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Elements Of Poetry •
FORM
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SOUND DEVISES
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IMAGERY
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MOOD/TONE
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THEME
Poetry: Poetry is a form of writing that uses not only words, But also form, Patterns of sound, Imagery, And figurative language to convey the message. Any Poem will include some or all of these elements.
Rhyme Scheme The rhyming pattern that is created at the end of lines of poetry. -If the poem does not have a rhyme scheme it is considered to be a free verse poem.
ALLITERATION: The repetition of consonant sounds at the beg innings of words.
Onomatopoeia Words that are used to represent particular sounds.
Repetition The repeating of a particular sound devises to create
FORM:
an effect.
A poem’s form is its appearance. Poems are divided
into lines. Many poems, especially especially longer ones may also be divided into groups of lines called stanzas. Stanzas function like paragraphs paragraphs in a story. Each one
To create emphasis, a poet may repeat words or lines within the poem.
IMAGERY
contains a single idea or takes t he idea one step
Poets use words that appeal to the reader’s senses of
further.
sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell.
SOUND Devises
FIGURES OF SPEECH:
Some poems use techniques of sound such as
Figures of speech are a special kind of imagery.
rhythm, rhyme, and alliteration. They create pictures by making comparisons.
Rhythm: SIMILE The pattern of beats or stresses in a poem. Poets use patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables to create a regular rhythm.
RHYME: The repetition of the same or similar sounds, usually in stressed syllables at the ends of lines, but sometimes within a line.
A comparison using like or as.
METAPHOR: Describes one thing as if it were another.
Extended Metaphor A metaphor that extends throughout the entire poem instead of just a few lines of the poem.
PERSONIFICATION: Gives human characteristics to something nonhuman.
Mood/Tone The feelings the author’s word choices give the
poem.
d. Metrical romance –expresses love and admiration A metrical romance recounts the quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor.
Frequently, its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain for the damsel’s sake. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor,
THEME:
mercifulness to an opponent, and exquisite and manners; and it delights in wonders and marvels.
The theme of a poem is its central or main idea.
LYRIC POETRY To identify a poem’s theme, ask yourself what ideas
or insights about life or human nature you have
A short poem intended to be sung. It was originally
found in the poem.
composed to be accompanied by a lyre.
TYPES OF POETRY
A. Elegy
Three Major Types of Poetry
B.
Haiku
C.
Ode
1. Narrative Poetry 2. Lyric poetry 3. Dramatic Poetry
1. Narrative Poetry
D. Sonnet
Elegy – lyric poem that deals with life and death Haiku - A Japanese poem consisting of 17 syllables which is written in 5-7-5 syllables in three lines
Type of poetry that describes personal experiences, feelings and thought.
Ode - a lyric poem that can be rhymed or unrhymed which usually addressed to a person, place or thing
A. Ballad
with high emotions
B. Epic
Sonnet - a poem which consists of 14 lines and has
C. Metrical tale D. Metrical romance
a. Ballad –simple narrative poem that tells about EMOTIONAL happenings
b. Epic – a long narrative poem that tells about fictional heroic acts
C. Metrical tale – a narrative poem written in verse that tells a story created by imagination
rhyme and rhythm
Dramatic Poetry Have elements that closely relate it to drama, either because it is written in some kind of dramatic form, or uses a dramatic technique. May also suggest a story, but there is more emphasis on character rather than on the narrative
Forms of Dramatic Poetry Dramatic Monologue Soliloquy Character Sketch
1.Dramatic Monologue A combination of drama and poetry Presents the speech of a single character “in a specific situation at a critical moment”
The speaker addresses one or more persons who are present and who are listening to the speaker, but
HOW TO WRITE A CRITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER? A critical analysis paper asks the writer to make an argument about a particular book, essay, movie, etc.
Structure of a Critical Analysis Paper I. Introduction a. Identify the work being criticized b. Present thesis – argument about the work c. Preview your argument – what are the steps you will take to prove your argument
II. Short summary of the work
remain silent a. Does not need to be comprehensive – present only The speaker’s personality and character, his
what the reader needs to know to understand your
relationship to others, his sense of values and
argument
attitudes towards life are indirectly gleaned from his monologue
III. Your argument
2.Soliloquy
a. Your argument will likely involve a number of subarguments –mini-theses you prove to prove your
A passage spoken by a speaker in a poem or a
larger argument true.
character in a play
IV. Conclusion No one present to hear the speaker a. Reflect on how you have proven your argument. The thoughts expressed, the emotions displayed, and the revelations made, freely and without inhibition,
b. Point out the importance of your argument
give deep insights into the character
WORLD LITERATURE Used in poetic dramas to enrich and v ivify characterization
Storytelling
Inform the audience about other developments in
Storytelling is the conveying of events in wo rds,
the play
and images, often by improvisation or embellishment. Stories or narratives have been
3.Character Sketch A poem in which “the writer is concerned less with
matters of story, complete or implied, than he is with arousing sympathy, antagonism, or merely interest for an individual”
Poet – serves as observer and commentator
shared in every culture as a means of entertainment, education, cultural preservation, and instilling moral values. Crucial elements of stories and storytelling include plot, characters, and narrative point of view.
Literature (from Latin litterae (plural); letter) is t he
Approaches to Literary Criticism
art of written work. The word literature literally means: "things made from letters". Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms — fiction and non-fiction —and two major techniques— poetry and prose.
Biographical This perspective focuses on the author’s condition,
biases, life, and times and where this one fits into the writer’s list of other works. From this research the
Literature may consist of texts based on factual
Biographical Critic will be able to de velop a review of
information (journalistic or non-fiction), a category
the work
that may also include polemical works, biography, and reflective essays, or it may consist of texts based on imagination (such as fiction, poetry, or drama). The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the e arliest known literary works. This Babylonian epic poem arises from stories in the Sumerian language. Although the Sumerian stories are older (probably dating to at least 2100 B.C.), it was most likely composed around 1900 BC. The epic deals with themes of heroism, friendship, loss, and the quest for eternal life.
Purpose of Literature
Formalist: Formalists disagreed about what specific elements make a literary work "good" or "bad"; but generally, Formalism maintains that a literary work contains certain intrinsic features, and the theory "...defined and addressed the specifically literary qualities in the text" (Richter 699). Therefore, it's easy to see Formalism's relation to Aristotle's theories of dramatic construction.
Formalism attempts to treat each work as its own distinct piece, free from its environment, era, and
Literature communicates histories, languages,
even author. This point of view developed in reaction
cultures and arts
to "...forms of 'extrinsic' criticism that viewed the text as either the product of social and historical forces or
Entertainment Self- expression It helps people discover themselves
Literary Theory
a document making an ethical statement" (699). Formalists assume that the keys to understanding a text exist within "the text itself
Psychoanalytic: This perspective focuses on the deep seated concerns
A very basic way of thinking about literary theory is
of the reader which have arisen out of personal
that these ideas act as different lenses critics use to
experience and how the story pictures these
view and talk about art, literature, and even culture.
elements. These may include elements of abuse,
These different lenses allow critics to consider works
sexuality, childhood issues, and parent/child
of art based on certain assumptions within that
relationships which can then be translated as
school of theory. The different lenses also allow
understanding of the characters within the story.
critics to focus on particular aspects of a work they consider important.
Mythic: This perspective focuses on the deep se ated universal human consciousness. It delves back into earlier time of myths and heroes and maintains that each story has echoes of heroism that we automatically recognize
Marxist: This perspective focuses on the oppressed people usually of the working class. It may view a story as how the regular man is treated or maltreated as its main idea. It is concerned with class differences economic and otherwise, as well as t he implications and complications of the capitalist system
Feminist: This perspective focuses on the viewing and treatment of the female within the story. How important is the female? Is she simply an object of physical desire while the male struggles with weightier issues?
Feminist criticism is concerned with "...the ways in which literature (and other cultural productions) reinforce or undermine the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women" (Tyson). This school of theory looks at how aspects of our culture are inherently patriarchal (male dominated) and "...this critique strives to expose the explicit and implicit misogyny in male writing about women" (Richter 1346).
