually necessary to insure that a new supply will be protected. Because the average person drinks less than 1/2 gallon of the more than 50 gallons of water each person uses in a day, day, it may be possible to supply a different drinking water source while the community is considering its options. Water Water that is undesirable und esirable for drinking may be acceptable for washing clothes, bathing, and a nd flushing toilets. Bottled water may be a feasible option for supplying a separate drinking water source for a short period. 4. Watershed Watershed management manag ement The management of watershed and catchment slopes can regulate the flow of water in the interests of downstream users. There are many documented cases of municipal and irrigation water schemes running out of water because bec ause of deforestation and erosion in their catchment areas. Apart from water regulation, watershed management also has potential farming, forestry and environmental benefits ben efits (FAO, (FAO, 1987). It should, however, be borne in mind that afforestation of watersheds is likely to reduce the net yield of water available to downstream users, though it would even out the flows. 7. Desalination Affluent communities in arid and semi-arid regions lacking other alternatives are increasingly treating saltwater and brackish water for household use. Various Various technologies are available, and their commercial viability depends partly on their capital cost, and, crucially, on their source and cost of energy. Energy that comes as a by-product of power stations, waste heat
from smelters, exhaust steam from nuclear power stations, burning refuse, etc. is of particular value for this purpose. Desalination is so far largely used in Middle Eastern oil p roducing countries, in isolated communities, and where demand is mainly from households and the tourism industry.
9. Pollution control Reducing the pollution of water sources can serve several purposes: avoiding the loss of current sources, saving the cost of developing alternative supplies, and opening up previous sources once they have been cleaned and decontaminated. The link between contamination and supply is most direct in islands dependent on their freshwater "lens", which is easily contaminated by wastewater percolation and saline intrusion. However, there are many other circumstances where reduced pollution is a solution to supply, supply, as well as conferring benefits to amenity, amenity, public health and the environment. 10. Water Water sharing agreements Many countries depend on international rivers for their water supply. supply. In most cases, the share of the water between the interested parties is subject to agreements. These treaties may have the force of international law, or they be less formal deals enforced b y general diplomatic, political or economic means. It may be open to a country to seek to increase its agreed share of international water. water. The cost of an increased share might arise in financial, economic, diplomatic (or, at the extreme, military) terms, and the country may judge that it is still worthwhile to pursue this route rather than develop other sources o f supply. supply. Where the waters in question are already fully utilised, there is an element of "beggar your neighbour" in this approach, though it may be economically justified if one country uses the water more productively than the others. Where the waters are not fully used by the other parties, one country's larger share may not be at the others' immediate expense. 11. Demand management measures Demand management starts from a recognition of water as an economic (viz. scarce) resource, and aims to optimise the use of existing supplies. In countries with a large irrigated farm sector, making more efficient use of irrigation water is of central importance. However, because other sectors compete for the use of the same resource, efficiency gains in industry and the household sectors can bring mutual benefits. Demand management includes market-oriented reforms in the way it is supplied, used and disposed of. Action is called for at three levels: the creation of enabling conditions; setting incentives and promoting markets; and direct interventions and spending programmes (Winpenny, (Winpenny, 1992). 12. Enabling conditions, institutional and structural reforms In this context, the Enabling Environment Env ironment comprises institutional and legal changes, the reform and privatisation of utilities, and sector-wide economic policies. Legal reforms may be necessary to remove ambiguities over the ownership of water, and the conditions under which it can be transferred. Planning for the development develop ment of water resources:
- usually dominated by the projection of fixed "requirements" and the inevitable rise of "gaps" - needs to adapt to demand management, and allow for the operation of markets and - even- the entry of private operators. Policies towards agriculture will be critical, in view of the heavy water consumption of this sector. sector. Decisions to open up new irrigated areas, and to allocate existing e xisting water for irrigation projects, need to take a realistic view of future water resources and the growing de mands on them from other sectors, otherwise the resulting schemes will be unecono mic and unsustainable. The understandable pursuit of national food security has to be judged in this light.
