Westermann Tables

Westermann Tables Materials Classification and categories Ferrous metals

Steel

Cast steel

Tool steel

Structural steel

Nonferrous metals

Iron

Cast iron

Carbon steel

Carbon tool steel

Grey cast iron

Alloy steel

Alloy tool steel

Alloy cast iron

Malleable iron Whiteheart malleable iron Blackheart malleable iron

Plastics

Copper, Lead Zinc, Tin, Nickel, Al

PVC Vulcanized fibre

Copper alloys Al alloys Zinc alloys

Amino plasts

Solders

Phenol plasts

General properties of materials Chemical elements Specific weight—Melting points—Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion Symbol

Ag Al Au Ba Be Bi C

Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cu Fe Ir K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb

Element

Silver Aluminium Gold Barium Beryllium Bismuth Carbon Graphite Diamond Calcium Cadmium Cerium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Iridium Potassium Lanthanum Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Sodium Niobium

Specific weight gf/cm3

Melting or solidification point °C

Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion

Symbol

Element


α

10.5 2.7 19.3 3.74 1.85 9.75

961 660 1063 704 1283 271

0.000 020 0.000 024 0.000 014

2.25 3.52 1.55 8.64 6.9 8.8 7.1 8.9 7.86 22.42 0.86 6.18 0.53 1.74 7.3 1 0.21 10 0.97 8.55

3550 3600 850 321 775 1492 1800 1083 1535 2443 63 826 180 650 1244 2610 98 2415

0.000 008 0.000 001

0.000 012 0.000 013

0.000 029 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

013 007 017 012 006 084

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

058 026 023 005 071 007

Ni P Pb Pt Ra S Sb Se Si Sn Ta Th Ti U V W Zn Zr Hg Cl H He N Ne O

Nickel Phosphorus Lead Platinum Radium Sulphur Antimony Selenium Silicon Tin Tantalum Thorium Titanium Uranium Vanadium Tangsten Zinc Zirconium Mercury Chlorine Hydrogen Helium Nitrogen Neon Oxygen

8.9 1 .8 2 11.35 21.45 5 .0 0 2 .0 6 6.69 4.5 2.4 7.3 16.6 11.2 4.52 18.7 5.96 19.27 7 .1 3 6.5 13.5

Melting or solidif ic icat io ion poi nt °C

1453 44 327 1769 700 113 630 217 1410 232 3030 1827 1812 1132 1730 3380 420 1852 – 39 – 101 – 259 – 272 – 210 – 249 – 219

Coefficient of linear (t he he rm rmal ) expansion α

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

013 124 029 009

0.000 064 0.000 011 0.000 037 0.000 008 0.000 023 0.000 007 0.000 011 0.000 009

0.000 004 0.000 026 0.000 005

1

2

Westermann Tables Specific Weight—Melting Point—Coefficient of Thermal Expansion—Shrinkage

Specific weight = Weight per unit volume (gf/cm 3 or kgf/dm3) 1

Melting point (Fusion point) = Temperature at which particular material starts melting

1° C

α

1

Coefficient of linear (thermal) = Increase in length of unit length of a expansion α solid for temperature rise of 1°C. Materials

Material

Steel Cast steel Grey cast iron High-speed steel Tungsten carbide Constantan Invar (36% Ni) Brass Al bronze Al cast bronze Tin bronze Lead bronze Al-alloy (Al, Cu, Mg) Mg-alloy Babbitt metal Plexiglass


7.85 7.85 7.2 9.0 14.75 8.89 8.7 8.5 8.4 7.6 8.6 9.5 2.8 1.8 7.5...10.1 1.2

Alcohol at 18°C Petrol at 15°C Copper sulphate Water at 4°C

0 .7 9 0.72 1.11 1.0

Acetylene at 0°C Carbon dioxide at 0°C Air at 0°C Propane at 0°C

1.17 1.90 1.29 2.00

Melting point °C

1350…1450 1150…1250 2000 2000 1600 1450 900 ≈ ≈

≈

≈

≈

900

650 650 300…400 ≈

≈

–110 –150 0 kg/m 3 kg/m 3 kg/m 3 kg/m 3

Material

Iron and Steel Chrome steel Nickel steel Tungsten carbide Invar Chromium Constantan Electron Aluminium Magnesium Gold Silver Zinc Tin L e ad Nickel Platinum Brass Brouce Plexiglass Glass Porcelain

Coefficient of linear expansion

0.000 012 0.000 010 0.000 012 0.000 006 0.000 0015 0.000 007 0.000 015 0.000 024 0.000 023 0.000 026 0.000 014 0.000 019 0.000 030 0.000 023 0.000 029 0.000 013 0.000 009 0.000 018 0.000 017 0.000 010 0.000 008 0.000 003

–84 –78 –194 –43

Shrinkage = difference in volume of the mould compared with the volume of the casting after cooling, in percent Material

Grey cast iron Cast steel Malleable iron Brouce Gun metal

Shrinkage

1% 2% 1 .6 % 1.5% 1 .5 %

Material

Brass Copper Tin, lead Zinc alloys Al, Mg alloys

Shrinkage

1 .5 % 1% 1% 1 .5 % 1.25%

Westermann Tables System of Designation of Iron and Steel

IS:1762–1961 IS:4843–1968

Steel < 0.5 % < 0.8 % < 0.1 % < 0.25%

Plain carbon steels

Steels not required to receive heat treatment

Steels required to receive heat treatment

Silicon Manganese Al or Ti or Copper

> 0.5 % > 0.8 % > 0.1 % > 0.25%

Carbon tool steels

Alloy steels

Low alloy steels < 5% special alloying element

High alloy steels > 5% special alloying element

The System of Designation is as follows 1. Letter St 2. Minimum tensile strength in kgf/mm 2

1. Letter C for Carbon 2. Index number for carbon following letter C, denoting average Carbon content in hundredths of a percent

e.g. St. 42 Steel having a minimum tensile strength of 42 kgf/mm 2

Applicable for steels which are standardized standardize d on the basis of their tensile strength without detailed chemical com position

e.g. C 35 Carbon steel having an average of 0.35% Carbon

Letter T for Tool steels Index number for Car bon following letter T, denoting average Carbon content in hundredths of a percent e.g. T 90 Tool steel having an average of 0.90% Carbon

Steels with special limits for maximum S & P, receive the suffix “K”, e.g. C 35 K

e.g. 15 Cr 65 Chrome steel with average percentages of C = 0.15 and Cr = 0.65

To indicate the treatment given to the steel, symbols are used, e.g. T 90a, “a” is used to indicate annealing (ref. Page 4, Add. symbols)

System of Designation of Plain Castings

1. Average C content in hundredths of a percent without prefix C and with prefix T for Alloy Tool Steels 2. Chemical symbols of the significant elements arranged in descending order of percentage contents 3. Alloy Index indicating the average percentage of each alloying element

Alloy index number is assigned as follows: Nominal or average alloy content

OR 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Symbol for chemical composition similar to the designation of steels

Alloy index number

1. Up to 1 percent. 2. 1 percent and over.

Castings

1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Symbol for mechanical properties

e.g. 20 Cr 18 Ni 2 Chrome Nickel Steel with average percentages of C = 0.20; Cr = 18 and Ni = 2.00

Average alloy content up to 2 decimal places underlined by a bar Rounded to the nearest whole number. Up to 0.5 rounded down, 0.5 and over rounded up.

System of Designation of Alloy Castings 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Average carbon content in hundredths of a percent following the type symbols of castings 3. Chemical symbols for the significant elements arranged in descending order 4. Alloy index number for the average percentages of alloying elements

CS-Steel Castings

FG-Grey Iron Castings

SG-Spherical or Nodular Graphite Iron Castings

CS 125 125—U —Una nall lloy oyed ed stee steell casti casting ngss with with minimum tensile strength 125 kgf/mm2 CSM CS M 35 35—U —Una nall lloy oyed ed sp spec ecia iall st stee eell ca cast st-ings in gs wi with th mi mini nimu mum m ten tensi sile le st stre reng ngth th 35 kgf/mm2 GS 50 Cr 1V 20 20—A —All lloy oy st stee eell ca cast stin ings gs with average percentage of C = 0.50; Cr = 1.00; V = 2.20

FG 15— 15—Gre Grey y iron iron cas castin tings gs with with minimu min imum m tens tensile ile st stre reng ngth th 15 15 kgf/ kg f/mm mm2 FG 35 Si 15 15—S —Spe peci cial al gr grey ey ir iron on castin cas tings gs with with minim minimum um total total carb ca rbon on pe perc rcen enta tage ge = 3. 3.5 5 an and d average Silicon percentage = 1.50

SG 80/ 80/2— 2—Sp Sphe hero roid idal al or or Nodu Nodu-BM 35— 35—Bl Blac ack k hear heartt malle malleab able le larr gra la graph phit itee iron iron cas castin tings gs wi with th iron ir on cas casti ting ngss with with min minimu imum m minimu min imum m Ten Tensil silee str streng ength th 80 tensil ten silee str streng ength th 35 kgf kgf/mm /mm2 kgf/ kg f/mm mm2 and minimum elongation PM 70—Pearlitic malleable iron 2% on gau gauge ge lengt length h equal equal to to five five cas castin tings gs with with minim minimum um tensi tensile le time ti mess th thee di diam amet eter er of te test st ba barr stre st reng ngth th 70 kg kgf/ f/mm mm2 WM 42—White heart malleable iron castings with minimum tensile strength 42 kgf/mm2

CSH—Heat re resi st stant st steel ca casti ng ngs CS C— C— Co Co rr rr os os io io n r es es is is ta ta nt nt s te te el el c as as ti ti ng ng s

AFG—Austenit ic ic fl flake gr ap aph it it e i ro ro n ca st st in in gs gs

A SG SG—Austeniti c spheroi da dal or or n od od ul ul ar ar gr ap ap hi hi te te i ro ro n c as as ti ti ng ng s

Tensile strengths are on 30 mm Dia Test Bars as-cast.

Malleable Iron Castings

A BR BR—Abrasion re resist an ant ir ir on on c as as ti ti ng ng s

3

Westermann Tables

4

Additional symbols Denoting special properties Steel quality

Treatment given

A–Non-ageing quality E–Stabilized against stress corrosion L–Co L– Cont ntro roll coo coole led d to en ensu sure re fr free eedo dom m fro from m fla flake kess D–Fully killed D2–Semi killed

R–Rimming quality G–Grain size controlled H–Ha H– Hard rden enab abil ility ity co cont ntro roll lled ed I–Inclusion controlled M–Structural homogeneity guaranteed by Macro-etch test

a–Annealed or softened c–Case carburized d–Ha d– Hard rd dr draw awn, n, co cold ld re redu duce ced d h–Hot-rolled n–Normalized

o–Spherodized p–Patented q–Har q– Harde dene ned d an and d tem tempe pere red d s–Stress relieved t–Tempered

e.g., St 42 An–Non-ageing steel with 42 kgf/mm2 15 Cr 3c–Chromium steel with average percentages minimum tensile strength-normalizedof C = 0.15, Cr = 3.0 3.0 and case carburized E–Electric Furnace Steel; R–Open Hearth Steel; BO–Basic Oxygen

Grey iron castings

IS:210–1970

Transverse test Code for designation

Grades

Tensile strength Min, kgf/mm2

Breaking load Min, kgf

Corresponding transverse rupture stres s kgf/mm2

Deflection Min, mm

FG 15 FG 20 FG 25 FG 30 FG 35 FG 40

15 20 25 30 35 40

15 20 25 30 35 40

800 900 1000 1100 1350 1500

34.0 38.2 42.4 46.7 57.3 63.7

4.0 4 .5 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.5

} }

Typical applications Parts requiring no special grades for general structural purposes Parts subjected to severe strains such as cylinder parts, etc. For extraordinary use IS:2108–1962 IS:2640–1964 IS:2107–1962

Malleable iron castings Code for designation

Grades Tensile strength, Min, kgf/mm2

BM 35 BM 30 PM 70 PM 45 WM 42 WM 35

A C A E A B

0.5% Proof stress, Min, kgf/mm2

Elongation % (gauge length = 3 dia of test bars) Min

Brinell hardness HB Max

Phosphorous contact % Max

21 – 55 28 26 –

14 6 2 7 4 3

149 163 241 to 285 149 to 201 217 217

0.12 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.15

35 30 70 45 42 35

Typical applications

Thin walled castings; mass production parts wheels, keys, Parts for locks and sewing machine parts.

Steel castings

IS:1030–1962

Code for designation

Grades

Tensile strength Min, kgf/mm2

Elongation % on gauge length 5.65 S0 , Min,

S % Max

P % Max


CS 55 CS 47 CS 41

1 2 3

55 47 41

12 17 18

0.060 0.060 0.060

0.060 0.060 0.060

Used for general engineering purposes instead of grey iron castings if greater strength and tenacity are to be met.

CS 65 CS 85 CS 125

1 2 3

65 85 125

17 12 5

0.050 0.050 0.050

0.050 0.050 0.050

High strength, good toughness and high abrasion resistance properties; used in transportation equipment and agricultural machinery parts. IS:3038–1965 IS:2856–1964

Alloy steel castings for high temperature service Grades

Tensile strength Min, kgf/mm 2

Elongation % on 5.56 S0 gauge l en en gt gth , Min

Yield stress or 0.5% proof s tr tr es es s Min , k gf gf/mm2

C%

Si %

Mn %

S% Max

P% Ma M ax

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

55 47 52 49 52 63 63

17 17 15 17 17 15 15

35 25 31 28 31 43 43

0.20–0.25 0.25 Max 0.15 Max 0.20 Max 0.08–0.15 0.20 Max 0.20 Max

0.15–4.40 0.20–0.50 0.40 Max 0.60 Max 0.35 Max 0.75 Max 1.00 Max

1.25–1.45 0.50–1.00 0.40–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.30–0.70 0 .40–0.70 0. 0 .30–0.70 0.

0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0 .050 0. 0.050 0. 0.050 0.

CS N –C20 CSw–C25

42 49

20 18

21 25

0.25 Max 0.30 Max

0.60 Max 0.70 Max 0.60 Max 1.00 Max

0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050


Cast parts which preferably are to withstand temperatures between 300°C to 525°C

Parts which to be fusion welded

Westermann Tables

5

Specification on Structural and Heat treatable Steels General structural steels

IS:1977–1969; IS:2062–1969 IS: 226–1969; IS: 961–1962

Designation of steel

Tensile strength kgf/mm2

Yield strength for thicknesses upto 20 mm 20–40 mm

Elongation % on gauge length 5.65 S0 , Min

C% Max

S% Max

P% Max

St 32–O St 42–O St 42–S

32–44 42–54 42–54

— 26.0 26.0

— — 24.0

26 23 23

— — 0.25

0.07 0.07 0.055

0.07 0.07 0.055

St 42–W St 58–HT

42–54 58 Min

26.0 36.0

24.0 35.0

23 20

0.20 0.27

0.055 0.055

0.055 0.055

St 55–HTW

55 Min

36.0

35.0

20

0.20

0.055

0.055

Typical applications Intended for general engineering purposes. Intended for all types of structures weldable upon certain conditions. Can be subjected to fusion welding. Intended for use in structures where fabrication is done by methods other than welding. Intended for use in structures where welding is employed for fabrication and where guaranteed weldability is required.

Standard sizes of hot-rolled products made of general structural steels IS Number 808 1173 1252 1730 1731

Product Beam, channel and angle sections Tee bars Bulb angles Plates, sheet and strip Flats

Page

IS Number

21 22 — 20 20

1732 1863 1864 3954

Product Round and square bars Bulb plates Unequal angles Channel sections for general engineering purposes

Case hardening steels Designation of steel C10, C14, 19 S11 14 Mn IS14, 11Mn2 15 Cr 65 17 Mn 1 Cr 95 20 Mn Cr 1 16 Ni 80 Cr 60 16 Ni 1 Cr 80 13 Ni 3 Cr 80 15 Ni 4 Cr 1 20 Ni 2 Mo 25 20 Ni55 Cr50 Mo 20 15 Ni Cr 1 Mo 12 15 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 15 16 Ni Cr 2 Mo 20

C 30 C 45 T 70 37 Mn 2 40 Mn 2S 12 35 Mn 2 Mo 45 50 Cr 1 50 Cr 1 V23 40 Ni 3 40 Ni2 Cr 1 Mo 28 31 Ni3 Cr 65 Mo 55

19 — 21 22 IS: 4432–1967

Case hardened Tensile strength Elongation Min kgf/mm2 % Min 50 60 60 80 100 70 85 85 135 85 90 100 110 135

17 17 13 10 8 15 12 12 9 12 11 9 9 9

Temperatures for Carburizing Softening 900–920 900–930 900–930 900–930 900–930 880–920 900–930 900–930 900–930 880–920 880–920 900–930 900–930 900–930

650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–660 620–650 600–630 650–660 650–660 630–650 630–650 630–650

Case hardening 760–780 760–780 770–800 810–840 810–840 780–820 780–820 760–780 760–780 760–780 780–820 780–820 780–820 800–820

°C Annealing — 800–920 870–900 850–880 850–880 850–880 850–880 860–880 860–880 — — 860–880 860–880 850–880

Flame and induction hardening steels Designation of steel

Page

These steels are used for components requiring high wear resistant surfaces, coupled with tough cores to resist shock loads and strength to give longer service life.

IS: 3930-1966

Prop Pr oper erti ties es in in quen quench ched ed and and tem tempe pere red d cond condit itio ions ns Tensile range 0.2% proof Izod impact Surface kgf/mm2 stress, Mi Min Min. kg kgf.m hardness kgf/mm2 obtainable HRC 60 to 75 70 to 85 70 to 85 60 to 75 70 to 85 80 to 95 80 to 95 80 to 95 80 to 95 90 to 105 90 to 105


36 44 40 40 46 56 48 48 56 66 66

5.5 3 .5 2.8 4.8 4 .8 5 .5 2.8 2 .8 5 .5 5.5 5.5

45–50 55–61 60–63 53–59 53–59 53–59 57–62 57–62 54–60 54–60 49–54

Harden Hard enin ing g temp temper erat atur uree For oil For water quench quench

860–890 830–860 810–840 850–870 850–870 840–860 850–870 850–870 830–860 830–840 850–880

860–890 820–850 780–810 840–860 840–860 830–850 840–860 840–860 840–870 810–830 820–840


These wrought unalloyed and alloyed steels for flame and induction hardening are used when high cold strength and good impact properties are required.

6

Westermann Tables Steels for hardening and tempering

IS: 5517–1969

Properties in hardened and tempered condition Designation of steel

Tensile strength kgf/mm 2

C 30 C 35 Mn 75 C 40 C 45 C 50 C 55 Mn 75 40 S 18 40 Mn 2 S12 20 Mn 2 27 Mn 2 35 Mn 2 Mo 45 55 Cr 70 40 Cr 1 40 Cr 1 Mo 28 40 Cr Al I Mo 18 40 Ni 3 35 Ni 1 Cr 60 30Ni4 Cr 1 40Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28 31Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55 40 Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55

60 to 75 60 to 75 60 to 75 60 to 75 80 to 95 80 to 95 70 to 85 60 to 75 60 to 75 70 to 85 100 to 115 90 to 105 80 to 95 80 to 95 90 to 105 90 to 105 90 to 105 120 to 135 120 to 135 120 to 135 120 to 135

Yield Normalizing stress Min, temperature kgf/mm2 °C 40 40 38 38 54 54 48 40 44 46 80 66 60 60 70 70 70 130 130 10 0 130

Hardening temperature °C

Quenching medium

Tempering temperature °C

860 to 890 850 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 860 810 to 840 810 to 840 830 to 860 840 to 870 860 to 900 840 to 880 — 800 to 850 850 to 880 850 to 880 — 830 to 860 — — — —

860 to 890 840 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 860 810 to 840 810 to 840 830 to 860 840 to 870 860 to 900 840 to 880 840 to 860 800 to 850 850 to 880 850 to 880 850 to 900 850 to 860 820 to 850 810 to 830 830 to 850 830 to 850

Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Air or oil Oil Oil

550 to 660 530 to 760 550 to 660 530 to 670 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 500 to 700 550 to 700 550 to 720 550 to 700 550 to 650 550 to 660 > 250 550 to 660 upto 660

830 to 850

830 to 850

Oil

upto 660

Typical applications These wrought unalloyed and alloyed steels in the form of billets and bars for general engineering purposes are intended to be used in the hardened and tempered condition

Cold rolled carbon steel sheets

IS: 513–1963

Types

Tensile strength (for design purpose only) kgf/mm 2

C% Max

Mn % Max

S% Max

P% Max

For all types Delivery Surface condition finish

O: Ordinary D: Drawing

28 28

0.15 0.12

— 0 .5 0

0.060 0.050

0.060 0.050

(1) Scale-free

Coarse or rough

DD: Deep drawing

28

0.10

0 .5 0

0.040

0.040

(2) Improved surface

Medium or dull

EDD: Extra deep drawing

28

0.10

0 .5 0

0.035

0.035

(3) Best surface

Fine or bright


Course or rough for enamelling and lacquering Medium or dull for general purposes (not suitable for plating) Fine or bright for electroplating

Note: Sheet conforming to this standard are of weldable quality and are suitable both for fusion and spot welding. Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip

IS: 1079–1968 Grade


Yi e l d stress kgf/mm2

El ongation % Min

C% Max

Mn% Max

S% Max

P% Max

Delivery condition

O-1079 D-1079 DD-1079 EDD-1079 St 34-1079 St 42-1079 St 50-1079 St 52-1079

— — 27–40 27–39 34–42 42–50 50–60 52–62

— — — — 21.0 24.0 30.0 36.0

— — 23 25 25 22 20 20

— 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.15 0 .2 5 0 .3 0 0 .2 2

— 0.50 0.50 0.50 — — — —

0.060 0.050 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

0.060 0.050 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

Hot-rolled Annealed Normalized and Descaled


Used for cold formed structural members and for other general engineering purposes

Westermann Tables Hot-rolled spring steel

Spring steel Designation of steel

Grade

C%

Mn %

Si %

1 2

0.45–0.55 0.50–0.60

0.50–0.80 0.80–1.00

0.10–0.35 1.50–2.00

50 Cr IV 23 55 Si 2 Mn 90

IS:3431–1965

S % max P % max 0.050 0.050

Cr %

0.050 0.050

V%

0.90–1.20 —


0.1–0.30 Steels in the form of Barm and — flats for manufacture of volute, helical and laminated springs for automative suspension.

Cold-rolled steel strip for springs Grade

Tensile strength kgf/mm2 Hardened Annealed and tempered max

Designation of steel C 45 C 65 C 75 75 C 98 55 Si 2 Mn 90 50 Cr I 50 Cr IV 23

1 3 5 8 9 10 11

120–145 120–145 120–160 160–180 160–200 170–230 190–240

60 60 65 70 80 80 80

C%

0.40–0.50 0.60–0.70 0.70–0.80 0.90–1.05 0.50–0.60 0.45–0.55 0.45–0.55

Si%

IS: 2507–1965

Hardened in oil at °C

0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 1.50–2.00 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35

Annealed at °C

830–860 810–840 780–810 770–800 830–860 830–860 830–860

600–650 600–650 600–650 620–660 640–680 640–680 600–680


Cold rolled steel strip for the manufacture of springs for various purposes.

Spring steels for use under elevated temperatures

1S 1D 2S 2D

IS:4454–1967

Classification

Tensile strength (for wire dia up to 7 mm) min

C%

Si %

Cr %

Va %

S denotes static stressed springs; D denotes dynamic stressed springs

150 145 175 175

0.45–0.55 0.45–0.55 0.50–0.60 0.50–0.60

0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 1.20–1.60 1.20–1.60

0.90–1.20 0.90–1.20 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80

0.15–0.30 0.15–0.00 — —

Grades

7

Typical applications Used for manufacturing cold formed helical springs, volute springs, etc. working under elevated temperatures.

Steels for Screws Manufacture Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of machine screws Designation of steel

Grade

— —

Tensile strength

Mn %

S % max

P % max


0.15 0.15

0.30–0.65 0.30–0.65

0.065 0.065

0.060 0.060

Used for the manufacture of machine screws by the cold reading process.

44–55 kgf/mm2 55–71 kgf/mm2

1 2

IS: 1976–1960

C % max

Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of wood screws C10 C 15 10 S 11

2

— — —

460 N/mm 460 N/mm2 460 N/mm2

0.17 0.22 0.17

0.30–0.65 0.30–0.65 0.60–0.95

0.055 0.055 0.08–0.15

0.055 0.055 0.055

IS: 1673–1960

Used for the manufacture of wood screws by the cold heading process. IS: 2002–1962

Boilor Steel Plates Grades

Tensile strength kgf/mm2 min

Elongation % min

C% max

Si %

S % max

P % max

37–45 42–50 52–62

26 25 20

0.18 0.20 0.22

0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35

0.040 0.050 0.050

0.040 0.050 0.050

1 2A 2B

Elongation % min

C%

Si %

S% max

P% max

440–590 440–590 490–640 460–610

22 22 16 15

0.12–0.20 0.10–0.20 0.15 max 0.10–0.35

0.12–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.55 max 0.10–0.35

0.040 0.040 0.030 0.040

0.040 0.040 0.030 0.040


Used wh when th the wa wall of of pi pipes re reach te temperatures up to 580° C and are exposed to high pressure; can be fused and are welded; can be bent or folded in cold state.

For high test line pipes

Seamless Steel Pipes

Y St 30 Y St 32 Y St 37

IS: 2002–1962

Tensile strength (normalised and tempered) N/mm2 min

16 Mo 30 15 Cr 90 Mo 55 10 Cr 5 Mo 55 14 Cr 45 Mo 60 V 27


Plates which are required to be either welded, flanged or flame cut plates of non-flanging quality (low tensile) Plates of non-flanging quality (high tensile)

For high-temperature service

Seamless Steel Pipes Designation of steel


IS: 1979–1971

Tensile strength min kgf/mm 2

Yield strength min kgf/mm 2

C% max

C% max

S% max

P% max


42.2 44.3 46.4

29.5 32.3 36.6

0.29 0.31 0.29

1.25 1.35 1.25

0.04 0.04 0.04

0.05 0.05 0.05

Cover pipes intended for use in oil industry.

For dimensional requirements IS: 4431; 2507; 2591; 2002; 6630; 1979 may be referred

Westermann Tables

8

Cold Rolled Steel Strips for general engineering purposes Temper of strips

Rockwell hardness (B Scale) Min Max

IS:4030–1967

C% max

Mn % max

S% max

P% max

Surface fi nish


No. 1—Hard

90

—

0.25

0.60

0.050

0.040

( a) C Co oar arse se or rough

Coa oars rsee or or rou rough gh fo forr ena enam mel elllin ing g and lacquering

No. 2—Half Hard

70

90

0.25

0.60

0.050

0.040

( b) M Med ediu ium m or or dull

Medium Medi um or du dull ll fo forr gen gener eral al purpose

No. 3—Quarter Hard

60

75

0.25

0.60

0.050

0.040

No. 4—Skin Rolled

—

65

0.15

0.60

0.050

0.040

( c) Fine or bright

Fine or bright for electroplating

No. 5—Dead Soft

—

55

0.15

0.60

0.050

0.040

Steels for Rivet Bars

IS: 1148–1973 IS: 1149–1973


Tensile strength kgf/mm2

Elongation % min

C% max

S% max

P% max


St 42 R

42 to 54

23

0 .2 3

0.055

0.055

For manufacture of hot forged rivets for structural purposes.

St 47 R

47 min

22

0.23

0.055

0.055

High tensile steel rivet bars for structural purposes

Free Cutting Steels Designation of steel

IS:4431–1967


Elongation % min

C%

Si %

Mn %

S%

P% max

10 S 11

37–49

24

0.15 max 0.05–0.30 0.60 to 0.90 0.08 to 0.13

0.060

14 Mn 1S 14

44–54

22

0.10–0.18 0.05–0.30 1.20 to 1.50 0.10 to 0.18

0.060

25 Mn 1S 14 40 S 18

50–60 55–65

20 17

0.20–0.30 0.25 max 1.00 to 1.50 0.10 to 0.18 0.35–0.45 0.25 max 0.80 to 1.20 0.14 to 0.22

0.060 0.060

These have good machinability and satisfactory chip-break

13 S 25 40 Mn 2 S 12

37–49 60–70

22 15

0.08–0.18 0.10 max 0.80 to 1.20 0.22 to 0.30 0.35–0.45 0.25 max 1.30 to 1.70 0.08 to 0.15

0.060 0.060

(Rapid machining steel for repetition work)

Black Bars for production of machined parts Designation of steel


}

Suitable also for case hardening

IS:2073–1970


Elongation % min

C%

Si %

Mn %

S% max

P% max


C 14

37–45

26

0.10–0.18

—

0.40–0.70

0.055

0.055

These types are carbon steel black

C 20

44–52

24

0.15–0.25

0.05–0.35

0.60–0.90

0.055

0.055

bars for production of machined parts

C 30

50–60

21

0.25–0.35

0.05–0.35

0.60–0.90

0.055

0.055

for general engineering purposes

C 40

58–68

18

0.35–0.45

0.05–0.35

0.60–0.90

0.055

0.055

C 45

63–71

15

0.40–0.50

0.05–0.35

0.60–0.90

0.055

0.055

C 55 Mn 75

72 min

13

0.50–0.60

0.05–0.35

0.60–0.90

0.055

0.055

C 65

75 min

10

0.60–0.70

0.05–0.35

0.50–0.80

0.055

0.055

Westermann Tables Symbolic Designation of essential properties of materials (iron and steel) Examples and Explanations IS No.

Title

See Page

Designation (example)

Explanations

= Steel; 32 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength = Ordinary quality 42 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength S = Standard quality c = Copper bearing quality K = Special limits for max P and S w = Weldable W = Fusion welding quality HT = High tensile steel w = Fusion weldable R = Rivet bars Plates required to be welded, flanged or flame-out Non-flanging quality (low tensile) –do– (high tensile) C = Carbon 30 = Average C contents 0.30% T = Tool steel; a = annealed C35 = Ave Avera rage ge ca carb rbon on co cont nten entt 0.3 0.35% 5% Mn 75 = Average manganese of 0.75%, represented without decimal point, underlined by a bar. (Applicable for alloying element upto 1%) C = Carbon; c = case carburized Carbon average 0.11%; Manganese average 1.5%. (Average alloy content more than 1% is rounded to the nearest whole number, upto 0.5 rounded down; 0.5 and over rounded up. h = Hot rolled

1977 1977

Structural steels –do–

5 5

St 32–0 St 42–0

226 226 226

–do– –do– –do–

5 5 5

St 42–S St 42–Sc St 42–Kw

2062 961

–do– –do–

5 5

St 42–W St 55–HTw

1148 2002 2002 2002 5517 5517 5517

Rivet steels Boiler plates –do– –do– Heat-treatable steels –do– –do–

8 7 7 7 6 6 6

St 42–R Grade 1 Grade 2 A Grade 2 B C 30 T 50a C 35 Mn 75

4432 4432

Case-hardening steels –do–

5 5

C 10c 11 Mn 2

3431

7 7

55 Si 2 Mn 90h C 45q

q

= Hardened and tempered

7

1S; 1D

S

= Static stressed springs; D = Dynamic stressed

6

O

6

0; D; DD; EDD J; J2 J3; J4

J

513

Hot Rolled steels for springs Cold rolled steels strips for springs High temperature steels for springs Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip Cold rolled carbon steel sheets –do–

6

F; F2 F3; F7

F

1030

Steel castings

4

CS 125

CS

210

Grey iron castings

4

FG 15

FG

2108

Malleable iron castings –do– –do–

4

BM 35

BM

= Ordinary; D = Drawn; DD = Deep drawn EDD = Extra deep drawn = Bright drawn or bright rolled; J2 = Precision ground; J3 = descalled; J4 = shot blast = Black sheet; F3 = Pickled surface; F7 = Cold finished; F2 = Black sheet for enamelling and galvanizing = Cast Cast ste steel el-u -una nall lloy oyed ed;; 125 125 = Mini Minimu mum m tens tensil ilee strength 125 kgf/mm 2 = Grey iron castings; 15 = Minimum tensile strength 15 kgf/mm 2 = Black heart malleable iron castings

4 4

PM 70 WM 42

PM WM

2507 4454 1079 513

2640 2107

St O

= Pearlitic malleable iron castings = White heart malleable iron casting. For castings tensile strengths are on 30 mm dia test bars as cast

9

10

Westermann Tables

Tool and dye steels Tool and dye steels for hot work Designation of steel

C%

Si %

Mn %

Cr %

Mo %

V%

IS:3748–1966 W%

Brinell hardness (annealed) HB, max

Typical application

T33W9Cr3V38 T33W9Cr3V38

0.25–0.40

0.10–0.35

0.20–0.40

2.80–3.30

—

0.25–0.50

8.00–10.0

241

Used for extrusion dyes,

T35Cr5MolV30 T35Cr5MolV30

0.30–0.40

0.80–1.20

0.25–0.50

4.75–5.25

1.20–1.60

0.20–0.40

—

229

hot swaging dyes, for-

T35Cr5MoV1

0.30–0.40

0.80–1.20

0.25–0.50

4.75–5.25

1.20–1.60

1.00–12.0

—

229

ging dy dye in inserts, br brass

T35Cr5MoW1V30 T35Cr5MoW1V30

0.30–0.40

0.80–1.20

0.25–0.50

4.75–5.25

1.20–1.60

0.20–0.40

1.20–1.60

229

forging dyes, hot shear


0.50–0.60

0.10–0.35

0.20–0.40

2.80–3.30

—

0.30–0.40

13.0–15.0

248

blades, trimmer dyes, dye-casting dyes for copper etc.

Tool and dye steels for cold work

IS:3749–1966

T50

0.45–0.55

0.10–0.35

0.60–0.90

—

—

—

—

240

Covers the requirements

T60

0.50–0.60

0.10–0.35

0.60–0.90

—

—

—

—

240

for plain carbon and

65 T70Mn65 T70Mn

0.65–0.75

0.10–0.35

0.50–0.80

—

—

—

—

240

alloy tool and dye steels

T80Mn65 T80Mn 65

0.75–0.85

0.10–0.35

0.50–0.80

—

—

—

—

240

in the form of bars,

T90

0.85–0.95

0.10–0.30

0.20–0.35

—

—

—

—

200

blanks, rings, and other

T103

0.95–1.10

0.10–0.30

0.20–0.35

—

—

—

—

200

shapes for cold work,

T133

1.25–1.40

0.10–0.30

0.20–0.35

—

—

—

—

210

capable of being

T90V23 T90V23

0.85–0.95

0.10–0.30

0.20–0.35

—

—

0.15–0.30

—

200

hardened and tempered.

T118Cr45 T118Cr45

1.10–1.25

0.10–0.30

0.20–0.35

0.30–0.60

—

0.30 max

—

200

These are used for the

T105Cr1Mn60 T105Cr1Mn60

0.90–1.20

0.10–0.35

0.40–0.80

1.00–1.60

—

—

—

230

making tools and dyes

T140W4Cr50 T140W4Cr50

1.30–1.50

0.10–0.35

0.25–0.50

0.30–0.70

—

—

3.50–4.20

250

for blanking, trimming,

T55Ni2Cr65Mo T55Ni2Cr65 Mo30 30

0.50–0.60

0.10–0.35

0.50–0.80

0.50–0.80

0.25–0.35

—

—

255

shaping an and shearing.

T105W2Cr60V T105W2Cr60 V25

0.90–1.20

0.10–0.35

0.25–0.50

0.40–0.80

0.25 ma max

0.20–0.30

1.25–1.75

230

T110W2Cr1

1.00–1.20

0.10–0.35

0.25–0.50

0.90–1.30

—

—

1.25–1.75

230 230

T90Mn2W50Cr T90Mn2W50 Cr45 45

0.85–0.95

0.10–0.35

1.25–1.75

0.30–0.60

—

0.25 max

0.40–0.60

T215Cr12

2.00–2.30

0.10–0.35

0.25–0.50

11.0–13.0

0.80 max

0.80 max

—

260

T45Cr1Si95 T45Cr1Si95

0.40–0.50

0.80–1.10

0.55–0.75

1.20–1.60

—

—

—

230

T55Cr70V T55Cr70 V15

0.50–0.60

0.10–0.35

0.60–0.80

0.60–0.80

—

0.10–0.20

—

230

T55Si2Mn90Mo T55Si2Mn90 Mo33 33

0.50–0.60

1.50–2.00

0.80–1.00

—

0.25–0.40

0.12–0.20

—

230


0.35–0.45

0.50–1.00

0.20–0.40

1.00–1.50

—

0.10–0.25

1.75–2.25

230


0.45–0.55

0.50–1.00

0.20–0.40

1.00–1.50

—

0.10–0.25

1.75–2.25

230

Steels for dye blocks for drop forgings Designation of steel

C%

Si %

Mn %

Ni %

Cr %

Mo %

Brinell hardness HB Ann A nnea eale led d max


Harden Hard ened ed and tempered

T60

0.55–0.65

0.15–0.35

0.50–0.80

—

—

—

209

212–269

Steel for dye blocks in

T60Ni1

0.55–0.65

0.15–0.35

0.50–0.80

1.0–1.4

—

—

209

212–269

square, rectangular and

T55NiCr65 T55NiCr65

0.50–0.60

0.15–0.35

0.50–0.80

1.25–1.65

0.50–0.80

—

230

235–302

sections for drop

T50NiCr35 T50NiCr35

0.48–0.53

0.15–0.35

0.45–0.65

0.80–1.00

0.80–1.00

0.30–0.40

255

269–477

forgings.

Westermann Tables Classification of carbide tips according to their range of application Des Desig igna nati tion on

Identification colour

Increa Incr easi sing ng di dire rect ctio ion n of the characteristic of

Carbide tip

Cutting

(IS: 2428–1964) Range of application

Material to be machined

Machining conditions

P01

Steel, steel casting

Precision turning and fine boring Cutting speed: high, Feed: low

P10

Steel, steel casting

Turning, threading and milling Cutting speed: high. Feed: low or medium

Steel, steel casting, malleable cast iron forming long chips Steel, steel casting, malleable cast iron fo forming lo long ch chips

Turning, milling. Cutting speed and feed: medium. Planning: with low feed rate Turning, planning, milling. Cutting speed: medium to low. Feed: medium to high even if operating conditions are unfavourable

Steel, steel castings with sand inclus incl usio ions ns or or shri shrink nkag agee cavi caviti ties es

Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed: low. lo w. Fe Feed ed:: hig high. h. Rak Rakee ang angle le:: hig high, h, for for machining under unfavourable conditions and work on automatic machines

P50

Steel, steel castings of medium or low ten low tenssil ilee st stre reng ngtth wit with h san sand d incl in clus usio ions ns or sh shri rink nkag agee ca cavi viti ties es

Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed: low ow.. Fe Feed ed:: hig high. h. Rake an angl glee la larg rgee for for mach ma chin inin ing g un unde derr un unfa favo vour urab able le co cond ndit itio ions ns and work on automatic machines

M10

Steel, steel castings, manganese steel, grey cast iron, alloyed cast iron.

Turning. Cutting speed: medium to high. Feed: low to medium

Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, manganese st steel, gr grey ca cast ir iron, spheroidised cast iron and malleable cast iron

Turning, milling. Cutting speed: medium. Feed: me medium

Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, grey cas grey castt iron iron,, heat heat res resis isti ting ng all alloy oyss Free cutting steel, low tensile streng str ength th ste steel, el, bra brass ss and lig light ht all alloy oy

Turning, milling, planning. Cutting speed: medi me dium um.. Feed Feed:: medi medium um or or high high Turning, profile turning, parting off especi esp eciall ally y in in auto automat matic ic mac machin hines es

K01

Very hard grey cast iron, chilled cast ca stin ings gs of ha hard rdne ness ss up to 60 HR HRC. C. Aluminium alloys with high silicon content, hardened steel, plastics of abrasive type, hard board and ceramics

Turning, precision turning and boring, mill mi llin ing, g, scr scrap apin ing g

K10

Grey cast iron of hardness more than th an 22 220 0 HB HB,, ma mall llea eabl blee ca cast st ir iron on forming short chips, tempered steel, aluminium alloys containing silicon, copper alloys plastics, glass, hard rubber, hard cardboard, porcelain, stone

Turning, milling, boring, reaming, broach broa chin ing, g, sc scra rapi ping ng

Grey cast iron of hardness up to 220 22 0 HB HB, non non-f -feerr rrou ouss me meta tals ls,, suc such h as copper, brass, aluminium, laminated wood of abrasive type

Turning, milling, planning, reaming, bro br oac achi hing ng

K30

Soft grey cast iron, low tensile stre st reng ngth th st stee eel, l, la lami mina nate ted d woo wood d

Turning, planning, shaping, milling. Rake angl an gle: e: la larg rgee eve even n und under er un unfa favo vour urab able le conditions

K40

Soft or hard natural wood, nonferrous, me metals

Turning, milling, planning, shaping. Rake angle: large even under unfavourable machining conditions

P20 P30

P40

M20

M30

r a e w o t e c n a t s i s e R

s s e n h g u o T

r a e w s s o e t n e h c g n u a o t s T i s e R

d e e p s g n i t t u C


d e e F

d e e F

M40

K20

r a e w o t e c n a t s i s e R

s s e n h g u o T


d e e F

11

12

Westermann Tables

Nomenclature

Grade

Minimum contents

Physical properties

Copper


IS: 191–1967

Electrolytic tough pitch copper

ETP

99.9% Cu

Soft

For electrical parts

Fire refined high conductivity copper

FRHC

99.9% Cu

High co conductivity

For co conductors

Fire refined tough pitch copper

FRTP–1 FRTP–2

99.8% Cu 99.5% Cu

Easy to cast

For castings

Tough pitch arsenical copper

ATP

99.2% Cu

Good bearing property

For bearings

Oxygen free high conductivity copper

OF

99.95% Cu

High conductivity

For conductors

Lead

IS: 27–1965

Pig lead

Pb 99.99

99.99% Pb

Soft, can be cast,

Plates in storage batt

Pig lead

Pb 98.94

99.94% Pb

soldered and welded

For alloying

Zinc

IS: 4699–1968

Refined secondary zinc

SZn 99.5

99.5% Zn

Can be cast, resistant

For alloying

Refined secondary zinc

SZn 98.5

98.5% Zn

to corrosion

For galvanizing

Tin

IS: 4280–1967

Refined secondary tin

Sn 99

99% Sn

Soft, can be cast, rolled

For plating, casting

Refined secondary tin

Sn 96

96% Sn

to foils

For alloying

Aluminium

IS: 734–1967

Aluminium

F1A

99.8% Al

Tensile strength 5.5 kgf/mm2

May be cast, weldable

Aluminium

F1B

99.5% Al

More resistant to corrosion

Available in the form of sheets, plates, tubes, wires, forgings. Used for cladding, on stronger alloys, food and chemical plants, electrical conductors and reflectors

Aluminium

F1C

99.0% Al

Very ductile, resistant to corrosion, go good conductor.

Available in the form of sheets, plates, tubes, wires, ro rods an and forgings. Used for panelling and moulding, lightly stressed and decorative assemblies, equipment for food, chemical and brewing industries, packing and cooking utensils

Aluminium (commercial quality)

AO

99% Al

Excellent, electrical, conductivity, resistant to corrosion.

For induction motor, rotors, power transmission cable accessories, vessels and fittings for food and chemical industries

Westermann Tables

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